TOWWHtfittftfiK 


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Roma  parentem, 
Roma  patrem  patriae  Cicerone/n  libera  dixit. 

Juv.  VIII.   243,  244. 


M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

ORATIONES    ET    EPISTOL/E    SELECT/E 


SELECT- 
ORATIONS  AND   LETTERS 


OF 


CICERO 

Witty  an  EntroTmctfon,  Ttfotes,  anti  Uacabulatjj 


BY 

FRANCIS  W.   KELSEY 

UNIVERSITY  OF   MICHIGAN 


THIRTEENTH   EDITION 


ALLYN    AND    BACON 

Boston  and  Chicago 


^^W^    3Js-Jz6~r 


Copyright,  1892, 
By  Francis  W.  Kelsey. 

Copyright,  1905, 
By  Francis  W.  Kelsey. 


Berwick  &  Smith  Co.,  Norwood,  Mass.,  U.&A. 


PREFACE. 


The  orations  presented  in  this  edition  are  arranged 
in  the  order  which  seems  most  advantageous  to  the 
student  reading  them  for  the  first  time ;  in  the  In- 
troduction,  however,  they  have  been  treated  in  their 
chronological  sequence.  Jn  making  the  selection  of 
letters  the  political  career  of  Cicero  was  not  specially 
kept  in  mind.  Only  a  small  proportion  of  the  whole 
number  could  find  place  in  a  volume  of  this  compass 
in  any  case;  and  so  it  was  thought  best  to  choose 
letters  of  more  general  human  interest,  which  would 
reveal  Cicero  the  man  rather  than  the  politician,  at 
different  periods  of  his  life  and  under  different  cir- 
cumstances. The  shorter  letters  in  particular  may 
be  found  suitable  for  rapid  reading,  or  for  sight 
translation. 

The  speeches  should  be  interpreted  as  spoken  rather 
than  as  written  language.  In  the  study  of  them  nothing 
can  take  the  place  of  practice  in  oral  delivery,  or  of 
the  work  of  the  classroom  in  the  rhetorical  analysis  of 
sentences,  paragraphs,  and  orations  as  wholes.  At  the 
same  time,  an  oration  becomes  effective  in  the  degree 
that  it  is  adapted  to  the  audience  and  the  occasion,  — 
in  a  word,  to  its  environment  ;    and  the  interpretation 

630284 


iv  PREFACE 

of  it  will  be  sound  and  satisfactory  only  when  the 
matter,  motive,  method  of  presentation,  occasion,  and 
k  surroundings  are  all  clearly  understood.  In  view  of 
this  fact  it  appears  unnecessary  to  offer  further  jus- 
tification for  the  brief  discussion,  given  in  the  Intro- 
duction, of  the  oration  as  distinguished  from  other 
literary  efforts,  and  of  Cicero's  life  and  character,  as 
affecting  his  oratory;  or  for  the. attention  paid,  in  both 
Introduction  and  Notes,  to  the  circumstances  of  deliv- 
ery and  to  the  subject-matter. 

Besides  obligation  of  a  more  general  nature  to 
the  critical  editions  of  Cicero's  complete  works,  and 
to  several  other  of  the  editions  and  works  mentioned 
on  pp.  356-358,  the  editor  takes  pleasure  in  making 
acknowledgment  of  special  indebtedness  to  the  edi- 
tions of  the  orations  by  Richter  and  Eberhard,  Halm 
and  Laubmann,  and  Reid's  Pro  Archia  ;  and  to  those 
of  the  letters  by  Tyrrell,  Boot,  and  Schutz.  He  is 
also  under  obligations  to  Professor  John  C.  Rolfe  and 
Dr.  W.  K.  Clement  for  help  on  the  proofs  ;  and  to 
Assistant  Professor  Carl  W.  Bels"er  for  assistance  in 
preparing   the  Vocabulary. 

FRANCIS  W.  KELSEY. 

Ann  Arbor,  Michigan, 
August  15,  1892. 

NOTE  TO  THIRD   EDITION. 

For    the    references    to    Professor    Bennett's    Latin 

Grammar  given  in  this  edition  the  editor  is  indebted 

to  Mr.  Anthony  Pratt 

F.  W.  K. 

June  15,  1895. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  TENTH  EDITION. 

The  editor  desires  to  express  his  grateful  apprecia- 
tion of  the  many  kind  words  spoken  by  teachers  who 
have  used  the  earlier  editions  of  this  book. 

In  the  twelve  years  since  the  volume  was  first  pub- 
lished the  progress  of  investigation  in  the  domain  of 
Roman  oratory  has  made  necessary  no  serious  readjust- 
ment of  former  conclusions.  Meanwhile,  however,  in 
both  England  and  America,  increasing  attention  has  been 
paid  to  the  study  of  Roman  institutions  as  furnishing  a 
background  for  the  understanding  of  the  political  condi- 
tions revealed  in  the  speeches,  and  there  are  now  several 
excellent  manuals  of  Roman  political  antiquities  avail- 
able for  teachers  and  students  (p.  355). 

The  wish  has  more  than  once  been  expressed  that 
this  book  might  be  provided  with  illustrations  which 
would  reproduce  the  aspect  of  the  Forum  and  its  build- 
ings in  Cicero's  time,  and  present  portraits  of  other  dis- 
tinguished Romans  of  the  period  besides  Cicero  and 
Caesar.  The  editor  awaited  with  eager  anticipation  the 
results  of  the  exploration  of  the  Forum  below  the  level 
of  the  Empire,  hoping  that  there  would  be  brought  to 
light  remains  which  would  not  only  furnish  the  solution 
of  perplexing  topographical  problems,  but  would  also, 
in  some  cases  at  least,  make  possible  the  reconstruction 
of  buildings.  Interesting  and  important  as  the  discov- 
eries in  the  Forum  since  1898  have  been,  it  is  safe  to 

v 


vi  PREFACE  TO   THE   TENTH   EDITION 

say,  nevertheless,  that  they  have  raised  as  many  ques- 
tions as  they  have  answered.  The  location  of  that 
ancient  landmark  of  the  Forum  so  familiar  to  all  Ro- 
mans, the  temple  of  Janus,  is  still  as  uncertain  as  is 
that  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Stator,  munitissimus 
habendi  senatus  locus,  on  the  Palatine.  The  only  tem- 
ple of  Concord  that  we  know  is  still  the  splendid 
structure  of  the  Empire,  replacing  the  far  humbler 
shrine  of  the  Republic.  Not  one  of  the  public  build- 
ings of  Rome  seen  by  Cicero  can  be  reconstructed 
with  any  degree  of  certainty ;  and  even  the  location  of 
the  later  Rostra  of  the  Republic  is  just  now  the  subject 
of  a  heated  controversy.  All  the  evidence  goes  to 
prove,  however,  that  the  Forum  of  Cicero's  day  was 
architecturally  much  less  imposing  than  has  frequently 
been  imagined ;  and  to  place  before  the  young  student, 
engaged  in  the  effort  to  realize  for  himself  a  period 
of  Roman  life  intellectually  brilliant  but  artistically 
undeveloped,  restorations  of  the  ornately  embellished 
Forum  of  the  Empire,  beautiful  though  these  often  are, 
would  be  as  unjustifiable  from  the  pedagogical  as  from 
the  scientific  point  of  view. 

The  situation  is  hardly  more  favorable  in  respect  to 
the  portraits  of  distinguished  Romans  of  the  Republic. 
In  recent  years  sound  and  conservative  criticism  has 
played  havoc  with  the  majority  of  the  traditional  identi- 
fications of  the  earlier  Roman  portrait  busts.  Since  the 
paragraph  on  the  portraits  of  Cicero  was  written  (p.  24), 
the  editor  has  been  able  to  verify  for  himself  the  state- 
ment regarding  the  supposed  bust  of  the  orator  at 
Madrid,  which  was  long  accepted  as  the  standard  of 


PREFACE   TO    THE   TENTH   EDITION  vii 

authentic  likenesses ;  and  several  alleged  portraits  of 
Cicero  and  Caesar  are  still  often  reproduced  which  have 
not  the  slightest  claim  to  be  considered  authentic.  The 
doubtful  portrait  statue  of  Pompey,  formerly  shown  in 
this  book,  must  now  be  finally  rejected,  its  place  being 
taken  by  a  head  the  identification  of  which  should  be 
considered  extremely  probable  rather  than  certain ;  and 
to  cite  an  instance  from  another  period,  Professor  Walter 
Dennison  has  lately  brought  forward  evidence  to  prove 
that  the  familiar  busts  of  Scipio  Africanus,  the  identifi- 
cation of  which  has  generally  been  considered  certain, 
on  account  of  the  scar  on  the  head,  in  reality  may  repre- 
sent members  of  a  priesthood  of  Isis. 

Apart  from  these  considerations,  however,  it  is  clear 
that  the  danger  of  over-illustration  —  great,  in  these 
days  of  inexpensive  mechanical  reproduction,  for  almost 
all  elementary  texts  —  is  especially  great  in  the  case  of 
Cicero,  who  in  this  respect  stands  on  a  different  footing 
from  more  objective  writers,  as  Caesar  and  Virgil.  True 
appreciation  of  the  orator  must  rest  upon  a  close  follow- 
ing of  his  thought,  upon  a  grasping  of  his  argument  as 
a  whole.  The  overloading  of  pages  of  text  with  illus- 
trations inorganically  related  to  the  thought,  and  hence 
not  directly  helpful  in  interpretation,  cannot  fail  to  be  a 
source  of  confusion  to  the  student ;  the  more  attractive 
such  pictures  are,  the  more  will  they  divert  attention 
from  the  essentials  to  non-essentials  of  the  work  in 
hand.  For  purposes  of  instruction  most  teachers  now 
favor  classical  texts  with  few  and  pertinent  illustrations, 
supplementing  these  whenever  necessary  with  material 
which,  drawn  from  other  sources  and  presented  in  a 


viii  PREFACE   TO   THE   TENTH   EDITION 

different  relation,  will  be  helpful  to  the  student  without 
tending  to  distract  him.  In  this  connection,  works  such 
as  Schreiber's  Atlas  of  Classical  Antiquities,  and  Plat- 
ner's  Topography  and  Monuments  of  Ancient  Rome,  have 
been  found  to  be  especially  valuable  (p.  356);  and  in 
Europe  much  use  is  made  of  large  wall  pictures,  as 
those  by  Ed.  von  der  Launitz,  Langl,  and  Cybulski,  which 
can  be  easily  procured  in  this  country  also,  and  are  com- 
paratively inexpensive. 

In  the  revision  of  this  book,  the  editor  was  particularly 
indebted  to  Professor  John  E.  Granrud,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Minnesota,  for  helpful  suggestions  in  respect 
to  the  points  relating  to  political  antiquities,  and  to 
Mr.  John  G.  Winter,  of  Holland,  Michigan,  for  kind 
assistance  in  correcting  the  proofs. 

FRANCIS   W.    KELSEY. 
Ann  Arbor,  Michigan, 
January,  1905. 

NOTE  TO  THE  THIRTEENTH   EDITION. 

An  interesting  article  on  "  The  Roman  Forum  as 
Cicero  saw  it,"  by  Professor  Walter  Dennison,  was 
published  in  the  Classical  Journal  for  June,  1908  (Vol.  3, 
pp.  318-326). 


F.  W.  K. 


Ann  Arbor,  Michigan, 
April,  1909. 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION  : 

I.   Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  :  page 

i.    Life  of  Cicero , I 

ii.    Cicero  as  an  Orator 12 

iii.    Cicero  as  a  Writer 18 

iv.    Cicero  as  a  Man 21 

v.    The  Portraits  of  Cicero 24 

II.   The  Orations  of  Cicero: 

i.    General  View  of  the  Orations  .     . 25 

ii.    The  Speech  on  Pompey's  Commission : 

1.  Occasion  and  Circumstances  of  Delivery    .     .  27 

2.  Outline 34 

iii.   The  Speeches  against  Catiline  : 

1.  Occasion  and  Circumstances  of  Delivery   .     .  36 

2.  Outline  of  the  First  Oration 42 

3.  Outline  of  the  Second  Oration 42 

4.  Outline  of  the  Third  Oration 43 

5.  Outline  of  the  Fourth  Oration 44 

6.  Chronology  of  the  Speeches  against  Catiline  .  45 
iv.   The  Oration  for  Archias  : 

1.  Occasion  and  Circumstances  of  Delivery   .     .  45 

2.  Outline 48 

v.   The  Oration  for  Marcellus  : 

1.  Occasion  and  Circumstances  of  Delivery  .     .  49 

2,  Outline   . 50 

vi.   The  Fourth  Speech  against  Antony  : 

1.  Occasion  and  Circumstances  of  Delivery   .     .  51 

2.  Outline  ,     . 53 


x  CONTENTS 

III.   The  Letters  of  Cicero:  page 

i.   Private  Correspondence  among  the  Romans     .     .  54 

ii.   Cicero's  Correspondence 56 

IV.   The  Roman  Government  in  Cicero's  Time  : 

Citizens,  Assemblies 58 

Officers,  State  Priests 59 

Legal  Jurisdiction,  Provincial  Administration  ...  60 

TEXT : 

I.  Orationes  Selectae: 

i.    In  L.  Catilinam  Oratio  Prima 61 

ii.    In  L.  Catilinam  Oratio  Secunda 76 

iii.    In  L.  Catilinam  Oratio  Tertia 89 

iv.    In  L.  Catilinam  Oratio  Quarta 103 

v.    De  Imperio  Gnaei  Pompei 116 

vi.    Pro  A.  Licinio  Archia  Poeta 145 

vii.   Pro  M.  Marcello 159 

viii.    In  M.  Antonium  Oratio  Quarta 171 


II.   Epistolae  Selectae: 

i.  To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  I.  vii.)  .     . 

ii.  To  Pompey  (ad  Fam.  V.  vn.) 

iii.  To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  II.  iv.)      . 

iv.  To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  II.  xin.)  . 

v.  To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  II.  x.)  .     . 

vi.  To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  II.  xxm.) 

vii.  To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  III.  m.)  . 

viii.  To  his  Family  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  iv 

ix.  To  his  Family  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  I.] 

x.  To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  III.  xxvi.) 

xi.  To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  III.  xxvu.) 

xii.  To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  IV.  x.)     . 

xiii.  To  Trebatius  Testa  (ad  Fam.  VI 

xiv.  To  Curio  (ad  Fam.  II.  11.) .     . 

xv.  To  Silius  (ad  Fam.  XIII.  xlvii. 

xvi.  To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  V.  xiii.)   . 

xvii.  To  Titius  Rufus  (ad  Fam.  XIII. 

xviii.  To  Marcus  Caelius  (ad  Fam.  II. 

xix.  To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  VI.  VIII.) . 

xx.  To  Tiro  (ad  Fam.  XVI.  vii.)  . 


I.  VII 


LVIII 
XI.) 


177 

177 

178 

180 
180 
181 

182 
182 

184 
186 
187 
187 
188 
188 
189 
189 
190 

191 

192 

193 


CONTENTS 

XI 

II.     Epistolae   Selectae.     Continued.                                   Page 

xxi.   To  Terentia  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  xvii.) 193 

xxii.    To  Terentia  and  Tullia  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  xviii.) 

194 

xxiii.   To  Terentia  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  xxi.)    .     . 

195 

xxiv.   To  Terentia  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  XI.) .     .     . 

195 

xxv.   To  Terentia  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  x.)  .     .     . 

195 

xxvi.   To  Terentia  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  xxiv.) 

196 

xxvii.    To  Terentia  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  xxiii.) 

196 

xxviii.   To  Terentia  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  xxil.)  .     . 

196 

xxix.   To  Marcus  Marius  (ad  Fam.  VII.  iv.) 

197 

xxx.   To  Paetus  (ad  Fam.  IX.  xxiii.)  .     .     . 

197 

xxxi.    To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  XII.  x.) 

198 

xxxii.    To  Servius  (ad  Fam.  XIII.  xx.) .     .     . 

.     198 

xxxiii.    To  Gaius  Cassius  (ad  Fam.  XV.  xviii.) 

198 

xxxiv.   To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  XII.  xv.)      .     .     . 

■     199 

xxxv.   To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  XII.  xvi.)     .     .     . 

199 

xxxvi.   To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  XII.  xviii.).      .     .     . 

200 

xxxvii.    To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  XII.  xxxvi.)     .     . 

.     201 

xxxviii.    To  Trebatius  Testa  (ad  Fam.  VII.  xxii.) 

202 

xxxix.   To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  XII.  xlviii.)     .     . 

.     203 

xl.   To  Basilus  (ad  Fam.  VI.  xv.)      .     .     . 

.     203 

xli.    To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  XV.  XXIII.)  .     .     . 

.     203 

xlii.   To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  XV.  xxv.)    .     .     . 

.     204 

xliii.   To  Atticus  (ad  Att.  XV.  xxviii.)     .     . 

.     204 

xliv.   To  Atticus  (ad  Att  XVI.  ix.)      .     .     . 

.     205 

xlv.    To  Plancus  (ad  Fam.  X.  xiv.)     .     .     . 

.     205 

xlvi.   To  Decimus.  Brutus  (ad  Fam.  XI.  xxv.) 

.     206 

NOTES  : 

To  the  Orations 209 

To  the  Letters 331 

HELPS   TO   THE   STUDY   OF   CICERO 355 

IDIOMS   AND   PHRASES ^Q 

GREEK   WORDS     . -     - 

•    368 
<    369 

PRONOUNCING   LIST   OF   PROPER   NAMES  . 

VOCABULARY. 


xii  CONTENTS 


ILLUSTRATIONS  AND   MAPS. 

Page 
Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  {see  p.  24) Frontispiece. 

Roman  Orator.     {Portrait  Statue  at  Florence.     From  a  pho- 
tograph)      facing      14 

Asia  Citerior following      26 

Forum,  Mons  Capitolinus,  Mons  Palatinus,  at  the  end  of  the 
Republic  {showing  the  results  of  the  latest  excavations) ,  facing      76 

Mulvian  Bridge  (Ponte  Molle) "  90 

Mamertine  Prison.     {From  Middletorfs  "  Remains  of  Ancient 

Rome"  vol.  i., p.  152) 115 

Gnaeus  Pompeius  Magnus.     {Head  recently  identified,  now  in 
the  facobsen  Museum,  Copenhagen.   Engraved  after  a  photo- 
graph kindly  furnished  by  Carl  facobsen)     .     .     .    facing    126 
Gaius  Julius  Caesar.     {Head  of  a  statue  at  Rome.     After  Ber- 
noulli's uR'dmische  Ikonographie"  vol.  i.,  plate  xiv.)   facing    160 

Sica 219 

Curule  Chair 254 


INTRODUCTION. 


I.     MARCUS  TULLIUS  CICERO, 
i.   Life  of  Cicero. 

The  Cicero  family  was  of  plebeian  stock.  From  time 
immemorial  it  had  been  settled  near  Arpinum,  an  ancient 
town  in  the  Volscian  territory,  about  sixty  miles  southeast 
of  Rome.  Arpinum  had  been  conquered  by  the  Romans 
B-  c-  3°5  >  its  inhabitants  received  the  full  rights  of  Roman 
citizenship  B.C.  188.  The  ancestral  estate  of  the  Ciceros 
lay  in  the  valley  of  the  Liris,  near,  its  junction  with  the 
Fibrenus,  just  below  the  hill  on  which-  the  city'stood.  Here 
Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  was  born,  January  3,  B.C.  106.  His 
grandfather  had  been  prominent  in  the  local  affairs  of  Arpi- 
num ;  his  father  was  a  member  of  the  equestrian  order, 
and  enjoyed  the  friendship  of  prominent  men  at  Rome, — 
being  withal  a  man  of  literary  tastes.  So  when  Marcus  and 
his  younger  brother  Quintus  were  old  enough  to  profit  by 
the  educational  advantages  of  the  metropolis,  their  father 
bought  a  house  in  Rome  and  removed  thither. 

For  a  time  at  least,  the  brothers  studied  under  teachers 
recommended  by  the  orator  Crassus.1  Among  the  intimate  ad- 
visers of  Marcus  was  the  gifted  Archias,  who  aroused  in  him  a 
decided   bent  for  poetry.     In   his   sixteenth   year,   B.C.  91, 

1  See  Vocabulary,  under  Crassus  (1). 


2  INTRODUCTION 

Marcus  assumed  the  toga  virilis,1  and  became  a  constant 
attendant  at  the  Forum;  for  at  this  time  the  Forum  was 
an  important  means  of  liberal  education.  Here  were  the 
Rostra,  from  which  orators  addressed  the  people ;  the  courts, 
where  the  most  distinguished  men  of  the  time  could  be  seen 
and  heard  J  f  laces  of  business,  also,  where  the  financial  inter- 
ests of  the  Roman  world  centred.  In  the  Forum,  too,  one 
:  mijgfit*  hear  tlie '  latest  news  from  all  quarters,  and  meet  re- 
presentatives of  every  nation ;  and  young  Cicero  was  no  idle 
listener.  Having  been  commended  by  his  father  to  Q.  Mu- 
cius  Scaevola,  one  of  the  most  learned  jurists  of  the  time,  he 
accompanied  Scaevola  on  all  occasions,  thus  accumulating  a 
store  of  wisdom  and  experience  of  incalculable  value.  At  the 
same  time  he  pursued  regular  studies  with  the  greatest  industry 

In  89  b.  c.  these  pursuits  were  interrupted  for  a  time  by 
a  campaign  under  the  father  of  Pompey,  who  was  successfully 
prosecuting  the  Social  War.  But  on  his  return  to  Rou;c 
Cicero  laid  aside  all  hope  of  distinction  in  a  military  career, 
and  for  six  years  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  logic, 
rhetoric,  philosophy,  and  declamation,  under  the  most  emi- 
nent instructors.  One  of  them  —  Diodotus  the  Stoic  — 
afterwards  lived  in  his  house  and  died  there.  Every  day, 
Cicero  informs  us,  he  practised  speaking,  —  sometimes  in 
Latin,  oftenef  in  Greek.  He  also  made  translations  from 
Greek  authors,  wrote  verses,  and  composed  a  treatise  on 
rhetoric.  Absorbed  in  these  studies,  he  passed  unscathed 
through  the  terrible  period  of  strife  between  Sulla  and  the 
party  of  Marius. 

At  the  age  of  twenty-five  Cicero  entered  the  courts  as  a 
pleader.  The  most  noteworthy  of  his  earlier  efforts  at  the 
bar  is  the  speech  in  defence  of  Sextus  Roscius,  who  had  been 
falsely  accused  of  parricide   by  Chrysogonus,  an  influential 

1  See  Note  to  p.  77,  1.  ^o^praetexta. 


LIFE   OF  CICERO  3 

freedman  of  Sulla.  The  older  lawyers  feared  to  undertake 
the  case ;  and  it  required  more  than  ordinary  courage  to 
run  the  risk  of  incurring  the  enmity  of  Sulla,  who  was  then 
supreme.  But  the  young  orator  maintained  his  side  with 
tact  as  well  as  vehemence,  and  came  off  victorious. 

The  strain  of  professional  life  soon  began  to  wear  upon 
his  health.  Desirous  of  a  change,  in  79  B.C.  he  went  to 
Athens,  where  he  attended  lectures  on  rhetoric  and  philos- 
ophy. Afterwards  he  travelled  in  Asia  Minor,  and  spent 
some  time  at  Rhodes  with  Molo,  the  famous  rhetorician, 
under  whom  he  had  previously  studied  at  Rome.  After  an 
absence  of  two  years  he  returned  home,  not  only  recovered 
in  health  but  greatly  improved  in  his  style  of  speaking. 
His  abilities  as  a  pleader  quickly  gained  for  him  a  wide 
reputation. 

Having  now  reached  the  age  at  which  Roman  citizens 
were  permitted  to  enter  upon  the  course  of  advancement 
in  the  public  offices,  Cicero  presented  himself  as  a  candi- 
date for  the  quaestorship,  and  was  elected  with  flattering 
evidences  of  his  popularity.  The  year  of  office  (b.  c.  75) 
he  spent"  in  Sicily,  as  quaestor  to  the  praetor  Sextus  Pedu- 
caeus.  He  discharged  the  duties  assigned  him  with  strict 
justice  and  impartiality,  —  virtues  most  rare  among  Roman 
provincial  officers  of  that  period. 

Five  years  later  he  was  called  upon  to  plead  the  cause 
of  the  Sicilians  against  Verres,  who  had  been  governor  of  the 
island  in  the  years  73-71,  and  had  robbed,  scourged,  and  in 
other  ways  maltreated  the  inhabitants  with  unprecedented 
brutality.  Many  of  the  most  prominent  men  at  Rome  found 
it  for  their  interest  to  sustain  Verres,  who  was  defended  by 
Hortensius,  at  that  time  the  most  famous  pleader  in  the  law- 
courts.  Every  obstacle  that  bribery  or  influence  could  raise 
was  thrown  in  the  way  of  the  prosecution.      But  with  indomi- 


4  INTRODUCTION 

table  persistency,  Cicero  surmounted  every  difficulty.  He 
collected  evidence,  and  opened  the  case.  Before  the  evi- 
dence was  all  presented,  Hortensius  abandoned  his  client, 
and  Verres  fled  from  Rome,  preferring  voluntary  exile  to 
certain  condemnation. 

Cicero  now  rose  rapidly  to  the  zenith  of  his  popularity 
and  influence.  In  69  B.C.  he  was  aedile.  It  was  cus- 
tomary for  aediles  to  celebrate  the  public  games  with  lavish 
expenditure  of  their  own  money  as  a  bid  for  popular  favor. 
Cicero,  not  possessing  the  means  to  rival  the  display  of 
wealthier  predecessors,  conducted  the  celebrations  without 
extravagance,  but  with  so  good  taste  that  he  lost  nothing  in 
general  estimation.  Striking  proof  of  his  standing  with  the 
people  appeared  at  the  time  of  his  election  to  the  office  of 
praetor,  B.C.  67.1 

The  year  of  his  praetorship  —  66— was  marked  by  ex- 
traordinary activity.  His  office  required  him  to  serve  as 
the  highest  magistrate  for  the  administration  of' justice  in 
civil  matters,  and  also  to  preside  at  the  trial  of  such  crim- 
inal cases  as  might  be  assigned  him.  Nevertheless,  as  the 
Roman  custom  permitted,  he  kept  up  his  practice  at  the  bar, 
and  successfully  conducted  the  defence  of  Cluentius,  who  had 
been  accused  of  poisoning,  with  one  of  the  most  adroit  and 
effective  pleas  ever  made.  This  year,  also,  he  mounted  the 
Rostra  for  the  first  time,  and  addressed  the  people  in  behalf 
of  the  bill  of  Manilius.  The  significance  of  this  event  was 
not  limited  to  the  fact  that  it  was  his  first  appearance  as  a 
political  speaker.  His  attitude  regarding  the  measure  pro- 
posed sorely  offended  the  aristocratic  and  senatorial  party, 
with  whose  principles  he  was  really  more  in  sympathy  than 
with  those  of  the  opposition ;  but  it  secured  for  him  the 
friendship  of  Pompey,  who  might  at  any  time  prove  to  be 
1  See  p.  116,  11.  16-19,  and  Notes. 


LIFE   OF   CICERO  O 

the  successor  of  Sulla  as  master  of  Rome,  and  it  won  the 
enthusiastic  support  of  the  populace,  with  whom  Pompey  was 
then  the  hero  of  the  hour. 

On  the  expiration  of  his  term  as  praetor,  Cicero  declined 
the  governorship  of  a  province,  which  naturally  fell  to  his 
lot,  and  directed  all  his  energies  toward  securing  the  consul- 
ship, the  last  and  highest  of  the  offices  in  the  order  of  civil 
preferment.  He  had  six  competitors,  among  whom  were 
Gaius  Antonius,1  an  uncle  of  Mark  Antony,  and  Catiline. 
These  two  united  to  secure  the  office.  They  received  the 
powerful  support  of  Marcus  Crassus,2  who  had  great  influence 
on  account  of  his  wealth,  and  of  Julius  Caesar,  who  was  com- 
ing to  the  front  as  a  political  organizer.  Nevertheless,  Cicero 
was  elected  by  an  overwhelming  majority.  Antonius  was 
chosen  as  his  colleague,  having  received  a  few  more  votes 
than  Catiline.  The  new  consuls  entered  upon  their  official 
duties  January  i,  B.C.  6$, 

The  consulship  of  Cicero  and  Antonius  was  one  of  the 
most  memorable  in  the  annals  of  Rome.  At  the  outset  ah 
important  question  of  public  policy  demanded  attention.  In 
the  December  of  the  preceding  year,  one  of  the  tribunes  bf 
the  people,  P.  Servilius  Rullus,  had  proposed  an  extravagant 
scheme  for  the  purchase  of  lands  in  Italy  for  apportionment 
among  the  poorer  citizens.  Cicero's  attitude  toward  the 
measure  in  any  case  could  not  fail  to  be  one  of  extreme 
delicacy.  If  he  opposed  it  he  would  jeopardize  his  standing 
with  the  popular  party,  to  which  in  so  great  measure  he  owed 
his  elevation  to  power ;  but  if  he  favored  it  he  would  alienate 
the  party  of  the  Senate,  with  whose  leaders  he  appeared  now 
to  have  come  to  an  understanding.  Yet  his  position  was  such 
that  he  must  commit  himself  to  one  side  or  the  other.     He 

1  See  Note  to  p.  94,  1.  34,  coltegae. 
8  See  Vocab.  under  Crassus  (3). 


6  INTRODUCTION 

spoke  against  the  bill,  first  in  the  Senate,  afterwards  before 
the  people,  but  with  so  great  tact  and  persuasiveness  that  he 
seems  to  have  suffered  no  loss  of  influence.  A  short  time 
afterwards  his  power  over  the  masses  was  shown  by  the  ease 
with  which  he  quelled  a  popular  movement  against  L.  Roscius 
Otho,  who  had  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the  populace  by 
means  of  a  measure  providing  separate  reserved  seats  at  pub- 
lic spectacles  for  members  of  the  equestrian  order. 

While  consul  he  defended  Gaius  Rabirius,  one  of  the 
few  surviving  senators  who  had  been  present  at  the  mur- 
der of  Saturninus,  thirty-seven  years  before,  and  who  was 
now,  for  political  effect,  charged  with  the  crime.  He  also 
spoke  in  opposition  to  a  bill  proposing  the  restoration  of 
political  rights  to  the  children  of  those  proscribed  by  Sulla,  on 
the  ground  that  the  harmony  of  the  commonwealth  would 
thereby  be  endangered.  But  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
year  all  other  interests  were  lost  sight  of  in  the  excitement 
attending  the  discovery  of  the  Catilinarian  conspiracy,  which 
for  a  time  threatened  to  overwhelm  the  existing  order  of 
things  in  riot  and  bloodshed.  The  prompt  and  efficient  ac- 
tion of  Cicero  averted  the  catastrophe.  He  well  deserved  the 
honors  which  were  heaped  upon  him  as  savior  of  the  State. 

After  his  consulship  Cicero  again  declined  the  government 
of  a  province.  Since  the  expiration  of  his  term  as  quaestor 
he  had  been  entitled  to  a  seat  in  the  Senate,  in  which  he  now 
became  an  active  member,  at  the  same  time  continuing  his 
practice  as  an  advocate.  Among  other  noteworthy  cases,  in 
62  b.  c.  he  defended  P.  Cornelius  Sulla,  who  had  been  accused 
of  complicity  in  the  Catilinarian  conspiracy,  and  made  his 
memorable  plea  for  the  poet  Archias. 

In  the  same  year  the  mysteries  of  Bona  Dea,1  from  which 
men  were  rigorously  excluded,  were  celebrated  at  the  house 

1  See  Vocab. 


LIFE   OF   CICERO  7 

of  Julius  Caesar,  then  pontifex  maximus.  P.  Clodius  Pulcher, 
a  dissolute  young  patrician,  disguised  himself  as  a  female 
musician,  and  thus  gained  admission.  He  was  discovered, 
but  made  his  escape.  The  offence,  on  account  of  its  impiety, 
was  brought  before  the  Senate.  It  was  referred  to  the  board 
of  pontifices,  who  decided  .that  sacrilege  had  been  committed. 
At  the  trial  which  followed,  Clodius  tried  to  prove  that  he 
was  away  from  the  city  on  the  day  of  the  festival ;  but  Cicero 
testified  to  having  been  with  him  in  Rome  only  three  hours 
before  the  discovery  at  Caesar's  house.  By  means  of  the 
most  shameful  bribery  and  intimidation,  Clodius  secured  an 
acquittal,  and  was  afterward  bitterly  attacked  by  Cicero  in  the 
Senate.  He  thenceforth  became  an  avowed  enemy  of  the 
orator,  all  the  more  dangerous  because  utterly  lacking  in  prin- 
ciple. Furthermore,  Pompey,  who  had  returned  from  the  East 
loaded  with  spoils,  was  led  to  give  up  in  large  measure  the 
advantage  he  had  gained  over  the  other  public  men,  and  was 
drawn  into  the  coalition  known  as  the  first  triumvirate.  As 
the  triumvirs  proposed  to  keep  the  control  of  public  affairs 
in  their  own  hands,  it  was  clear  that  Cicero,  through  his 
influence,  might  work  mischief  to  their  plans.  Pompey  was 
well  disposed  toward  him ;  but  Caesar,  the  ruling  spirit  of 
the  coalition,  finally  resolved  to  humiliate  the  orator,  and 
found  in  Clodius  a  suitable  instrument. 

With  Caesar's  help  Clodius  secured  an  adoption  into  a 
plebeian  family,  that  he  might  become  eligible  to  the  office 
of  tribune;  and  was  chosen  to  this  magistracy  for  the  year 
58.  Early  in  the  year  he  brought  forward  a  bill  to  the  effect 
that  any  one  who  should  be  found  to  have  put  Roman  citizens 
to  death  without  a  trial  should  be  interdicted  from  the  use 
of  fire  and  water.1     This  was  aimed  at  Cicero,  and  had  refer- 

1  That  is,  ut  ei  aqud  et  igni  inter  dicer etur, —  the  usual  formula  of 
banishment. 


8  INTRODUCTION 

ence  to  the  execution  of  the  Catilinarian  conspirators.  If  he 
had  ignored  the  attack,  assuming  his  own  innocence  as  a 
matter  of  course,  he  might  perhaps  have  gained  the  ad- 
vantage. But  instead,  thoroughly  frightened,  he  put  on 
mourning,  and  appeared  in  public  as  a  suppliant.  Many  citi- 
zens, particularly  of  the  equestrian  order,  put  on  mourning  also, 
as  a  mark  of  their  support.  For  a  time  the  hostile  move- 
ment was  checked ;  but  the  persistency  of  the  tribune  availed 
more  than  the  passing  sympathy  of  the  populace.  Foresee- 
ing the  success  of  Clodius,  in  the  latter  part  of  March  Cicero 
fled  from  Rome.  He  went  first  to  Vibo,1  then  by  way  of 
Tarentum  to  Brundisium,  whence  he  proceeded  through 
Greece  to  Thessalonica,  —  a  voluntary  exile.  Immediately 
after  his  departure  a  formal  decree  of  banishment  was  passed, 
forbidding  him  to  live  within  four  hundred  miles  of  the  city. 
It  was  enacted  also  that  any  person  who  should  take  meas- 
ures to  secure  his  recall  should  be  pronounced  a  public  enemy. 
The  spirit  of  the  orator  was  completely  broken.  For  a 
time  he  lost  all  courage,  all  hope.2  Yet  within  three  months 
after  he  had  gone  his  friends  began  to  agitate  the  subject 
of  his  return.  The  consuls  and  tribunes  of  the  year  5  7  were 
well  disposed  toward  him.  The  triumvirs  had  accomplished 
their  purposes,  and  viewed  with  disapprobation  the  increasing 
turbulence  of  Clodius,  whose  armed  band  engaged  in  frequent 
riots  in  the  city.  Caesar  was  now  in  Gaul ;  but  Pompey 
joined  the  movement  in  Cicero's  favor.  At  length  the  Senate 
sanctioned  a  proposal  that  voters  from  all  parts  of  Italy  should 
be  invited  to  come  to  Rome,  and  unite  in  passing  a  bill  for 
his  recall.  The  proposed  measure  was  submitted  to  the 
comitia  centuriata  on  the  4th  of  August,  and  carried  by  a 
large  majority.     Cicero  had  come  back  as  far  as  Dyrrachium 

1  See  Vocab.  2  See  Ep.  vn ,  viii.,  IX. 


LIFE   OF   CICERO  9 

the  previous  November.  On  the  very  day  of  the  assembly 
he  crossed  over  to  Brundisium,  where  his  daughter  met  him. 
He  proceeded  with  her  slowly  to  Rome,  being  received  with 
congratulations  and  distinguished  honors  in  the  towns  along 
the  way.  At  Rome  he  was  welcomed  with  extravagant  demon- 
strations of  joy.  His  house  on  the  Palatine  and  his  villas  were 
ordered  rebuilt  at  public  expense. 

Yet  the  city  was  no  longer  to  him  what  it  had  been.  The 
triumvirs  were  all-powerful.  They  did  not  deem  it  necessary 
to  take  Cicero  into  their  confidence,  and  he  dared  not  offer 
any  opposition.  In  all  outward  appearances  he  was  friendly 
to  them.  He  felt  obliged  to  yield  to  their  wishes  on  many 
occasions.  In  their  interest,  as  he  himself  informs  us,1 
he  even  defended  men  to  whom  he  had  previously  been 
unfriendly.  Intervals  of  leisure  in  his  professional  work  he 
devoted  to  writing.      In  53  b.  c.  he  was  chosen  augur. 

On  Jan.  20,  b.  c.  52,  the  collision  between  the  armed  bands 
of  Clodius  and  Milo  occurred  at  Bovillae,  resulting  in  the 
death  of  the  former.  Cicero  undertook  the  defence  of  Milo. 
At  the  trial,  in  April,  the  adherents  of  Clodius  created  great 
disturbance,  and  Pompey  filled  the  Forum  with  soldiers. 
Cicero  was  afraid  to  deliver  his  speech,  but  afterward  wrote 
it  out  and  sent  it  to  Milo,  who  had  gone  into  exile  at 
Massilia.  In  the  same  year  a  law  was  passed  that  a  consul 
or  praetor  should  not  be  eligible  to  the  governorship  of  a 
province  until  five  years  after  the  expiration  of  his  term  of 
office.  In  the  mean  time  provinces  were  to  be  assigned 
to  ex-consuls  and  ex-praetors  who  had  not  yet  had  such  an 
appointment.  To  Cicero  was  allotted  the  province  of  Cilicia, 
with  the  surrounding  region. 

He  entered  upon  his  duties  in  Cilicia  on  the  last  day  of  July, 

*  Cf.  Ep.  ad  Fam.  VII.  I.,  ad  Att.  IV.,  v.,  VI. 


10  INTRODUCTION 

B.C.  51.  He  administered  the  affairs  of  the  province  with 
great  uprightness,  but  found  the  position,  as  he  had  expected, 
not  at  all  to  his  liking.  With  the  help  of  his  brother  Quintus, 
an  experienced  officer,  he  subdued  certain  mountain  tribes 
along  the  Syrian  frontier,  and  was  weak  enough  to  desire 
a  triumph.  As  soon  as  the  year  of  his  appointment  had 
expired  he  set  out  for  Rome,  reaching  the  city  on  the  fourth 
of  January,  B.  C.  49. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  year  49  hostilities  commenced 
between  Caesar  and  Pompey.  Cicero,  having  vainly  at- 
tempted to  bring  about  a  reconciliation  between  them,  hesi- 
tated with  which  to  cast  in  his  lot.  He  finally  decided  to 
join  the  side  of  Pompey.  In  June  he  passed  over  to  Greece, 
and  appears  to  have  been  with  Pompey  till  the  battle  of 
Pharsalus,  which  was  fought  on  the  9th  of  August,  b.  c.  48. 
In  November  he  returned  to  Brundisium.  Here  he  remained 
unmolested  till  the  following  August,  when  he  received  a 
letter  from  Caesar  which  relieved  him  of  all  apprehensions 
regarding  his  personal  safety.  He  now  devoted  himself  to  the 
composition  of  treatises  on  subjects  connected  with  rhetoric 
and  philosophy,  dividing  his  time  between  his  different  villas. 

In  46  he  divorced  his  wife  Terentia,  whom  he  had  mar- 
ried about  the  year  79.  She  appears  to  have  been  a  high- 
spirited  woman,  having  withal  a  large  property,  regarding 
the  management  of  which  she  and  her  husband  did  not 
agree.  Being  financially  embarrassed,  he  married  Publilia, 
a  wealthy  young  lady,  for  whom  he  had  been  acting  as 
guardian;  but  this  marriage  was  soon  dissolved.  The  most 
crushing  blow  to  his  domestic  happiness  was  the  death,  early 
in  B.C.  45,  of  his  daughter  Tullia,1  to  whom  he  had  been 
devotedly  attached.     For  a  time  he  retired  to  his  secluded 

1  See  Vocab. 


LIFE   OF  CICERO  11 

villa  at  Astura,  and  gave  himself  up  to  grief.1  Her  death  left 
a  deep  impress  upon  his  writings,  which  were  now  more  than 
ever  undertaken  as  a  means  of  consolation. 

Cicero  was  fully  in  sympathy  with  the  assassination  of  Caesar 
(March  15,  b.  c.  44) .2  In  the  reaction  against  the  conspira- 
tors he  thought  it  unsafe  for  him  to  remain  in  Italy,  and 
started  for  Greece.  As  the  ship  touched  at  Regium  he 
learned  that  there  was  a  prospect  of  reconciliation  between 
Antony  and  the  party  of  the  Senate,  and  returned  to  Rome. 
All  hope  of  a  peaceful  solution  of  the  existing  complications 
was  soon  lost.  Antony  left  the  city,  where  Octavianus  gradu- 
ally acquired  control.  Cicero  was  once  more  in  a  position 
of  influence,  the  favorite  of  the  people.  He  assailed  Antony 
before  the  Senate  and  from  the  Rostra,  in  the  so-called 
Philippic  orations.8  But  the  coalition  of  Antony  with  Lepidus, 
and  of  these  two  later  with  Octavianus,  was  fatal  to  all  hopes 
of  the  supporters  of  constitutional  liberty.  In  the  latter  part 
of  November,  b.  c.  43,  the  new  triumvirs  made  out  their 
proscription  list.  On  it  were  placed  the  names  of  seventeen 
men  who  were  to  be  put  out  of  the  way  at  once.  That  of 
Cicero  was  among  them.  The  news  reached  him  at  Tuscu- 
lum.  He  fled  to  Antium  and  took  ship.  Adverse  winds  pre- 
vented escape.  He  landed  at  Formiae  and  remained  in  his 
villa  there,  resolved  to  meet  his  fate.  When  the  soldiers  of  the 
triumvirs  came  (Dec.  7),  his  slaves  placed  him  in  a  litter  and 
started  with  him  through  the  woods  to  the  seashore,  a  mile 
away.  They  were  overtaken,  and  prepared  for  defence. 
Cicero  bade  them  be  quiet,  and  put  his  head  forth  from 
the  litter.  The  executioners  struck  off  both  his  head  and  his 
hands,  took  them  to  Rome,  and,  by  order  of  Antony,  nailed 
them  to  the  Rostra,  —  the  scene  of  so  many  of  his  triumphs. 

*  See  Ep.  xxxiv-xxxvii.       2  See  Ep.  XL.        *  See  pp.  51,  52. 


12  INTRODUCTION 

ii.     Cicero  as  an  Orator. 

No  just  view  of  Cicero  as  an  orator  can  be  obtained  with- 
out some  knowledge  of  the  nature  of  oratory,  its  place  in 
ancient  life,  and  its  history  up  to  his  time. 

Oratory  may  be  defined  as  the  art  of  persuasion  by  means 
of  speech.  It  aims  not  simply  to  convince,  but  to  lead  to 
a  decision,  —  to  move  to  action.  It  is  thus  distinguished,  not 
only  from  poetry,  the  purpose  of  which  primarily  is  to  please, 
but  also  from  ordinary  prose,  of  which  the  main  function 
is  to  make  clear  to  another  the  thought  that  one  wishes  to 
convey.  The  oration  forms  a  distinct  literary  species,  with 
its  own  traditions,  its  own  laws  of  structure,  and  principles  of 
composition. 

In  the  life  of  Greece  and  Rome  oratory  played  a  much 
more  important  part  than  in  that  of  modern  times.  In  an- 
tiquity those  who  possessed  the  rights  of  citizenship,  the  voters, 
lived  in  cities.  The  land  was  tilled  ordinarily  by  slaves  or 
subjects,  and  there  was  no  large  farming  class,  as  there  is  in 
our  country,  in  possession  of  the  elective  franchise,  and  liable 
to  hold  the  balance  of  power  between  political  parties.  The 
number  of  voters  in  ancient  States  formed  a  small  minority  of 
the  whole  population.  Civic  life  was  concentrated.  An  ora- 
tor, speaking  in  the  central  part  of  a  city,  might  gather  the 
whole  body  of  citizens  within  the  sound  of  his  voice.  In  those 
States  where  a  democratic  form  of  government  prevailed,  ora- 
tory naturally  reached  its  highest  perfection ;  for  in  the  ancient 
democracies,  unlike  those  of  the  modern  era,  questions  were 
submitted,  not  to  representatives  of  the  people,  but  directly  to 
the  people  themselves,  with  whom  lay  the  decision  of  the  most 
important  matters.  The  easiest  way  to  reach  and  mould 
opinion  was  through  public  address.     This  function  of  oratory 


CICERO   AS   AN   ORATOR  13 

has  now  been  almost  wholly  superseded  by  the  newspaper  and 
the  political  pamphlet.  Wide  opportunity  for  public  speaking 
was  afforded  also  by  the  larger  governmental  bodies,  as  the 
Council  at  Athens  and  the  Senate  at  Rome.  Finally,  the 
constitution  of  the  tribunals,  referring  the  decision  of  cases 
generally  to  a  much  greater  number  of  individuals  than  the 
modern  courts,  was  favorable  to  the  development  of  oratory. 

The  practice  of  oratory  at  an  early  date  in  Greece  is  clearly 
indicated  by  the  Homeric  poems ;  but  to  Athens  belongs  the 
glory  of  having  first  produced  great  orators.  Among  the 
leaders  in  the  earlier  period  of  her  history  at  least  two, 
Themistocles  and  Pericles,  were  hardly  less  famous  for  their 
eloquence  than  for  their  statesmanship.  But  the  treatment  of 
oratory  as  an  art,  under  the  name  of  rhetoric,  began  in  Sicily 
in  the  first  half  of  the  fifth  century  b.  c,  when  the  expulsion  of 
the  tyrants  from  Agrigentum  and  Syracuse,  and  the  establish- 
ment of  democracies,  created  a  demand  for  instruction  in  this 
subject.  Gorgias,  the  greatest  of  the  Sicilian  teachers  of  ora- 
tory, gave  instruction  at  Athens  in  the  latter  part  of  the  same 
century,  emphasizing  the  poetic  coloring  of  eloquence,  while 
the  work  of  the  sophists  in  the  same  period  tended  to  point 
out  distinctions  in  the  meanings  of  words,  and  directed  atten- 
tion to  grammatical  usage.  The  golden  age  of  Athenian 
oratory  lasted  from  the  end  of  the  fifth  to  the  latter  part  of  the 
fourth  century  b.  c.  Among  the  numerous  orators  of  this 
period  later  criticism  reckoned  ten  as  pre-eminent :  Aeschines, 
Andocides,  Antiphon,  Deinarchus,  Demosthenes,  Hyperides, 
Isaeus,  Isocrates,  Lycurgus,  and  Lysias.  Demosthenes  was 
recognized  both  by  his  own  and  by  succeeding  ages  as  the 
greatest  of  them  all.  After  his  death,  b.  c.  322,  with  the 
extinction  of  Greek  liberties,  Athenian  eloquence  rapidly 
declined.  A  new  type  of  oratory  came  into  vogue  soon  after- 
wards in  the  Greek  cities  of  the  western  part  of  Asia  Minor,  — 


14  INTRODUCTION 

known  as  the  Asiatic  style.  It  was  more  ornate  and  artificial 
than  that  of  Athens,  which  by  way  of  distinction  was  known  as 
the  Attic  style. 

At  Rome  public  speaking  was  extensively  practised  from 
an  early  time.  The  flourishing  period  of  Roman  oratory  lay 
between  the  end  of  the  second  Punic  war  and  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Empire.  This  period  of  almost  two  hundred 
years  may  be  conveniently  viewed  in  three  epochs.  In  the 
first,  the  most  prominent  figure  was  that  of  Cato  the  Censor, 
whose  unpolished  but  effective  oratory  reflected  his  uncom- 
promising sturdiness  of  character.  Among  the  younger  con- 
temporaries of  Cato  was  Gaius  Laelius,  whose  speaking  showed 
more  refinement.  At  this  time  Greek  culture  was  exerting 
more  and  more  influence  upon  Roman  life,  but  in  oratory 
apparently  there  was  no  study  of  Greek  models.  The  second 
epoch  extends  from  the  time  of  the  Gracchi  to  that  of  the 
eminent  orators  Marcus  Antonius,  grandfather  of  Mark  Antony, 
and  L.  Licinius  Crassus,  who  died  b.  c.  91.  The  Greek  ora- 
tors were  now  studied,  and  Greek  teachers  of  rhetoric  were 
freely  employed  j  but  there  was  as  yet  little  open  acknowledg- 
ment of  indebtedness  to  them.  The  two  eminent  names  of 
the  third  period  are  Cicero  and  Hortensius.  In  oratory,  as 
in  other  fields  of  literature  and  art,  Greek  models  were  now 
supreme,  being  taken  as  standards  of  excellence.  The  ques- 
tion was  no  longer  whether  Greece  should  be  the  instructor 
of  Rome  in  eloquence ;  it  was  rather,  which  style  of  Greek 
oratory  should  be  followed,  the  Attic  or  the  Asiatic.  This 
question  each  Roman  settled  for  himself,  some  going  so  far  as 
to  confine  their  study  to  a  single  Greek  orator  as  model. 
Greek  teachers  of  rhetoric  abounded  everywhere.  Hortensius 
preferred  the  florid  exuberance  of  the  Asiatic  style ;  Cicero's 
taste  inclined  rather  to  the  compact  simplicity  of  the  Attic, 
to  which,  however,  influenced  no  doubt   by  Asiatic   models, 


A  Roman  Orator.     From  an  ancient  statue. 


CICERO   AS   AN   ORATOR  15 

in  his  own  speaking  he  added  a  richer  and  more  rounded 
expression. 

In  Cicero's  time  the  theory  of  oratory  had  long  since  been 
worked  out  with  so  great  completeness  that  modern  literary 
criticism  has  added  nothing  of  importance  to  it.  The  matter 
of  oratory  was  reckoned  of  three  kinds :  demonstrative,  em- 
ployed in  praising  or  censuring  some  one ;  deliberative,  used 
with  reference  to  some  measure,  or  proposal,  either  in  the  way 
of  advocacy  or  of  opposition ;  and  juridical,  employed  in  the 
courts,  in  accusation  or  defence.  Five  qualities  were  con- 
sidered essential  to  an  orator.  These  were :  invention,  the 
power  to  gather  facts  and  arguments ;  disposition,  the  ability 
to  arrange  matter  in  the  proper  or  most  effective  order; 
expression,  a  choice  of  words  suitable  to  the  thought;  memory, 
a  firm  grasp  of  matter,  words,  and  arrangement ;  and  delivery, 
a  perfect  command  of  the  voice,  features,  and  gesticula- 
tion. A  typical  oration  was  said  to  comprise  six  parts,  as 
follows :  — 

I.  Introduction  {exordium),  designed  to  win  the  favorable 
attention  of  the  audience ;  often  considered  of  two 
kinds:  — 

a.  The  Opening  (principium) ,  preliminary  remarks. 

b.  The  Ingratiating  (insinuatio),  intended  by  a  skil- 

ful use  of  language  to  remove  prejudices  and 
put  the  audience  into  a  receptive  mood. 
II.  Statement  of  the  case  (narratio),  2.  summary  of  the 
facts  leading  up  to  the  point  at  issue. 

III.  Division   (partitio,  or  divisio),  indicating  the  treatment 

of  the  theme  proposed,  or  the  point  to  be  proved. 

IV.  Proof,  or  affirmative  argument  (confirm atid),  setting  forth 

the  arguments  on  the  speaker's  side  of  the  case. 
V.  Rebuttal  {refutatio,  or  reprehensid),  refuting  the  argu- 
ments of  the  opposite  side. 
VI.  Peroration,    or   Conclusion  (peroratio,  or  conclusid), 
bringing   the    address    to    an    impressive    close ;    fre- 
quently divided  into  three  Darts  :  — 


16  INTRODUCTION 

a.  Summary  {enumeration  a  brief  recapitulation  of 

the  speaker's  points. 

b.  Outburst  {indignatio),  a  burst  of  anger,  designed 

to  excfte  the  indignation  of  the  audience  against 
the  opposite  side. 

c.  Appeal  {conquestio),  an  appeal  to  the  sympathies 

of  the  audience. 

According  to  modern  ideas  of  literary  analysis,  these  six 
divisions   may   generally   be    more   conveniently   grouped   in 

three,  thus  :  — 

I.  Introduction  :  — 
Exordium. 
Narratio. 
Parti  tio. 
II.  Discussion:  — 
Confirmatio. 
Refutatio. 
III.  Conclusion:  — 

Peroratio  or  conclusio. 

This  arrangement  will  be  followed   in  presenting  the  outline 
of  the  eight  orations  in  this  edition. 

Careful  rules  were  laid  down  by  rhetoricians  for  the  han- 
dling of  each  of  the  divisions.  We  are  not  to  suppose  that 
orators  held  rigidly  to  the  outline  given ;  yet  it  was  regarded 
as  the  norm,  or  type,  from  which  wide  deviation  was  excep- 
tional. The  subjects  most  likely  to  lead  away  from  it  were 
those  which  inspired  invective.  Thus,  the  orations  against 
Catiline  show  marked  divergence  from  the  typical  structure. 
On  the  other  hand,  speeches  of  a  more  quiet  tone,  like  that 
for  Pompey's  commission,  and  the  majority  of  those  made  at 
the  bar,  were  in  this  respect  more  nearly  regular. 

Cicero  possessed  all  the  qualities  characteristic  of  a  true 
orator.     He  was  endowed   with  great  activity  and  versatility 


CICERO   AS   AN    ORATOR  17 

of  mind,  breadth  of  view,  ready  sympathy,  and  intense  feel- 
ings,—  with  a  marvellous  command  of  language,  nice  sense 
of  literary  form,  and  excellent  memory ;  with  attractive  face 
and  figure,  great  vivacity  of  manner,  and  keen  power  of 
repartee.  From  early  youth  he  cultivated  his  natural  gifts 
with  unflagging  industry ;  fired  with  the  ambition  to  become 
the  leading  public  speaker  of  his  day,  he  set  before  him- 
self the  highest  ideals.  He  realized  his  ambition;  and 
the  verdict  of  the  ages  has  placed  his  name,  with  that  of 
Demosthenes,  high  above  all  other  ancient  orators.  His 
orations  lack  the  conciseness  and  nervous  force,  the  unabat- 
ing  earnestness  of  the  Greek  orator;  but  in  richness  and 
fulness  of  expression,  in  beauty  of  language,  he  is  superior. 
His  words  gush  forth  like  a  torrent.  He  is  broader  in  the 
range  of  thought  and  feeling  to  which  he  appeals.  He  is 
equally  at  home  in  the  dignified  tone  suitable  to  the  tragic, 
and  in  the  stinging  jest ;  in  savage  invective,  and  in  the 
graceful  language  of  compliment.  Yet  no  comparison  be- 
tween the  two  men  would  be  fair  which  did  not  take  into 
account  the  difference  in  the  character  of  the  audiences 
before  which  they  spoke.  The  polished,  critical,  cool-headed 
Athenian  could  best  be  influenced  through  the  reason ;  the 
less  critical  Roman  could  be  more  easily  swayed  by  an 
appeal  to  the  feelings.  Cicero  was  a  consummate  master 
of  the  art  of  putting  things,  of  saying  what  he  had  to  say 
in  a  way  to  carry  the  greatest  weight.  His  points  follow  one 
another  so  naturally  that  one  almost  forgets  that  there  is 
another  side  of  the  case.  What  the  other  side  was,  in  most 
instances  we  do  not  clearly  know ;  but  Cicero  always  makes 
his  own  appear  plausible. 

On  the  whole,  Demosthenes  was  stronger  in  thought, 
Cicero  in  literary  form.  But  here,  where  the  greatest  power 
of  the  Roman  orator  lay,  was  also  his  greatest  weakness ;  foi 


18  INTRODUCTION 

now  and  then  copiousness  and  charm  of  expression  conceal 
a  paucity  of  ideas.  We  are  also  at  times  conscious  of  a  lack 
of  sharpness  in  the  statement  of  points.  Yet  the  orations 
to-day,  though  in  an  ancient  and  difficult  tongue,  though 
read  and  not  heard,  continue  to  please  and  move  us  as  they 
have  pleased  and  moved  men  for  two  thousand  years.  How 
much  more  must  they  have  stirred  those  to  whom  they  were 
addressed  ! 

It  has  been  the  fashion  in  some  quarters  to  style  Cicero 
a  declaimer,  —  to  assign  the  oration  for  the  poet  Archias, 
for  example,  to  the  province  of  declamation  rather  than 
of  true  oratory.  All  such  disparagement  rests  upon  a  mis- 
apprehension. If  the  aim  of  an  oration  is  to  persuade,  it 
should  be  judged  according  to  the  effect  produced  at  the 
time  of  delivery,  as  well  as  by  the  effect  upon  the  reader. 
No  other  Roman  ever  moved  an  audience  as  Cicero  did. 
Witness  his  speech  for  Roscius  Otho,  which  transformed 
a  hostile  mob,  against  their  will,  into  an  assemblage  of  well- 
disposed  citizens.  He  was  equally  successful  as  a  pleader  j 
his  contemporaries  declared,  says  Quintilian,  that  he  reigned 
in  the  law  courts.  For  these  reasons  alone,  apart  from  the 
overwhelming  verdict  of  posterity  regarding  the  power  of 
his  speeches,  he  would  worthily  be  ranked  as  the  greatest 
of  Roman  orators,  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  world. 

iii.     Cicero  as  a  Writer. 

At  Rome,  both  in  his  lifetime  and  afterward,  Cicero  was 
noted  hardly  less  as  a  writer  than  as  an  orator.  In  his  youth 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  rhetoric  and  philosophy  as 
a  means  of  training  for  public  speaking ;  and  he  retained  an 
interest  in  both  branches,  but  more  particularly  in  the  latter, 
which  appeared  to  deepen  as  years  passed  by.     Moments  that 


CICERO   AS   A   WRITER  19 

could  be  spared  from  his  many  engagements  were  given  to 
reading  and  to  the  society  of  the  learned.  When  driven  from 
his  customary  pursuits  by  untoward  circumstances,  he  found 
diversion  and  consolation  in  literary  composition.  Most  of 
his  works  were  written  in  the  two  seasons  of  enforced  retire- 
ment from  political  affairs,  —  the  first  after  his  return  from 
exile,  b.  c.  57,  and  the  second  between  his  reconciliation 
with  Caesar,  b.  c.  47,  and  the  autumn  after  the  dictator's 
death,  b.  c.  44. 

Not  including  orations,  poems,  or  correspondence,  Cicero 
left  not  far  from  thirty  different  works.  Some  of  them  were 
brief ;  the  rest  were  in  two  or  more  books.  Fifteen  of  these 
works  are  still  extant,  and  others  are  known  from  consider- 
able sections  which  have  been  preserved ;  a  few  have  entirely 
perished.  His  extant  writings  on  rhetorical  and  philosophical 
subjects  fill  five  octavo  volumes.  Those  of  the  former  class 
comprise  several  treatises  dealing  with  the  theory  of  oratory, 
and  a  sketch  of  the  history  of  oratory  down  to  Cicero's  own 
time.  His  philosophical  works  treat  a  great  variety  of  topics 
in  morals,  theology,  and  political  philosophy.  His  poems  con- 
sisted in  part  of  translations  from  the  Greek,  in  part  of  verses 
upon  Roman  themes.  Two  at  least  were  autobiographical; 
their  titles  were,  '  On  the  Events  of  my  Consulship,'  and 
'  On  my  Times.'  Only  a  few  hundred  lines  of  the  poems 
are  extant,  most  of  which  are  from  his  translation  of  Aratus. 
His  correspondence  was  collected  and  published  after  his 
death.  The  portion  extant  fills  two  octavo  volumes,  and  com- 
prises eight  hundred  and  sixty-four  letters,  of  which  ninety, 
however,  are  addressed  to  Cicero. 

As  a  poet  Cicero  was  not  successful.  His  verses  were 
metrically  correct,  but  lacked  poetic  inspiration.  His  prose 
writings,  however,  are  characterized  by  a  finish  and  charm 
that   have    called    forth    universal    admiration.      His   services 


20  INTRODUCTION 

to  the  Latin  language  and  literature  cannot  be  overestimated. 
Previous  to  his  time  Latin  prose  had  been  crude,  awkward, 
and  labored;  he  developed  a  flowing  and  graceful  style, 
which  set  before  later  writers  a  model  of  refined  yet  forceful 
expression.  Very  little  had  been  written  in  Latin  on  the 
subject  of  philosophy ;  so  he  formed  the  design  of  presenting 
to  his  countrymen  the  gist  of  the  Greek  speculation  in  their 
own  tongue.  He  was  admirably  fitted  for  this  task  by  his 
extended  intercourse  with  teachers  of  philosophy,  his  wide 
reading  in  the  subject,  and  his  own  philosophical  position, 
which  was  eclectic  and  negative,  rather  than  dogmatic,  so 
that  he  was  able  to  present  the  views  of  the  different  schools 
on  the  whole  fairly.  He  followed  Greek  models  closely,  and 
made  few  original  contributions  to  the  matter  which  he 
borrowed.  But  he  coined  new  Latin  terms,  introduced  illus- 
trations of  his  own,  and  gave  to  the  often  dry  and  technical 
discussions  of  the  Greeks  a  living  and  attractive  form.  In  a 
word,  he  popularized  philosophy,  and  his  writings  in  this  field 
are  of  all  the  greater  value  now  because  in  many  cases  the 
Greek  originals  have  perished.  Most  of  his  Works,  after  the 
example  of  the  Greeks,  were  cast  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue. 
The  philosophical  vocabulary  which  he  developed  prepared 
the  way  not  only  for  later  Pagan  writers,  but  also  for  a  Latin 
literature  of  Christian  theology.  The  orderly  development 
of  thought,  the  graceful  transitions,  the  happy  perspective 
observed  in  the  elaboration  of  points,  the  balance,  yet  va- 
riety, in  the  structure  of  sentences,  the  harmonious  arrange- 
ment of  words,  the  faultless  phrasing,  —  these  are  some  of 
the  qualities  that  have  caused  several  of  his  works  to  be 
accepted  as  literary  masterpieces  of  the  first  rank.  As  a 
stylist  Cicero  has  had  no  superior  and  few  equals. 

The  tone  of  the  correspondence  is  naturally  less  formal  than 
that  of  the  treatises.     When  chatting  with  intimate  friends,  as 


CICERO   AS  A   MAN  21 

Atticus,  he  is  frank  and  artless,  —  too  much  so  for  his  repu- 
tation; he  is  more  reserved  when  writing  to  others.  His 
letters  reflect  the  mood  of  the  moment,  —  now  sparkling  with 
humor,  or  overflowing  with  pleasantries ;  now  burdened  with 
trouble,  or  altogether  in  despair.  Nowhere  else  do  we  find  so 
vivid  a  picture  of  Roman  life  in  his  time ;  nowhere  else,  per- 
haps, except  in  the  autobiography  of  Benvenuto  Cellini,  do 
we  have  the  inmost  privacy  of  a  strong  mind  so  unreservedly 
revealed.  The  style  is  matchless  for  simplicity,  clearness,  and 
grace.  If  the  world  to-day  were  to  be  forced  to  choose' 
whether  it  would  more  willingly  part  with  Cicero's  orations, 
his  prose  works,  or  his  correspondence,  it  is  doubtful  which 
would  be  given  up  with  the  greatest  regret. 

iv.     Cicero  as  a  Man. 

The  character  of  Cicero  presents  a  singular  combination  of 
opposite  qualities.  Modern  writers,  who  have  studiously  ex- 
amined the  facts  of  his  career,'  have  held  the  most  diverse 
opinions  concerning  it.  Middleton,  for  example,  finds  Cicero 
almost  faultless,  and  dwells  upon  his  noble  qualities  in  many 
pages  of  undiscriminating  praise ;  Mommsen,  being  unable 
to  glorify  Caesar  and  Cicero  at  the  same  time,  loses  no  oppor- 
tunity to  belittle  the  orator  as  he  lavishes  unstinted  commen- 
dation upon  the  dictator.  It  is  clear  that  views  so  extreme 
cannot  both  be  just.  In  all  such  matters  men's  opinions 
are  in  large  measure  determined  by  their  point  of  view. 
Mommsen  fastens  his  eye  upon  the  constitutional  develop- 
ment of  Rome,  and  sees  in  every  change  of  the  later  re- 
publican period  a,  nearer  approach  to  the  inevitable  end,  — 
imperialism.  With  him  Caesar  is  the  incarnation  of  the  im- 
perialistic principle,  and  the  upholders  of  the  earlier  constitu- 
tional usages  are  short-sighted  supporters  of  a  hopeless  cause. 


22  INTRODUCTION 

To  a  man  holding  this  view,  the  orator's  power  as  a  speaker 
and  influence  as  a  writer  appear  of  little  moment.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  biographers  of  Cicero  have  generally  read  into 
his  life  the  lofty  ideals  of  his  moral  treatises,  and  have  either 
ignored  or  tried  to  explain  away  his  many  inconsistencies,  A 
fairer  view  may  be  gained  by  emphasizing  neither  aspect  of 
his  character  unduly,  but  by  subjecting  his  political  activities, 
his  moral  ideals,  and  his  daily  life  to  the  same  impartial 
scrutiny. 

The  sources  of  our  knowledge  of  Cicero  are  threefold  :  first, 
the  references  in  contemporary  writers,  —  chiefly  Caesar  and 
Sallust,  both  of  whom  were  more  or  less  unfriendly  to  him  on 
political  grounds;  secondly,  his  own  works;  and  thirdly,  the 
statements  of  later  Greek  and  Roman  writers,  —  mainly,  Appian, 
Dion  Cassius,  Plutarch,  Suetonius,  and  Florus.  By  far  the 
greater  number  of  facts  about  him  are  gleaned  from  his  own 
writings,  particularly  the  letters.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  if  his 
correspondence  had  not  been  preserved,  his  name  would  have 
been  spared  most  of  the  unfriendly  criticism  that  has  gathered 
about  it.  He  was  indiscreet  enough  to  think  on  paper ;  his 
passing  fancies  or  suggestions,  to  most  of  which  he  may  have 
given  no  second  thought,  are  to-day  before  us,  subject  to  cool 
critical  analysis  and  comparison.  It  is  said  that  no  man  is  a 
hero  to  his  valet.  What  impulsive  person,  whose  eventful  life 
had  brought  him  into  contact  with  many  public  men  in  a 
trying  period,  would  not  shrink  from  having  his  most  private 
correspondence  given  to  the  world  ?  What  man,  whose  in- 
most heart  should  be  so  revealed,  would  not  be  convicted  of 
numberless  foibles,  weaknesses,  inconsistencies?  Such  are  the 
frailties  of  human  nature  ;  a  most  unhappy  illustration  may  be 
found  in  the  Carlyle  correspondence,  recently  published.  The 
letters  of  Cicero  charm  and  enlighten  us,  yet  show  us  many 
things   unworthy   of  a  great  man ;    but,  after   all,  deeds  are 


CICERO  AS   A   MAN  28 

greater  than  thoughts,  more  than  words.  Granted  that  a 
high-minded  man,  whose  prominent  position  brought  him 
many  enemies  and  numberless  trials,  may  have  shown  himself, 
in  the  privacy  of  friendly  intercourse,  at  times  weak  and  in- 
consistent with  his  professed  ideals,  —  should  that  make  us 
blind  to  his  nobler  traits,  or  to  the  greatness  of '  his  life-work 
for  humanity? 

The  age  of  Cicero  abounded  in  eminent  men  who  from 
childhood  had  had  the  advantages  of  wealth  and  family  pres- 
tige in  their  favor.  Cicero  entered  the  lists  a  'new  man,' 
without  great  wealth,  without  a  long  line  of  distinguished 
ancestry  to  bring  him  favorable  recognition,  apparently  with- 
out anything  in  his  favor,  excepting  a  limited  acquaintance 
with  public  men,  a  fair  education,  and  an  ambition  to  make  the 
most  of  himself.  He  practised  law,  and  generally  won  his 
cases.  He  came  forward  as  a  candidate,  and  received  from 
the  people  unprecedented  favor,  for  a  man  without  powerful 
connections,  in  the  rapid  promotion  to  public  offices.  He 
accomplished  all  these  things  by  the  sheer  force  of  personal 
effort,  in  that  period  of  Roman  history  when  the  influence  of 
military  leaders  was  rapidly  becoming  paramount.  Surely  this 
betokens  no  ordinary  power. 

The  natural  gifts  of  Cicero  fitted  him  to  be  an  orator  and 
writer  rather  than  a  statesman.  His  nice  sense  of  balance, 
and  his  philosophical  habit  of  looking  at  all  sides  of  a  case, 
sometimes  made  it  impossible  for  him  to  decide  quickly  where 
a  prompt  decision  was  necessary.  His  mind  was  rather  of  the 
contemplative  than  the  executive  type.  His  tastes  drew  him 
toward  the  ideal ;  but  an  irresistible  impulse  drove  him  into 
practical  affairs.  He  did  not  escape  the  contagious  passion 
for  political  power  characteristic  of  his  generation;  yet  he 
lacked  the  steadiness  of  view,  the  singleness  of  aim,  the  per- 
sistency—  perhaps  also  the   courage  —  needful  for  one  who 


24  INTRODUCTION 

would  be  more  than  temporarily  great  as  a  political  leader. 
He  was  possessed  also  of  a  naive  and  thoroughly  good-natured 
egotism,  which  asserted  itself  on  all  occasions.  Yet  in  an  age 
of  bribery,  he  was  never  convicted  of  giving  or  receiving  a 
bribe.  In  a  period  of  mad  dissipation  and  debauchery,  he 
remained  untainted  with  vice,  and  in  his  affection  for  his 
daughter  has  left  us  one  of  the  most  beautiful  pictures  of 
ancient  home-life.  At  a  time  of  broils  and  violence,  he  was 
a  man  of  peace,  hating  strife,  —  a  man  of  honor  in  all  the 
relations  of  life.  That  was  no  unfitting  tribute  paid  him  by 
the  historian  Livy  : 2  '  Sixty-three  years  he  lived,  so  that  his 
death,  except  that  it  was  violent,  cannot  be  considered  un- 
timely. .  .  .  After  both  his  faults  and  his  virtues  have  been 
taken  into  account,  he  remains  a  great,  spirited,  and  dis- 
tinguished man,  to  whose  praises  only  the  eloquence  of  a 
Cicero  could  do  justice.' 

v.  The  Portraits  of  Cicero. 
The  name  of  Cicero  has  been  given  to  many  busts  that 
have  come  down  from  antiquity.  The  great  majority  of 
them,  however,  have  no  claim  to  be  considered  genuine. 
One  famous  bust,  at  Madrid,  is  marked  with  the  name  of 
Cicero  in  an  inscription  undoubtedly  ancient;  but  the  head 
is  modern.  Of  the  busts  in  Italian  museums  which  prob- 
ably give  a  true  likeness  of  the  orator,  three  are  worthy  of 
mention.  One  is  at  Florence,  in  the  Uffizi  Gallery.  The 
other  two  are  at  Rome,  one  in  the  Vatican  collection,  the 
other  in  the  Capitoline  Museum.  The  frontispiece  of  this  vol- 
ume is  from  the  one  last  mentioned.  The  expansive  forehead, 
the  sensitive  mouth,  and  the  open,  thoughtful  face  not  free 
from  lines  of  care,  correspond  closely  with  the  characteristics 
of  Cicero  revealed  in  his  works. 

1  Sen.  Suas.  vii. 


GENERAL  VIEW    OF   THE   ORATIONS  25 


II.     THE   ORATIONS   OF   CICERO. 

i.     General  View  of  the  Orations. 

Cicero  left  more  than  a  hundred  speeches.  Of  these,  fifty- 
seven  are  still  extant.  Fragments  of  twenty  others  remain, 
and  the  titles  of  thirty  more  are  known.  The  themes  and 
general  character  of  the  extant  orations  may  be  learned  from 
the  following  summary  :  — 

I.  Speeches  in  Legal  Cases. 

a.  In  civil  cases. 

For  Quinctius,  delivered  b.  c.  8i  ;  in  connection  with  a 

suit  for  debt. 
For  Roscius  the  Comedian,  j6y  in  a  case   concerning 

payment  of  damages  for  the  death  of  a  slave. 
For  Tullius,  72  or  71  ;  in  a  suit  for  damages  on  account 

of  the  destruction  of  property. 
For  Caecina,  69;  in  a  suit  concerning  an  inheritance. 

b.  In  criminal  cases. 

For  Roscius  of  Ameria,  b.  c.  80.     See  pp.  2,  3. 

Against  Caecilius,  70 ;  a  prelude  to  the  action  against 
Verres. 

Against  Verres,  70  ;  six  speeches  in  all.  of  which  only  the 
first  was  actually  delivered.     See  pp.  3,  4. 

For  Fonteius,  69;  against  a  charge  of  provincial  ex- 
tortion. 

For  Cluentius,  66.     See  p.  4. 

For  Rabirius,  63.     See  p.  6. 

For  Murena,  63 ;  against  a  charge  of  corrupt  canvassing 
for  votes. 


26  INTRODUCTION 

For  Cornelius  Sulla,  62.     See  p.  6. 

For  Archias,  62.     See  p.  45. 

For  Valerius  Flaccus,  59 ;  against  a  charge  of  provin- 
cial extortion. 

For  Sestius,  56  ;  against  a  charge  of  violence. 

Against  Vatinius,  56 ;  for  the  impeachment  of  a  witness 
for  the  prosecution  of  Sestius. 

For  Caelius,  56  ;  in  a  suit  arising  from  an  intrigue. 

For  Cornelius  Balbus,  56 ;  against  the  charge  of  having 
illegally  assumed  the  rights  of  citizenship. 

For  Plancius,  54;  against  a  charge  of  bribery. 

For  Rabirius  Postumus,  54 ;  against  a  charge  of  extortion. 

For  Milo,  52.     See  p.  9. 

For  Marcellus,  46.     See  p.  49. 

For  Ligarius,  46 ;  in  favor  of  a  former  partisan  of  Pom- 
pey,  then  in  exile. 

For  Deiotarus,  King  of  Galatia,  45 ;  against  a  charge  of 
complicity  in  a  plot  to  murder  Caesar. 

2.  Political  Speeches. 

On  Pompey's  Commission,  66.     See  p.  27. 

On  the  Agrarian  measure  of  Rullus,  63 ;  three  speeches, 
the  first  addressed  to  the  Senate,  the  second  and  third 
to  the  people.  There  was  a  fourth  speech,  now  lost. 
See  pp.  5,  6. 

Against  Catiline,  63  ;  fow  speeches.     See  p.  36. 

After  Return  from  Exile,  four  speeches :  the  first  giving 
thanks  to  the  Senate,  57 ;  the  second  thanking  the 
people,  S7'i  the  third,  'On  his  House,'  showing  that 
his  house  on  the  Palatine,  destroyed  by  Clodius, 
should  be  restored  at  public  expense,  57;  the  fourth, 
1  On  the  Answers  of  the  Soothsayers/  against  ob- 
jections to  the  rebuilding  of  his  house  on  a  site  that 
had  been  consecrated,  56. 

On  the  Consular  Provinces,  56 ;  urging  the  prolongation 
of  Caesar's  command  in  Gaul ;  before  the  Senate. 

Against  Piso,  55;  an  abusive  attack  upon  a  personal 
enemy;    before  the  Senate. 

Against  Antony,  44-43  »  fourteen  orations.     See  p.  51. 


30  Longitude  East 


T0**     MW^^w »   Hf  •" 


Greenwich     40 


THE   SPEECH    ON    POMPEY'S    COMMISSION       27 


ii.    The  Speech  on  Pompey's  Commission. 

I.      OCCASION   AND   CIRCUMSTANCES    OF   DELIVERY. 

The  country  of  Pontus  lay  in  the  eastern  part  of  Asia  Minor, 
south  of  the  Black  Sea.  It  was  bounded  on  the  west .  by 
Paphlagonia  and  Galatia,  on  the  south  by  Cappadocia  and 
Lesser  Armenia,  and  on  the  east  by  Greater  Armenia  and 
Colchis.  When  Xenophon  the  Athenian  passed  through  this 
region,  in  400  b.  c,  it  was  inhabited  by  a  number  of  barbarous 
tribes,  which  were  in  nominal  subjection  to  Persia.  In  less 
than  a  century  afterwards  it  was  the  seat  of  an  independent 
monarchy,  whose  reigning  house  traced  its  descent  back  to  a 
former  Persian  governor.  In  the  earlier  part  of  the  second 
century  b.  c  Pharnaces  I.  brought  the  adjoining  portions  of 
Paphlagonia  under  his  rule;  and  Sinope,  a  colony  of  the 
Greek  city  Miletus,  became  the  place  of  royal  residence. 
The  last  and  greatest  of  the  kings  of  Pontus  was  Mithridates 
VI.,  who  came  to  the  throne  about  120  b.  c,  and  proved  to 
be  a  formidable  antagonist  of  Rome.  The  reverses  suffered 
by  the  Romans  at  his  hands  led  Manilius  to  bring  forward  a 
bill  granting  Pompey  extraordinary  powers.  This  was  the  im- 
mediate occasion  of  Cicero's  famous  speech  '  For  the  Bill  of 
Manilius,'  or  '  On  Pompey's  Commission,'  which,  however, 
cannot  be  understood  without  a  more  detailed  examination 
of  the  circumstances  leading  up  to  it. 

Mithridates  VI.  is  one  of  the  most  striking  characters  of 
ancient  history.  Possessed  of  a  large  and  powerful  frame,  he 
was  endowed  also  with  a  mind  of  great  strength  and  alertness, 
indomitable  courage,  and  a  consuming  ambition.  He  could 
converse  in  twenty-five  languages,  so  that  he  needed  no  inter- 
preter in  dealing  with  the  different  peoples  under  his  sway. 


28  INTRODUCTION 

He  delighted  to  fill  his  palaces  with  statuary,  pictures,  and  the 
surroundings  of  culture,  yet  in  his  relations  with  rivals  and 
subjects  he  was  a  typical  Oriental  despot, — jealous,  cruel,  and 
implacable.  He  would  put  to  death  even  the  members  of  his 
own  family  for  slight  reasons  j  to  protect  himself  against  secret 
enemies,  it  is  said  that  he  commenced  early  in  life  to  take 
poisons  in  small  quantities,  that  his  system  might  become 
inured  to  them.  As  a  general,  if  he  may  not  be  compared 
with  Alexander  and  Caesar,  he  may  at  any  rate  be  mentioned 
along  with  the  great  Oriental  conquerors,  —  Tiglath-Pileser, 
Cyrus,  and  Darius ;  for  with  the  troops  at  his  command, 
numerous  indeed,  but  of  poor  fighting  quality,  he  was  able 
to  destroy  several  Roman  armies,  and  to  fight  against  Rome 
for  almost  thirty  years.  As  a  hater  of  the  Romans  he  was 
second  only  to  Hannibal. 

Mithridates  commenced  to  reign  when  very  young.  After 
he  had  established  himself  firmly  upon  the  throne,  he  entered 
upon  a  career  of  conquest.  He  annexed  Lesser  Armenia  and 
Colchis,  and  crossed  the  Caucasus  range.  Having  been  re- 
quested by  the  Greek  cities  of  Olbia  and  Chersonesus  to  chas- 
tise the  marauding  tribes  north  of  the  Euxine  Sea,  he  sent  his 
generals  over  the  country  as  far  as  the  Tyras  River  (now 
Dniester),  and  made  the  whole  subject  to  himself.  But  on 
the  west  side  of  his  kingdom  opportunity  for  extension  was 
checked  by  the  bounds  of  the  Roman  province  of  Asia.  This 
at  first  comprised  the  portion  of  Asia  Minor  west  of  Bithynia, 
Phrygia,  and  Lycia,  which  had  been  bequeathed  to  the  Roman 
people  by  Attalus  III.,  the  last  king  of  Pergamus,  in  b.  c.  133. 
The  states  lying  between  Pontus  and  the  province,  particularly 
Bithynia,  Paphlagonia,  and  Cappadocia,  were  nominally  inde- 
pendent, but  were  on  good  terms  with  the  Romans,  and  really 
under  a  Roman  protectorate. 

A  collision  between  the  two  aggressive  powers  —  Rome,  ever 


THE    SPEECH    ON    POMPEY'S    COMMISSION       29 

impatient  of  rivals,  and  Mithridates,  fired  with  the  spirit  of 
conquest  —  was  inevitable ;  but  the  first  provocation  came 
from  the  Romans.  Early  in  the  reign  of  Mithridates  they  took 
from  him  Phrygia,  which  had  been  under  the  rule  of  his  father. 
Biding  his  time,  he  increased  his  resources  as  rapidly  as  pos- 
sible, and  formed  an  alliance  with  Tigranes,  king  of  Armenia, 
to  whom  he  gave  a  daughter  in  marriage.  He  made  various 
attempts  to  get  control  of  Cappadocia,  and  would  have  been 
successful  had  not  the  Roman  Senate  —  in  92  B.C. — placed 
the  Cappadocian  Ariobarzanes  on  the  throne.  The  Romans 
also  obliged  him  to  evacuate  Paphlagonia,  which,  he  claimed, 
belonged  to  him  by  inheritance.  Not  yet  willing  openly  to 
break  with  Rome,  he  instigated  Tigranes  to  drive  Ariobarzanes 
out  of  Cappadocia.  About  the  same  time  he  was  instrumental 
in  bringing  about  the  expulsion  of  Nicomedes  III.  from  Bithy- 
nia,  supporting  against  the  lawful  king  a  claimant  of  the  throne 
friendly  to  himself.  Both  the  exiled  princes  appealed  to  Rome. 
She  reinstated  them  without  a  protest  from  Mithridates,  who 
had  apparently  supposed  that  the  disturbances  of  the  Social 
War  would  make  the  Romans  forgetful  of  their  interests  in 
the  East.  Nicomedes,  at  the  instigation  of  the  Roman  em- 
bassador, now  assumed  the  offensive,  and  invaded  Pontus. 

Mithridates  sent  to  Rome  to  demand  satisfaction,  but  re- 
ceived none.  He  at  once  prepared  for  hostilities.  Thus  began 
the  first  Mithridatic  war,  which  lasted  from  88  to  84  b.  c.  Mus- 
tering an  army  of  250,000  infantry  and  40,000  cavalry,  in  one 
season,  b.  c.  88,  he  overran  Bithynia,  Cappadocia,  and  the 
greater  part  of  the  Roman  province  of  Asia.  He  defeated  the 
Romans  at  every  point,  and  gained  control  of  all  the  western 
part  of  Asia  Minor,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  cities.  He 
poured  molten  gold  down  the  throat  of  the  Roman  governor, 
M'.  Aquillius,  in  mockery  of  the  man's  avarice.  He  made  Per- 
gamus  the  place  of  royal  residence.     From  Ephesus  he  sent 


30  INTRODUCTION 

forth  a  decree  that  on  a  given  day  all  the  Italians  in  the  cities 
of  Asia  Minor,  without  distinction  of  rank,  sex,  or  age,  should 
be  put  to  death.  The  command  was  carried  out  to  the  letter. 
In  one  day  80,000  Italians,  some  say  150,000,  perished.  In 
the  rest  of  the  war  Mithridates  was  less  fortunate.  He  sent 
two  armies  to  Greece,  which  were  defeated  by  Sulla  in  86 
and  in  85  b.  c.  In  85  also  his  forces  were  beaten  on  their 
own  ground  by  Fimbria,  who  had  succeeded  Flaccus  as  the 
representative  of  the  Marian  party  in  the  East.  A  peace  was 
concluded  with  Sulla  in  84.  According  to  the  terms  of  it, 
Mithridates  was  to  pay  an  indemnity  of  three  thousand  talents 
($3,500,000),  furnish  the  Romans  with  eighty  galleys,  and 
give  up  all  the  territory  he  had  conquered  west  of  Pontus. 

In  the  second  Mithridatic  war  (83-81  b.  a),  Murena,  the 
successor  of  Sulla  in  command,  was  the  aggressor.  He  was 
soon  defeated  by  Mithridates,  who  again  seized  upon  Cappa- 
docia.  Sulla,  then  supreme  at  Rome,  commanded  Murena 
to  cease  from  hostilities,  whereupon  Mithridates  withdrew  from 
Cappadocia. 

It  was  clear  that  no  peace  beween  Mithridates  and  the 
Romans  could  be  more  than  a  truce,  to  be  broken  whenever 
either  of  the  contracting  parties  might  find  it  advantageous  to 
assume  the  offensive.  In  75  Nicomedes  died,  leaving  Bithy 
nia  by  will  to  the  Roman  people,  who  immediately  took 
possession  of  it.  Early  in  74  Mithridates  commenced  war, 
and  prosecuted  it  vigorously.  At  the  lowest  estimate  his 
army  comprised  120,000  infantry,  of  which  at  least  a  part 
was  armed  and  trained  according  to  the  Roman  system; 
16,000  cavalry,  and  a  hundred  scythe-bearing  chariots.  At 
first  successful,  he  defeated  a  Roman  army  under  Cotta,  and 
besieged  Chalcedon;  but  Lucullus  soon  forced  him  to  raise 
the  siege.  His  powerful  fleet  was  in  part  defeated  by  the 
Romans,  in  part   shattered   by  a  storm   in   the   Euxine   Sea 


THE   SPEECH    ON    POMPEY'S   COMMISSION       31 

His  great  army  melted  away  in  successive  engagements.  The 
following  year  Lucullus  advanced  into  Pontus,  and  in  72  en- 
camped near  the  king  at  Cabira.  Mithridates,  being  hard 
pressed,  gave  orders  to  break  camp  and  retreat.  A  panic 
ensued ;  the  Romans  took  advantage  of  the  situation  and  cut 
his  army  to  pieces.  The  king  would  himself  have  fallen  into 
their  hands  had  his  pursuers  not  stopped  to  plunder  a  mule 
laden  with  gold.  Thus  escaping,  he  sent  a  eunuch  to  put 
to  death  his  wives  and  sisters,  that  they  might  not  be  captured, 
and  fled  to  Armenia. 

Tigranes  gave  orders  that  his  father-in-law  be  received  with 
becoming  dignity ;  yet  for  a  year  and  a  half,  wishing  to  avoid 
cause  of  rupture  with  Rome,  he  refused  to  admit  the  king 
of  Pontus  to  his  presence.  At  length,  offended  by  the 
haughty  demand  of  the  Romans  that  he  surrender  Mithri- 
dates, he  made  common  cause  with  the  deposed  monarch. 
The  kings  both  raised  armies ;  but  in  69  b.  c,  before  their 
forces  had  united,  Tigranes  engaged  in  battle  with  Lucullus 
at  Tigranocerta,  and  suffered  a  disastrous  defeat.  Lucullus 
now  pressed  on  into  -the  interior  of  Armenia,  towards  Artaxata ; 
but  mutiny  among  his  troops  prevented  further  advance,  and 
he  led  them  into  Mesopotamia.  Mithridates  quickly  gathered 
another  army,  and  returned  to  Pontus.  Here  he  gained  a 
victory  over  Fabius,  the  Roman  lieutenant,  and  obtained  pos- 
session of  the  greater  part  of  the  country.  In  67  he  dealt 
the  Romans  a  crushing  blow  in  the  defeat  of  the  forces 
under  Triarius.  Seven  thousand  Romans  fell,  including 
many  officers;  their  camp  was  taken,  and  only  the  fact 
that  Mithridates  was  wounded  saved  the  rest  from  destruc- 
tion. Lucullus  was  almost  powerless  on  account  of  the 
disaffection  of  his  troops.  At  the  end  of  the  year  67 
Mithridates  was  once  more  in  power  over  Pontus  and  the 
adjoining   regions;    he   was   in   alliance   with   Tigranes,    and 


32  INTRODUCTION 

liable  at  any  moment  to  make  a  descent  on  the  province 
of  Asia. 

But  the  war  with  Mithridates  and  Tigranes  was  not  the  only 
cause  of  disturbance  in  Roman  foreign  relations  at  this  time. 
For  some  years  pirates  had  gradually  become  more  and  more 
numerous  and  powerful  in  all  parts  of  the  Mediterranean. 
They  rendered  navigation  perilous.  They  cut  off  the  supplies 
of  grain  which  Rome  was  wont  to  receive  by  sea.  They  made 
raids  upon  cities  along  the  coast,  and  even  carried  men  of 
distinction  away  from  Italy  to  be  held  for  ransom.  The  evil 
had  grown  to  such  intolerable  proportions  that  in  67  b.  c. 
A.  Gabinius  proposed  a  bill  giving  Pompey  absolute  jurisdic- 
tion for  three  years  over  all  the  Mediterranean  coast  for  fifty 
miles  inland.  The  bill  was  passed,  though  contrary  to  prece- 
dent both  in  the  powers  it  conferred  and  in  the  manner  of 
conferring  them ;  for  the  people  in  passing  the  measure  as- 
sumed a  function  supposed  to  belong  to  the  Senate.  But  Pom- 
pey more  than  sustained  the  reputation  he  already  enjoyed  as 
a  commander.  In  three  months  he  cleared  the  sea  of  pirates 
from  the  Pillars  of  Hercules  to  the  Hellespont.  While 
Mithridates  was  making  fruitless  the  victories  of  Lucullus, 
Pompey  was  capturing  the  strongholds  of  the  pirates  in 
Cilicia,  which  was  immediately  organized  into  a  Roman 
province. 

Under  these  circumstances,  early  in  66  b.  a,  Manilius  pro- 
posed to  the  people  that  the  government  of  Bithynia,  which 
had  been  given  to  the  incompetent  Glabrio,  as  well  as  of 
Cilicia  and  Asia,  and  the  absolute  command  of  the  war 
with  Mithridates,' be  intrusted  to  Pompey.  The  bill  was 
opposed  by  the  leaders  of  the  aristocratic  party,  particu- 
larly Catulus  and  Hortensius.  on  constitutional  grounds. 
Cicero's  speech  was  addressed  to  the  people,  and  served 
to  intensify  the  popular   feeling  in  favor  of  Pompey.     It  is 


THE   SPEECH   ON   POMPEY'S   COMMISSION      33 

not  difficult  to  see  what  motives  probably  influenced  him 
in  thus  breaking  with  the  party  whose  principles  he  favored. 
The  aristocrats  were  indeed  glad  to  have  Cicero  on  their 
side;  but  in  the  interest  of  patrician  traditions  they  would 
never  countenance  the  election  of  a  •  new  man '  to  the  con- 
sulship, which  was  the  goal  of  the  orator's  ambition.  It 
appeared  necessary  for  him  to  win  the  favor  of  the  people ; 
in  what  way  could  he  do  this  better  than  by  praising  the 
people's  hero?  he  might  at  the  same  time  also  assure  himself 
of  that  hero's  favor. 

The  speech  for  the  bill  of  Manilius,  or  *  On  Pompey's 
Commission,'  as  it  is  more  commonly  called,  shows  rather 
the  adroitness  of  the  special  pleader  than  the  depth  of  a 
true  statesman.  It  belongs  to  the  deliberative  class,  though 
the  part  referring  to  Pompey  is  properly  demonstrative. 
From  whatever  point  it  is  viewed,  it  is  a  masterly  effort. 
The  orderly  and  effective  arrangement  of  the  matter  is 
matched  by  the  rich,  yet  forceful  and  pleasing,  manner  of 
expression. 

Whether  the  objections  to  Manilius' s  proposal  were  valid 
or  not,  it  was  carried.  By  the  end  of  66  Pompey  had  forced 
Mithridates  to  take  refuge  in  Dioscurias,  a  Greek  city  on  the 
northeast  side  of  the  Euxine  Sea,  and  had  made  terms  with 
Tigranes.  The  king  of  Pontus  raised  another  army;  but 
becoming  involved  in  disaffection  and  treachery,  he  put  an 
end  to  his  own  life  in  the  year  63.  Part  of  his  kingdom  was 
annexed  to  the  province  of  Bithynia  j  the  rest,  left  for  over 
a  century  under  native  princes,  in  63  a.  d.  became  a  Roman 
province  under  the  name  of  Pontus  Polemoniacus. 


34  INTRODUCTION 


2.    OUTLINE   OF  THE   SPEECH   ON   POMPEY'S   COMMISSION, 

Introduction. 

Exordium.  Reasons  for   not   having  come   forward   previously 

as  a  public  speaker.  Your  favor,  my  practice  in  speaking,  and 
the  happy  nature  of  the  theme,  the  singular  merit  of  Gnaeus 
Pompey,  make  it  a  duty  and  a  pleasure  to  speak  on  this  occa- 
sion.     chap.  I. 

Narratio.  A  war,   destructive   to  our   revenues,   fraught  with 

danger  to  our  allies,  is  being  waged  against  us  by  two  very  power- 
ful kings.  The  voice  of  all  demands  the  appointment  of  a  certain 
commander,    n.,  first  paragraph. 

Partitio.  What  ought  to  be  done?      Three  points  are  to  be 

considered:  the  character  of  the  war,  the  greatness  of  the  war, 
and  the  choice  of  a  commander,     n.,  second  paragraph. 

Discussion. 

Confirmatio.    A.   The  character  of  the  war.     H.,  last  paragraph. 
The  war  is  of  a  kind  that  involves:  — 

1.  The  reputation  of  the  Roman  people,  who  have  suffered 
at  the  hands  of  Mithridates  more  flagrant  causes  of  grievance 
than  those  for  which  our  ancestors  inflicted  summary  vengeance. 
hi.,  iv.,  v.,  first  paragraph. 

2.  The  safety  of  our  allies,  who  are  threatened  by  the  enemy, 
and  are  pleading  for  the  appointment  of  Pompey.     v.,  last  part. 

3.  Our  most  important  revenues,  which  are  imperilled,  not 
simply  by  war,  but  by  the  mere  rumor  of  war.     vi. 

4.  The  property  of  many  Roman  citizens  engaged  in  business 
in  Asia,  whom  expediency  and  humanity  alike  require  us  to  pro- 
tect.    VII. 

B.  The  greatness  of  the  war:  so  urgent  as  to  demand  active 
measures,  yet  not  so  formidable  that  there  need  be  apprehension 
regarding  the  final  issue,     vni.,  first  paragraph. 

1.  The  efforts  of  Lucullus  against  the  enemy  were  at  first  suc- 
cessful,    vni.,  second  paragraph. 

2.  But  reverses  followed,  and  the  war  is  now  more  urgent  than 
ever.     ix. 

. 


THE   SPEECH    ON    POMPEY'S    COMMISSION       35 

C.   The  choice  of  a  commander. 

A.  Affirmative  argument:    Pompey  the  best  man. 

1.  He  possesses  all  the  requisite  qualifications,  namely:  — 

a.  Mastery  of  the  art  of  war.     x. 

b.  Traits    characteristic   of    a  great  general  and  of  a  great 

man:  — 

On  the  one  hand,  power  of  persistent  effort,  bravery,  activity, 
rapidity  of  movement,  forethought.     XL,  XII. 

On  the  other,  incorruptibility,  self-restraint,  good-faith,  cour- 
tesy, talent,  humaneness,     xm.,  xiv. 

c.  Standing,  witnessed  by  the  general  demand  for  his  services, 

the  influence  of  his  name,  the  confidence  reposed  in  him 
by  our  enemies,     xv.,  xvi.,  first  paragraph. 

d.  Good  luck,     xvi.,  latter  part. 

2.  He  is  more  favorably  situated  than  any  one  else  for  prose- 

cuting the  war.    xvu.,  first  paragraph. 

Refutatio.  B.  Refutation.     Objections  to  the  choice  of  Pom- 

pey considered. 

1.  Answer  to  particular  objections: 

a.  To  that  of   Hortensius,  that   absolute  authority   ought  not 

to  be  vested  in  one  person ;  met  by  reference  to  the  success 
of  the  war  against  the  pirates.  Brief  answer  also  to  an  ob- 
jection raised  against  the  lieutenancy  of  Gabinius.  xvu., 
last  part;  xvin.,  xix. 

b.  To  those  of  Catulus,  based  upon  the  risk  of  placing  all  hope 

in  one  person,  and  upon  respect  for  precedent;  shown  to  be 
without  just  grounds,  by  the  citation  of  examples  from  the 
cases  of  others  and  of  Pompey  himself.     XX.,  xxi. 

2.  Answer  to  the  objections  in  general: 

a.  The  influence  of  opponents  of  high  standing  ought  not  to 

outweigh  the  true,  interests  of  the  Roman  people,  xxn., 
first  paragraph. 

b.  This  war  demands  a  peculiar  combination  of  military  power 

and  irreproachable  character,  such  as  only  Pompey  pos- 
sesses,   xxii.,  last  part;   xxiii.,  first  part. 

c.  The  standing  of    the    opponents   of   this  measure  is  offset 

by  that  of  the  eminent  men  who  favor  it.  xxiii.,  last 
paragraph. 


INTRODUCTION 


Conclusion. 


Peroratio.  The  orator  urges  Manilius  to  stand  firm,  relying  upon 

the  support  of  the  people  ;  calls  the  gods  to  witness  to  the  purity 
of  his  motives  in  advocating  the  measure;  assures  the  people 
of  his  loyalty  to  the  interests  of  the  State  and  to  their  own 
wishes,    xxiv. 


iii.  The  Speeches  against  Catiline. 
I.    Occasion  and  Circumstances  of  Delivery. 

Lucius  Sergius  Catilina  was  born  about  108  b.  c  He  was 
descended  from  an  old  patrician  family  which  had  lost  its 
prestige  and  was  in  straitened  circumstances.  From  early 
youth  he  indulged  in  all  forms  of  vice  with  seeming  reckless- 
ness; yet  he  was  a  man  of  great  courage,  strong  personal 
magnetism,  and  unusual  abilities  as  a  leader.  During  the 
reign  of  terror  under  Sulla  he  distinguished  himself,  as  a 
partisan  of  the  dictator,  by  the  number  of  his  victims  and  his 
remorseless  cruelty.  Nevertheless  he  gained  the  office  of 
praetor  for  the  year  68  b.  c,  and  served  as  governor  of  Africa 
in  67.  The  following  year  he  returned  to  Rome  to  present 
himself  as  a  candidate  for  the  consulship  for  65  ;  but  he  had 
scarcely  entered  the  city  when  he  was  charged  with  provincial 
extortion,  and  thus  disqualified  for  the  proposed  candidacy. 

The  consuls-elect  for  65,  P.  Autronius  Paetus  and  P.  Corne- 
lius Sulla,  soon  after  their  election  (July,  66)  were  impeached 
for  bribery,  their  office  being  conferred  on  L.  Aurelius  Cotta 
and  L.  Manlius  Torquatus.  Autronius,  Catiline,  and  Cn.  Cal- 
purnius  Piso  now  formed  a  plot  to  murder  the  new  consuls  on 
the  day  of  their  entry  into  office  (Jan.  1,  B.C.  65),  and  seize 
the  authority.  As  the  arrangements  were  then  not  complete, 
the  execution  of  the  project  was  deferred  till  the  5th  of  the 


THE   SPEECHES   AGAINST   CATILINE  37 

following  February,  and  it  was  extended  to  compass  the  de- 
struction of  many  of  the  leading  men  of  the  State.  On  the 
appointed  day,  however,  Catiline  gave  the  signal  for  attack 
before  the  armed  helpers  had  assembled  in  sufficient  numbers, 
and  the  plot  miscarried.  This  is  known  as  the  first  conspiracy 
of  Catiline  ;  the  details  of  it  are  obscure  and  uncertain. 

Nothing  daunted,  Catiline  presented  himself  as  a  candidate 
for  the  consulship  for  the  year  63,  having  meanwhile  freed 
himself  from  the  charges  against  him  by  wholesale  bribery. 
He  set  before  his  associates  a  program  which  included  the 
division  of  the  offices  of  State  among  themselves,  the  cancel- 
lation of  alj  debts,  and  the  murdering  of  the  wealthiest  citizens, 
with  the  confiscation  of  their  property.  As  he  failed  to  re- 
ceive an  election,1  he  now  rapidly  furthered  his  preparations 
for  a  revolution  by  force  of  arms.  He  borrowed  great  sums  of 
money  on  his  own  credit  and  that  of  his  friends,  collected 
military  stores,  and  gave  to  C.  Manlius,  who  had  been  an 
officer  under  Sulla,  a  commission  to  enroll  and  train  an  army. 
The  centre  of  operations  was  the  neighborhood  of  Faesulae 
(now  Fiesole) ,  a.  few  miles  north  of  the  city  of  Florence.  As 
Pompey  was  in  the  East,  Italy  contained  no  Roman  army  and 
no  great  general,  and  the  time  seemed  favorable  for  a  sudden 
stroke.  • 

In  the  midst  of  these  preparations,  early  in  63,  Catiline 
offered  himself  as  a  candidate  for  the  consulship  for  62.  His 
plan  was,  if  elected,  to  put  Cicero  out  of  the  way ;  then,  as 
consul-elect,  to  enter  into  coalition  with  the  consul  Antonius, 
who  to  some  extent  at  least  was  committed  to  his  plans,  and 
thus  gain  the  supreme  power.  It  happened  that  one  of  the 
conspirators,  Q.  Curius,  had  made  a  confidant  of  Fulvia,  a 
high-born  but  dissolute  woman,  in  regard  to  the  projects  of 
Catiline ;  she,  becoming  disturbed  at  the  prospect  of  a  revo- 

1  See  p.  5. 


38  INTRODUCTION 

lution  which  threatened  the  security  of  all,  had  allowed  in- 
formation regarding  the  matter  'to  reach  the  ears  of  Cicero, 
and  afterwards  entered  into  communication  with  him.  Through 
her  influence,  and  the  offer  of  large  rewards,  Cicero  succeeded 
in  inducing  Curius  to  act  as  a  secret  agent,  or  detective,  and  to 
report  every  movement  of  the  conspirators  at  once  to  himself. 
As  the  time  for  the  consular  election  (July)  drew  near,  he 
threw  out  hints  about  the  danger  to  be  apprehended  from  Cat- 
iline, and  secured  a  postponement  that  there  might  be  oppor- 
tunity for  investigation.  He  detached  his  colleague,  Antonius, 
from  the  revolutionary  party  by  the  promise  of  the  governor- 
ship of  the  rich  province  of  Macedonia,  after  the  expiration 
of  the  consular  term.  When  the  election  was  finally  held  (the 
date  is  uncertain),  Catiline  was  again  rejected,  and  a  plot 
he  had  formed  for  the  murder  of  several  magistrates  was  ren- 
dered incapable  of  execution  by  the  elaborate  preparations  of 
Cicero. 

Driven  now  to  desperation,  Catiline  fixed  upon  Oct.  27 
(b.  c.  63)  as  the  date  for  raising  the  standard  of  open  rebel- 
lion, and  the  following  day  for  the  massacre  of  his  opponents 
and  the  pillaging  of  Rome.  But  on  Oct.  21  Cicero  attacked 
him  openly  in  the  Senate,  which,  immediately  afterwards  passed 
a  decree  vesting  supreme  authority  in  the  consuls  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  State.  Some  days  later  word  came  that  Man- 
lius  had  actually  taken  up  arms  on  the  27th,  as  expected,  and 
that  slaves  were  arming  in  Capua  and  in  Apulia.  Thereupon 
the  Senate  authorized  the  drafting  of  troops,  and  ordered  all 
precautions  for  the  defence  of  the  city.  Catiline  was  charged 
with  sedition  by  a  young  patrician,  L.  Aemilius  Paulus  j  pro- 
testing his  innocence,  he  offered  to  place  himself  in  free 
custody.1 

On  the  night  of  Nov.  6  he  met  his  followers  at  the  house 

1  See  n.  to  p.  69, 1.  5. 


THE    SPEECHES    AGAINST    CATILINE  39 

of  Marcus  Laeca,  where  arrangements  were  perfected  for 
the  firing  and  plundering  of  Rome.  He  said  that  Cicero 
stood  in  the  way  of  accomplishing  his  designs ;  whereupon  L. 
Vargunteius,  a  senator,  and  C.  Cornelius,  a  knight,  volunteered 
to  murder  the  consul  at  daybreak  in  his  own  house.  A  report 
of  the  meeting  was  brought  to  Cicero  in  the  night ;  when  the 
would-be  assassins  went  to  call  on  him  in  the  morning,  they 
found  the  house  closed  against  them.  On  the  8th  of  Novem- 
ber Cicero  called  a  meeting  of  the  Senate  in  the  temple  of 
Jupiter  Stator;  finding  Catiline  present,  he  assailed  the  arch- 
conspirator  in  the  bitter  invective  known  as  the  First  Ora- 
tion against  Catiline.  Catiline  attempted  to  justify  himself, 
emphasizing  the  public  services  and  respectability  of  his  fam- 
ily ;  but  being  greeted  with  cries  of  "  enemy  "  and  "  traitor  " 
he  left  the  Senate.  The  same  night  he  set  out  for  Etruria, 
causing  the  report  to  be  circulated  that  he  was  gcing  to  live 
in  exile  at  Marseilles. 

On  the  following  day  (Nov.  9)  Cicero  addressed  the  peo- 
ple from  the  Rostra  in  the  Second  Oration,  congratulat- 
ing them  on  the  departure  of  Catiline,  and  endeavoring  to 
frighten  the  remaining  conspirators  into  leaving  the  city. 
But  though  Lentulus,  Cethegus,  and  their  associates  kept 
actively  at  work  in  Rome,  three  weeks  passed  before  the 
consul  could  secure  evidence  against  them  sufficient  to  war- 
rant making  any  arrests.  The  19th  of  December  was  the 
date  finally  set  for  murdering  the  officers  of  State  and  plun- 
dering the  city.  Meanwhile  news  came  that  Catiline  had 
assumed  command  of  the  insurgent  forces  at  Faesulae.  The 
Senate  promptly  pronounced  both  him  and  Manlius  public 
enemies,  and  sent  the  consul  Antonius  against  them  with  an 
army. 

A  delegation  from  the  Allobroges  happened  to  be  in  Rome 
at  this  time,  seeking  relief  from  certain  abuses.     Having  re- 


40  INTRODUCTION 

ceived  no  satisfaction  from  the  Senate,  they  readily  listened 
to  a  proposal  to  interest  their  people  in  the  conspiracy.  Im- 
pressed with  the  seriousness  of  the  matter,  however,  they  laid 
it  before  their  patron,  Q.  Fabius  Sanga,  who  immediately 
reported  the  facts  to  Cicero.  The  consul  saw  here  a  golden 
opportunity  for  obtaining  the  evidence  he  so  much  needed. 
Acting  in  accordance  with  his  instructions,  the  deputies  of  the 
Allobroges  professed  the  warmest  interest  in  the  conspiracy, 
and  asked  for  written  pledges  to  take  to  their  people.  These 
were  freely  given.  They  promised  furthermore  that  on  their 
way  back  to  Gaul  they  would  turn  aside  to  confer  with  Cati- 
line in  Etruria;  and  Lentulus  designated  a  certain  T.  Vol- 
turcius  to  accompany  them,  with  a  letter  and  messages  for 
Catiline.  Late  in  the  night  of  December  2  the  deputies, 
accompanied  by  Volturcius,  set  out  from  Rome.  At  the 
Mulvian  bridge,  two  miles  north  of  the  city,  they  were  stopped 
by  two  praetors  and  a  company  of  soldiers  sent  to  intercept 
them  in  accordance  with  a  previous  understanding  with  Cicero. 
After  a  show  of  resistance,  they  yielded  up  the  documents 
which  they  had  received  from  the  conspirators,  and  returned 
to  Rome.  Early  in  the  morning  (Dec.  3),  before  news  of  the 
affair  had  spread,  Cicero  sent  for  Lentulus,  Cethegus,  Statilius, 
and  Gabinius,  and  brought  them  before  the  Senate,  which 
met  in  the  temple  of  Concord,  in  the  Forum.  Here  Voltur- 
cius, having  turned  State's  evidence,  gave  important  testi- 
mony;  the  letters  delivered  to  the  deputies  of  the  Allobroges, 
after  the  seals  had  been  acknowledged  by  the  writers,  were 
read,  and  the  guilt  of  the  conspirators  was  conclusively  estab- 
lished. The  meeting  of  the  Senate  lasted  till  late  in  the  day. 
At  the  close  Cicero  appeared  before  the  people  and  delivered 
the  Third  Oration,  which  gave  an  account  of  the  day's  pro- 
ceedings and,  like  the  second,  answered  the  purpose  of  an 
official  bulletin  of  information. 


THE   SPEECHES   AGAINST   CATILINE  41 

The  day  after  the  arrest  of  the  conspirators,  the  report  was 
spread  abroad  that  an  attempt  would  be  made  to  rescue  them 
by  force;  but  stringent  measures  prevented  any  outbreak. 
The  next  day  (Dec.  5)  the  Senate  met  to  decide  what  should 
be  done  with  the  prisoners.  Silanus,  the  consul-elect,  de- 
clared himself  in  favor  of  putting  them  to  death,  and  was 
supported  in  this  by  the  other  senators  present  till  the  ques- 
tion came  to  Julius  Caesar.  He  proposed  that  the  conspira- 
tors in  custody  be  distributed  under  life-sentence  among  the 
municipal  towns.  As  the  Senate  now  wavered  in  opinion, 
Cicero  arose  and  delivered  the  Fourth  Oration,  in  which, 
after  reviewing  the  propositions  of  both  Silanus  and  Caesar, 
he  clearly  revealed  his  own  feeling  in  favor  of  the  extreme 
penalty.  The  decisive  turn  to  the  debate,  however,  was  given 
by  Marcus  Cato,  who  spoke  so  earnestly  in  favor  of  the  imme- 
diate execution  of  the  prisoners  that  he  carried  the  great 
majority  of  the  Senate  with  him.  That  evening  Lentulus, 
Cethegus,  Gabinius,  Statilius,  and  Ceparius,  who  had  been 
captured  just  outside  the  city,  were  strangled1  in  the  Tullia- 
num,  a  loathsome  subterranean  dungeon  on  the  slope  of  the 
Capitoline  Hill,  northwest  of  the  Forum.  Early  in  January 
(62)  the  forces  of  Catiline,  comprising  not  far  from  5,000 
men,  were  annihilated  near  Pistoria  (modern  Pistqfa),  about 
twenty  miles  northwest  of  Florence,  and  he  himself,  while 
fighting  with  the  courage  of  despair,  was  slain. 

The  Catilinarian  orations  were  written  out  after  their  deliv- 
ery, and  no  doubt  carefully  revised  before  publication.  The 
genuineness  of  the  speeches  as  they  stand  has  been  questioned, 
but  without  good  reason.  As  might  be  expected  from  the 
nature  of  the  theme  and  the  occasion,  their  structure  is  less 
symmetrical  than  that  of  Cicero's  more  carefully  prepared 
addresses.  The  following  outlines  may  be  of  assistance  in 
following  the  thought. 

1  On  the  constitutionality  of  this  act,  see  N.  to  p.  108, 1.  3. 


42  INTRODUCTION 


2.  Outline  of  the  First  Oration  against  Catiline. 

Introduction. 

Exordium.  Abrupt  outburst  against  Catiline's  effrontery,  and  the 

degeneracy  of  the  time.     chap,  l,  11.  1-18. 

Narratio.  Precedent  and  authority  warrant  putting  Catiline  to 

death.  The  danger  is  great,  but  he  is  foiled.  I.,  1.  19 
to  end ;  11. 

Discussion. 
Confirmatio.  A.     Addressed  to  Catiline. 

1.  Your  plans  are  clearly  revealed  to  us.     in.,  iv. 

2.  It  is  best  for  you  to  leave  Rome  and  take  your  followers  with 
you;  for 

a.  Your  plots  against  my  life  have  failed,     v. 

b.  Here  you  are  hated  and  feared  on  account  of  your  crimes,  as 

shown  to-day  in  the  Senate.     VI.,  vn. 

c.  No  good  man  will  be  security  for  you.     VIII.,  to  1..  22. 

d.  The  Senate  wants  you  to  go.     vm.,  1.  22  to  end. 

e.  You  are  altogether  hopeless;  the  life  of  a  freebooter  will  suit 

you.     ix.,  x. 

B.     Addressed  to  the  Senate. 

1.  Why  do  I  not  have  Catiline  put  to  death,  as  precedent  and 
public  interest  demand  ?  Because  it  is  better  for  him  to  leave 
Rome  and  so  lure  forth  his  associates.     XL,  xn. 

2.  We  are  at  a  climax  of  wickedness ;  but  I  pledge  the  victory 
of  the  good,     xiii.,  to  1.  27. 

Conclusion. 
tonclusio.  Final  exhortation  to  Catiline  to  depart.      Prayer  to 

Jupiter  Stator  for  protection,     xiil,  end. 

3.  Outline  of  the  Second  Oration. 

Introduction. 
Exordium.  Congratulations  on  Catiline's   departure.      CHAP.  1., 

11.  1-8. 
Narratio.  He  is  conquered  and  undone.     1.,  1.  9  to  end. 

Partitio-      .        It  was  better  to  drive  him  forth  than  to  put  him  to 
death,  on  account  of  his  associates.     11. 


THE   SPEECHES   AGAINST   CATILINE  43 

Discussion. 
Confirmatio.        |,  Catiline's  associates,  hopelessly  depraved,  should 
leave  the  city.     III.,  iv.,  v. 

2.  Catiline  himself,  reprobate  that  he  is,  has  not  been  driven 
into  exile,  but  has  joined  Manlius.     VI.,  vu. 

3.  Catiline's  forces  are  recruited  from  six  classes,  each  of  which 
needs  a  special  warning: 

a.  Rich  but  extravagant  men,  in  financial  embarrassment,     vin. 

b.  Bankrupts,  desirous  of  power,     ix.,  to  1.  21. 

c.  Veterans  of  Sulla,  who  long  for  a  renewal  of  the  seasons  of 

violence,     ix.,  1.  22  to  end. 

d.  Hopeless  but  restless  debtors,     x.,  to  1.  20. 

e.  Professional  criminals,     x.,  11.  21-25. 

f.  Profligates,     x.,  1.  26  to  end. 

4.  Such  forces  bear  no  comparison  with  ours.     XI. 

Conclusion. 
Conclusio.  The  orator  reminds  the  citizens  of  their  duty,  and 

assures  them  of  safety,  warns  the  conspirators  (xn.);  promises  a 
complete  but  bloodless  victory,  with  the  help  of  the  gods.     xni. 

4.   Outline  of  the  Third  Oration. 

Introduction. 
Exordium  et        The    State,  your  lives,  this  city  have   narrowly  es- 

Narratio.  ,    ,  /  « 

caped  destruction,     chap,  l,  11.  1-20. 
Partitio.  I  shall  explain  how  the  conspiracy  has  been  traced 

out  and  checked.     1.,  1.  21  to  end  of  paragraph. 

Discussion. 
Confirmatio.        i.  My  efforts  to  secure  evidence  for  conviction  were 
crowned  with  success  through  the  interception  of  the  deputies  of 
the  Allobroges  and  the  arrest  of  leading  conspirators.     1.,  end; 
n.,  in. 
2.  This  evidence  was  to-day  presented  to  the  Senate : 

a.  The  testimony  of  Volturcius,  and  of  the  Gauls,     iv. 

b.  Reading  of  the  letters,  —  their  seals  acknowledged  by  the 

prisoners.     V. 
C.  Action  of  the  Senate  after  hearing  the  evidence ;  rewards  to 
officers,  decrees  against  nine  conspirators,  appointment  of 
special  thanksgiving.     VI. 


44  INTRODUCTION 

3.  The  conspiracy  is  now  checked  once  for  all.     vir. 

4.  This  result  has  been  achieved  through  the  immediate  help  oi 
the  gods,     viii.,  ix. 

5.  The  present  disturbance  differs  from  all  preceding  disturb- 
ances in  this  State  in  its  deadly  character,  and  in  the  fact  that  it 
has  been  put  down  without  bloodshed,    x. 

Conclusion. 
Conclusio.  For  my  services  I  ask  only  the  undying  recollection 

of  this  day,  and  your  protection,  present  and  future.  Guard  your 
homes;  I  will  guard  the  city.     XI.,  xn. 

5.  Outline  of  the  Fourth  Oration. 

Introduction. 

Exordium.  My  own   safety ;   its   relation   to  the   safety  of  all. 

chap.  1.;  11.,  to  1.  31 
Narratio.  The  present  state  of  the  conspiracy.     11.,  end;   III. 

to  1.  26. 
Partitio.  The  question  of  penalty  before  the  Senate,     in.,  1.  27 

to  end. 

Discussion. 

Confirmatio.  i.  The  two  proposals  regarding  punishment,  the  one 
of  Silanus,  that  the  conspirators  be  put  to  death  ;  the  other  of 
Caesar,  that  they  be  guarded  under  life-sentence  in  the  municipali- 
ties.    IV. 

2.  The  character  of  Caesar's  proposal,     v.,  to  1.  34. 
Refutatio.  g#   Caesar's  objections   to   the   proposal   of  Silanus 

met :  — 

a.  The  conspirators  should  be  treated  as  enemies,  not  as  citi- 

zens,    v.,  end. 

b.  Apparent  cruelty  may  in  reality  be  kindness  and  mercy.     VI. 

4.  Well-considered  and  decisive  action  demanded, 

a.  On  account  of  the  patriotic  feeling  of  all  classes,     vti.,  viii. 

b.  On  account  of  the  magnitude  and  sacredness  of  the  interests 

at  stake,     ix. 

5.  Digression  on  the  orator's  peril,  and  services,     x.,  XI.,  first 

part. 

Conclusion. 

Conclusio.  Vote  as  the  importance  of  the  case  demands;  at  no 

matter  how  great  cost  to  myself,  I  will  carry  out  your  decision, 
xi.,  last  paragraph. 


THE   ORATION   FOR  ARCHIAS  45 

6.  Chronology  of  the  Speeches  against  Catiline. 

a.  u.  c.  691  =  b.  c.  63. 

Assembly  for  the  Election  of  Con- 
suls for  62 Sept.  ?    Sept.  ? 

Cicero  lays  information  about  the 
conspiracy  before  the  Senate, 
which  confers  extraordinary  au- 
thority on  the  consuls     ....     a.  d.  xii.  Kal.  Nov  =  Oct.  21. 

Manlius  takes  up  arms  at  Faesulae     a.  d.  vi.  Kal.  Nov.  =  Oct.  27. 

Day  set  by  Catiline  for  the  massacre 
of  the  nobles a.  d.  v.  Kal.  Nov.  =  Oct.  28. 

Unsuccessful  attempt  on  Praeneste     .    .    .      Kal.  Nov.  =  Nov.  1. 

Meeting  of  the  conspirators  at  Lae- 
ca's,  night  of a.  d.  vin.  Id.  Nov.  =  Nov.  6. 

Miscarrying  of  the  plan  to  murder 

Cicero,  morning  of a.  d.  vii.  Id.  Nov.  =  Nov.  7. 

First  Oration,  before  the  Senate      a.  d.  vi.  Id.  Nov.  =  Nov.  8. 
The  following  night  Catiline  left  Rome. 

Second  Oration,  to  the  people     .    .   a.  d.  v.  Id.  Nov.  =  Nov.  9. 

Antonius  sent  north  with  an  army  .     .     .  about  the  middle  of  Nov. 

Interception  of  the  deputies  of  the 
Allobroges,  night  of a.  d.  iv.  Non.  Dec.  =  Dec.  2. 

Arrest  of  conspirators  ;  laying  of  ev- 
idence before  the  Senate  ;  Third 
Oration,  to  the  people  .     .    .     .    a.  d.  in.  Non.  Dec.  =  Dec.  3. 

Rumors  of  a  proposed  attempt  to 
rescue  the  conspirators pr.  Non.  Dec.  =  Dec.  4. 

Trial  of  the  conspirators    before  the 
Senate  ;  Fourth  Oration Non.  Dec.  =  Dec.  5. 

The  following  night  the  five  conspir- 
ators in  custody  were  executed. 

Catiline  falls  in  battle,  beginning 

Of     .     . A.  U.  C.  692  =  B.  C  62. 

iv.    The  Oration  for  Archias. 

1.  occasion  and  circumstances  of  delivery. 

The  poet  Archias  was  a  Greek  by  nationality,  born  at  Anti- 
och,  then  the  chief  city  of  Syria,  about  no  b.c.     He  received 


46  INTRODUCTION 

what  was  considered  a  liberal  education,  and  early  developed 
a  remarkable  facility  in  poetic  composition.  He  was  espe- 
cially gifted  as  an  improviser,  being  able  to  compose  and 
recite  verses  offhand  with  great  skill.  As  the  unsettled  state 
of  affairs  in  his  native  city  gave  little  encouragement  to  tha 
arts,  while  yet  a  youth  he  started  out  to  visit  the  Greek  towns 
in  Asia  Minor  and  Greece.  Everywhere  his  talents  received 
enthusiastic  recognition.  After  a  time  he  crossed  over  to 
Southern  Italy,  where  public  honors  were  conferred  upon  him 
by  the  citizens  of  Tarentum,  Regium,  Neapolis,  and  perhaps 
Locri. 

In  102  B.C.  Archias  came  to  Rome.  Here  he  was  soon  on 
terms  of  intimacy  with  many  prominent  men;  for  the  edu- 
cated Romans  of  this  period  as  a  rule  cultivated  a  taste  for 
Greek  literature.  But  his  chief  patrons  were  the  Luculli.1 
After  he  had  been  at  Rome  for  some  time  he  accompanied  M. 
Lucullus  on  a  journey  to  Sicily ;  on  the  way  back  he  was  hon- 
ored with  the  citizenship  of  Heraclea.  In  89  b.  c.  a  law  (Lex 
Plautia  Papiria)  was  passed  which  conferred  Roman  citizen- 
ship on  the  citizens  of  such  Italian  towns  as  possessed  formal 
treaty  relations  with  Rome.  In  order  to  become  Roman  citi- 
zens under  this  act,  the  inhabitants  of  the  favored  cities  must 
be  able  to  fulfil  two  conditions :  they  must  possess  a  settled 
place  of  residence  in  Italy,  and  within  sixty  days  must  give 
their  names  to  one  of  the  Roman  praetors  holding  orifice 
at  the  time.  Archias  complied  with  these  conditions,  and 
for  twenty-seven  years  his  standing  as  a  Roman  citizen  was 
unquestioned. 

At  this  time  a  common  way  of  annoying  public  men  was 

to  attack  their  friends.     Lucius  Lucullus,  who  had  taken  Archias 

with  him  on  his  Asiatic  campaigns,  was  still  a  man  of  influence, 

but  had  bitter  enemies.     It  was  apparently  rather  to  vex  him 

1  See  Vocab. 


THE   ORATION   FOR   ARCHIAS  47 

than  to  disturb  Archias  that  in  62  b.  c.  a  man  named  Gratius 
attempted  to  invalidate  the  poet's  claim  of  Roman  citizenship. 
Cicero  undertook  the  defence  of  the  case  partly  no  doubt  to 
accommodate  Lucullus,  partly  to  discharge  an  obligation  he 
felt  under  to  Archias.  At  the  trial  Quintus  Cicero,  the  orator's 
brother,  presided,  being  praetor.  The  case  for  the  prosecu- 
tion was  extremely  weak.  It  rested  mainly  on  the  assumption 
that  the  poet's  citizenship  of  Heraclea  could  not  be  estab- 
lished, because  the  records  of  that  city  had  perished  ;  and  on 
the  fact  that  his  name  did  not  appear  on  the  lists  of  the 
Roman  census,  where  it  would  naturally  be  registered.  But 
the  orator  brought  forward  witnesses  whose  testimony  took  the 
place  of  the  missing  records  of  Heraclea,  and  easily  explained 
the  omission  of  the  poet's  name  from  the  census  lists.  The 
argument  for  the  defence  was  irrefutable. 

As  a  piece  of  legal  argument,  the  speech  for  Archias  is  less 
to  the  point  than  would  be  tolerated  in  a  plea  before  a  mod- 
ern court.  Very  likely  when  Cicero  wrote  it  out  for  publica- 
tion he  cut  down  the  technical  portion,  dealing  with  the  facts, 
eliminating  such  details  as  would  detract  from  the  interest  of 
the  reader,  but  did  not  reduce  the  more  attractive  matter  of 
the  latter  part,  concerning  the  relation  of  literary  pursuits  to 
the  public  welfare,  and  the  services  of  Archias  in  extending  the 
glory  of  Rome.  A  Roman  court  allowed  the  presentation  of 
a  wider  range  of  matter  in  sustaining  a  point  than  would  now 
be  considered  in  place ;  and  certainly  the  orator  strengthened 
his  case  by  showing  that  the  interests  of  his  client  were  in  a 
measure  the  interests  of  the  State,  whose  duty  it  should  always 
be  to  favor  those  who  promote  literature.  The  singular  charm 
of  this  oration  lies  in  its  expression  of  universal  sentiment 
regarding  literature,  particularly  poetry,  in  a  well-nigh  faultless 
style,  which  at  times  approaches  the  manner  of  the  essay.  Its 
genuineness  has  been  attacked,  but  without  success ;  nothing 
could  be  more  Ciceronian. 


48  INTRODUCTION 

2.  Outline  of  the  Oration  for  Archias. 

Introduction. 
Exordium.  Obligation  of  the  orator  to  undertake  the  defence  of 

Archias.     The  character  of  the  case,  requiring  treatment 

out  of  the  ordinary,     chap.  I.  ;  II.,  first  part. 
Partitio.  It  will  be  proved  that  Archias  is  a  Roman  citizen  *, 

that  if  he  were  not,  he  ought  to  be.     n.,  end. 
Narratio.  Birth,   fame,   travels  of   Archias;    his   reception  at 

Rome  ;   his  enrolment  as  a  citizen  at  Heraclea,  then  at  Rome. 
Hi.;  iv.,  first  part. 

Discussion. 

A.     Proof  that  Archias  is  a  Roman  citizen. 
Confirmatio.         f.  Proof  of  enrolment  as  a  citizen  at  Heraclea  by  wit- 
nesses,    iv.,  middle. 

2.  Proof  of  residence  and  registration  at  Rome  by  the  concen- 
tration of  his  interests  there,  by  the  presence  of  hia  name  on  a 
praetor's  register,  and  by  the  recognition  of  his  standing  as  a  citi- 
zen in  various  transactions,     iv.,  end  ;  v. 

B.    Proof  that  Archias  ought  in  any  case  to  be  a  Roman  citizen. 
i.  The  promotion  of  literature  a  matter  of  general  interest :  — 
a.  Indebtedness  of  the  orator  to  literature  for  both  ideals  and 
inspiration,     vi. 
Refutatio.  £.  Refutation  of  the  objection  that  there  have  been 

great  men  who  were  not  versed  in  letters,     vn.,  first  part. 
c.  Universal  appreciation  of  literature,     vn.,  latter  part ;  vni., 

first  part. 
2.  The  special  claims  of  Archias  as  a  poet :  — 

a.  Veneration  due  to  poetic  genius,     vni.,  latter  part. 

b.  His  treatment  of  national  themes,     ix.,  first  part. 

c.  Precedents  from  the  cases  of  Ennius  and  Theophanes.     ix., 

end;  x. 

d.  Fame  an  incentive  and  reward  of  deeds;  future  services  of 

Archias  in  magnifying  the  Roman  name.     xi. ;    xii.,  first 
part. 

Conclusion. 
Conclusio.  a.  Summary  of  evidence,    xn.,  middle. 

b.  Appeal  for  a  sympathetic  consideration  of  the  case,     xii., 
latter  part. 


THE   ORATION    FOR   MARCELLUS  49 


v.  The  Address  of  Thanks  for  the  Pardon  of  Marcellus. 

i.  occasion  and  circumstances  of  delivery. 

Marcus  Claudius  Marcellus  belonged  to  the  most  distin- 
guished of  the  plebeian  branches  of  the  great  Claudian  gens. 
Nothing  is  known  of  his  early  life  except  that  from  boyhood 
he  was  a  warm  friend  of  Cicero.  He  was  curule  aedile  in 
56  B.C.,  and  consul  in  51.  During  his  consulship,  being  an 
ardent  partisan  of  Pompey,  he  manifested  the  most  bitter  ha- 
tred toward  Caesar.  The  latter  had  recently  settled  a  colony 
at  Comum,  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  conferring  special  privileges 
upon  the  inhabitants ;  Marcellus  caused  a  prominent  native  of 
the  place  to  be  publicly  flogged  at  Rome,  simply  in  order  to 
bring  Caesar's  authority  into  contempt.  As  the  relations  be- 
tween Pompey  and  Caesar  became  more  and  more  strained, 
Marcellus  was  less  vehement,  and  tried  to  delay  the  inevitable 
outbreak  of  hostilities ;  failing  in  this  attempt,  he  lent  a  half- 
hearted support  to  the  side  of  Pompey,  whom  he  joined  in 
Epirus.  After  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  he  retired  to  Mytilene 
and  devoted  himself  to  his  favorite  studies,  oratory  and  phi- 
losophy, remaining  there  in  voluntary  exile. 

After  Caesar  had  gained  the  supreme  power,  his  leniency 
toward  his  former  enemies  was  a  matter  of  surprise  to  all.  In 
accordance  with  his  usual  policy  he  paid  no  attention  to  Mar- 
cellus, who  resisted  the  urgent  advice  of  Cicero  to  ask  the 
dictator's  pardon.  Meanwhile  Marcellus's  friends  were  active 
in  his  behalf.  At  length  in  the  summer  of  46,  at  a  meeting  of 
the  Senate,  Gaius  Marcellus,  a  brother  of  Marcus,  threw  himself 
at  Caesar's  feet  and  implored  the  forgiveness  of  the  exile, 
being  joined  in  his  supplication  by  many  of  the  senators. 
Caesar,  having  commented  on  the  hatred  Marcellus  had  borne 
him,  and  on  the  danger  to  himself  in  freely  allowing  his  ene- 


50  INTRODUCTION 

mies  to  return,  declared  that  he  would  leave  the  decision  of 
the  matter  to  the  Senate,  which  was  apparently  unanimous  in 
the  desire  to  have  Marcellus  restored  to  civil  rights.  Cicero 
was  touched  by  the  magnanimity  of  the  dictator,  and  also 
thought  he  saw  in  this  deference  to  the  opinion  of  the  Senate 
an  entering  wedge  to  the  restoration  of  the  authority  of  that 
body,  and  promise  of  a  return  to  the  old  constitutional  forms. 
Inspired  by  the  occasion,  he  arose  and  expressed  the  feeling 
of  the  moment  in  an  impassioned  address  of  thanks  to  Caesar, 
the  speech  known  by  the  inaccurate  title  of  Pro  Marcello. 
Though  Marcellus  appeared  indifferent  regarding  the  opportu- 
nity to  return  to  Rome,  he  soon  after  set  out  for  Italy.  Stop- 
ping at  the  Piraeus  on  the  way,  he  was  murdered  there,* 
doubtless  in  consequence  of  a  private  feud. 

Since  the  time  of  F.  A.  Wolf,  who  in  1802  published  an 
elaborate  argument  against  the  Ciceronian  authorship  of  the 
Pro  Marcello,  the  genuineness  of  this  speech  has  been  much 
discussed.  Recent  criticism  has  restored  it  to  Cicero,  to 
whom  it  undoubtedly  belongs.  It  appears,  however,  to  have 
been  published  immediately  after  its  delivery,  perhaps  from 
short-hand  notes,  without  the  careful  revision  which  Cicero 
usually  gave  to  his  speeches.  It  possesses  a  peculiar  interest 
for  the  modern  reader  on  account  of  the  temporary  reconcili- 
ation of  the  orator  with  the  dictator  which  it  pictures,  even 
though  the  enthusiasm  of  the  moment  led  to  an  overstatement 
of  Caesar's  virtues.  Yet  such  exaggeration,  considering  the 
circumstances  and  the  temperament  of  the  speaker,  is  far  from 
unnatural ;  and  in  fact  lends  a  poetic  coloring  to  the  style. 

2.   Outline  of  the  Marcellus. 
Introduction. 

Exordium.  The  unprecedented  clemency  of  Caesar,  shown  by 

the  pardon  of  Marcellus,  forces  me  to  speak,     chap.  i. 


THE   FOURTH    SPEECH   AGAINST   ANTONY       51 


Discussion. 

A.    The  deeds  of  Caesar. 
Confirmatio.        i.  Great  beyond  description  are  Caesar's  deeds,  espe- 
cially in  war.    II. 

2.  But  greater  is  his  clemency,     in.,  iv. 

3.  The  pardon  of  Marcellus  augurs  well  for  the  peace  and  wel- 
fare of  the  State,    v.,  VI. 

B.    Caesar's  danger. 

1.  Danger  to  Caesar  is  peril  to  the  State,     vn. 

2.  His  work  is  not  finished  so  long  as  so  much  remains  to  be 
done,  not  only  for  the  present  but  also  for  the  future,     vni.,  ix. 

5.  Caesar's  safety  is  our  safety,    x. 

Conclusion. 

Conclusio.  For  this  gracious  pardon  we  all  return  our  heartfelt 

thanks.     XI. 

vi.    The  Fourth  Speech  against  Antony. 

I.     OCCASION   AND   CIRCUMSTANCES    OF   DELIVERY. 

In  the  year  44  b.  c.  Julius  Caesar  was  consul  for  the  fifth 
time,  with  Marcus  Antonius  (known  as  Mark  Antony,  or  An- 
tony) as  colleague.  After  the  assassination  of  Caesar  (15 
March),  Antony  made  a  compact  with  Lepidus,  Master  of 
the  Horse,  and  with  his  help  soon  gained  control  of  affairs. 
Those  who  were  prominently  connected  with  the  murder  of 
Caesar  withdrew  from  the  city.  At  this  time  Octavius  (after- 
'  wards  called s  Octavianus),  Caesar's  heir,  was  in  Epirus,  com- 
pleting his  education  by  a  season  in  the  army.  In  May  he 
returned  to  Rome,  where,  by  skilfully  taking  advantage  of 
every  opportunity  to  advance  his  own  interests,  he  soon  be- 
came exceedingly  popular. 

As  soon  as  it  became  clear  that  the  attempt  to  restore  the 
old  constitution  had  failed,  Cicero  retired  to  his  villas  and 
employed  his  time  in  writing  works  on  philosophy.     At  the 


52  INTRODUCTION 

end  of  July,  feeling  insecure,  he  went  to  Sicily,  whence  on 
Aug.  2  he  set  sail  for  Greece.  Being  driven  back  by  adverse 
winds  to  Leucopetra  (south  of  Regium),  he  heard  that  there 
was  a  possibility  of  an  agreement  between  Antony  and  Brutus 
and  Cassius.  Changing  his  plan  he  started  for  Rome,  and 
reached  the  city  on  Aug.  31,  only  to  find  that  all  hope  of  a 
reconciliation  was  now  gone,  and  that  Antony  had  summoned 
a  meeting  of  the  Senate  for  the  following  day.  Cicero,  mak- 
ing a  pretence  of  illness,  did  not  attend  this  meeting,  and  in 
his  absence  was  violently  attacked  by  Antony  who,  as  consul, 
presided.  Now  that  Cicero  was  on  the  ground,  a  collision 
with  Antony  was  inevitable.  The  other  consul,  Dolabella, 
who  had  been  elected  to  fill  out  the  unexpired  term  of  Caesar, 
was  friendly  to  the  party  of  Brutus.  On  Sept.  2  he  presided 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Senate  in  the  Temple  of  Concord,  at 
which  Cicero  appeared,  and  replied  to  Antony's  attack  in  a 
speech  which,  though  moderate  in  tone,  was  nevertheless  de- 
cided. This  was  followed  in  the  last  weeks  of  44  and  the 
earlier  part  of  43  by  other  speeches  against  Antony.  Four- 
teen of  these  are  extant;  they  are  called  Philippics,  from 
tLeir  similarity  to  the  celebrated  Philippics  of  Demosthenes, 
directed  against  Philip  of  Macedon. 

In  the  latter  part  of  November  (44)  two  legions,  the  Fourth 
and  the  Martian,  deserted  Antony  and  went  over  to  Octavia- 
nus,  whereupon  Antony  left  Rome,  to  prevent  further  defec- 
tions. On  the  20th  of  December,  though  both  consuls  were 
absent  from  the  city,  a  meeting  of  the  Senate  was  called  to 
transact  important  business ;  Cicero  arose  and  in  a  vehement 
speech  (the  Third  Philippic),  advocated  the  passing  of  a  vote 
of  thanks  to  the  two  legions  that  had  left  Antony,  and  propos- 
ing to  make  void  the  recent  changes  Antony  had  made  in  the 
assignment  of  the  provinces.  Both  motions  passed.  At  the 
close  of  the  meeting  Cicero  informed  the  people,  in  the  Fourth 
Philippic,  of  the  action  of  the  Senate  and  its  significance. 


THE   FOURTH   SPEECH   AGAINST  ANTONY        53 

The  Fourth  Philippic  was  probably  given  to  the  world  with- 
out revision.  It  is,  however,  full  of  interest  as  a  specimen  of 
refined  invective,  and  of  considerable  historical  value  as  a 
contemporary  document  for  a  period  whose  political  move- 
ments are  complicated  and  obscure.  Its  genuineness  has  been 
questioned,  but  without  result. 

2.  Outline  of  the  Fourth  Speech  against  Antony. 

Introduction. 

Exordium.  The  presence  of  the  citizens  in  so  great  numbers  in- 

spires the  greatest  activity  and  hope  for  our  State. 
chap.  I.,  beginning. 

Narratio  et  There  is  all  the  greater  reason  for  hope  in  the  fact 

Partitio. 

that  Antony  has  been  judged  an  enemy,  and  that  the 
citizens  have  warmly  approved  the  decision.    I.,  middle.' 

Discussion. 
Confirmatio.         A.    Antony  has  been  judged  an  enemy. 

1.  The  action  of  the  Senate  in  honoring  Octavianus,  the  oppo- 
nent of  Antony.     I.,  latter  part;  n.,  first  part. 

2.  The  approved  action  of  the  legions  in  deserting  Antony,  ii., 
latter  part ;  hi.,  first  part. 

3.  The  action  of  D.  Brutus  in  resisting  him,  and  the  general  ap- 
proval of  that  course,     in.,  latter  part ;  iv.,  first  part. 

4.  By  reason  of  these  things  Antony  is  considered  consul  only 
by  the  desperate,  who  have  hope  of  booty ;  and  even  the  gods  are 
on  our  side,     iv.,  latter  part. 

B     The  citizens  should  remain  steadfast  in  their  judgment  of 
Antony  as  an  enemy. 

1.  No  terms  of  peace  with  Antony  are  possible,     v.,  first  part. 

2.  The  valor  and  military  precedents  of  the  Roman  people  ad* 
mit  no  halfway  measures,     v.,  latter  part ;  vi.,  first  part. 

Conclusion. 
Conclusio.  The  Roman  people  are  engaged  in  a  deadly  struggle. 

Antony  must  be  put  down  as  Catiline  was.     So  far  as  in  me  lies,  I 
shall  not  be  found  wanting,     vi.,  latter  part 


54  INTRODUCTION 


III.     THE   LETTERS   OF   CICERO, 
i.     Private  Correspondence  among  the  Romans. 

As  the  relations  of  Rome  with  the  rest  of  the  ancient  world 
became  more  and  more  intimate,  and  men  passed  easily  from 
the  City  to  the  provinces,  while  the  provincials  flocked  to 
Rome,  letter-writing  increased  proportionately  in  extent  and 
importance.  In  Cicero's  time  the  Roman  of  standing  fre- 
quently carried  on  a  voluminous  correspondence.  There 
was,  however,  no  postal  system  like  that  of  to-day;  and  let- 
ters were  carried  to  their  destination,  if  not  at  too  great  dis- 
tance, by  special  messengers.  Letters  to  persons  in  distant 
parts  were  sent  by  sea-captains,  by  the  carriers  of  despatches 
for  certain  classes  of  government  officers  (particularly  the  col- 
lectors of  revenue),  and  in  general  by  any  one  going  that  way 
who  could  be  induced  to  take  charge  of  them.  Communica- 
tions of  a  confidential  nature  were  often  written  in  cipher,  of 
which  the  correspondent  had  previously  been  furnished  the 
key,  and  were  sometimes  sent  in  duplicate  by  different  con- 
veyances. In  good  weather  letters  conveyed  by  land  prob- 
ably went  at  the  rate  of  fifty  miles  a  day ;  but  it  took  three 
weeks  to  send  from  Rome  to  Athens. 

The  form  of  letters  varied  at  different  periods  and  accord- 
ing to  circumstances.  In  the  earlier  days  writing- tablets 
{tabulae,  or  pugillares)  were  exclusively  employed.  These 
consisted  of  two  or  more  thin  slips  of  wood  or  ivory,  usually 
oblong,   and  fastened  at   the  back  with  wires  so  that  they 


THE   LETTERS    OF   CICERO  55 

would  open  as  our  books.  The  average  size  was  probably 
not  much  smaller  than  this  page.  The  inside  pages  or  leaves 
were  provided  with  a  slight  raised  rim  about  the  margin,  so 
that  the  enclosed  surfaces,  which  were  coated  with  a  thin  layer 
of  wax,  would  not  rub.  On  these  surfaces  the  writing  was 
done  with  the  pointed  end  of  a  stilus  of  metal  or  bone ;  the 
other  end  of  the  stilus  was  flattened,  so  that  it  could  be  used 
to  rub  the  wax  back  over  a  word  or  line  in  which  there  was  an 
error.  The  wax  was  usually  black,  and  the  writing  showed 
the  color  of  the  underlying  wood  or  ivory,  which  was  white, 
or  at  least  of  a  light  tint.  Tablets  of  two  leaves  (that  is, 
with  two  outside  pages  and  two  pages  prepared  for  writing) 
were  called  diptycha ;  of  three  leaves,  with  four  pages  for 
writing,  triptycha  ;  there  were  even  pentaptycha,  of  five  leaves, 
in  which  there  were  eight  pages  that  could  be  written  on. 
When  the  letter  was  finished,  strong  thread  was  passed  through 
one  or  more  perforations  in  the  margin  or  even  at  the  centre, 
then  wound  closely  around  the  tablets  and  tied.  Over  the 
knot  the  seal  of  the  sender  was  stamped  in  wax  or  in  fine 
clay.  As  the  handwriting  within  was  often  that  of  an  aman- 
uensis, who  in  most  cases  was  a  slave,  the  seal  was  of  very 
great  importance  as  a  means  of  identification.  For  this  rea- 
son when  a  letter  was  opened  the  thread  was  cut  in  such  a  way 
as  to  leave  the  seal  undisturbed.  These  writing-tablets  were 
so  convenient  that  they  continued  in  use  to  modern  times. 
At  Florence  there  is  a  waxen  tablet  of  the  year  1301. 

In  the  time  of  Cicero  writing-tablets  were  used  for  short 
letters ;  but  longer  communications  were  often  written  with  a 
reed  pen  and  ink  upon  paper  prepared  from  the  papyrus. 
Usually  before  they  were  written  on,  but  sometimes  afterwards, 
the  pages  of  paper  were  pasted  together  at  the  sides,  forming 
a  long  sheet,  or  roll.     The  writing  was  in  columns,  which  were 


56  INTRODUCTION 

parallel  to  the  ends  of  the  sheet,  so  that  the  lines'  ran  in  the 
direction  of  the  length.  The  letter  thus  prepared  was  care- 
fully rolled  up,  in  much  the  same  manner  as  books  (libri) 
were  at  that  time,  and  was  then  tied  about  the  middle,  a  seal 
being  placed  over  the  knot. 

At  the  head  of  a  letter  stood  the  name  of  the  sender  in  the 
nominative  case,  with  the  name  of  the  person  to  whom  it  was 
addressed  in  the  dative,  usually  accompanied  also  by  the  ab- 
breviation S.  d.  (=  salutem  dicit,  *  sends  greeting '),  or  S.  p.  d., 
S.  plur.  d.  (=  salutem  plurimam  dicit,  <  sends  most  cordial 
greeting ') .  In  more  formal  correspondence  pains  was  taken 
to  give  forenames  and  titles.  At  the  beginning  of  the  letter, 
S.  v.  b.  e.  v.  (=  si  vales,  bene  est ;  valeo),  or  a  similar  for- 
mula was  often  placed.  The  close  was  frequently  abrupt; 
sometimes  vale  or  a  like  expression  was  added,  with  the  date ; 
the  place  of  writing  was  given  in  the  ablative.  The  outside 
address  was  of  the  simplest  character,  containing  the  name  of 
the  person  to  whom  the  letter  was  sent,  in  the  dative  case. 

ii.     Cicero's  Correspondence. 

Cicero  did  not  publish  his  letters.  They  were  given  to 
the  world  probably  by  Tiro  (see  Vocab.,  and  p.  19),  arranged 
in  several  collections.  Those  extant  comprise  only  a  portion 
of  the  number  once  known.  Mention  is  made  of  a  collection 
of  the  letters  to  Caesar,  which  must  have  contained  at  least 
three  books ;  and  there  were  similar  collections  of  the  .letters 
to  Pompey,  in  at  least  four  books,  to  M.  Brutus,  in  nine  books, 
and  to  Octavianus,  in  three ;  there  was  also  a  collection  of  let- 
ters to  Hirtius.  Of  the  letters  which  have  been  preserved,  the 
first  was  written  in  the  year  68  b.  c.  ;  the  latest  in  43,  some 
months  before  Cicero's  death.  They  vary  in  length  from  a 
few  lines  to  several  pages.     They  are  grouped  as  follows  :  — 


THE   LETTERS    OF   CICERO  57 

1  To  his  Friends '  {ad  Familiares,  abbreviated  ad  Fam.) ;  xvi. 
books.  The  title  is  inaccurate,  because  some  of  the  letters 
were  written  to  persons  not  included  within  the  orator's  circle 
of  friends,  and  also  because  a  number  of  them  are  not  from 
Cicero,  but  addressed  to  him. 

'To  his  brother  Quintus'  {ad  Quintum  Fratretn,  ad  Q.  Fr.)\ 
in.  books.  The  first  letter  is  a  rather  formal  discussion  of 
the  duties  of  a  provincial  magistrate,  in  sixteen  chapters. 

•To  Atticus'  {ad Atticum,  ad Att.)\  xvi.  books. 

1  To  Marcus  Brutus '  (ad  M.  Brutum,  ad  Brut) ;  II.  books 
At  least  two  of  the  letters  to  Brutus  appear  to  be  forgeries. 

The  literary  value  of  the  letters,  and  their  bearing  on  our 
knowledge  of  Cicero,  have  been  alluded  to  in  another  connec- 
tion (see  pp.  20-22).  Among  noteworthy  characteristics  of  the 
style  are,  the  common  yet  delicate  use  of  colloquial  expressions, 
and  the  employment  of  language  akin  to  that  of  comedy; 
the  frequent  introduction  of  Greek  words  and  phrases,  just  as 
we  often  give  a  turn  to  a  sentence  with  French  or  German ; 
the  coining  of  new  words  on  the  spur  of  the  moment  to  suit  a 
passing  need  ;  and  the  free  use  of  superlatives  and  diminutives. 
As  might  be  expected  of  a  correspondent  at  once  so  sensitive, 
sympathetic,  and  vivacious  as  Cicero,  the  letters  are  varied 
with  an  ever-surprising  richness  of  feeling  and  thought ;  and 
the  variety  of  the  matter  is  hardly  greater  than  that  of  the  man- 
ner of  expression.  They  are  pervaded  by  a  breezy  freshness 
that  makes  the  surroundings  and  emotions  of  the  writer  as  real 
to  us  as  our  own  experiences.  Hence  it  must  always  be  that 
the  more  they  are  read  the  more  they  will  be  appreciated. 
But  they  are  not  simply  entertaining  or  qf  general  human  in- 
terest ;  the  light  they  throw  on  the  inner  political  movements 
and  social  life  of  the  time  gives  them  a  value  as  historical 
documents  second  to  that  of  no  other  writings  of  the  period. 


58 


INTRODUCTION 


IV.     THE   ROMAN   GOVERNMENT   IN   CICERO'S 
TIME. 

The  speeches  and  letters  of  Cicero  are  full  of  references  to 
the  organization  and  administration  of  the  Roman  state  in  his 
time.  The  following  outline  may  be  found  helpful  in  group- 
ing the  scattered  information  which  the  reader  of  them  will 
naturally  acquire.  It  applies  to  the  constitution  after  the  time 
of  Sulla.  For  the  literature  of  the  subject  see  p.  355,  and  the 
editor's  "Fifty  Topics  in  Roman  Antiquities,"  pp.  35-37, 
17,  18. 


Who  they  were 


'  Free  inhabitants  of  Rome. 
Free  inhabitants   of    Italy,  who 
must    go    to    Rome    if    they 
wished  to  vote. 


Citizens     \   Division  :  —  35  tribes,  each  tribe  subdivided  into  5 
classes,  each  class  into  2  centuries,  =350  centuries. 

Registration  :  —  In  the  lists  of  the  censors,  by  whom 
a  citizen  was  assigned  to  his  tribe,  class,  and  cen- 
tury. 


Assem- 
blies 


Of  the  People  . 


Comitia  Centuriata,  an  assembly 
by  centuries,  to  elect  consuls, 
praetors,  censors. 

Comitia  Tributa,  an  assembly 
by  tribes,  to  elect  the  lesser 
magistrates  and  enact  laws, 
known  as  plebiscita. 


Of  Counsellors  designated  by  appointment:  —  Sena- 
tes, containing  about  600  members  ;  charged  with 
legislation  upon  foreign  affairs,  and  matters  of 
religion  and  finance. 


ROMAN    GOVERNMENT    IN    CICERO'S   TIME       59 


Officers 


Ordinary 


Magistrates- 


2  Consuls 

8  Praetors(i  6  under  Caesar) 
2  Censors 
io  Tribunes 

4  Aediles  (6  under  Caesar) 
20    Quaestors    (40    undei 
Caesar) 


Subordinate 
Officials 


Extraor-    Pictator 

,.  <  M agister  Equitum 

^    [interrex 

Secretaries  —  scribae 
Criers  — praecones 
Lictors  —  lictores 
Summoners  —  viatores 


State 
Priests 


The  Great 
Collegia 


Special 
Priesthoods 


The  Lesser 
Collegia 


15  Pontifices  (16  under  Caesar),  in- 
cluding the  Pontifex  Maximus 

15  Augurs  (16  under  Caesar) 

15  Quindecimviri  sacris  faciundis;  in 
charge  of  the  Sibylline  books 

7  Epulones  (10  under  Caesar);  pro- 
vided the  banquets  for  the  gods 

15  Flamens;  most  important,  those  of 

Jupiter,  Mars,  Quirinus 
6  Vestal  Virgins ;   in   charge   of  the 

fire  of  Vesta 
Rex  Sacrorum  ;  charged  with  certain 

rites  and  ceremonies 

Fetiales;  performed  rites  in  connec- 
tion with  the  making  of  treaties 
and  declaration  of  war 

Salii ;  guardians  of  the  sacred  shields 

Luperci ;  conducted  the  rites  of  the 
Lupercalia 

Fratres  Arvales  ;  priests  of  Dea  Dia 


60 


INTRODUCTION 


Legal    Ju- 
risdiction' 


In  Civil 
Procedure 


In  Criminal 
Procedure 


f  For  cases  between  citizens,  Praetoi 

Urbanus 
For  cases  one  or  both  parties  to  which 

were  foreigners,  Praetor  Peregrinus 
For  cases  touching  the  treasury,  the 

Censors 
For  cases  arising  in  the  markets,  the 

Aediles 

For  certain  crimes  against  religion, 
Pontifex  Maximus 

For  other  crimes,  permanent  juries  or 
courts  —  quaestiones  perfietuae  — 
at  least  eight  in  number ;  of  which 
six  were  presided  over  by  praetors, 
the  rest  by  foremen  (iu dices  quaes- 
tionis) 


Provin- 
cial Ad- 
ministra- 
tion. 


Provinces 
(64-30  b.  c.) 


Provincial 
Officers 


1  Western :  —  Sicily,  Sardinia  (with  Cor- 
sica), Hither  Spain,  Further  Spain, 
Illyricum,  Africa,  Narbonese  Gaul, 
Cisalpine  Gaul 
Eastern  :  —  Achaia,  Macedonia,  Asia, 
Bithynia,  Cyrene  (with  Crete),  Cili- 
cia,  Syria 

Governor  —  either  an  ex-consul  or  an 

ex-praetor 
Quaestor  —  in  charge  of  finances 
Subordinate      officers  —  lieutenants 

(legati),  etc. 


M.    TULLI    CICERONIS 
IN  L.  CATILINAM  ORATIO  PRIMA 

HABIT  A   IN  SENATU 


I.  Quo  usque  tandem  abutere,  Catillna,  patientia 
nostra?  Quam  diu  etiam  furor  iste  tuus  nos  eludet? 
Quern  ad  f inem  sese  effrenata  iactabit  audacia  ? 
Nihilne  te  nocturnum  praesidium  Palati,  nihil  urbis 
vigiliae,  nihil  timor  popull,  nihil  concursus  bonorum  5 
omnium,  nihil  hie  munltissimus  habendl  senatus  locus, 
nihil  horum  ora  vultusque  moverunt?  Patere  tua 
consilia  non  sentls  ?  Constrlctam  iam  omnium  horum 
scientia  tenerl  coniuratiSnem  tuam  n5n  vides  ?  Quid 
proxima,  quid  superidre  nocte  egeris,  ubi  fueris,  quos  10 
convocaveris,  quid  consili  ceperis,  quern  nostrum 
ignorare  arbitraris  ? 

O  tempora,  O  mores !  Senatus  haec  intellegit, 
consul  videt;  hie  tamen  vivit.  Vivit?  Immo  vero 
etiam  in  senatum  venit,  fit  publicl  cSnsill  particeps,  15 
notat  et  designat  oculls  ad  caedem  unum  quemque 
nostrum.  Nos  autem,  fortes  virl,  satis  facere  rel 
publicae  videmur,  si  istlus  furorem  ac  tela  vltemus. 

Ad    mortem   te,    Catillna,    duel    iussu    consulis    iam 
prldem   oportebat,  in  te  conferrT  pestem,  quam  tu    in  2o 
nos  machinaris.      An  vero  vir  amplissimus,   P.   ScTpio, 
pontifex    maximus,    Ti.    Gracchum    mediocriter    labe- 

61 


62  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

factantem  statum  rel  publicae  privatus  interfecit; 
Catillnam,  orbem  terrae  caede  atque  incendils  vastare 
cupientem,  nos  consules  perferemus  ?  Nam  ilia  nimis 
antiqua  praetereo,  quod  C.  Servllius  Ahala  Sp.  Mae- 
5  Hum,  novls  rebus  studentem,  manu  sua  occidit.  Fuit, 
fuit  jsta  quondam  in  hac  re  publica  virtus)  ut  virl 
fortes  acrioribus  suppliciis  civem  perniciosum  quam 
acerbissimum  hostem  coercerent.  Habemus  senatus__ 
cqnsultum  in  te,  Catillna,  vehemens  et  grave,  non  deest 

10  rel  publicae  consilium  neque  auctoritas  huius  ordinis ; 

-^ILQS,  nos,  dlc5  aperte,  consules  desumus. 

II.  Decrevit  quondam  senatus,  ut  L.  Opimius  con- 
sul videret,  ne  quid  res  publica  detrlmentl  caperet. 
Nox  nulla  intercessit :  interfectus  est  propter  quasdam 

15  seditionum  suspiciones  C.  Gracchus,  clarissimo  patre, 
avo,  maioribus ;  occlsus  est  cum  llberls  M.  Fulvius 
consularis.  Simill  senatus  consults  C.  Mari5  et  L. 
Valerio  consulibus  est  permissa  res  publica;  num 
unum  diem  postea   L.   Saturnlnum  tribunum   plebis  et 

20  C.  Servllium  praetorem  mors  ac  re!  publicae  poena 
remorata  est?  At  nos  vlcesimuni  iam  diem  patimur 
hebescere  aciem  horum  auctoritatis.  Habemus  enim 
huiusce  modi  senatus  consultum,  verum  inclusum  in 
tabulls,  tamquam  in  vagina  reconditum,  quo  ex  sena- 

25  tus   consulto   confestim    te   interfectum   esse,    Catillna, 

^c^nj^enit„   Vivis,  et  vivis  non  ad  dep5nendam,  sed  ad 

conflrmandam  audaciam.  .      /Y-*^     W^    $*^ 

Cupio,  patres  conscript!,  me  esse  clemeritem,  cupio 

in    tantis    re!    publicae    perlcullsi  me    non/  dissolutum 

30  viderT,  sed  iam  me  ipse  inert^ae  nequitiaeque  con- 
demno.  Castra  sunt  in  Italia  contra  populum  R5ma- 
num  in  Etruriae  faucibus  collocata,  crescit  in  dies 
singulos  hostium  numerus ;  eorum  autem  castrorum 
imperatorem    ducemque    hostium    intra    moenia    atque 


*•* 


IN   CATILINAM    I.    III.  63 

acfeo    in    senatu    videmus    intestmam    aliquam    cotldie  ' 
perniciem  rel  publicae   molientem.  W~^~s 
^Si  te  iam,  Catillna,  comprehend!,  si  interficl  iussero, 
J^tWredo,   erit  verendum  mihi,   ne  non   potius  hoc  omnes 

bonl   serius   a    me   quam     quisquam    crudelius   factum    5 
esse  dicat.     Verum  ego  hoc,  quod  iam  prldem  factum 
esse   oportuit,   certa  de   causa   nondum  adducor  ut  fa- 
ciam.      Turn  denique  interficiere,  cum  iam  nemo  tarn 
improbus,  tarn  perditus,  tarn  tul  similis  invenlrl  pote- 
nt, qui  id  non  iure  factum  esse  fateatur.      Quam  diQ  10 
quisquam    erit,    qui    te    defendere    audeat,    vlves ;    sed 
vlves   ita,  ut    vlvis,    multis    mels    et    flrmls    praesidiis 
oppressus,    ne    commovere    te    contra    rem    publicam 
possis.     Multorum   te   etiam    oculi    et   aures   non   sen- 
tientem,    sicut    adhuc    fecerunt,    speculabuntur    atque  15 
custodient. 

in.    Etenim    quid    est,  Catillna,    quod   iam   amplius 
exspectes,    si    neque    nox    tenebrfs    obscurare    coetus 
nefarios  nee  prlvata  domus  parietibus  continere  v5ces 
coniurationis   tuae   potest,    si   illustrantur,   si   erumpunt  20 
omnia  ?     Muta  iam  istam  mentem,  mihi  crede ;   oblivl- 
scere    caedis    atque    incendiorum.      Teneris    undique. 
Luce    sunt   clariora    nobis    tua    consilia    omnia;    quae 
iam  mecum  licet  recognoscas.      Meministme  me    ante 
diem  xn  Kalendas   INovembres  dlcere  in  senatu,   fore  25 
in    armls   certd  die,   qui   dies  futurus  esset  ante  diem 
vi  Kalendas  Novembres,  C.    Manlium,   audaciae  satel- 
litem    atque    administrum    tuae  ?       Num    me    fefellit, 
Catillna,    non     modo    res    tanta,    tarn     atrox    tamque 
incredibilis,    verum,    id    quod    multo   magis    est    admi-  30 
randum,  dies  ? 

Dlxi  ego  Idem  in  senatu,  caedem  te  optimatium 
contulisse^in  ante  diem  v  Kalendas  Novembres,  turn 
cum     multl     prlncipes     clvitatis    R5ma    non    tarn    sul 


' 


64  M.    TULLI    CICERONIS 

cSnservandl    quam    tuorum     consiliorum    reprimendo- 

rum    causa    profugerunt.      Num   Infitiarl   potes   te   illo 

i   ipso  die  mels   praesidils,  mea  diligentia  circumclusum 

i  commovere  te  contra  rem  piiblicam  non  potuisse, 
5  cum  tu  discessu  ceterorum  nostra  tamen,  qui  reman- 
sissemus,  caede  te  contentum  esse  dlcebas  ?  Quid  ? 
cum  tu  te  Praeneste  Kalendls  ipsls  Novembribus 
occupaturum  nocturno  impetu  esse  confideres,  sen- 
sistlne    illam     coloniam     me5    iussu     mels    praesidils, 

10  custodiis,  vigiliis  esse  munitam  ?  Nihil  agis,  nihil 
m5llris,  nihil  cogitas,  quod  non  ego  non  modo 
audiam,    sed   etiam   videam    planeque    sentiam. 

IV.  Recognosce  tandem  mecum  noctem  illam  supe- 
riorem ;    iam    intelleges   multo   me    vigilare    acrius    ad 

15  salutem  quam  te  ad  perniciem  rel  publicae.  Dlco 
te  priore  nocte  venisse  inter  falcarios  —  non  agam 
obscure  —  in  M.  Laecae  domum ;  convenisse  eodem 
complures  eiusdem  amentiae  scelerisque  socios.  Num 
negare   audes  ?      Quid   taces  ?      Convincam,    si   negas ; 

20  video  enim  esse  hie  in  senatu  quosdam,  qui  tecum 
una.  fuerunt. 

O  dl  immortales !  Ubinam  gentium  sumus  ?  In 
qua  urbe  vlvimus  ?  Quam  rern^^p^liclLlnTmbemus  ? 
Hie,  hie   sunt  in   nostro  numero,  patres  conscripti,    in 

25  hoc  orbis  terrae  sanctissim5  gravissimoque  consilio, 
qui  de  nostr5  omnium  interitu,  qui  de  huius  urbis 
atque  ade5  de  orbis  terrarum  exitio  cogitent !  Hos 
ego  video  et  de  re  publica  sententiam  rogo  et, 
quos     f  erro     trucldari     oportebat,  [|  eos    nondum     voce 

30-JKulnero !  ,  Mf^jLV  uJ^- 

FuistI    igitur    apud    Laecam    illa^  nocte,     Catillna; 

distribuistl     partes     Italiae ;    statuisti,      qu5     quemque 

proficlscl    placeret ;    delegistl,     quos     Romae    relinque- 

res,    qu5s    tecum    educeres ;    discrlpsistl    urbis    partes 


IN   CATILINAM    I.   v.  $5 

ad  incendia :  conflrmastl  te  ipsum  iam  esse  exiturum : 
dlxistl  paulum  tibi  esse  etiam  nunc  morae,  ( quocl 
ego  vlverern^     RepertI  sunt  duo  equites   Romanl,  (gul  ' 

"  te "ista  cura  llberarent)  et  sese  ilia  ipsa  nocte  paulo 
ante  lucem  me  in  meo  lectulo  interfecturos  esse  5 
pollicerentur.  Haec  ego  omnia,  vixdum.  etiam  coetu 
vestro  dlmisso,  comperl.  Domum  meam  maioribus 
i?rraesidils  munlvl  atque  flrmavl;  exclusl  eos,  quos  tu 
ad  me  salutatum  mane  mlseras,  cum  ill!  ipsl  venissent, 
quos  ego  iam  multls  ac  summls  virls  ad  me  id  10 
temporis  venturos  esse  praedlxejam. 

V.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  Catilina,  perge,  quo  coepistl. 
Egredere  aliquando  ex  urbe;  patent  portae,  proficl- 
scere.  Nimium  diu  te  imperatorem  tua  ilia  Manliana 
castra  deslderant.  Educ  tecum  etiam  omnes  tuos ;  si  15 
minus,  ^a^ni^plui^mos j *  purga  urbem.  Magno  me 
metu  llberaBTsi  dum  modo  inter  me  atque  te  murus 
intersit.  Noblscum  versari  iam  diutius  non  potes; 
non  feram,  non  patiar,  non  sinam.  Magna  dis  im- 
mortalibus  habenda  est  atque  huic  ipsl  Iovl  Statorl,  20 
antiquissim5  custodl  huius  urbis,  gratia,  quod  hanc 
tarn  taetram,  tarn  horribilem  tamque  Infestam  rei 
publicae  pestem  totiens  iam  effugimus.  Non  est 
saepius  in  uno  homine  summa  salus  perlclitanda  rei 
publicae.  **^  25 

Quam    diu    mihi,    c5nsuli    deslgnato,    Catilina,    Insi-  -  f  U"*' 
diatus    es,    non    publico     me     praesidio,    sed    prlvata 
dlligentia  defend!.       Cum    proximls    comitils  consulari- 
bus    me    consulem     in    campo    et    competltores    tuos 
interficere    voluistl,    compressl    conatus    tuos    nefarios  30 
amlcorum    praesidio   et   copils,    niillo   tumultu    publice  ^ 
concitato;    denique,    quotienscumque    me    petistl,    per 
me*ubi   obsntf,  quamquam  vide^am    perniciem    meam 
cum   magna  calamitate   rei   publicae  esse   coniunctam. 


QQ  M.    TULLI    CICERON1S 

Nunc    iam    aperte     rem    publicam    universam    petis; 
templa   deorum  immortalium,  tecta    urbis,    vltam    om- 
nium clvium,  Italiam  totam    ad   exitium   et   vastitatem       4 
vocas.  ^r^^C^x 


5  Qua  re,  quoniam  id,  quod  est  prlmum/'et  quod 
huius  imperi  ^isclpllnaeque  maiorum^proprium  est, 
facere.  nondtim  audedf  faciam  id,  quod  &§t  ad  severi- 
tatem  Tenius^etTad  communem  salutem  utilius.  Nam 
si   te   interne!   iussero,    resjdebit   in   re  publica  reliqua 

10  coniuratorum  manus;  *%/&$  tu,  quod  te  iam  dudum 
hortor,  exieris,  exhaurietur  ex  urbe  tuorum  comitum 
magna  et  perniciosa  sentina^fei  publicae.  Quid  est, 
Catilina  ?  Num  dubitas  id  me  imperafitej facere,  quod 
iam  tua  sponte  faciebas  ?     Exlre  ex  urbe  iubet  consul 

15  hostem.  Interrogas  me,  num  in  exsilium?  Non 
iubeo,  sed,  si  me  consulis,  suadeo. 

VI.  Quid  est  enim,  Catilina,  quod  te  iam  in  hac 
urbe  delectare  possit  ?  in  qua  nemo  est  extra  istam 
coniurationem    perditorum    hominum,   qui    te    non    me- 

20  tuat ;    nemo,  qui    non  oderit.       Quae   nota   domesticae 

turpitudinis  non   iniista  vltae  tuae  est  ?      Quod    priva- 

tarum    rerum    ^de3ec^    non    haeret   in   f  ama  ?      Quae 

libido    ab    oculls,  quod    fa£m%,s)   a    manibus   umquam 

V .     tuis,    quod    flagitium    a    tot5    corpore    af  uit  ?      Cui   tu 

&/  25  adulescentulo,  quern  corruptelarum  illecebrls  inretisses/ 

non  aut  ad  audaciam  ferrum   aut   ad  libidinem  facem  ft>x( 


%      \  >.   praetulisti  ?  v. — „ ** 

fr  ""  Quid    vero  ?     nuper,    cum    morte    superioris    uxoris 

yj  novls    nuptiis  domum   vacuefecisses,  nonne   etiam   alio 

30  incredibili  scelere  hoc  scelus  cumulastl  ?  quod  ego 
praetermitto  et  facile  patior  sileri,  ne  in  hac  clvitate 
tantl  facinoris  immanitas  aut  exstitisse  aut  non  vin- 
dicata  esse  videatur.  .Praetermitto  rulnas  fortunarum 
tuarum,    quas    omnes   impendere   tibi   proximis    Idibus 


IN   CATILINAM    I.    vn.  67 

senties ;  ad  ilia  venio,  quae  non  ad  prlvatam  igno- 
miniam  vitiorum  tuorum,  non  ad  domesticam  tuam 
difficultatem  ac  turpitudinem,  sed  ad  summam  rem 
publicam  atque  ad  omnium  nostrum  vltam  salutem- 
que  pertinent.  5 

Potestne  tibi  haec  lux,  Catillna,  aut  huius  caeli 
splritus  esse  iucundus,  cum  scias  esse  horum  ne- 
minem,  qui  nesciat,  te  prldie  Kalendas  Ianuarias 
Lepido  et  Tullo  consulibus  stetisse  in  comitio  cum 
telo,  manum  j:6nsulum  et  prlncjjDum  civitatis  intern-  10 
ciendorumv  causa,  paravisse,  scelerl  ac  furor!  tuo  non 
mentem  aliquam  aut  timorem  tuum,  sed  fortunam 
popull  Roman!  obstitisse  ? 

Ac  iam  ilia  omitto  —  neque  enim  sunt  aut  obscura 
aut  non  multa  commissa  postea ;  quotiens  tu  me  15 
designatum,  quotiens  consulem  jnterficere  conatus 
es !  Quot  ego  tuas  petltiSnes  ita  coniectas,  ut  v!tar! 
posse  non  viderentur,  parva  quadam  decllnatione  et, 
ut  aiunt,  corpore  effugl!  Nihil  adsequeris,  neque 
tamen  cSnar!  ac  velle  desistis.  Quotiens  tibi  iam  20 
extorta  est  slca  ista  de  manibus !  Quotiens  excidit 
casu  aliquo  et  elapsa  est !  Quae  quidem  quibus  abs 
te  initiata  sacrls  ac  devota  sit,  nescio,  quod  earn 
necesse  putas  "esse  in  consulis  corpore  deflgere. 

VII.  Nunc  vero  quae  tua  est  ista  vita?  Sic  enim  25 
iam  tecum  loquar,  non  ut  odio  perm5tus  esse  videar, 
quo  debeo,  sed  ut  misericordia,  quae  tibi  nulla  debe- 
tur.  Venist!  paulo  ante  in  seriatum.  Quis  te  ex  hac 
tanta  frequentia,  tot  ex  tuls.  amlcls  ac  necessarils 
salutavit  ?  Si  hoc  post  hominum  memoriam  contigit  30 
neminl,  vocis  exspectas  c6^u%renam,  cum  sis  gra- 
vissim5  iudicio  taciturnitatis  oppressus? 

Quid,    quod    adventu    tuo    ista    subsellia    vacuefacta 
sunt,    quod    omnes   consulares,    qui    tibi    persaepe    ad 


68  M.    TULLI    CICERONIS 

caedem     constitute     fuerunt,     simul     atque     adsedistl, 
partem    istam   subselliorum    nudam    atque   inanerh   re-_ 
llquerunt,  fquo   tandem    animo    tibi    ferendum    putas  ?  \ 
Servl  me  hercule  mel  si  me  isto  pacto  metuerent,  ut 

5  te  metuunt  omnes  elves  tul,  domum  meam  relin- 
quendam  putarem ;  tu  tibi  urbem  non  arbitraris  ?  et, 
si  me  mels  clvibusiniuria  suspectum  tarn  graviter 
atque  ofrensum  viderem,  carefe^me  aspectu  clvium, 
quam  Infestls  omnium  oculls  conspicl  mallem ;  jtu,  cum 

10  conscientia  scelerum  tuorum  agnoscas  odium  omnium 

iustuiw^  et    iam    diu     tibi    debitum,    dubitas,  -^quorum 

'mentes    sensusque    vulneras,    eorunv  .aspectum    prae- 

'sentiamque  ^vitafg?     Si    te    parentes/timerent    atque 

odissent    tul    neque    e5s     ulla     ratione     placare     pos- 

15  ses,    tu,    opinor,    ab   eorum    oculis    aliquo    concederes.  jt> 
Nunc   te   patria,  quae   communis   est   parens   omnium    fa.-1" 
nostrum,    odit   ac    metuit   et   iam^  diu    nihil   te  iudicat 
nisi    de    parricldio     suo '  cogftare^f^nuius     tu     neque 
auctoritatem  verebere,  nee   iudicium    sequere,  nee  vim 

20  pertimesces  ?  j     /L/ 

Quae    tecum,    Catillna,    sic    agit    et    quodam    modo 
tacita  loquitur: 

"Nullum  iam  aliquot  annls  facinus  exstitit  nisi  per 
te,  nullum  flagitium  sine  te ;  tibi  unl  multorum  clvium 

25  neces,  tibi  vexatio  dlreptioque  sociorum  impunlta  fuit 

1    .         'ac    libera ;    tu    non    solum    ad    neglegendas    leges    et 

®*^  quaestiones,    verurn^   etiam    ad    evertendas   perfringen- 

dasque    valuistl.     ( Superi5ra    ilia,    quamquam    ferenda 

non    fuerunt,    tamen,    uj    potul,    tull;^7nunc    vero    me 

30  totam     esse     in     metu     propter     unum     te,    quicquid 
increpuerit,    Catillnam    timerl,    nullum     viderl    contra 
me  consilium   inlrl  posse,   quod   a   tuo    scelere    abhcfr-z/M 
reat,  Tnon    est    ferendum.       Quam    ob     rem     discede 
atque  *  hunc    mihi    timorem    eripe ;    si    est    verus,    ne 


IN    CATILINAM    I.   vm.  69 

opprimar,     sin    falsus,    ut    tan^maKquando    timere 
de^inam.'i^v^ 

/i<    VIII.    Haec  si  tecum,  ut  dlxl,  patria  loquatur,  nonne 
r^impetrare  debeat,  etiam  si  vim  adhibere  non  possit^ 
I.         Quid,    quod   tu    te   ipse   in    custodiam    dedistl,   quod    5 
vltandae   susplcionis   causa   ad    M'.    Lepidum   te   habi- 
tare  velle  dlxisti?     A  quo  non  receptus  etiam  ad  me 
venire  ausus  es  atque,   ut  doml   meae  te  adservarem, 
rogastl.     Cum    a    me    quoque    id    responsum    tulisses, 
me    nullo    modo  "^osSe^Isdem    parietibus    tuto    esse  10 
tecum,    qui    magno    in    perlculo    essem,    quod    Isdem 
moenibus    contineremur,    ad    Q.    Metellum    praetorem 
venistl.     A   quo   repudiatus   ad   sodalem    tuum,    virum 
optimum,  M.  Metellum,  demigrastl;  quern  tu  videlicet 
et   ad    custotlienctu^    dlligentissimum  rtL  ad    suspicsi£^lisf 
dum    sagacissimum    et    ad    vindfcanoum    fortissimum, 
fore  putastl.     Sed  quam  longe  videtur  a  carcere  atque 
a   vinculls    abesse    debere,    qui    se    ipse    iam    dlgnum- 
custodia     iudicarit,!      Quae     cum     ita     sint,     Catilina, 
dubitas,    si   erTTOrr^^qud    animo    non    potes,    abire   in  20 
aliquas   terras  et  vltam   istarn,,  multls    supplicils   iustls 
debitlsque  ereptam,  fugae  solitudinlque  mandare  ? 

"  Refer,"  inquis,  "  ad  senatum ; "  id  enim  postulas' 
et,  si  hie  ordo  placere  decreverit  te  Ire  in  exsilium, 
obtemperaturum  te  esse  dlcis.  Non  referam,  id  quod  25 
abhorret  a  mels  moribus ;  et  tamen  faciam,  ut  intel- 
legas,  quid  hi  de  te  sentiant.  Egredere  ex  urbe,  Cati- 
lina, libera  rem  public  am  metu ;  in  exsilium,  si  hanc 
vocem  exspectasy  proficlscere.  Quid  est,  Catilina  ? 
ecquid  attendis,  ecquid  animadvertis  riorum  silentium  ?  30 
Patiuntur,  tacent.  Quid  exspectas  auctoritatem  lo- 
quentium,  quorum  voluntatem  tacitorum  perspicis  ? 
At  si  hoc  idem  huic  adulescentl  optimo,  P.  Sestio, 
si    fortissimo    viro,    M.    Marcello,    dlxissem,    iam    mihi 


*£> 


^v 


70  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

consul!   hoc   ipso   in   templo   iure    optimo  senatus  vim 
et  manus  intulisset. 

De  te  autem,  Catillna,  cum  quiescunt,  probant;  cum 
patiuntur,  decernunt ;    cum   tacent,  clamant ;    neque  hi 

5  solum,   quorum   tibi    auctoritas   est   videlicet  cara,  vita 
vllissima,  sed   etiam   illl   equites    RomanI,  honestissiml 
atque   optiml  viri,   ceterlque    fortissimi    elves,    qui    cir-,, 
cumstant   senatum,   quorum   tu    et   frequentiam   videre 
et    studia    perspicere    et   voces    paulo    ante    exaudlre 

10  potuistl.  .Quorum  ego  vix  abs  te  iam  diu  manus  ac 
tela  conorieb,  eosdem  facile  adducam,  ut  te  haec, 
quae  vastare  iam  prldem  studes,  relinquentem  usque 
ad  portal  pfosequantur.  £\ 

IX.    Quamquam    quid     loquor?    -Te     ut     ulla     res 

15  frangat  ?  tu  ut  umquam  te  corrigas  ?  tu  ut  ullam 
fugam  meditere  ?  tu  ut  exsilium  cogites  ?  Utinam  tibi 
istam  mentem  dl  immortales  duint!  TametsT  video 
si  mea  voce  perterritus  Ire  in  exsilium  anirmim^jn^ 
duxeris,   quanta  tempestas  invidiae  nobis,   si  minus  in 

icTpraesens   tempus,    recentl   memoria    scelerum    tuorum,   ,    A 
at    in    posteritatem    impendeat.     Sed^est    tantl,    dum'      v.| 

f    modo    ista    sit    prlvata    calamitas    et    a    rel    publicae 

j^>     perlculls   ^eiungatur.     Sed    tu    ut   vitils    tuls    corarao- 

f^  veare,  ut  legunT^yrienas  pertimescas,  ut  temporibus  rel 

25  publicae^-'^aSs,  non  est  postulandum.  Neque  enim 
is  es,  Catillna,  ut  te  aut  pudor  umquam  a  turpitudine 
aut  metus  a  perlculo  aut  ratio  a  furore  revocarit. 

Quam   ob   rem,  ut   saepe   iarif  dlxi,  proficlscere,  ac, 
si   mihi    inimlco,    ut   praedicas,    tuo    conflare   vis    invi- 

30  diam,  recta  perge  in  exsilium.  Vix  feram  sermones 
hominum,  si  id  feceris ;  vix  molem  istlus  invidiae, 
si  in  exsilium  iussu  cdnsulis  ieris,  sustinebo.  Sin 
autem  servlre  meae  laudl  et  gloriae  mavis,  egredere 
cum    importuna    sceleratorum     manu,     confer    te    ad 


IN   CATILINAM   I.   x.  71 

Manlium,  concita  perditos  elves,  secerne  te  a  bonis, 
infer  patriae  bellum,  exsulta  impio  Iatr6cini5,  ut  a 
me  non  eiectus  ad  alienos,  sed  invltatus  ad  tuos  Isse 
videaris. 

Quamquam  quid  ego  te  invltem,  a  qu5   iam  sciam    5 
esse  praemissos,  qui  tibi  ad  Forum  Aurelium  praesto- 
larentur,   armatl  ?    cui  iam    sciam   pactam  et   constitu- 
tam   cum    Manlio   diem?    a   quo   etiam   aquilam   illam 
argenteam,    quam    tibi    ac   tuls   omnibus    confldo   per- 
niciosam  ac  ftinestam   futuram,   cui  domi   tuae   sacra-  10 
\f  Nrium    scelerum   tuorum    consti^itum    fuit,    sciam    esse 
/*>  praemissam  ?      Tu   ut  ilia  Carere'diutius  possls,   quam_ 
venerarl    ad    caedem    proficiscens     solebas,    a     cuius 
altaribus    saepe    istam    impiam    dexteram~ad    necem 
clvium  transtulistl  ?  15 

X.  Ibis  tandem  aliquand5,  quo  te  iam  prldem  ista 
tua  cupidity  eifrenata  ac  furi5sa  rapiebat ;  neque 
enim  tibi  ftaec  res  adf  ert  ctolorem,  sed  quandam  in- 
credibilenv^voluptatem.  Ad  hanc  te  amenliam~-natura 
peperit,  voluntas  exercuit,  fortuna  servavit.  Num-  20 
quam  tu  non  modo  otium,  sed  ne  bellum  quidem  nisi 
nefarium  concUpistl.  Nactus_  es  ex  perditls  atque  ab^-c^c 
omnl  n5n  modo  fortuna,  verum  etiam  spe  derelicus 
r    ^  conflatamLimproborum  maWum.  \  \  Hie   tu    qui^.Jae±iti.a 

*l  perfruere !   quibus  gaudils  exsultabis !   quanta  in  volup-  25 
}*\  Uate  bacchabere,   cum  in  tanto  numero  tu5rum  neque 
audies  virum  bonum  quemquam  nequQ  videbis ! 

Ad  huius  vltae  studium  rfieaixari  jlli  sunt,  qui 
feruntur,  labores  tul,  iacere  huml  non  solum  ad: 
obsidendum  stuprum,  verum  etiam  ad  facinu&Tobe^o 
undum,  vigilare  non  solum  Insidiantem  somn5  marl-  ' 
torum,  verum  etiam  bonis  6tios5rum.  Habes,  ubi 
ostentes  tuam  illam  praeclaram  patientiam  famis, 
frlgoris,     inopiae     rerum     omnium,     quibus    te     brevl 


72  M.    TULLI   C1CER0NIS 

tempore  confectum  esse  senties.  Tantum  profeci 
turn,  cum  te  a  c5nsulatu  reppull,  ut  exsul  potius 
temptare  s  quam  c5nsul  vexare  rem  publicam  posses, 
atque    ut    id,   quod  esset    a    te    scelerate    susceptum, 

5  latrocinium  potius  quam  bellum  nominaretur. 

XL  Nunc,  ut  a  me,  patres  conscript!,  quandam 
prope  iustam  patriae  querimoniam  detestej  ac  depre- 
^cer,  percipite,  quaeso,  dlligenter,  quae  dlcam,  et  ea 
penitus    animls    vestrls    mentibusque    mandate.       Ete- 

10  nim,  si  mecum  patria,  quae  mihi  vita  mea  multo 
est  carior,  si  cuncta  Italia,  si  omnis  res  publica 
loquatur :  ^\ 

"  M.  Tulll,  quid  agis  ?  Tqne  eum,  quern  esse 
hostem  comperisti,  quern   ducem   belli   futurum  vides, 

15  quem  exspectarl  imperatorem  in  castrls  hostium  sentls, 
auctorem  sceleris,  prlncipem  coniurationis,  evocatorem 
servorum  et  clvium  perditorum,  exlre  patiere,  ut  abs 
te  n5n  emissus  ex  urbe,  sed  immissus  in  urbem  esse 
videatur  ?     Nonne  hunc  in  vincula  duel,  non  ad  mortem 

20  rapl,  n5n  summo  supplicio  mactarHmperabis  ? 

"  Quid  tandem  te  impedit  ?  M5sne  '  maiorum  ?  At 
persaepe  etiam  prlvatl  in  hac  re  publica  perniciosos 
elves  morte  multarimV.  ^  An  leges,  quae  de  clvium 
Roman5rum    siipplirio    rogatae    sunt?      At    numquam 

25  in  hac  urbe,  qui  a  re  publica  defecerunt,  clvium  iura 
tenuerunt.  An  invidiam  posteritatis  times  ?  Prae- 
claram  ver5  populo  Roman5  refers  gratiam,  qui  te, 
hominem  per  te  cognitum,  nulla^c7mimendationeTnaio- 
rum    tarn   mature   ad   summum   imperium    per   omnes 

30  hon5rum  gradus  ex^ulit  si  propter  invidiae  aut  ali- 
cuius  perlcull  metum^salutem  clvium  tuorum  neglegis. 
Sed,  si  quis  est  invidiae  metus,«*num  est  vehementius 
severitatis  ac  f ortitu dinis^n yimaS  quam  inertiae  ac 
nequitiae   pertimescenda(?>   An,    cum   bello   vastabitur 


IN   CATILINAM    I.   xn.  73 

Italia,  vexabuntur   urbes,   tecta  ardebunt,   turn   te   non 
exlstimas  invidiae  incendio  conflagraturum  ?  V 

XII.    His    ego    sanctissimis    re!   publicae  vocibus   et 
e5rum    hominum,     qui    hoc    idem    sentiunt,    mentibus 
pauca   respondebo.     Ego,   si   hoc    optimum  factu  iudi-    5 
carem,    patres    conscript!,     Catillnam     morte    multarl, 
unlus   usuram    horae  gladiatorl   istl  ad  vlvendum    non 
dedissem.     Etenim,    si   summl   virl   et   clarissiml   elves 
Saturnlnl    et    Gracchorum    et    FlaccI    et    superiorum 
complurium     sanguine    non    modo     se    non    contami-  10 
narunt,    sed   etiam    honestarunt, '  fcerte   verendum  mihi 
non     erat,    ne     qufll — hoc     BatQffiuS    rJjahum — wterfecto 
invidiae    mihi    in    posteritatem    redundaret.     Quod    si 
ea     mihi      maxime     impenderet,     tamen/    hoc     animo    i^C^f^} 
semper   fui,   ut  invidiam  virtute   partam   gloriam,  non  15 
invidiam  putarem. 

Quamquam  non  null!  sunt  in  h5c  5rdine.  jgui  aut 
-  J>  ea,  quae^  imminent,  non  videant  aut  ea,  quae  vident, 
fr  dissimulent;  qui  spem  Catillnae  mollibus  sententils 
aluerunt  coniurationemque  nascentem  non  credendo  20 
corroboraverunt ;  qu5rum  auctoritatem  secuti  mult! 
non  solum  improbl,  verum  etiam  imperlti,  si  in  hunc 
^(^animadvertissem,  crudeliter  et  regie  factum  esse  di- 
Cerent.  Nunc"  intellego,  si  iste,  quo  intendit,  in 
Manliana  castra  pervenerit,  neminem  tarn  stultum  25 
fore,  qui  non  videat  coniurationem  esse  factam, 
neminem  tarn  improbum,  qui  non  fateatur.  Hoc 
autem  uno  interfect5  intellego  hanc  rel  publicae 
pestem  paulisper  repriml,  non  in  perp_etuum  com- 
priml  posse.  Quod  si  se  eiecerit  secumque  suos  30 
eduxeritRet  eodem  ceteros  undique  collectos  naufra- 
gos  aggregarit,  'exstinguetur  atque  delebituX  non 
modo  haec  "tarn  adulta/rel  publicae  pestis,  verum 
etiam  stirps  ac  semen /Snalorum  omnium. 


74  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

XIII.    Etenim    iam    diu,    patres    conscript!,    in    his 
perlculls  coniurationis  Insidiisque  versamur,  sed  nescio 
.^^^judpactp^  omnium    scelerum    ac    veteris    furoris    et   * 
audaciae  maturitas  in  nostrl  consulates  tempus  erupit. 

5  Quod  si  ex  tanto  latrocinio  iste  Onus  tolletur,  vide- 
bimur  fortasse  ad  breve  quoddam  tempus  cura  et 
metu  esse  relevatl,  perlculum  autem  residebit  et  erit 
inclusum  penitus  in  venls  atque  in  visceribus  rel  pu- 
blicae.      Ut    saepe    homines   aegrl   morbo   gravl,    cum 

10  aestu  febrlque  iactantur,  si  aquam  gelidam  biberunt, 
primo  relevarl  videntur,  deinde  multo  gravius  vehe- 
mentiusque  adfllctantur,  sic  hie  morbus,  qui  est  in  re 
publica,  j  relevatus  istlus  poena,  vehementius  reliquis 
vlvls  ingravescet.  ^ 

15  Qua  re  secedant  imprpi>i,  secernant  se  a  bonis, 
unum  in  locum  congregentur,  muro  denique,  id  quod 
saepe  iam  dlxl,  secernantur  a  nobis ;  desinant  Tnsidiari 
doml  suae  consul!,  circumstare  tribunal  praetoris  ur- 
banl,   obsidere  cum   gladils  curiam,  malleolos  et  faces 

20  ad  Inflammandam  urbem  comparare;  sit  denique  Tn- 
scrlptum  in  fronte  unlus  cuiusque,  quid  de  re  publica 
sentiat.  Polliceor  hoc  vobls,  patres  conscript!,  tantam 
in  nobis  consulibus  fore  d!ligentiam,  tantam  in  vob!s 
auctoritatem,    tantam   in    equitibus    Romanls   virtu tem, 

25  tantam   in   omnibus   bonis   consensionem,   ut   Catillnae 
^profectione/omnia   patefacta,   illustrata,  oppressa,  vin- 

/   dicata  esse  videatis\ 

Hlsce  ominibus,  Catillna,  cum  summa  rei  publicae 
salute,    cUm    tua    peste    ac    pernicie   Wumque    eorum 

30  exitio^ul  se  tecum  omnl  scelere  parricldioque  iunxe- 
runtfproficlscere  ad  impium  bellum  ac  nefarium. 

Tu,  Iuppiter,  qui  elsdem  quibus  haec  urbs  auspicils 
a  Romulo  es-'^Hnstitutus,  guein^.Stat5rem  huius  urbis 
atque   imperl  vere   nominamus^  nunc    et   huius   socios 


IN   CATILINAM   I.   xm.  r(P  75 

a  tuls  ceterlsque  templls,  a  tectls  urbis  ac  moenibus, 
a.   vita   fortunisque   clvium    arcebisJ  et   homines   bono- 
rum    inimicos,    hostes2,  patriae,    latrones^  Italiae,    scele- 
rum   foedere  inter  se  ac  nefaria.  societate  coniunctos*,^* 
aeternls  supplicils  viv5s  mortuosque  mactabis.  &2 *H>uV\ 

z      - 


M.   TULLI    CICERONIS 
IN  L.  CATILINAM  ORATIO  SECUNDA 

HABIT  A   AD  POPULUM. 


I.    Tandem  aliquando,  Quirltes,  L.  Catillnam,  furen- 

tem  audacia,  scelus  anhelantem,  pestem  patriae  nefarie 

molientem,    vobls    atque    huic    urbi    ferro    flammaque 

minitantem,    ex    urbe    vel  JEiecimus   vel    emisimus    vel 

5  ipsum    egredientem    verbis    prosecuti    sumus.      Abiit, 

excessit,   evasit,   erupit.      Nulla   iam    pernicies   a   mon- 

<yv^v  stro   illo   atque   prodigio  moenibus   ipsfs   intra   moenia 

^cpmparabitur.  A^ao^JcS^ 

Atque    hunc    quidem    unum    huius    belli    domestici 

10  ducem  sine  controversia  ylcimus.     Non  enim  iam  inter 

latera  nostra  slca  ilia  versabitur;   non  in  campo,  n5n 

in   foro,   non   in    curia,   non   denique   intra   domesticos 

parietes  pertimescemus.     Loc5  ille  motus  est,  cum  est 

ex   urbe   depulsus.      Palam    iam    cum    hoste  (hullo   im- 

15  pediente^    bellum    geremus.       Sine    dubio    perdidimus 

hominem  magnificeque  vlcimus,  cum  ilium  ex  occultls 

Tnsidils    in    apertum     latrocinium    coniecimus.       Quod 

ver5    non     cruentum     mucronem,     ut     voluit,     extulit, 

quod  vlvls  nobis  egressus  est,  quod  el  ferrum  e  mani- 

20  bus   extorsimus,    quod   incolumes    elves,   quod    stantem 

urbem   jrejlquit,  .  q^ajito    tandem    ilium    maerore^  esse 

adfllctum    et    profligatum    putatis  ?       Iacet    ille    nunc 

y7ff'" 


IN   CATILINAM   II.   II.  77 

prostratus,   Quirltes,   et   se   perculsum  atque   abiectum 
esse    sentitHet    retorquet     oculos    profecto    saepe    ad 
hanc    urbem,     quam     e    suls    faucibus    ereptam    esse 
Si£.    <,luget;    quae   quidem   mihi    laetarl   videtur,    quod    tan- 
^  tarn  pestem  evomuerit  f  orasque  proiecerit.  ci  5 

II.  Ac  sl/^ulj)  est  talis,'  quales  esse  omnes  opor- 
tebat,  qui  in  lioc  ipso,  in  quo  exsultat  et  triumphat 
oratio  mea,  me  vehementer  accuse^  quod  tarn  capi- 
talem  hostem  non  comprehenderim  *  potius  quam 
emlserim,  j  non  est  ista  mea  culpa,  Quirltes,  sed  10 
temporum.  Interfectum  esse  L.  Catilinam  et  gravis- 
simo  supplicio  adfectum  iam  prldem  oportebat,  idque 
a  me  et  m^s  maiorum  et  hums  imperl  severitas 
et  res  publica  postulabat  Sed  quam  multos  fuisse 
putatis,  qui,  quae  ego  deferrem,  non  creJerent  ?  15 
quam  multos,  qui  etfam  dfiffindfiEen* ?  \<n^ 

Ac,   si  pllo  'sublaiolJfepelll  a  vobIsvomne  perlculum 
S^iudicarem,    iam    prldem    ego    L.    Catilinam  /Ton   mocTfr        Jj 
>rjnvidiae  meae,  verum  etiam  vltae ^p^ricul^sustulissem.^^ 
<Jy  Sed  cum  viderem,  ne  vobis  quidem  omnibus  Crg)  etiam  20 
sjj%     turn  pr6ba£a}    si    ilium,    ut    erat    meritus,    morte    mul- 
tassem,  /lore  ut  ems  socios  [nvvidiarrrppressusj  persequi 
non  possem,  rem  hue  deduxT,— Tflf  turn  palam  pugnare 
possetis,  cum  hostem  aperte  videretis.        jl^- 

Quem    quidem    ego    hostem,    Quirltes,    quam    vehe-  25 

menter  Jlorls esse   timendum    putem,    licet   hinc   intel- 

'/v^legatis,^quod  etiam  illud  molestev feroJAquod  ex  urbe 
parum  comitatus  exierit.  Utinam  ilTe  omnes  secum 
suas  copias  eduxisset !  Tongilium  mihi  eduxit,  quern 
amare  in  praetexta  coeperat,  Publicium  et  Minucium,  30 
quorum  aes  alienum,  contractum  in  poplna,  nullum  rel 
publicae  motum  adf  erre  poterat ;  rellquit  quos  viros  i 
quanto  aere  alieno  !    quam  valentes  !    quam  nobiles ! 


J- 


78  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

III.     Itaque    ego    ilium    exercitum    prae    Gallicanls 
(legionibus    et    hoc    dilectu,)  quern    in    agro    Piceno    et 
Gallico  Q.  Metellus  habuit,  et  his  copiis,  quae  a  nobis 
cotldie    comparantur,    magno--/6ypeife    confemno,    collec- 
5  turn    ex    senibus    desperatls,    ex    agrestl    luxuria,    ex     ,.. 
rusticis   decoctoribus,f  ex    els,    qui   vadimonia   des^er&*T~* 
quam    ilium    exercitum    maluerunt;    quibus    ego  'non 
modo    si    aciem     exercitus     nostrl,     verum     etiam     si 
edictum    praetoris    ostendero,    concident.      Hos,    quos 
10  video   volitare    in    foro,    quos    stare    ad    curiam,    quos 
etiam    in    senatum    venire,    qui    nitent    unguentls,    qui 
fulgent    purpura,     mallem     secum     mllites     eduxisset ; 
o^^mW*  qui  si  hie  permanent^jnementote  (ri5h  tam~  exercitum  ^> 


sse  jiobls  /o^uamnosj  (juI    exercitum    deserue- 

irtimescendc^Sr— ^^ 

$  /V       Atque    hoc   etiam    sunt   timendl   magis,    quod,    quid 


^  x5  r 


r  /  rH.1  I5  run1J  pertimescendcter- 

V  cogitent,  me  scire  sentiunt,  neque  tamen  permovefitur. 
Video,  cui  sit  Apulia  attributa,  quis  habeat  Etruriam, 
quis    agrum    Plcenum,    quis    Gallicum,    quis    sibi    has 

20  urbanas  Insidias  caedis  atque  incendiorum  depopo- 
scerit.  Omnia  superioris  noctis  consilia  ad  me 
perlata  esse  sentiunt;  patefecl  in  senatu  hesterno 
die ;  Catillna  ipse  pertimuit,  prof  ugit ;  hi  quid  ex- 
spectant  ?      Ne  illl  vehementer  errant,   si  illam  meam 

25  prlstinam  lenitatem  perpetuam  sperant  futuram. 

IV.    Quod    exspectavl,    iam    sum    adsecutus/.  ut    vos 
omnes   factam  esse    aperte    coniurationem    contra   rem  r    J 
publicam  videretis ;  nisi  vero  si  quis  est,  qui  Catillnae  r  \ 
simills  cum   Catillna  sentlre  n5n  putet.     Non  est  fam 

30  lenitatl    locus ;    severitatem   res    ipsa   flagitat.      Unum 
etiam    nunc    concedam :    exeant,   proficlscantur,   ne  pa-  ^X 
tiantur    deslderio    sul   ^Catrnnarn    mlserunt     tabescere. 
Demonstrabo  iter,  Aurenavia  pr^fectusest ;    si  acce- 
lerare  volent,  ad  vesperam  consequentur. 


IN   CATILINAM    II.    V.  79 

O  fortunatam  rem  publicam,  si  quidem  hanc  sentl- 
nam  urbis  eiecerit!  _Uno  me  hercule  Catilina  ex- 
hausto,  levata  mihi  et  recreata  res  publica  videtur. 
(^uid)  enim  mall  aut  sevens  fingl  aut  cpgitari  potest, 
quod  non  llle  conceperit  ?^Quis  LOta^Ttalia  veneficus,  5 
quis  gladiator,  quis  latro,  quis  slcarius,  quis  parri- 
cida,  quis  testamentorum  subiector,  quis  circumscrip- 
tor,  quis  ganeo,  quis  nepos,  quis  adulter,  quae  mulier 
Infamis,  quis  corruptor  iuventutis,  quis  corruptus,  quis 
perditus  invenirl  potest,  qui  se  cum  Catilina  non  ia 
familiarissime  vixisse  fateatur  ?  Quae  caedes  per 
hosce  annos  sine  illo  facta  est?  quod  nefarium  stu- 
prum  non  per  ilium  ? 

lam  vero  quae  tanta  umquam  in  ull5  homine 
iuventutis  illecebra  fuit,  quanta  in  illo?  qui  alios  15 
ipse  amabat  turpissime,  i  aliorum.  amorl  flagitiosissime 
serviebat,  aliis  fructum  libldinum,  alils  mortem  paren- 
tum  non  modo  impellendo,  verum  etiam  adiuvando 
pollicebatur.  Nunc  vero  quam  subito  non  solum  ex 
urbe,  verum  etiam  ex  agrls  ingentem  numerum  perdi-  2a 
torum  hominum  collegerat !  Nemo  non  modo  R5mae, 
sed  ne  ullo  quidem  in  angulo  totlus  Italiae  oppressus 
aere  alieno  fuit,  quern  non  ad  hoc  incredibile  sceleris 
foedus  asclverit.  qM&*cAjioL 

V.  Atque  ut  eius  dlversa  studia  in  dissimill  ratione  25 
perspicere  possltis,  nem5  est  in  ludo  gladiatorio  paulo 
ad  facinus  audacior,  qui  se  n5n  intimum  Catilmae  esse 
fateatur;  nemo  est  in  scaena  levior  et  nequior,  qui 
se  non  giu|dem  prope  sodalem  fuisse  commemoret. 
W^  Atque  ^Idenj>  tamen,  stupr5rum  et  scelerum  exercita- 30 
tione  adsuefactus,  frigore  et  fame  et  sitl  et  vigilils 
perferendls  foxtis  ab  istis  praedic^batur,  cum  indu- 
striae  ^subsidia  atque  Instrumenta  virtutis  in  libldine 
audaciaque  consumeret. 


# 


80  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

Hunc  vero  si  secuti  erunt  sul  comites,  si  ex  urbe 
exierint  desperatorum  hominum  flagitiosl  greges,  O 
nos  beatos,  O  rem  publicam  fortunatam,  O  praecla- 
ram  laudem  consulatus  mel!  Non  enim  iam  sunt 
5  mediocres  hominum  libldines,  non  humanae  ac  tole- 
randae  audaciae ;  nihil  c5gitant  nisi  caedem,  nisi 
incendia,  nisi  raplnas.  Patrimonia  sua  profuderunt, 
ft  j  fortunas  suas  obligaverunt ;  res  eos  iam  prldem,  fides 
nuper    deficere   coepit;    eadem    tamen   ilia,    quae   erat 

io  in  abundantia,  libido  manet.  Quod  si  in  vino  et 
alea  comissationes  solum  et  scorta  quaererent,  essent 
ilH  quidem  desperandl,  sed  tamen  essent  ferendl;  hoc 
vero  quis  ferre  possit,  inertes  homines  fortissimls  virls 
Insidiarl,    stultissimos    prudentissimls,    e,bri6sos    sobrils, 

15  dormientes  vigilantibus  ?  qui  mihi  acc>ubanvte^  in  convl- 
vils/'-tfomptex!  mulieres  impudlcas,  vino  languidl,  con- 
fertl  cibo,  sertls^redimltl,  unguentls  obliti,  debilitati 
stuprls,  eructant  sermonibus  suls  caedem  bonorum 
atque  urbis  incendia. 

20      Quibus    ego    confldo    impendere   fatum    aliquod,    et 
poenam    iam    diu    improbitati,    nequitiae,    scelerl,    libl-    ^ 
dinl  debitam  aut   Instare   iam    plane  ^aut")  certe   appro-*^ 
pinquare.     Qu5s  sT^rTTunT^onsulStus,   cfuoniam    sanare 
non  potest,  sustulerit,  n5n  breve  nescio  quod  tempus, 

25  sed  multa  saecula  propagarit  rel  pub^icae.  Nulla  est 
enim  natio,  quam  pertimescamus ;  nullus  rex,  qui 
bellum  populo  Romano  facere  possit.  Omnia  sunt 
externa  unlus  virtuteJlerfarn^rTqtre^  p5cata ;  domesti- 
cum  bellum  manet,  intus  Insidiae  sunt,  intus  inclusum 

30  perlculum  est,  intus  est  hostis.  Cum  luxuria  nobis, 
cum  amentia,  cum  scelere  certandum  est. 

Huic  ego  me  bell5,(iucem  profiteor,  Quirltes ;  sus- 
cipio  inimlcitias  hominum  perditorum.  Quae  sanari 
poterunt,  quacumque  ratione   sanab5 :    quae  resecanda 


IN   CATILINAM   II.   vi.  81 

erunt,  non  patiar  ad  perniciem  civitatis  manere.  Pro- 
inde  aut  exeant  aut  quiescant  aut,  sret  in  urbe  et  in 
eadem  mente  permanent,  e^fquae  m^rentur;  exspectent. 

VI.  At  etiam  sunt,  qui  Hicant,  Quirites,  a  me  in 
exsilium  eiectum  esse  Catilinam.  Quod  ego  si  verbo  S 
adsequl  possem,  istos  ipsos  eicerem,  qui  haec  loquun- 
tur.  Homo  enim  videlicet  timidus  aut  etiam  permo- 
destus  vocem  consulis  ferre  non  potuit;  simul  atque 
Ire  in  exsilium  iussus  est,  paruit,  Ivit. 

Quid?  ut  hesterno  die,  Quirites,  cum  doml  meae  ia 
paene  interfectus  essem,  senatum  in  aedem  Iovis 
Statoris  convocavl,  rem  omnem  ad  patres  conscrlptos 
detull :  quo  cum  Catillna  venisset,  quis  eum  senator 
appellavit?  quis  salutavit?  quis  denique  ita  aspexjt 
ut  perditum  clvem,  ac  non  potius  ut  importunissi-  ls^odihue 
mum  hostem  ?  Quln  etiam  prlncipes  eius  ordinis 
partem  illam  subselliorum,  ad  quam  ille  accesserat, 
nudam  atque  inanem  reliquerunt. 

Hie   ego   vehemens   ille    consul,  jjul   verbo   elves  in 
exsilium    eicio_,    quaeslvl   a    Catillna,    in   nocturno    con-  20 
ventu    apud     M.     Laecam    fuisset    necne.  '   Cum    ille, 
homo   audacissimus,    conscientia    convictus^  prlmo   reti- 
cuisset,    patef  eel   cetera ;    quid   ea   nocte    egisset,    quid 
in  proximam    c5nstituisset,  ^(quem    ad    moduri^l  esset   el 
ratio   totlus    belli    descrlpta,    edocul.     Cum    haesitaret,  25 
cum   teneretur,    quaeslvl,    quid   dubitaret    proficlscl   eo, 
quo  iam  prldem  pararet,  cum  arma,  cum  secures,  cum 
fasces,   cum   tubas,   cum  signa   mllitaria,   cum  aquilam 
illam   argenteam,  fcui   ille   etiam    sacrarium  doml  suae       / 
fecerat,    sclrem    esse    praemissam.     In    exsilium   eicie-  30 
bam,   quern   iam    ingressum    esse   in   bellum  videbam  ? 
Etenim,    credo,    Manlius    iste    centurio,    qui    in     agro 
Faesulan5   castra   posuit,  bellum    populd    Romano  suo 
nomine    indlxit,    et    ilia    castra    nunc    non    Catilinam 


82  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

ducem  exspectant,  et  ille  eiectus  in  exsilium.^se  Massi- 
liam,  ut  aiunt,  non  in  haec  castra  conf eret.  *gj 

VII.    O    condici5nem    miseram    non    modo    admini- 
strandae,    verum     etiam    conservandae    rel    publicae ! 

5  Nunc  si  L.  Catillna  consilils,  laboribus,  perlculls  mels 
circumclusus  ac  debilitatus  subito  pertimuerit,  senten- 
tiam  miitaverit,  deseruerit  suos,  consilium  belli  faciendl 
abiecerhV  ex  hoc  cursu  sceleris  ac  belli  iter  ad  fugam 
atque  in  exsilium   converterit^aon  ille  a  me  spoliatus 

10  armls  audaciae,  non  obstupefactus  ac  perterritus  mea 
dlligentia, !  non  de  spe  conatuque  depulsus,  sed  indem- 
natus,  innocens,  in  exsilium  eiectus  a  consule  vl  et  mi- 
nis esse  jdlcetur ;  et  erunt,  qui  ilium,  si  hoc  fecerity*f6n 
improbum,  sed  miserum,  me  non  dlligentissimum  con- 

15  sulem,  sed  crudelissimum  tyrannum  exlstim^n  velint ! 

Est  mihi  tantl,  Quirltes,  huius  invidiae  falsae  atque 

inlquae  tempestatem  sublre,  dum  modo  a  vobls    huius 

horribilis  belli  ac  nefaril  perlculum  depellatur.     Dlcatur 

sane   eiectus    esse  a  me,   dum    modo   eat   in   exsilium. 

10  Sed,  mihi  credite,  non  est  iturus.  Numquam  ego  ab  dls 
immortalibus  optabo,  Quirltes,  invidiae  meae  levandae 
causa,  ut  L.  Catillnam  ducere  exercitum  hostium  atque 
in  armls  volitare  aucliatis ;  sed  trlduo  tamen  audietis ; 
multoque   magis   illud   time5,    ne   mihi    sit    invidiosum 

25  aliquando,  quod  ilium  emlserim  potius  quam  quod 
eiecerim.  Sed  cum  sint  homines,  qui  ilium,  cum  pro- 
fectus  sit,  eiectum  esse  dlcant,  Idem,  si  interfectus 
esset,  quid  dlcerent?  JJ^^p^K^      J&U& 

Quamquam   istl,   qui   Catillnam    Massiliam   Ire  dicti- 

30  tant,  non  tarn  hoc  queruntur  quam  verentur.  Nemo 
est  istorum  tarn  misericors,  qui  ilium  non  ad  Man- 
Hum  quam  ad  Massilienses  Ire  malit.  Ille  autem,  si 
me  hercule  hoc,  quod  agit,  numquam  antea  cogk 
tasset,'  tamen    latrocinantem   se   interne!   mallet   quam 

r 


IN   CATILINAM   II.   vm.  83 

exsulem  vivere.  Nunc  vero,  cum  el  nihil  adhuc  prae- 
ter  ipslus  voluntatem  cogitationemque  acciderit,  nisi 
quod  vivls  nobis  Roma  profectus  esj^fljrt&rrms  jantjus, 
ut  eat  in  <€»silium,  quam  queramfe.^^A^ 

VIII.    Sed   cur   tarn    diu  de  uno  hoste  loquimur,  et    S 
de   hoste,  qui   iam   fatetur   se   esse   hostem,  et   quern, 
quia,   quod   semper  volul,   murus   interest,   non   timeojl' 
de    els,    qui    dissimulant,    qui    Romae    remanent,    qui 
noblscum    sunt,   nihil-  dlcimus  ?     Quos   quidem  .egOj^si  Y^^w€. 
ullo   modo  fieri   poss.it,  non   tarn   ulclscl   studeo   guam  10 
sanare    sibi  ipsos,  placare   rel   publicae,  nequa  id  qua 
re    fieri    non    possit,    si   me   audlre    volent,    intellego. 
Exponam    enim   v5bls,    Quirltes,    ex   quibus   generibus 
hominum   istae    copiae    comparentur ;    deinde  _  singulis 
mediclnam     consill     atque     orationis    meae,    si    quam  15 
potero,  adferam. 

Unum  genus  est  eorum.  qui  magno  in  aere  a^ieno 
(maiores  etiam  possessionesj  habent,  quarum  amdre""  ad^ 
ductl  dissolvl  hullo  modo  possunt.  Horum  hominum 
species  est  honestissima ;  sunt  enim  locupletes ;  volun-  20 
tas  vero  et  causa  impuderu^sjmju  Tu  agrls,  tu  aedi- 
ficils,  tu  argento,  tu  familia,  tu  rebus  omnibus  ornatus 
■  et  copiosus  sis,  et  dubites  de  possessione  detrahere, 
adqulrere  ad  fidem  ?  \  Quid  enim  exspectas  ?  Bellum  ? 
Quid  ergo  ?  in  vastatione  omnium  tuas  possessiones  25 
sacrosanctas  futuras  putas  ?  An  tabulas  novas  ?  Er- 
rant, _c[uX_  istas  Ji  Catillna  exspectant ;  meo  beneficio 
tabulae  novae  prof  erentur,  verum  auctionariae ;  neque 
enim  istl,  qui  possessiones  habent,  alia  ratione  ulla 
salvlesse  possunt.  Quod  si  maturius  facere  voluissent  30 
neque,  ^id  quod  stultissimum  est,x  certare  cum  usurls 
fructibus  praediorum,  et  locupletioribus  his  et  melio- 
ribus  clvibus  u^?emur^>Sed  hosce  homines  minime 
puto    pertimescend5s,    quod    aut    deducl   de   sententia 

U|.         V  .    {lilt 


JP* 


; 


84  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

possunt  aut,  si  permanebunt,  magis  mihi  videntur  vota 
facturl  contra  rem  publicam  quam  arma  laturl.     -  •  -       ,    ni 

IX.  Alterum  genus  est  eorum,  qui,  quamquam  pre- 
muntur   aere   alieno,  dominationem   tamen    exspectant, 

5  rerum    potiri   volunt,   honores,  quos    quieta   re   publica 
desperant,    perturbata)  se   consequl    posse    arbitrantur. 
Quibus     hoc     praecipiendum     videtur,    unum.  scilicet 
et    idem    quod  .reliquls    omnibus,    ut   desperent   se   la,  *) 
quod   conantur^  consequi^posgeTf   prlmum  onrnTum   me 

10  ipsum  vfgilare,  adesse,;  providere  rel  publicae ;  deinde 
magnos  animos  esse  in  bonis  virls,  magnam  concor- 
diam  in  maxima  multitudine,^  magnas  praeterea  co- 
pies mllitum ;  \  deos  denique  immortales  huic  invicto 
populo,    clarissimo   impeno,    pulcherrimae   urbl   contra 

15  tantam  vim  scelerisxpraesentls  auxilium'  esse  laturos. 
Quod  si  iam  sint  id,  quod  summo  furore  cupiunt, 
adeptl,  num  ill!  in  cinere  urbis  et  in  sanguine  clvium, 
quae  mente  conscelerata  ac  nefaria  concuplverunt,  se 
consules   ac   dictatores   aut   etiam  reges    sperant   futu- 

2oros?  N5n  vident  id,  se  cupere,  quod  si  adeptl  sint, 
fugitlvo  alicui  aut  gladiatorl  concedl  sit  necesse  ? 

Tertium  genus  est  aetate  iam  adfectum,  sed  tamen 
exercitatione  robustum ;  quo  ex  genere  iste  est  Man- 
lius,  cui  nunc  Catillna  succedit.^'   Hi  sunt  homines  ex 

25  els  colonils,  quas   Sulla  constituit;   quas  ego  universas 
clvium   esse  optimorum  et  fortissimoruni  virorum    sen-/: 
tio,  sed  tamen  el  sunt  colonl,  qui  seyn  Insperatls  ac 
repentmls    pecunils    sumptuosms    insolentiusque   lacta- 
runt.  NHl  dum  aedificant  tamquam  beatl.idum  praedils 

30  lectls,  tamilils   magnls,  convlvils  apparatls  delectantur, 
in   tantum    aes    alienum   inciderunt,    ut,    si   salvl   esse 
velint,  Sulla   sit   els   ab   Inferls    excitandus;    qui  etiam 
non  nullos  agrestes,  homines  tenues  atque  egentes,  in  ^ 
eandem    illam    sperh    raplnarum   veterum   impulerunt. . ,■} 

'A3**5 


IN   CATILINAM   II. 'x.  85 

Quos    ego    utrosque    in    eodem    genere    praedatorum 

direptorumque    pon5 ;    sed    eos    hoc    moneo,    desinant 

furere  ac  pr6scrlpti5nes  et  dictaturas  cogitare.     Tantus 

enim    illorum  temporum    dolcjr   inustus    est   civitatl,  ut     V/»  C#t« 

iam  ista  non    modo  homike"s\  sed    ne    pecudes    quidem    5 

mihi  passuraeesse  videantu3^'^>*t^S^/L^-- 

X.    Quartum  genus  est  sane  varium  et  mixtum  et  tur- 
bulentum ;    qui  iam    pridem  .premuntur,  qui  numquam 
emergunt,    qui    partim   inertia,    partim    male    gerendo 
negoti5,  partim  etiam  s^mpubus  in  vetere  aere  alieno  10 
vaemant;    qui  vadimonils,   iudicils,  proscripti5ne  bono- 

^^jC  rum,  defatlgatT',  permulti  et  ex  urbe  et  ex  agrls  se  in 
ilia  castra  conferre  drcuntur.  Hosce^ego  non  tarn 
milites  acres  quam  Infitiatores  lentos^esse^  arbitror. 
Qui  homines  prlmum,  si  stare  non  possuntjlcorruant f  15 
sed  itaV^Mt  lion  ^njoda^fvrtlk  ^  sed  xie/ylc\m\  quidem  ^.vf-^v-Sv. 
proximl  sentianiT  Nam^iTTuan5n  inteilegoTquam  ob 
rem,  si  vivere  honeste  non  possunt,  f  perire  turpiter 
velint,  }aut  cur  minore  dolore  perituros  se  cum  multls, 

y^^^u^m^  si  soli  pereant,  arbitrentur.  -    '  20 

\       Qulntum    genus    est   parricldarum,    slcariorum,   deni- 

que    omnium    faciner5sorum.       Quos    ego    a    Catillna     .{&  fc>A- 
non    revoco;-nam    neque    ab    e5   dlvellr  rjossunt    et       -***>? 
pereant    sane   in   latrocini5,    quoniam    sunt    ita    multl, 
ut  eos  ^career  capere^saon  possit?    ,^_^^>  25 

Postremum    autem    genus    est  ^hon    solum    numero,  l^Jy 

verum   etiam   genere   ipso   atque   v!ta,||quod   proprium  ^    4*/^ 
Catillnae  esft  de  eius  dllectu,  imm5  vero  dj  co^nrpjexu 
eius  ac  sinuj^  quos  pexo.  capillo,  nitidos,  aut  imberbes 
aut  bene  bar^ates  videas,  manicatls.e_t  talafi^us  tuni- 30 
els,}  veils  ^  amicTosf'non  togls  ;   qu5rum  vomnis  industria_   fill 
vltae  "!et  vigilandfMabor  in  antelucanls  cents  expr5mi-^^* 
tur.    "In  his  gregibu^ornnes  aleatores,  omnes  adulterl, 
omnes  impurl   impudlclque  versantur.      Hi  puerl  tarn 


86  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS  v^  *  * 

Jepidl   ac    delicatl   non.^olum   amare   et   amarl,  neque^t^ 
saltare  et  cantare,  >eu  etiam  sicas  vibrare  et  spargere  P*'u 
venena    didice^ruM.      Qui    nisi    exeunt,-  nisi    pereunt, j 
etiam     s!     Catilina     perierit,]  scltote     hoc    in    re    pu- 
5  blica  seminarium  Catillnarum  futurum.     Verum  tamenf 
quid  sibi^^i^inisejX^yoJpnt  ?     Num  suas  secum  muli- 
erculas    sunt    in    castra   ducturi?      Quern   ad   modum 
autem   illis   carere  ^otferuntj   his   praesertim   iam   noc- 
tibus  ?       Quo    autem     pacto    ill!    Appennlnum    atque 

10  lllas  pruinas  ac  niyes  perferent  ? '  nisi  ldcirco  se 
facilius  hiemem  toleratur5s  putant,  quod  nudl  in 
convlvils  saltare  didicerunt£  SS5SS 

XI.    O  bellum   magno   opere   pertimescendum,   cum 
hanc  sit  habiturus   Catilina  scortorum  cohortem  prae- 

15  toriam !  Instruitl  nunc,  Quirltes,  contra  has  tarn 
praeclaras  Catillnae  copias  vestra  praesidia  vestrosque 
exercitus.  l^  Jj  loft^M* 

Et  prlmum  gladiatorl  illl  confecto  et  saucio  consules 
imperatoresque  vestros  opponite ;    deinde   cpntra   illam 

20  naufragorum  /-electam  ac  debilitatam  marrdm,  fl5rem 
totlus  Italiae  ac  robur  educite.  Iam  vero  urbes  colo- 
niarum  ac  municipiorum  respondebuht  Catilmae 
tumuiis  silvestribus.  Neque  ego  cet^ras  copias, 
ornamenta,   praesidia  yestra  cum  illlus  latronis  inopia 

25  atque  egestate  c5nferre  debeo.  x^ujD1 

Sed  si  omissls  his  rebus,  quibus   nds   suppedatamur, 

eget    ille,    senatu,    equitibus    R5manls,    urbe,    aerarid, 

vectlgalibus,  cuncta    Italia,  provincils    omnibus,  exterls 

nati5nibus/sl  his  rebus  pmissls  causas  ipsas,  quae  inter 

30  se  confllgunt,  conte/naere'  veiTrhns,  ex  e5  ips5,  quam 
valde  illl  iaceant,  intellege^^oss^mus.  Ex  hac  enim 
parte  puJor^pugnat,  illinc  petulantia;  hinc  pudlcitia, 
illinc  stuprum ;  hinc  fides,  illinc  fraudatio ;  hinc 
pietas,  illinc  scelus;  hinc  constantia,  illinc  furor;  hinc 


IN   CATILINAM   II.   xn.  87 

honestas,  illinc  turpitudo;  hinc  continentia,  illinc  li- 
bfd5;  denique\  aequitas,  temperantia,  fortitudo,  pru- 
dentia,  virtutes  omnes  c'ertant  cum  inlquitate,  luxuria, 
ignavia,  temeritate,  cum  vitils  omnibus ;  /  postremo 
copia  cum  egestate,  |  bona  ratio  cum  perdita,  j  mens  5 
sana  cum  amentia,  I  bona  denique  spes  .cum  omnium 
rerum  desperatione  confllgit.  J  (In  eius^modl  certamine  /^y^ 
ac  proelio  nonne,  etiam  si  hominum  studia  deficiant, 
di  ipsi  immortales  cogant  ab  his  praeclarissimis  virtu- 
tibus  tot  et  tanta  vitia  superari?  10 

XII.    Quae    cum   ita    sint,    Quintes,   vos,    quem    ad 
modum    iam    antea    dlxl,    vestra    tecta    vigilils    custo- 
dilsque  defendite ;    mihi,  ut  urbl   sine  vestro  motu    ac 
sine  ullo  tumultu  satis  esset  praesidl,  consultum  atque 
provlsum    est.       ColonI    omnes     municipesque    vestrl,  15 
certiores  a  me  fact!  de  hac  nocturna   excursione   Cati- 
llnae,  facile   urbes    suas    flnesque   defendent.      Gladia-    . 
tores,  quam  sibi   ille  manum  certissimam  fore  putavit, 
( — quamquam    anim5   meliore   sunt   quam   pars    patri- 
ciorum  —  potestate    tamen    nostra   continebuntur.       Q.  20 
Metellus,    quem   ego    hoc    prospiciens   in   agrum    Gal- 
licum    Picenumque    praemlsl,    aut    opprimet    hominem 
aut    eius   omnes   motus   conatusque   prohibebit.      Reli- 
quis  autem  de  rebus  constituendis,  maturandls,  agendls 
iam  ad  senatum  referemus,  quem  vocarl  videtis.  25 

Nunc    illos,    qui   in   urbe    remanserunt,    atque   adeo 
qui  contra  urbis  salutem  omniumque  vestrum  in  urbe 
a  Catilma  rellctl  sunt,  quamquam  sunt  hostes,  tamen, 
quia    sunt    elves,    monitos    etiarn    atque    etiam    volo. 
Mea    lenitas    adhuc    si   cui   somtior  visa   est,    hoc    ex-  30 
spectavit,  ut  id,  quod  latebat,  erumperet.      Quod  reli-  ,cLvi '       ) 
quum    est,  ^iam    n5n    possum "  obllvlscl,    meam    hanc    f£?f-, 
V^   esse  patriam,  me  horum  esse  consulem,  mihi^aut  cum   '      j£'4& 
U-„;rhls   vlvendum   aut   pro   his   esse   moriendum.      Nullus 


88  IN   CATILINAM   II.   xm. 

est  portls  custos,   nullus  insidiator  viae  ;    si  qui  exlre 
volunt,   conlvere    possum ;    cqiI  vero   se   in   urbe    com- . 
moverit,   cuius    ego   non    modo    factum,    sed   inceptum 
ullum  ~  conatumve   contra    patriam    deprehendero,    sen- 

5  tiet  in  hac  urbe  esse  consules  vigilantes,  esse  egregios 
magistratus,  I  esse  fortem  senatum,  (  esse  arma,  esse 
carcerem-)quem  vindicem  nefariorum  ac  manifesto- 
rum  scelerum  maiores  nostrl  est"e  "voluerunp 

XIII.    Atque    haec   omnia    sic    agentur,   Quirltes,  ut 

10  maximae    res    minimo     motu,7  perlcula    summa    nullo 
tumultu,|  bellum  intestinum  ac  domesticum  post  homi- 
num    memoriam    crudelissimum    et   maximum  1  me    uno  ; 
togato    duce    et    imperatore    sedetur.       Quod    ego    sic      J 
administrab5,    Quirltes,  ut,  si   Olio    modo   fieri   poterit,/ 

15  ne  improbus  quidem  quisquam  in  hac  urbe  poenam 
sul  sceleris  sufferat.  Sed  si  vis  manifestae  audaciae, 
si  impendens  patriae  periculum  me  necessario  de  hac 
animl  lenitate  deduxerit,  illud  profecto  perficiam^uod 
in  tanto  et  tarn  Insidioso  bello  vix  optandum  ^vraetur^ 

20  ut  neque  bonus  quisquam  intereat  foauCorumque  poena 

vos  omnes  salvl  esse^possftis.        "  ,. -      ' 

Quae    quidem    ego  "neque     mea     prudentia    neque 

2^^**\       humanls    consilils  .foetus  jjolliceor  vobls,  Quirltes,  sed 

multis   et   non   dubils    deorum   lmmortalium    slgnifica- 

25  tionibus,  quibus  ego  ducibus  in  hanc  spem  senten- 
tiamque  sum  ingf  e*ssus ;  qui  iam  non  nrocur,  ( ut 
quondam  solebani),  ab  extern5  hoste  atque  lbnginquo, 
sed  hie  praesentes  suo  numine  atque  auxilio  sua 
templa     atque     urbis     tecta    ^defendunt.       Quos    v5s, 

30  Quirltes,     precarl,     venerarl,     implorare      debetis,1  jit.'y 
quam     urbem     pulcherrimam    florentissimamque     esse// 
voluerunt, A  *hanc    .  omnibus      hostium      c5pils      terra 
marlque    simeraffij  a  -p^rditissimorum    clvium   nefario 
scelere  defendant,  ^  ^ 


M 


M.   TULLI    C1CERONIS 
IN  L.  CATILINAM  ORATIO  TERTIA 

HABITA   AD  POPULUM. 


I.  Rem  publicam,  Quirltes,  vltamque  omnium 
vestrum,  bona,  fortunas,  coniuges  liberosque  vestros 
atque  hoc  domicilium  clarissiml  imperl,  fortunatissi- 
mam  pulcherrimamque  urbem,  hodierno  die  deorum 
immortalium  summo  erga  vos  amore,  laboribus,  con-  5 
silils,  perlculis  mels  e  flamma  atque  ferro  ac  paene 
ex  faucibus  fatl  ereptam  et  vobls  conservatam  ac 
restitutam  videtis. 

Et  si  non  minus  nobis  iucundi  atque  illustres  sunt  el 
dies,  quibus   conservamur,  quam   ill!,  quibus  nascimur,  10 
quod  salutis  certa  laetitia  est,  nascendl  incerta  condicio, 
et  quod  sine  sensu  nascimur,  cum  voluptate  servamur, 
profecto,  quoniam  ilium,  qui  hanc  urbem  condidit,  ad 
deos  immortales  benevolentia  famaque  sustulimus,  esse 
apud   vos   posterosque   vestr5s   in   hon5re    debebit    is,  15 ") 
qui    eandem    hanc    urbem   conditam    amplificatamque 
servavit.       Nam   totl   urbl,  templls,   delubrls,  tectls   ac 
moenibus    subiectos    prope    iam   Ignes    circumdatosque 
restlnximus,  Idemque  gladios  in  rem  publicam  destrlc- 
tos   rettudimus    mucr5nesque   eorum   a   iugulls   vestrls  20 
deiecimus.     Quae   quoniam    in    senatu    illustrata,   pate- 
facta,    comperta    sunt    per    me,    vobls    iam    exponam 


90 


M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 


i 


breviter,  Quirltes,  ut,  et  quanta  et  qua  ratione  inve- 
stigata  et  comprehensa  sint,  vos,  qui  et  ignoratis  et 
exspectatis,  scire  possltis. 

Prlncipio,  ut  Catillna   paucis   ante  diebus   erupit   ex 

5  urbe,  cum  sceleris  sul  socios,  huiusce  nefaril  belli  acer- 

rimos    duces,    Romae    reliquisset,    semper    vigilavi    et 

provldi,    Quirltes,   quern    ad   modum   in   tantls    et   tarn 

absconditls  Tnsidils  salvi  esse  possemus. 

II.    Nam   turn,  cum   ex   urbe    Catillnam  eiciebam  — 

10  non   enim   iam   vereor   huius  verbl   invidiam7'~cum  ilia 

magis  sit  timenda,  quod  vivus  jjxieri£ —  sed  turn,  cum 

ilium  exterminari  volebam,  aut  reliquam  coniuratorum 

manum  simul  exituram  aut  eos.  qui  restitissent,,  Inf Irmos 

-sine  illo  ac  debiles  forlTputabam.     Atque  ego,  ut  vldi, 

15  ^qu^  maximo  furore  et  scelere  ess^-InfemT^1 

l^os  noblscum  esse  et  Romae  remansisset  in  eo  omnes 

dies  noctesque  consumpsl,  ut,  quid  agerent,  quid  moli- 

rentur)  sentirem  ac  viderem,  ut,  quoniam  auribus  vestrls 

propter   incredibilem    magniradin^ia--^sceleris   minorem 

20  fidem  faceret  gratiom^af^em^ita  comprehenderem,  ut 

turn    demum    animis  C|aluti   vestrag>provideretis,    cum 

J)  oculls  maleficium  ipsum^yiderefisT 

i.js  Itaque,  utj^oj&perl   legatos  AlTbbrogum  belll-Trans- 

alpTnl  et  tumultus  Gallic!  excitandT  causa  a  P.  Lentulo 

25es^e^sxxllicil^os,^5sciue  in  Galliam  ad  suos  elves  eodem- 

que  itinere  cum  litterls  mandatlsque-ad-Xatillnam  (esse 

jmssos^  corptem^u^--jeIs^^iunctum_^sse  T.\Volturcium, 

\       atque  huis vad  Catillnam  esse  "datas  litterasTfacultatem 

\^  -^^mhToblatam  putayj,  ut,  quod  erat  afficiflimum,  quod- 

v     30  que  ego  semper  optabam  ab  dis  immortalibus,  ut  tote 

res  non    solum  a  me,  1  sed    etiam^a  senatu   et  a  vdbls 

"manifesto  deprehenderetur.  fcxk^^ 

Itaque   hesterno  die   L.    Flaccum   et  C.    Pomptlnum 
praetores,  fortissimos   atque   amantissimos  rel  publicae 


v 


■LpeJc&A 


#*  ^!n  catilinam  hi.  in.  91 

viros,  ad  rjie  vocavl;   rem  exposul;  quid  fieri  placeret, 
ostendl.     I  111  SlEemT^quI  omnia  de  re  publica  j>raeclara 
atque   egregia   sentlrent,  sineTrecusatione  ac  sine  Gila 
mora   negotium  susceperunt  f  et,   cum    advesperasceret, 
occulte  ad  pontem  Mulvium'  pervenerunt   atque  ibi  in    5 
proximls  vlllls  ita  bipertlto  fuerunt,  ut  Tiberis  inter  e5s  "2-i* 
et  pons  interesset     Eoaemautem  et  jpsl  /sine  cuius- 
quam  suspicions  multos  fortes  vir5s  eduxerant,  et  ego 
ex  praefecturajleatlna  complures  delectos  adulescentes-, — 
quorum  operji  utor  adsidue  in  re  publica,  praesidio  cum  10 
gladilsjnlsiram.      t\^^       ^^J^^ 

Interim  ftertia  fere  vigilia  exactd,  cum  iam  pontem 
Mulvium    ma£no_xo€mrTar.u  jegati_^llobro^um^  ingredl 
inciperent (unaqTKT Volturcius,  fit  in  eos  impetus;  edik 
^cuntur  et  ab  illls  gladil  et  a  nostrjs.     £es  praetoribus  15 
erat  nqta  soils,  ignorabatur  a  ceteris. 

III.    Turn  interventu    Pomptlnl   atque   FlaccI  pugna 
sedatur./  Littera&f  ^uaecumque*  erant  in  eo  comitatu,[.     _s.^b-fi 
integrls  sJgnjs^praetorjbas  tTaduntur;  ipsl  comprehensi 
ad    mey^/cum  ..iam    dllucfeslfel'eVdeducuntur.      Atque  20 
horum  omnium  scelerum  improbissimum  machinatorem,  x*> 

Cimbrum  Gablnium,  .statim  acLme,,  nihil  dum  suspican-  ^^  J 
tern,  vocjyvl;  deinde  item  arce^Tm^est  L.  Statilius  et 


25 


post  eum  CTCethegus ;  tardissime  autenTLentulus  venit, 
credo,  qu^ofTrilitterls  dandls  praetfr"  consuetudinem 
proxima  nocte  vigilarat 

Cum  summis  et  clarissimls  huius  clvitatis  virls,  fqui 
audita  rejrequentes  ad  me  mane  convenerantl  litteras  a  u 

me  -£nus  apeflrl  quam  ad  senatum  def errl  jDlacgrgt^  ne,  $^ 
si  nihil  esset  inventum,  teYriereAa  me  tantus  tumultus  30 
\§j    iniectus    civitatl   videretufeTnegavI   meessVTactQrum, 
v  ^  ut   de   perlcul5    public5    n^„ad__con^iliujDQ  publicum 
rrem  integra^^defetiejn.     Etenim,  Quirltes,  "si  ea,  quae 


eranF~ad    me   dejata, 


reperta   non   essent,   tamen   ego 


92  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

non    arbitrabar    in    tantls    rel   publicae    perlculis    esse 
mihi  nimlSn^cnngentiam  pertimescendam. 

Senatum    frequentem    celeriter,    ut    vldistis,    coegl. 

Atque  intereai  statim    admonitu  Allobrogum  C.  Sulpi- 

5  cium    praetorem,    fortem   virum,    misi,   qui   ex   aedibus 

Cethegl,  k,l  quid  telorum  essM  efferret;  yex  quibus  ille 

maximum  slcarum  numerum  et  gladiorum  extujft: 

IV.    IntrDciuxI   Volturcium    sine    Gallis;)   fidem    pu- 
blicam  iussu  senatus  dedl;   hortatus  sum,  ut  ea,  quae 

10  sclret,  sine  tim5re   indicaret^   Turn  ille  dixit,  \  cum  vix 
se  ex  magn5  tim5re  recreasset,  a  P.  Lentul5  se  habere 
ad  Catillnam  mandata  et  litteras,  ut  servorum  praesidio  ^/s> 
uteretur,    ut   ad   urbem   faua1r?l^rTmum    cum    exercitu 
atfcecteret ;   id   autem   eo   consilio, !  ut,    cum^urbem   ex 

15  omnibus    partibus,  |/quem    acT  modum)-  (de^crlptum    dis- 
tributumque    erat,  (  lnceridissent^  caedemque    Inflnltam 
civium  f  ecissent)  praeSta  esset  ille,  jcujl  et  f ugientes  exci-    r 
peretj  et  se  cum  his  urbfnls  ducibus  cpniungeret.  v 

Inrroductl  autem  Galll  ius  iurandum  sibi  et  litteras 

20  ab  Lentulo,  Cetheg5,  Statilio  ad  suam  gentem  data  esse^T 

Ji*J<^  dixerunt,  atque  ita  sibi  ab  his  et  a  L.  Cassio  esse  jfra£- 

scrlptum,  ut  equitatum  in  Italiam  quam  prlmum  mitte- 

rent;j  pedestres  sibi  copias  non  defuturas  ;j  Lentulum 

autem  sibi   cjjnljrr^sse  ex  fatis  Sibyllinls  harusplcfum- 

25  que  r%s^»onsIs,  se  esse  tertnmi  ilium  Cornelium,  I  ad 
quern  regnum  huius  urbis  atque  imperium  pervenlre 
esset  necesse  ;|  Cinnam  ante  se  et  Sullam  fuissett  eun- 
demque  ^dlxisse.  fatalem  hunc  afrWum  esse  ad  interi- 
tum  huius  urbis  atque  imperi,jqul  esset  annus  decimus 

30  post  virginum  absolutionemi  post  Capitoll  autem 
incensionem   vlcesimus.     f|Hai)£    autem    Cethego    cum 

\     ceteris    contrdversiam.  fuisse    alxjEnankjl  quod    Lentulo 
et  alils  |Ba^urna^ibusH§|*lej^ 
placeret,  Cethego  nimium  id  longum  videretur. 


IN   CATILINAM    III.    v.  93 

V.    Ac    ne    longum    sit,'  Quirltes,    tabellas    proferrl 
iussimus,    quae   a   quoque   dlcebantur    datae.     Primum 
~osTendimus    Cethego   signum ;    cognovit.       Nos   llnum 
incldimus,  leginrusu,     Erat  scrlptum  ipslus  manu    Alio-  ^  ^-eZjvJL 
brogum    senatul   et   populo,]  Sgse,   quae   eorum    legatls    5/^*2. 
confirmasset,  facturum  esse  -jjarare,  ut  item  ill!  facerent,    j&e>'r****% 
q{fae   sibi   eorum   legatl    recepisserS.     Turn    Cethegus, 
;^>qul  paulo  ante  aliquid  tamen  /fe^gladiTs  ac  sicls,  quae 
apud  ipsum  erant  deprenensarTespondissetl  dixissetque 
se   semper   bonorum    ferramentorum   studiosum  fuisse,  10        ^ 
^recitatls   litteris  jdebilitatus   atque  abiectusvconsciehlia^   *^J 
repente  conticuit.  &<^~*-  jU£«J£>  ? 

Intr5ductus  est  Statilius ;  cognovit  et  signum  et  ma- 
num  suam.  Recitatae  sunt  tabellae  in  eandem  fere 
sententiam  ;  confessus  est.  15 

Turn   ostendl   tabellas    Lentulo    et    quaeslvl,    cogno- 
sceretne    signum.      Adnuit.     Est  verd,   inquam,   notum 
quidem  signutn,  imdgd  avl  tin,  cldrissimi  viri>  qui  amdvit 
unice patriam  et  cwiS-SMQS^Lquae  quidem  tia  tanto  scelere 
etianfthuta  *revocarz  dedt0.     Leguntur  eadem  ratione  20 
ad  senatum  Allobrogum  populumque  nttefae.     Si  quid 
de  his  rebus  dlcere  .vdllet,  feci  potesEatem.     Atque  ille 
prlmo  quidem  negavit;  post  autem  aliquanto,\toto  iam 
indicip  exposito  ( atq,ue  editoU  surrexit ;  quaesiyitJjGallls, 
quid   sidi   esset   c^um  eis^jquam^oo   rem  domum  suam  25 
venissent,  itemque"  a  VoTturcio.     Qui   cum  illl  breviter^^^ 
constari^erque   respondissent   per   quem    ad   eum    quo- 
N^tiensque   venissent,    quaesissemque   ab   eo,    nihilne    se-  ^^^ 
'     cum  esset   de_jatIS--Siby44inIs  locutus?  turn   ille   subito   u*&**- 
scelere   demens,]  quanta    conscientiae   vIJJTjesset,    osten-  ,30 
rjcjit.     Nam,  cunHid  posset  Infitiarl,  Repente  praeter  opl- 
^  /U)  nionem   omnium  j  confessus  t  est.      Ita   eum   non   modo 
'f)    in^eriiu^n.    illud    'et    dIcendj^TexercteyS5,   j^ua    semper:  _ 
yaluit,  sed  etiam  propter  vim  sceleris  manifest!  atque 


94  fc    titiP      M.  TULLI    CICERONIS  .  L 

deprehenslj  mvpudentia,    qua    superabat    omnes, )  impro 
bitasque  defeat. 

~Volturcius  vero  subito  litteras  proferrl  atque  aperirl 
iubet,*quas  sibi  a  Lentul5  ad  Catillnam  datas  esse  di- 
5  cebat.  Atque  IM  vehementissime  perfur&atus  Lentu- 
lus  tamen  et  slgnum  et  manum  suam  cognovit.)  Erant 
autem  sine  nomine,  sed  ita :  >/^^\ 

Quis  sim,  scjls,  ex  eo,  quern  aate  mist.     Curd,  ut  vir 

sis,  et  cftgita,  quem  in  locum  sis  progressus.      Vide^  quid 

10  tibi  iam  sit  necesse,  et  curd,  ut  omnium  tibi  auxilia  ad- 

iungj&Sy  etiam  Infimorum.  .  | 

"^Gablnius  deinde  introductus  cum  pnm5  impudenter 
respondere  coepisseri  ad  exlremum  nihil  ex  els,  quae 
Gall!  Insmutabant,  negavit^^v)  Uilv^ 

15       Ac    mihi   quidem,  Quirltes,  cum   ilia  certissima  visa 
sunt   argumenta  atque  indicia  sceleris^tabellae,  slgna,       . 
manus,   denique    unlus    cuiusque   c5nfessio,  turn    multoj* ma 
■  fa\    certi6ra411af  color,  ocull,  vultus,*taciturnitas.     Sic  enim 
l^  obstipuerant,    sic   terram    intueoantur,    sic    furtim   non 

^  20  rffimquam   inter   sese  aspiciebant,  |  ut  non    iam  ab^lils 

indicarl,  sed  indicare  se  ipsl  videre 

VI.    Indicils  expositls  atque  editis,' Quirltes,  senatum 

consulul,    de    summa    re    publica    quid    fieri    placereti 

Dictae    sunt    a    prlncipibus    a^rxmia£--ac_jc£tis^imae 

25  sententiae,  quas^  senatus   sine   ulla  varietate   est^  secu- 


tus.       Et    quoniam    nondum    est    perscrlptum    senatus 
consultumj  ex   memoria   vobls,    Quirltes,  quid   senatus 

\    censuerit,  exponim:____^ . —         ..-^—-^^ 

Prlmumf  rnihr^ratiae   verbis    amplissimls'  a^untur, 

30  quod  virtute,  consilio,  providentia  mea  res  publica 
maximis  perlculls  sit  llberata.  Deinde  L.  Flaccus 
et  C.  Pomptlnus  praetores,  quod  eorunr  opera,  fortl 
fidellque  usus  essem,^  merit6~~a^TuTe^ia^dantur.\  At- 
que  etiam   vir5   fortl,    collegae    meo,    laus    impertltur, 


IN   CATILINAM   III.   vi.  95 


quod  eo§7  qui   huius   comunLtionis    participes   fuissent, 
a  suis  et  a  rel  publicae  corisiliis  j**y£6yisset. 

Atque  ita  cen'sterunt,  ut  T.  Lentulus,  cum  se  prae- 
tura  abdicasset,  in  custodiam  tradereturjj  itemque  utl 
C.  Cethegus,  L.  Statilius,  P.  Gablnius,  qui  omnes  prae-  5 
sentes  erant,  in  custodiam  traderentur;  atque  idem 
hoc  decretum  est  in  L.  Cassium,  qiri  sibi  procuration 
nem  incendendae  urbis  ^depbposceratf;  in  M.  Cepa- 
rium,  cui  ad  soflicitandos  pastores  Apuliam  attributam 
esse  era^  indicatumj  in  P.  Furium,  qui  est  ex  els  ia 
colonls,  quos  Faesulay  L.  Sulla  deduxit :  in  Q.  An- 
nium   Chllonem,  qui  una  cum  hoc   Furio  semper  erat  * 

in   hac  Allobrogum  sollicitatione  versatus;   in  P.  Um-     J^^ 
bre^vum,    llbertmum    homihem,    a   quo,  primum    Gallos 
ad    Gabinium    perductos    esse    ctmstaTJaf.      Atque   ea  15 
lenitate     senatus    est     usus,    Quirltes,     ut     ex     tanta 
coniuratione  jtantaque   hac    multitudine    domesticorum      </*£, 
hostium  \  novem^*hominum    perditissimorum    poena  fre 
^rjublica    conservata7^  reliqudrurfT   mentes    sanarl    posse 
arbitraretur.    ^  vu+$W  J£~*Jl,         y\  20 

Atque  etiam  supplicati5  dls  immortalibus  pro  singu-     •  :  ,   . 
lari  eorum  merited  meo  nomjne , decreta  ejatAquod  mihi  H*ij+<&*tA 
primum  post  hanc  urbem  conditam  togat.5  contigit,  et  ^iT/f^ 
his    decreta    verbis    est^guod  urbem    incendiis,    caedel^  *-'<■?'*' *--° 
cives,  Italiam  be  lid  liberassem^QwdLZ  supplicatio  si  cum  25^"  v 
ceteris    supplicationibus  .confeimur,  ho^~rnterest,  quod  +*-~sk. 
ceterae    bene^esta,    haec   una   conservata   re   pubhca 
constirafa^est.  v    -— ~^ 

Atque   illud,    quod   faciendum    primum    fuit,  (jfactum 
atque   transactum   e^    Nam    P.   Lentulus,  quamquam  30 

senatus 

>aml-    L**^ 


clique  iransactum  g&za  i\am  r.  juentmus,  quamqi 
j>atef  actls  ^lhdicils,  co^fessionibus  suis,  iudlcjk  sen; 

non  modo  praetoris  ius,  verum  etiam  ^Ivis^ 
^sera^  tamen   magistrate    se   abdjeavit,  ut,/quae   reKgio  -iC-^f^ 

C.    Mario,    clarissimo    viro,    non,   fuefeit,    ^uo    minus 


JT*-W-  (jr- 


Lt^ 


96  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

C.  Glauciam,  de  quo  nihil  -nominatim  erat  decretum, 
praetorem  >qcclderet,  ea  nos  reliffione  in  prlvato 
P.  Lentulo  puniendo  llberaremur. 

VII.    Nunc  quoniamTQuintes,  CDnsceleratissirnI  perl- 

5  culosissimlque  belli  nefanos  duces  captos_iam  et  com- 

prehensos   tenetis,  exlstimare   debetis   omnes    Catilmae 

copias,  omhes  spTes  atque  opes]  his" depulsls  urbis  pen- 

culls/  concidisse.       Quern    quidem    ego    cum   ex   urbe 

J^tSjUrpellebam.  \  hoc    provmebTm^animo,  „  Quirltes,    remoto 

io  Catilina  non  mihr-  esse  P.  Lentulr-  somnum  nee  L. 
Cassr    aai^es    necr'  C.    Cethegi    furio's^m    temeritatem 

pertimescendam^____ — ■ ^,  xA^ 

Ille-erat  unus  umendus  ex  isns  omnibus,  sed  tarn  diu, 
dum  urbis    moenibus  continebatur.  I  Omnia  norat,  om- 

15  nium    aditus   tenebat  ;_j§tppellare,    temptare,    sollicitare 

poterat,  audebat.  "  EraJ^^  consilium  ad  facinus  aptum, 

consiiio^ufeni  neque  manus  neque  lim^uadeerat.     lam 

ad   certas   res   conficiendas /sgffcos  hominesdelectos  ac 

^73|scHpt5s  habebat.     Neque  vero,  cum  aliquid^mandarat,  cV' 

20  conf  ecturrrputabat ;  nihil   erat,  quod   ndn   ipse   oblret,  «"**» 

jj-  occurreret,  vigilaret,  laboraret;  frlgus,  sitim,  famem 
ferre  poterat. 

Hunc   ego  hominem  tarn  acrem,  tarn  audacem,  tarn 
paratum,  tarn  callidum,  tarn  in  scelere"  vigilan tern, j  tarn 

25  in  perditis  rebus  dlligentenf  nisi  ex-ti^nesticls  Insidils  in 
castrense    latrocinium    compulissem —  dlcam   id,    quod 

Vsentio,  Quirltes, — n5n  facile  hanc ..tant^in^ole^njnall  a 
cervlcibus  vestrls  depulissem.'  Non  ille  nobis  Saturnalia 
constituisset  [  neque  tant5 ^nre*" exit! ^ ,ac^fati_jUe.m    rel 

30  publicae  den untiavisset^  neque  commfsisset,  utr  slgnum,     (| 
ut  litterae  suae  testeSMna'nifestl  sceleris  dfprehenderen^    0 
tur.     Quae  nunc*illo  absente  sic  geWasunt,  ut  nullum 
in  privata  domojurMm  unftfifam  sit  tarn  palam  inven-iM^ 
turn,  quam  haec  tanta  in  re  publica  coniuratio  manifesto 

^  —  - ^ 


IN   CATILINAM   III.   vm.  97 

mventa   atque   deprehensa   est.      Quod   si   Catillna  in 
urbe    ad    hanc    diem    remansisset,  \quamquam,    qupaa/ 
fuit,    omnibus  eius    consiliis   occurn   atque   of>su9;    ta- 
rn en,  utTevi|snn£3lcam,  dimica^dum   nobis   cum  olio 
fuisset   neque' nos   umquam,    cum   ille   in   urbe   hostis    5 
esset^  tantls  perlculls— rem  publicam^tanta   pace,  tanto 
i^Mjotio,  tanto  silentio  llteraSsemusT^Tl^  <*><  ^-^J-^tJi^L 
VIII.    Quamquam  hae^ omnia,  Quirltes,  ita  sunt  a  me 
r ammnistrata,  ut^deorum  immortalium  nutu  atque  con^     tjL^tt 
silio   et   gesta-et  provTsa   esse  videantur^    I^que  cum  io 
kxoniectura  consequr  possumps.  quocT  vix  videtur  humanl 
^onsili  tantarum   rerurn^gijbernatio  esse  potmslfe^tum 
vero   ita   praesentfes  his  temporibus  opem  et  auxilium  . 
n5bis  frulermi^u^^  vider£   possemus. 

Nam  ut  ilia  omittam,  ^Isas  nocturno  tempore  ab  occi-  15 
dente ^fa^s^^ioremq |ue~~cae]|7ut  tu^mmum V iactu s, 
J/^  J  ut  jterrae  motus  relirumani ;  ut  omittam  ceteraA  quae 
^•^  tarn  m^ulta^obls^consulibus  facta  sunt,,ut_haec.  quae 
nunc  fiunt,  cafiere^l^di^mrnortale  viderentur,  hoc 
certe,  quod  surn^  dicturtis,  neque  praetermittendum  20 
neque  relinquendum  est. ' 

Nam   profecto   memoria   tenetis    Cotta   et   Torquato 
consulibus   |omplures>in   Capitolio  ^S)  de   caelo   esse  ^J?^^/ 
percussas,   cum   et   simulacra  deorum  d^utsa^suju^et. 
statuae  veterum  hominum  deiectaej  et  leguma^ra^lique-  25 
facta   et  Cactus   etiam   ille,   qui   hanc   urbem   condidit,  / 
Romulus,]  quern  irikurafum  in  Capitolio,  parvum/'alxjue     jT 
lactentem^  ubenlDusr  mplnis  inhiantem,  fuisse  meministis.' 
Quo  quidem  tempore  cum  hafttlpicls  ex  tBta  Etruria 
convenissent,  caedes__aitque  incendia  et  legum  interitum  30 
et  bellum  civile  ac  domesticum__et^totIus  ^urbis   atque 

imperl  occasumap^c^inqSr^^ix^Iffi^  n^sl  dl  im- 
mortales  omni  ratione  placa_tl  suo  numine  prope  fata 
ipsa  flexissent^ 


98  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS  -^  ^^  ^ 

Itaque  lllorum  responsis  turn  et  ludl  per  decern  dies 
f  actl   sunt,    neque   res   ulla, ,  q\y|£>  ad   placandos    deos 


pertineret,  praeterh^sajest^^Tdemque  iusserunt  simu- 
lacrum   Iovls  facere  maius   et  in   excelso   collocare  et 

5  contraf^fqueantea  fuerat,  ad  onentem  convertere;  ac 
se  sperare  dlxerunt,  si  illud  slgnum,  quod  videtis,  solis 
ortum  et  forum  curiamque  conspiceret,  fore  ut  ea  coi> 
silia,  quae  cfaWessent  inita  contra  salutem  urbis  atque 
imperl,  illustrarentur,  ut  a  senatu    populoque   Romano 

10  perspicl  possent.  Atque  illud  sigrfum  JxSlIocandum 
consules  ill!  loc^||inlt.;  sed  tanta  fwitToperj^larditas, 
ut  neque  superidribus  consunbus  neque  nobis  ante 
hodiernum  diem  collocaretur.^^je^^e^f 

IX.    Hie  quis    potest:   esse,  Quintes,  tarn   aversus   a 

15  vero,  tarn  praeceps,  tarn  menfa  captus,  qui  neget  naec 
omnia,  quae  videmus,  Ipr^ectpulque  banc  urbem  deorum 
immortalium  nutu  ac  potestate  adrnmistrari  ?  Etenim, 
cum  esset  ita  responsum,_caedes,  incendia,  interitum  rei 
publicae  com^rarY,  et  _ea_  per  cives>^pae_Jturn  oropter 

20  magmtudinem  scelerum  n5n  nulll^iWedibjlia^deban:^ 

tur,   ea^non   modo   c5gitata   a   nef arils   civibus,  verum 

-"etiam  susce^taT~esse~>ensistis1      Illud   vero  nonne    ita 

praesens  est,  \ut  Jiutu  Iovis  optiml  maxim!  factum  esse 

videaj^ir;^ut,^xum  hodierno*  dH   mane  per  forum  meo 


2t  mssiTet  coniuratl  et  eorum  indices  in  aedem  Concordiae    , 

ducerentur,  eo  ipso  tempore  slgmrm^statueretur  ?     Qu5 

collocatd   atque   aH^vos- senatumque  _cbn verso  jpmnia, 

quae  erant  cogitata  contra  salutem  omnium,  illu strata  et 

(patefacta  vldistis.  ^___-— »        "3^^ 

30      Quo  etiam  maiorg^sunt  isti  odio ^wppliciS^aeMlfgnl, 

qui  non  solum  vestrls  domiciles  atque  tectis,  sed  etiam 

"deorum  templis  atque  deluDrislsunt  /funestos  ac  nefariosj^/7 

ignes£7toferre    conatl.      'Quibus    ego    si    me    restitisse 

dlcam,  nimium  mihi  sumam  et  non  sinuferendus;  ille, 


IN   CATILINAM    III.    x.  99 

ille  Iuppiter  restitit ;  \  ille  Capitolium,  ille  haec  templa, 
ille  cunctam  urbem,  ille  vos  omnes  salvos  esse  voluit. 
Dls  ego  immortalibus  ducibus  hanc  mentem,  Quirltes, 
voluntatemquefcsilscepl,  atque  ad  haec  tanta  indicia 
perveni.  ^«^~.  ^p  5 

lam  vero  ab  Lentul5  ceterlsque  domesticls  hostibus 
tarn  dementer  tantae~res  creftitae  et  ignotls  et  barbarls 
numquam  essent  profecto,  nisi  ab  dls  immortalibus  huic 
tantae  audaciae  consilium  'esset  ereptum.  Quid  vero  ? 
ut  homines  Galll  ex  civitate  male  _pacata1_  quae  gens  10 
una  restat^^uae  bellum  popul5  Romanoja^ere  et 
posse^etnon  n5lle  >idgatur^-^emClI^pSrX_ac  rerum  * 
maximarum  ultr5  siSF^ipamciIs  hominibus  oblata^r 
neglegerenj^-jy^stramque    salutem'  'su^s    mnbus    antepd-^2*^/^0 


non    divinitus    esse   factum    putatis,    prae-  15 
sertirif  am.,  nos^ri5n  'pugnando^ed  tacendd  superare 
potuerinr  ?        v —      _____ —• ^ 

X.  Quam  ob  rem,  Quirltes,  jmjoniam  ad  omnia  pul- 
vlnaria  supplicatio  decreta,  est,  ^Celebratote  illos  dies 
cum  conmgibus  ac  liberis  .y@stHS»..l  Nam  multi  saepe  20 
honores  dls  immortalibus  Tustl  habiti  suntTlic  debit!, 
se6T~profecto  iustiores  numquam.  I  Erepti  enim  estis 
ex  crudelissimo  ac  miserrimo  intentu  ;^  sine  caede,  sine 
sanguine,  sine  exercitu,  sine  dimicatiorie ;  togati  me 
uno  togato  duce  et  imperatore  ylcistis.  25 

Etenim  recordamini,  Quirltes,  omnes  clvlles  dissen- 
siones,  n5n  solum  eas,  quas  audistis,  sed  eas,  quas 
vas'n^^ipsi''  meministis  atque  vidistis.  L.  Sulla  P. 
Sulpicium  oppressit ;  1C.  Marium,  custodem  huius  urbis, 
multosque  fortes  viros  partim  ~eiicit^ex  civitate,  partim  3° 
interemit.  /  (Jn.  Octavius  consul  armjsexpulit  ex  urBe 
'coIlegam^jTOnnis'Tjifc  locus  acervil^qorporum  et  clvium 

sanguine   redundaviB\     Superavit$-  posted  /tlinnq__  pun . 

Mario  ^  turn   vero,  Iclarissimls   virls    interfectlsf  lumina 


100  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS  «tiS* 

/  K^ 

civitatis  exstlncta  sunt  llltus  est  huius  victoriae  cru- 
delitater^posteT"5uila  ;  ne  did  qumem  opus  est,  quanta 
deminutipne  clvium  et  quanta  calamitate  re!  publicae. 
Dissensit  M.  Lepjdtrs^ar-vclarissimo  et  fortissimo  viro, 
5  Q.  Catul^f^attuli^  nonjtam  ipslus^interitus  rel  publicae 
lucturnjcjuam  ceterorurn^l^^ 

Atque    illae   tamen   omnes    dissensiones    erant    eius  .,     J 
modi}'  quae  n5n    ad    delendam^seoT^aar   commutandam^^ 
rem   publicam  pertinerent.      NonJllI  nullamvepse  rem 
10  publicam,    sed   in  ^ea^quae    esset^se   esse    prmcipes, 
neque   hanc   urbem    conflagrare,    sed    se   in    hac   urbe 
,,  ^<r  florere  .vohierjmjt ' -^tgmje_JUae_Jainen_^mnes    dissen- 
siones,] quarum"nulla    exitium   rel   publicae  Truaesivit,    •  *V 
eius   modi   fuerunt,  ut  non  reconciliatione   concordiae,  ...J^tl 
15  sed    interneci5ne    clvium     dliudicatae    sint.- — -fffnoc    ^ 
*  autem    un5  post   hominum   memoriam    maxim5   crude- 

lissim5que   bell5,  Jqiiale   bellum   nulla   umquam   barba 


via.  cum    sua   gente  gessit, )  qu5  <Jn_hellp  lex^haec^fuit 
a    Lentulo,    Catillna,    Cethego, .  Cassio    constituta,    ut 

20  omnes,  qui  salva .urbe  salvl  esse  possent,  in  hostium 
numero'^^cere^ftm*',  ita  me  gessl,  Quirltes,  ut  salvl 
omnes  conservareminl,  |  et,  cum  ho.&tea  vestpfetantum 
-^iidum  superauturum  putassent,  quantum  Inflnlfae  cae- 
dl  j^esfrtK^^  quantum   flamma 

^^25  oblre^non   potuisset,  et  urbem  et  elves   integros   inco- 
lumesque  servavL^^^* 

XI.  I  Quibus  pr5  tantls  rebus]  Quirltes^nullum  ego  a 
vobis  jDr^£rmum  virtutis,  nullum  InsTgne  Tionoris,  nul- 
lum ^lonumentum^  laudis   postul^praeterquam   huius 

30  diel   memoriam    sempiternam.       In^animls  ego  vestris  . 
omnes    triumphos    meJ5sT--Tirmlia'ornamenta    hc^ris^^  ( 
monumenta  gloria^  laudis  insignia  condT   etT  collocarl  -  «r" 
wlo._^Nihil  me  mutfam  potest  delectare,  nihil  taciturn, 
nihil    denique    eius    modi,    quod    etiam    minus    digni   y 


A*  C 


Ll*jl-$& 


,iL^       IN   CATILINAM    III.   XII. 

adseaul    possmt.      A 


101 


adsequl  pbsslnt.  Memoria.  vestra,  Quirites,  nostrae 
res  alentur,  sermonibus  crescent,  Htterarum '  monu- 
mentis  mveterascent  et  corrobcj:aaiintur ;  eandemque 
diem  intellegg,  quam  sperdaeternarrr  fore,  propaga- 
tam  esse  et  ad  salutem  urbis  et  ad  memoriam  5 
consulates  mel,  unoquetempore  in  hac  re  publica 
duos  elves  exstitisse,  quorum\al?er  fines  vestrl  imperl 
non  terrae,  sed  caell  rjjgionlbus  termmaret,  alter 
eiusdem  imperl  domicilium  sedesqueNservaret^ 

XII.    Sed   quoniam    earum   rernm, quas_ego   gessl,  10 
(J  nnn    £affern  ^sfl  \fortfirm.    atque Ticondiciol  quaeMllorum.  . 

qur^  externa     bella     gessermit^quoa6  mihi    cum  ,  eis_  L~t~^>f 
vivendum    est,    quos    vlci    ac    subegl,  Jill    hostes    aut  «    J 

interfectos    aut     oppressos    reliquerunt,    yestrum,  .  est,  SK1^  v      v 
±*f    Quirites,  si  ceteris  iacta_sua_recte  prosunt,  ■  rami  mea  15 
**^ne   quand5   o^ln^r^rovidere.  v^^t&T^irrujy minum 

audacissim5rum  scelerpae  ac  riefariai  ne  voblsjjocere  k.J+~ 
possent,    ego  <provItlft} ne^nihi   noceant,    vestrum'  est 


provider^---— -Qulmiquam,    Quirites,  -inihi    quidem    ipsl 
,    nihil   ahistTs   iam  ^cM-j^gg^  Maflnumignim  ejjb 
in   bonls^ praesidiun$T:76uoor3mEin    nerpetuum   com- 

e    publica  tldlgnitas, 


_com- 

paratum    est^^nsgmTiri    r6    publica  t_dlgnitas,    quae 

me   semper   tacita_jxgfendet,    magna   vis   conscientiae, 

t,  ctim'Tne . violare   volent.  se   ipsl 


L^n**-*** 


quam  iquT\ leglegunt,  ctim^rne-jViolare   vplent,  se 


*^ 


indicabunt.  *4eM>-r~  25 

Est  enim  in  nobis  is  anjmus,  Quirites,  ut  non  modo 

\    nulllus  audaciae  cedar^sf^sed  etiam  omnes  improbos 

^VN\\ultro    semper    laces^slrmus.      Quod  j  si    omnis    impetus 

domesticorum    hostium,    dej^isuV c1r  yopis,    se    in    me 

unumconvertit,    vobls    erit    vid^rfairrr^    Quirites,    qua  3° 

condicione  posthac~eos^sse  velltis,  qui  se,  pro  salQie 

vestra  obtulerint   in  vidia^jgsj^cutisq^om^us ;    mihi 

quidem    ipsl    quid    est,    quod    iam   ad   vltae    fructum 

possit     adqulrl,     cum     praesertim     neque     in     honore 


c 


102  IN    CATILINAM    HI.  xn, 

vestro     nequef  in     gloria    virtutis     quicquam    videam 

altius,    quo    mihi    libeat    ascendere  ?  .^Illud    profecto 

^t-  perficiam,    Quirltes,    ut^ea7~^quae    gessl    in   consulatu, 

^^Tprlvatus    tuear    atque^rn|nf^ut,  jl   qua/tsjp   invidia 

5  in    conservanda   re   publfaVsuscepta,    laedat  jnvido^ 

mihi  valeat  ad  gloriam.  ^*^h     ±T^~' 

Denique  ita  me  in  re  publica  tractabo,  ut  meminerim 
semper,  quae  gesserim,|  <Su^^queT~ut"  £a_  virtute,  non 
^casu  gesta  esse  videantui£  Vos,  Quirltes,  quoniam  iam 
10  est  nox,rfenerat!  IovenTTlRim,  custodem  huius  urbis  ac 
vestrum,  in  vestra  tec&~oMscedrfe  et  ea,  quamquam  iam 
est  perlculum  depulsumf  tamen  ae^ue  ac  priore  nocte 
custodiis  vigililsque  defjndite.  ^  ,ne-^5bls  diutius 
faciendum  sit,  atque  lit  in^perpetuapp£ce  e^se^p^pssltis, 


M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 
IN  L.  CATILINAM  ORATIO  QUARTA 

HABIT  A   IN  SENATU. 


I.   Video,  patres   c5nscripti,  inrne  omnium  vestrum 
5ra  atque  Q£ulos  esse  cojriversos;  vide5  vjds  non  solum       l^^^J^ 
de_ve^trq^ac  rel  publicae,  verum  etiam,  si  id  depulsuin^*"7 
sit,  de  meo  perlculo  esse_SDlU^©Sr-    Est_jmhi  iucunda 
in  malisi  et  grata  in  Colore  yestra  erga  r&eV^lujitas,  sed    5 
earn,  per  deos  immortales,  deponiteftatque  oblitl  salutis 
meaejde  vobis  ac  de  vestrls   liberls  cogitate. ^.J^Iihi.  si 
haec    condici5    consulatus   data   est,    Ut'omnes   acerbi- 
tates,  omnes  dolores  cruciatusque  perferrem  J  feram  non 
solum  fortiter,  verum  etiam  libenter,  dum  modo  mels  10 
laboribus  vobis   populoque    Romano   dignitas   salusque 
jpariatur.  1^  c^otU^cuX 

Ego  sum  ille  consul,  |  patres  conscript!,-  cui  non 
forum,  in  quo  omnis  aequitas  c'ontm&uly  non  cam- 
pus, consularibus  auspicmr  cohsecfafus,  non  curia,  15 
summum  auMn^im^Aonmium  gentium,  non  domus, 
commune  perfugium,  non  lectus  ad  quietem  datus, 
non  denique  haec  sedes  honoris  (umquam  vacua  mor- 
tis periculS  atque  Tnsidiis  fuit. 

Ego    multa    tacui,    multa    pertuli,    multa-   concessi,  20 
mufta   meo    quodam    dolore   in   vestro   timore    sanavi. 
Nunc   si   hunc   exitum    consulatus   mel   di   immortales 


.<?  ^JL. 


103 


104  M.   TULLI    CICERONIS 

esse  volueruntj  ut  vos  populumque  Romanum  ex 
caede,  ntisefrima,  coniuges  llberosque  vestros  virgines- 
que  Vestales  ex  acerbissima  vexatione,  templa  atque 
delubra,  hanc  pulchjerrimam  patriam  omnium  nostrum 
5  ex  foedissima  flamma,  totam  Italiam  ex  bello  et 
vastitate  enperen/,  qtfaecumque^  mini  unl  proponetur  f^. 
Mil-  f  ortuna,  subeaW.  Etenim.  si  P.  Lentulus^uum  no- 
men  indUctus  a  viilKM)  iak^Se  scd  -ptrniciern  re!  publi- 
caeCf ore  ^mtavit,  cur  ego  non^Keter^  meum  consulatum 

10  ad  salutempopuli  Roman!  pSfpe  fatalem  exstitisse?^.^*^ 
""II.    Qua   re,   patres    conscript!,   consulite  v5b!s,  pr5- 
spicite  patriae,  conservate  vos,  coniuges,  l!beros  fortu- 
nasque    vestras,    popul!    Roman!    nomen     salutemque 
defendite;    mihi   parcere   ac    de   me   cdgitare    desinife 

15  Nam  prlmum  debeo  sper^re,  omnes  deos,  qu!  huic  urb! 
praesident,  pro  eo  mini,  ac  mereor,  relaturos  esse  gra- 
tiam ;  deinde,  si  quid  obtigerit,  aequ5  animo  paratoque 
rnofiar.  Nam  neque  turpis_mors  fort!  viro  potest  acci- 
dere  nequeirxuiLatursr^consularl  nee  miseralfapienti. 

20      Nee  tamen  ego  sum  ille  terreus,  qui^ratris  carissim! 
atque  amantissim!  praesentis\ maerore^nop  movear\lho- 
rumque  omnium   lacrirms,  a  quibus   me   circumsessum 
videtis.  |  Neque,  meam   mentem  non  domum  saepe  re-^^ 
voca^W^rham  uxor  et  abiecta^metu  filia  et  parvulus 

25  films,    quern    mihi   videtur  Simptect!   resr^rjublica   tam- 

quam  obsidem    consulates  meiJjneque  ille,  qui  exspec- 

_^e        tans  huius  exiftuff"  die!  ijstat   in    conspectu  meoj  genera  ^ 

MMoveor   h!s   rebus   omnibusJ   sed   in   earn    partem,   ut! 

safvijmt    vob!scunr   omnes,    etiam    s!  jne   vis   aliqua 

30  oppresserit,  potius  quarn^-eTlIli  et  nos_  una  re!  pub- 
licae  peste  pereamus^— — _. - 

Qua  re,  patres  conscript!,  incumqjfe  ad  salutem  re! 
publicae,  circumspicite  omnes  procellas,  quae  impen- 
dent, nisi  providetis.     Non  Ti.  Gracchus,  quod  iterun? 


IN  CATILINAM   IV.   ill.  105 

tribunus    plebis   fieri    voluit,   non   C.    Gracchus,    quod 
agrarios  concitare  conatus  est,  non  L.  Saturnmus,  quod 
C.    Memmium    occldit,    in   discrimen r  anquod  atque  in 
vestrae  severitatisnOdicium  adducitur ;  tenentuT  eiLqui 
ad  urbis  incendiunwad    Kestraia^Qgnyi  caed€fn7  ad    5 
Catillnam  accipiendum    Romae    restTfenmt;     tenentur 
litterae,  slgna,  manus,  denique  unlus  cuiusque  confessio  ;^ 
sollicitantuiK  Allobroges,    servitia-^excitantur,    Catillna 
arcessif ur ;  id  est  initum  consilium,  ut  interf ectls  omni- 
bus nemo  ne  ad  deplorXriolunV  quidem  popull  RomanI  10 
nomen  afcque  ad   lamentanHam   tantl   imperl  calamita- 
tem  relinxmatur.  .    -   ^ 

« a —  ^~*&  c**^?"^*  _ 

III.    Haec  omn^a  indices  detuleruntyrel  confessl  sunt)) 
vos  multls  iam  iuol^ilsiuaicavistis.jprimum  quod  mihi 
gratias  egistis  singularibus  verbl^  et  mea  virtute  atque  15 
dlligentia  perditorum  hominum  eoniurationem  patefac^^-^^^f 
tarn    esse    decrevistjs ;    fieinde    quod    P.    Lentulum    se 

s Tabdicare  praetura  coegistis ;    turn  quod  eum  et  ceteros, 
de    quibus   iudicastis^  in   custodiam    dandos    aEnsuistisA 
maximeque   quod    meo   nomine    supplicationenV" decre^ 20 
vistis,   qui    honos  togato  habitus  ante  me  est  Gemini; 

v  postremo %  hesterno    die    praemia    legatls    Allobrogum 
Titoque    Volturcio    dedist^-'^mplissima.      Quae   sunt 
omnia   eius   modi,  ut  /ei;  qui  ih  custodiam   nominatim 
datl  sunt,  sine  ulla  dubitatione  a  vobls   damnatl   esse  25 
yjdeantur.       -,   •       *  J 

Sed  ego  fnstitul  referre  ad  vosApatres  conscript!, 
tamquam  integrum^  et  de  factd^quid  iudicetis,  et  de 
poena  quid  censeatls.  Ilia  praedlcam,  quae  sunt 
consulis.  s  Ego  magnurn  ~_i»  r|  public^,  versarl  furo-  30 
rem  et^-nova.quaejflgcnv  miscprf  et  cofenarl  mala  iam 
prldem  videbagr;  sed_  hanc  tantarm  tarn  exmo^&anPha- 
berl  coniurationem  a  clvibus  n^fflirffianT  putavL3  Nunc 
quicquid    est,    quocumque    vestrae    mentes    incllnant 

1  utJUA^ce^L 


106  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 


id 


.  - — r  1^4  cU-Hyiv^-^jid 
atque   sententiae./  statuendum  vobls  -ante   noctem  est. 

—  _       ^ j'  c  r~*"*^  . 

Quantum   facinus    ad   vos   delatum    sit,   videtis. .    Huic 

,  si    paucof^putatis^^adfines'    esse,    vehementer    erratis.  y  j 

,  f       Latius    opinione    disseminatum^TesT^oc""  malum ;    ma-1    /' 
V/5  navit  non  solum  per  Italiam,  verum  etiam  transcendit 
j**fC  Alpes  et  obscure  serpens  multas  lam  provincias  occu- 

pavit.     Id   oppnmi    sustentando   aut   prolatando  rnbllo 
pactol  potest  ;     quacumque    ratione    placet,     celeriter 
vobls  -vindicandum  est  t~*W~ '  l*.  ^^<^^CiCj?<x 
io      IV.    Video  duas    adhuc   esse   sententias;    unam    D. 
Silani,    qui    censePxos,    qui    haec    delere  ^conati    sunt, 
morte  esse  multandos ;  alteram  C.  Caesaris,  qui  mortis 
poenanr^removet,  ceterorum  suppliciorum  -^rnnes  acer-    ' 
bitates  ampt^muv     Uterque  et  pro  sua  dignitate  et^ 
15  pro  rerum  magnitudine  in  summa  severitate<^rsatun^u^ 
Alter  teds,  quP  nos  omnes  vita6  privare  cjifoati  surjj^ 
.xjul •  d|ler^imperium,   qui    popull  .Roman!   nomei^jex^ 
£tinguere,    pums^um    temporis    fnyjvita   et   hoc   com- 
muni    splritu  jion  -  putat    oportere^  ktque    lipc    genus 
20  poenae    sae#e   in   improbos   elves   in-4racT^re    publica 
esse  usurpatum  recordatur.^^-^^ 

<Alter £jntellegit  ^nortem__ah   dis    immortalibus    non 
esse  supplici  causa^constitutam,   sed  aut  necessitatem 
naturae  aut  laborum   ac  miseriarum^quieiem.     Itaque 
/WVn  11^^25  earn    sapientes^^numqiiam    mvTtj,    fortes,  saepe   etiam 
^JU^jr^^        libenter    oppetiverunt.^-  Vincula    vero,    et    ea    sempi- 
ternal certe    ad   singularem     poenam    nefarii    sceleris 
inventa   sunt.       Municipils    dispertlrl    iubet.       Habere 
videtui£  ista    res   iniquitatemjcsi   imperare^vells,    diffi- 
30  cultatem,  is!    rbgare.       Decernatur    tamen,«^sl    placet 
Ego    enim   suscipiam   et,    ut   spero,    reperiam,v""qui_ 
quod    salutis^omnium    causa    statueritisis^««rri*r^putent 
esse^"  suae     dlgnitatis\   recusare.-^^Huingit     gravem 
poenam    municipils,    si    quis    eonrai   vincula^rjiperit ; 


IN   CATILINAM   IV.   v.  107 

horribiles  custodias  circumdat  et  dlgnas  scelere  homi- 

nura    perditorum ;     sancit,    ne    quis    eorum    poenam,  Z^*  *-&r*- 

quos   condemn'at,   aut   per   senatum   aut   per   populum 

levare  possit ;    eripit   etiam  spem,   quae  i  sola   homines 

in  miserils  c6nsolar*^5ole£.    (Bonz^  praeterea  publican    5 

iubet  ;    ^vltarn.   solam    relinquit   ,  nef arils     hominibus  ; 


quam    si   eripuisset,lmultos   una   dol5res  (-animI  'atque 

corporis!  et   omnes  scelerum   poenas   ademisset.       Ita-      f     ^^ftf 

que  ut  al^qua  in  vita  <£ormidov  imprnhTst^-^pspt-   p^gtg/    A*\&_xkJL 

apud   Inferos    eius,  modl^quaedam><jJll   antiquQsuppli-'  10 

cia    impiTsP^onstitiita_._esse    v^]i^iifa^--€(i3tr^viaelicet  -H-cW 


intellegebant   |his    remotlsj  non    esse    mortem    ipsam 
pertimescendam.  ^r/L^i-  ^ ~fo* 

V.    Nunc,  patres  conscrlptl,  ego  mea  vjdeo  quid  m- 
tersit.     Si  eritis  secutf  sententianrC.  Caesaris,  quoniam  15 
hanc  4s)  in  re   publica^iam,  quae   popularis   habetur, 
secutus  estirfoltasse  minus  erunt  jhoc  auctore  et  cogni- 
tore  huiusce  sententiaelmihi   populares  impels,  gerti^1""*""' 
mescendl ;    sin  illam   alteram,  nescio  an  an^lm^sSpihi  ^0^h  *cr< 
ro^negotl  contraMtur.     SeoTTamen  meorum   perlculorum  20 
rationes  utilitas  rel  publicae  vincat.  s 

Habemus   enim  a  Caesare,   slcut   ipsluir,  dlgnitas   et 
maiorum   ems   amplitudo    postulabat,  sententiarrr  tam- 
quam  obsidem  tperpetuae  in  rem    publicam  voluntatis. 
Intellectum  est,  V^uid  interesset  inter  levitateni^tentio-  25    jttf&-{uui 
natorum    et  \  animum    vere    popularem,\  salutl    populi  'r 

coft^ftfentem.   .  Video  de  istls,  vqul>  se  populares  haJasrl'^ 
vo-Lunt,   abesse  (flon^nemfnenv,  ne   dl«capite~  videlicet  i     (    1 

avium  Romanorum csententiam  ferat ;    at  is  et  jiudms  M^^ 


tertius  in  custodianf  elves  Romanos  dedit  et  supplica-  3a 
tionem  mihi  decrevit  fet  Mices>  Iteft^So^die  maximls 
praemils  a3tecit^,i^lam  h5c  neminl^dubium  estWuired  /UCu^^( 
custodiam,    quaesitorl^gratulationem,    indicl^praemium 
de^reWJ  jej  uicp de  tota  re  et  causa  iudicarit. 


108  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

At  vero  C.  Caesar  intellegit  legem  Semproniam  esse 
de  clvibus  Romania. constitu tarn  ;  qui  autem  rel  publicae 
(  Vw*^        §jj_  hosti.A'eum  civem^esse  nullo  mod5  j^ossej  denique 
,?   ^  ipsum*  larorem  Semproniae  legis;  mius^u  populijpoenas 

5  re!  publicae  depenflisse^    JdemJLipsum  JLentulum,  lar-  __ 
jAoif^y^         gitorem    et    pr6digum/i non    prcrtat,   cum    de    pernicie 
*i£*rk  f    P°PU^    Roman!,    exitio    hmus"">Ti*bis  Ctam^acerbe,    tarn 
J      crudeliter)  cogitariff<-  etiam    appellgr^^sse^^pularem. 
Itaque  homo^mltissimus  atque  lenissimus  non  dul5r£at 
10  P.  Lentulum  aeternls  tenebrls  vincullsque  mandare  et 
^sancit?_  IiT^osterum,  ^ne   quis   huius  4&pJ)licio^levando 
se   iactare    et   in    ^erlnciem    popul^R5man!  ^g5stha$/ 
^vvY^l      f  /popularis^es^eposs^^ 

bononjm^  ut  v  omnes>  animrffiuciatuj>  et  corporis  etiam 
15  egesEas  ac  mehHi(fitat->eonsequatur. 

VI."    Quam    ob   rem,    s!ve    hoc    statueritis,    dederitis 

mitti    comitem     ad    c^nCionehi     populo   ^carum    atque 

&scjjip\*jufa      iucundum,    sive     Silani     sententiam^$eq^fc^malueritis^ 

facile   m^y atcme_yos   a.   crudelita£is   vttuperatione    po- 

^u^t^*^-  20  pulus    Romanus    exsolvet,    atque   obtin€b5^am   multo 

leniorem  fuisse.      Quamquam,   patres    conscript!,    quae 

potest    esse    in    tant!    sceleris     immanitate    punienda 

crudelitas?     Ego    enim   de   meo   sensu  .judico.       Nam 

ita  ytfTHT)  salva  re   publica  voblscum  ^peYfruI   lie  eat  (ut 

25  ego,  yquod   in   hac_.causa  vehementiofOsum,  ^TptT/  atro- 

citate    animl^joveor) — qujs__enim    est   me^lftior?  — 

sed  singular^ qTiSoanrhumanitate  et  misericordia.  ^e^cty. 

Video^enim^^ihi^fidlf^^Jiaiifi^  urbem,  lucem  orbis   » 

terrarum  jatque    arcernVomriium    gentium,  \subito   und 

30  incendio  concidentem ■Hotio' ammo ]  sepulfe  in  patria 

miseros    atque    Insepultos^  acertfos    cwju'm';     £ersatur 

^tV2_    ■  mjftT_aftfe"   oculosj/aspectus^ethegi^e^uror  in  vestra 

caede    baccrTantts^- — CunT  ver5    mihi^jwposui     re- 

gnantem    Lentulum, A  slcut    ipse    se"    ex   fatls^-sjDerasse;.. 


1     IN   CATILINAM    IV.    vi.  109 

confessus   est,  Jpurpuratum   esse   huic    Gablnium,!  cum 
exercitu    venisse    Catillnam,/  turn    lamentationem    ma- 
trum   familias,  turn    fugam   virginum   atque  puerorum 
ac    vexationem  .  virginum    Vestalium    perhorresco^  et,    ~~ 
quia    mihi  jtehementer    ffaec  j  videntur    misera    atque    5 

"miser anda,iiac?f co  in  eos,  qui  ea^  pe^ffCSre  voluerunt, 
me^fceverum  vehementemque  praebeo.  Etenim  quaero,  ~3^(&vj 
si  quis  pater  familias,J  llberls  suls  a  servo  interf  ectls,| 
uxore  occisa/lincensa  domo,  Isuppliciurr^  de  servo  non 
quam  ^cerbissimum  sumpserit,  utrum  is  clemens  ac  io 
misericors,  an  inhumanissimus  et  crudelissimus  'esse 
videatur.  Mihi  veroNimportunus  ac  ferreusl  qui  non 
dolore   et   cruciatu    hocentis  [suum  dol5rem  cruciatum- 

que  jfiaifigL. r~-5— / 

Sic  .no's  in  his^hominibus,  /Cjui/  nos,  qui  coniuges,  15 
qui  llberos  nostros  trucldare  voluerunt,  (c^ufr  ,  singulas 
unlus  ciiiusque  nostrum  ^mos  et  hoc  imiversum  rel 
publicae  domiciliuniaeTere^'conatl  sunt,  ^qul  id^ege- 
,runt».-ut  gentem  Allobrogum  jn  vestigiis^huius  urbis 
atque  in  cinere  dertagratf  imperi  Trollocareat. ,  si  vehe-  20 
mentissiml<;  fiierinrmsT     misericordes ^rhabebimur ;  .    sin  ;-    <*>-»+*** 

^;r^missi5res    esse  -^oluerimus,    summae    nobis  ,  prudeli- 
tatis  jn    patriae    cIviumqueQ^ernicig  Tifms^  suSe3nda_ 
esc.      Nisi  verolvbuipiamfL.  Caesar,  vir  fortissimus   et    'A^V*^: 
amantissimus jrei    publicaeT^  crudelior  (nudius    tertius)25$H  0< 

^jrisus  estj^cum^ sor5ris  ^Suae.  f  erninae plectissimaer y ir um    ^°* 
j2r^esp.r>teni    ^  ...audientem.  vita    litivan^rum    esse^  dixit, 
cum  avum   suum  iussu   consulis  interf ecturnj  flliumque 
eius   impuberelfe,  legatum   a    patre  missum\  in  carcere   J^S^A 
necatum    esse  \dlxit.       Quorum    quod    simile   factum]  30     4***?** 
quod  mitum^elend.ae  reljjublicae  consilium?        .    £      \ZU 
Largltionis^^ojirrrtas^  turn  in  re  publica   versata   est       £^* 
et    partium^quaedam   contention     Atque   eo   tempore 
huius  kyu|  LentullJvir  clarissimus, !  armatus  Gracchum 


110  M.    TULLI   CICERONIS      • 

est  persecutus.  Ille  etiam  grave  turn  vulnus  accepit, 
ne  quid  de  summa  re  publica  deminueretur ;  (jSc^ 
ad  evertenda  re!  publicae  fundamenta  Gallos<  arces-  *~**?6 
sit,  servitiatr  concitat^  Catillnam£~  vocat,  attnbuit  ^ios 
5  trucidandos  CethegoCjet  ceteros  elves  .interficiendos 
GablnioJ  urbem  Inflammandam  Cassio,J  totam  Jtaliam 
vastandam  dlripiendamque  Catilmae.J  ypreafjrnnT,  ren- 
seo,)  Ine  in  hoc  scelere  tarn  immanl  ac  nef  andoj  nimis 
aliquid    severe    statuisse   videfaminl,;    multo   magis    est 

10  verendum,  ne   remissione   poenaej  crOdeles  in  patriamj    yyb 
fl^L>i  quam  ne  cseveritate   animadversionis    nimis  vehementes. 

in  acerbissimos  hostes  f\jjgge_v[de^mur-  ^^^ 

VII.    Sed   ea,    quae   exaudid,    patres   conscript!,   dis- 
simulare    non    possum.       Iaciuntur    enim    voces,    quae 

15  perveniunt  ad  aures  meas,  eorum,  qui  vereri  videntur, 
ut  habeam  satis  praebidl  ad  ea,  quae  v5s  statueritis 
hodiernd  die,  transigunctar  Omnia  et  pro  visa  et  pa- 
rata  et  constituta  sunt,  patres  conscript!,  cum  mea 
summa  cura  atque  dlligentia,  turn  etiam  multo  maiore 

20  popull  Roman!  ad  summum  imperium  retinendum 
et  ad  communes  fortunas  conservandas  voluntate: 
Omnes  adsunt*  omnium  ordinum  homines,  omnium 
denique  aetatum ;  plenum  est  forum,  plena  templa  cir-  - 
cum  forum,  plenl  omnes  aditus  huius  tempi!  ac  loci. 

25       Causa  est   enim  post  urbem  conditam  haec  inventa 
sola,  in  qua  omnes    sentlrent   unum  atque  idem,  prae-  9^ 
ter  eos,   qui  cum    sibi  viderent   esse   pereundum,  cum 
omnibus   potius    quam    sol!   perlre   voluerunt.       Hosce 
ego    homines    exdipta    et    secerno   libenter;    nequfe   in 

30  improborum  cIvium^seH  irf/'acerbissimorum  rroStium 
numer5  habendos  Q)utcV  Ceterl  vero,  d!  immortales ! 
qua  frequentia,  quo  studio,  qua  virtute  ad  commu- 
nem  salutem  dlgnitatemque  consentiunt! 

Quid  ego  hie  equites    Romanos  commemorem?    qui 


IN   CATILINAM    IV.   vm.  HI 

vobis  ita  summam  ordinis  consillque  concedunt,  ut 
voblscum  de  amore  rel  publicae  certent ;  quos  ex 
multorum  annorum  dissensione  huius  ordinis  acUiSO- 
cietatem  concordiamque  revocatos  hodiernus  dies 
v5blscum  atque  haec  causa  coniungit.  Quam  si  con-  5 
iunctionem,  conflrmatam  in  consulate  meo,  perpetuam 
in  re  publica  Jsnuerimus^  conflrmo  vobis  nullum 
posthac  malum  civile  ac  domesticum  ad  ullam  rel 
publicae  partem  esse  venturum.  uJdfo^ 

Pari    studio    defendundae    rel    publicae     convenisJBe  10 
rideo/  tribunos     aerarios,\    fortissimos     viros~  scrlbas^ 


'LU 


item  universos,^  quos   cunV  c^suhif  dies   ad   aerarium 
yffr  frequentasset,)  video  jib    exspectatione^oftis   ad   salu- 

tem  communenvesse  conversos.  ^tshrP^h' 

Omnis    ingenuorum    adest    multitudo,    etiam   tenuis-  15 
simorum.       Quis^est    enim,    cui     non     haec    templa, 
aspectus   urbis,f  possessio   llbertatis,,\  lux^denique   haec  r 
ipsa  jet   hoc   commune  patriae  solum   cum   sit   carum,^^1^ 
'        turn  vero  clulce  #tque  iucundumPt^o^^' 

'VIII.  Operae  pretium  est^  patres  c5nscrlptl,  liber-  20 
tlnorum  hominum  studia  cognoscere,  qui  sua  virtute 
fortunam  huius  clvitatis  consecutl,  hanc  suam  esse 
patriam  iudicant,  \  quam  quldam  hie  natl,  \et  summo 
natl  loco,  J  non  patriam  suam,  sed  urbem  hostium 
esse  iudicaverunt.  25        » x 

Sed    quid    ego    hosce   homines    ordinesque   comme-  \^slmJ^\ 
moro,     quos     prlvatae    fortunae,     quos    communis    res 
publica,    quos    denique    llbertas,/^a>quae    dulcissima  ^/^) 
est,  \ad  salutem   patriae    defendendam  excitavit  ?     Ser- 
vus     est     nemo,    qui    modo    tolerabili     condieione    sit  30 
servitutis,  qui  non    audaciam    clvium    perhorrescatj-qttf — 
non    haec    stare    cupiat,    qui    non    quantum    audet    et 
quantum     potest,    conferat     ad     communem     salutem, 

fit-  K 


112  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

y V  JgycA^cJL* 

Qua  re  si  quern  vcstrum  forte  commovet  h5c, 
quod  auditum  est,  lenonem  quendam  Lentull  concur- 
sare  circum  tabernas,  'pretio  sperare  sollicitare  posse 
animos  eg^htium  atque  imperltorum,  est  id  quidem 
5  coeptum  atque ^temptatum]  sed  null!  sunt  invent!  tarn 
aut  fortuna*-  miserl  aut  voluntate*-  perditl,  qui  non 
ilium  ipsum-sellae  atque  operis  et  quaestus  cotldian! 
locum,  qui  non  cublle  ac  lectulum  sUumAqui  denique 
n5n    cursum    hunc    otiosum   vltae    suae    salvum    esse 

io^velint.  Multo  vero  maxima  pars  eorum,  qui  in 
tabernls  sunt,  \  imrrio  '  vero  —  id  enim  potius  est  di- 
cenduml — genus  hoc  universum  amantissimum  est 
otl.  Etenim  omne  InstrumentunO  omnis  opera  atque 
quaestus    frequentia    civium    slistentatur,    alitur    6ti5 ; 

15  quorum  si  quaestus  /occlusis  tabernisl  minul  solet, 
quid  tandem  incensls  futurum  fuit  ?  .   ( 

IX.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  patres  conscript!,  vobls 
popul!  RomanI  praesidia  non  desunt*  vos  ne  populo 
Romano    aeCsse   videamin!,_proyidete<;     Habetis    con- 

20  sulem  ex  plurimis  periculls  et  Insidiis  atque  ex 
media  morte  non  ad  vitam  suam,  sed  ad  salutem 
vestram  reservatum.  Omnes  5rdines  ad  conservan- 
dam  rem  publicam  mente,  voluntate,  studi5,  virtute, 
v5ce    consentiunt.      Obsessa   facibus    et    tel!s    impiae 

25  coniurationis  vobls  supplex  manus  tendit  patria  com- 
munis, vob!s  se,  vob!s  v!tam  omnium  c!vium,  vob!s 
arcem  et  Capitolium,  vob!s  aras  "Penatium,  vob!s 
ilium  Ignem  Vestae  sempiternum,  vobls  omnium  de- 
5rum  templa  atque    delubra,  vob!s   muros   atque    urbis 

30  tecta  commendat.        .[A 

Praeterea  de  vestra  vita,  de  coniugum  vestrarum 
atque  l!ber5rum  anima,  de  fortunls  omnium,  de  se- 
dibus,  de  focis  vestris  hodierno'die  vob!s  iudicandum 
est.     Habetis    ducem    memorem    vestrl,    obhtum    sul, 

\^\ 


IN   CATILINAM    IV.   x.  113 

quae  n5n  semper  facultas  datur;  habetis  omnes  ordi- 
nes,  omnes    homines,   universum    populum    Romanum, 
fid   c[uod    in    clvlll    causa   hodierno   die   prlmum   vide- 
mus,  Junum  atque  idem   sentientem.     Cogitate,  quantls 
laborious    fundatum    imperium,    quanta   virtute    stabili-    5 
tarn    llbertatem,    quanta    de6rum    benlgnitate    auctas 
exaggeratasque    fortunes    una    nox  ^paene    delerit.     Id 
ne   umquam   posthac   non   modo    non    contel,    sed   ne         e 
cogitarl   quidem    possit    a   clvibus,    hodiern5   die   pro- 
videndum    est.       Atque    haecr.  non    ut   vos,    qui    mihi  10 
studi5  paene  praecurritis,  excitarem,  locutus  sum,   sed 
ut   mea  vox,  quae  debet  esse  in  re  publica  prmcepsi 
officio  functa  consularl  videretui£    rfe  c£<-J  tko^JlQ 

X.    Nunc,    ante   quam   ad    sententiam    redeo  de  me 
pauca   dlcam.     Ego,    quanta   manus  est  coniuratorum,  15 
quam    videtis   esse    permagnam,    tantam   me    inimlco- 
rum     multitudinem    suscepisse    video;    sed y  earn   esse 
iudicS    turpem    et    infirmam    et    abiectam.     Quod    si  -jQ-^Jk^** 
aliquandol  alicuius   furore    et   scelere   concitatafcTmanus 
ista   plus   valuerit   quam   vestra  ac  rel  publicae  dlgni-  20 
tas, !  me   tamen   meorum    factorum    atque    consiliorum 
numquam,  patres  conscript!,  paenitebit.     Etenim  mors, N    ' 
quam   ill!    fortasse    minitantur,   omnibus    est    parata ;  -< 
yltae   tantam   laudem.    quanta   vos  m,e  v^fetrls  decretls 
fj^honestastis,   nemo  est '  adsecutus. '    Ceteris    enim   bene  25 
gesta,    mihi   unl   conservata    re   pflblica    gratulationem 
decrevistis.  ^~~^* V^ 

Sit  Sclpio  clarus  ille,  cuius  consilio  atque  virtute 
Hannibal  in  Africam  redlre  atque  Italia  decedere 
coactus  est ;  ornetur  alter  exirri&'^laude  Africanus,  30 
qui  duas  urbes^iuic  imperio  In£es{issimas,~"~Kartha- 
ginem  Numantiamque,  jdelevit ;  haofetur  vir  egregius 
Paulus  ille,  J  cuius  -currum  rex  potentissimus  quondam 
et   nobilissimus    Perses    honestavit ;    sit   aeterna   gloria 


KJ   :0 


114  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

Marius,  qui  bis  Italiam  obsidione  et  metu  servitutis 
libera vit ;  anteponattrr  omnibus  Pompeius,  [cuius  res 
gestae  atque  virtutesxlsdem  qujbus  solis  cursus  re- 
gionibus  ac  terminls  continentur :  erit  profecto  inter 
5  horum  laudes  aliquid  loci  nostrae  gloriael  nisi  forte 
maius  est  patefacere  nobis  provincias,\  quo  exlre 
possimus,  i  quam  curare,  ut  etiam  illl,  qui  absunt, 
J*         habeant,  quo  victores  revertantur. 

Quamquam   esL  uno   loco   condici5   melior   externae 

10  victoriae    quam    domesticae,)  quod    hostes    alienigenae   (fr^H 

aut   oppr^§iJIls^3annfautfreceptI   in  amlcitiam)  bene- 

ficio    se^  obligat5s    putanfc;     qui    autem     ex    numero 

clvium,    dementia   aliqua   depravatl,  hostes    patriae    se- 

mel   esse   coeperuntJ^ps   cum  a  pernicie  rel  publicae 

15  reppuleris,  I  nee    vl    coercere    nee     beneficio     placare 

possls.     Qua   re   mihi   cum  perditls    clvibus    aeternum 

bellum    susceptum    esse   video.      Id   ego   vestro   bono- 

rumque    omnium    auxilio    memoriaque    tantorum    perl- 

culorum,  quae  non  modo  in  hoc  populo,  qui  servatus 

20  est,  sed  in  Omnium  gentium   sermonibus  ac  mentibus 

rdftAJ^     semper  haerebit,  a  me  atque  a  mels  facile    propulsarl 

posse/-  c6nfld5.     Neque  ulla  profecto  tanta  vis  reperie-' 

tur,    quae    coniunctionem   vestram    equitumque    Roma- 

norum    et    tantam    consplrationem    bonorum    omnium 

25  confringere  et  labefactare  possit. 

XI.    Quae  cum  ita  sint,   pro  imperio,   pro   exercitu, 

pro  provincia,  quam  neglexl,;  pr5  triumpho  ceterlsque 

laudis    Inslgnibus,     quae    sunt    a    me     propter    urbis 

,  vestraeque  salutis   custodiam   repudiata,   pro    clientells 

jjjjf^    /3°  hospitilsque    provirrcialibus,    quae    tamen    urbanls  ,.;opi- 

jtfji    bus    non    minore    labore    tueor    quam    comparS,  W° 

his    igitur    omnibus    rebus,\  pro    mels    in    vos    singu- 

laribus     studils  \  proque     hac.  ,fquam     perspicitis,     ad 

conservandam   rem    publicam  Vnligentia,  nihil   a   vobls 


IN   CATILINAM   IV.  XI.  115 

nisi    huius/ temporis   totlusque    mel   consulates   memo- 

riam    postulo;    quae    dum   erit   in   vestrls    fixa   menti-      S^oJt^ 

bus,     tutissimo    me    mur5     saeptum     esse     arbitrabor.  v~~ 

Quod  si  meam  spem  vis  improborum   fefellerit  atque 

superaverit,    commendo— vobls     parvum    meum    filium,    5. 

cui    profecto   satis    erit   praesidlj  n5n   solum    ad   salu- 

tem,    verum    etiam    ad    dignitatem,    sT   eius,  qui    haec 

omnia    suo    sollus    penculo    conservarit,    ilium    filium 

esse  memineritis. 

Quapropter  de  summa  salute  vestra  populique  10 
RomanI,  de  vestris  coniugibus  ac  liberls,  de  arls  ac 
focis,  de  fanls  atqu</  templls,  de  totius  urbis  tectls 
ac  sedibus,  de  imperio  Jac  libertate,  de  salute  Italiae, 
de  universa  re  publica  clecernite  diligenter,_  ut  Insti- 
tuistis,  ac  fortite/v  Habetis  eum  consulem,  qui  et  15 
parerd..  vestrls  decretls  non  dubitejt-et  ea,  quae  statu- 
eritis,  quoad  vlvet,  defendere^^L-pef  se  ipsum  prae- 
stare  possit. 


^  -# 


Carcer  —  Mamertine  Prison. 


A.  Upper  Dungeon. 

B.  Lower  Dungeon  —  Tullianum. 
a  a.   Lower  floor  of  present  church 

above. 


b.  Hole  through  which  the  condemned 

were  let  down  into  the  Tullianum. 

c.  Spring  of  clear  water. 
d  d.   Solid  rock. 


M.   TULLI    CICERONIS 
DE  IMPERIO  GNAEI  POMPEI  ORATIO 

AD   QUI  RITES. 


I.  Quamquam  mihi  semper  frequens  conspectus 
vester  multo  iucundissimus,  hie  autem  locus  ad 
agendum  amplissimus,  I  ad  dlcendum  ornatissimus  est 
vlsus,  Quirltes,  tamen  hoc  aditu  laudis,  qui  semper 
5  optimo  cuique  maxime  patuit,  non  mea  me  voluntas 
adhuc,  sed  vltae  meae  rationes  ab  ineunte  aetate 
susceptae  prohibuerunt.  Nam  cum  antea  per  aeta- 
tem  nondum  huius  auctoritatem  loci  attingere  aude- 
rem    statueremque    nihil    hue   nisi   perfectum   ingenio, 

10  elaboratum  industria  adferrl  oportere,  omne  meum 
tempus  amlc5rum  temporibus  transmittendum  putavi. 

Ita  neque  hie  locus  vacuus  umquam  fuit  ab  els, 
qui  vestram  causam  defenderent,  et  meus  labor,  in 
prlvatdrum    perlculls    caste    integreque    versatus,     ex 

15  vestro  iudici5  fructum  est  amplissimum  consecutus. 
Nam  cum  propter  dllationem  comitiorum  ter  praetor 
primus  centurils  cunctls  renuntiatus  sum,  facile  in- 
tellexl,  Quirltes,  et  quid  de  me  iudicaretis  et  quid 
alils  praescrlberetis. 

20  Nunc,  cum  et  auctoritatis  in  me  tantum  sit,  quan- 
tum vos  honoribus  mandandls  esse  voluistis,  et  ad 
agendum   facultatis   tantum,  quantum   homini  vigilant! 

116 


DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI    POMPEI   n.  117 

ex  forensl  usu  prope  cotldiana  dicendl  exercitatio 
potuit  adferre,  certe  et,  si  quid  auctoritatis  in  me 
est,  apud  eos  utar,  qui  earn  mihi  dederunt,  et,  si 
quid  in  dicendo  consequl  possum,  els  ostendam 
potissimum,  qui  el  quoque  rei  fructum  suo  iudicio  5 
tribuendum  esse  duxerunt.  Atque  illud  in  prlmis 
mihi  laetandum  iure  esse  video,  quod  in  hac  Inso- 
lita  mihi  ex  hoc  loco  ratione  dicendl  causa  talis 
oblata  est,  in  qua  oratio  deesse  neminl  possit.  Dl- 
cendum  est  enim  de  Cn.  Pompel  singularl  eximiaque  10 
virtute ;  huius  autem  orationis  difficilius  est  exitum 
quam  prlncipium  invenlre.  Ita  mihi  non  tam  copia 
quam  modus  in  dicendo  quaerendus  est. 

II.    Atque    ut    inde   oratio    mea   proficlscatur,    unde 
haec    omnis    causa    ducitur,    bellum    grave    et    perlcu-  15 
x6sum    vestrls    vectlgalibus    ac    socils    a    duobus    po- 
tentissimls    regibus    Infertur,    Mithridate    et    Tigrane, 
quorum     alter     rellctus,     alter    lacessltus     occasionem 
sibi   ad    occupandam    Asiam    oblatam    esse    arbitratur. 
Equitibus    Romanls,   honestissimls  virls,  adferuntur  ex  20 
Asia  cotldie   litterae,  quorum    magnae   res  aguntur  in 
vestrls  vectlgalibus    exercendls    occupatae ;  qui  ad  me 
pro    necessitudine,    quae    mihi    est    cum    illo    ordine, 
causam   rei   publicae    perlculaque    rerum    suarum    de- 
tulerunt :   Blthyniae,    quae   nunc   vestra   provincia   est,  25 
vlcos   exustos   esse   complures;    regnum    Ariobarzanis, 
quod    flnitimum    est   vestrls    vectlgalibus,    t5tum    esse 
in     hostium    potestate ;    L.    Lucullum     magnls    rebus 
gestls    ab    eo    bello    discedere ;    huic    qui    successerit, 
non  satis  esse  paratum  ad  tantum  bellum  administran-  3° 
dum ;    unum    ab    omnibus    socils     et    civibus    ad    id 
bellum    imperatorem    deposcl     atque    expetl,    eundem 
hunc  unum  ab  hostibus  metul,  praeterea  neminem. 

Causa   quae   sit,    videtis ;    nunc,    quid    agendum    sit, 


118  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

considerate.  Primum  mihi  videtur  de  genere  belli, 
deinde  de  magnitudine,  turn  de  imperatore  deligendo 
esse  djcendum. 

Genus  est  enim  belli  eius  modi,  quod  maxime 
5  vestros  animos  excitare  atque  Inflammare  ad  perse- 
quendl  studium  debeat;  in  quo  agitur  populi  Ro- 
man! gloria,  quae  vobls  a  maioribus  cum  magna  in 
omnibus  rebus,  turn  summa  in  re  militarl  tradita 
est;     agitur     salus    sociorum     atque     amlcorum,     pro 

10  qua  multa  maiores  vestrl  magna  et  gravia  bella 
gesserunt ;  aguntur  certissima  populi  Roman!  vectl- 
galia  et  maxima,  quibus  amissls  et  pads  ornamenta 
et  subsidia  bell!  requlretis;  aguntur  bona  multorum 
clvium,    quibus    est    a    vobls    et    ipsorum    et    re!    pu- 

15  blicae  causa  consulendum. 

III.  Et  quoniam  semper  appetentes  gloriae  praeter 
ceteras  gentes  atque  avid!  laudis  fuistis,  delenda 
est  vobls  ilia  macula  Mithridatico  bello  superiore 
concepta,    quae    penitus   iam   Insedit   ac    nimis    invete- 

20  ravit  in  populi  RomanI  nomine,  quod  is,  qui  uno 
die  tota  in  Asia,  tot  in  clvitatibus,  uno  nuntio 
atque  una  slgnificati5ne  litterarum  elves  R5manos 
necandos  trucidandosque  denotavit,  non  modo  adhuc 
poenam'  nullam  suo   dlgnam    scelere   suscepit,  sed  ab 

25  illo    tempore    annum    iam    tertium    et    vicesimum    re- 
gnat,    et   ita   regnat,    ut    se    non    PontI   neque    Cappa- 
dociae     latebris     occultare     velit,     sed     emergere     ex 
•  patrio    regno    atque    in    vestrls    vectlgalibus,    hoc    est, 
in  Asiae  luce,  versarl. 

30  Etenim  adhuc  ita  nostri  cum  illo  rege  contende- 
runt  imperatores,  ut  ab  illo  Insignia  victoriae,  non 
victoriam  reportarent.  Triumphavit  L.  Sulla,  tri- 
umphavit  L.  Murena  de  Mithridate,  duo  fortissiml 
virl   et   summl   imperatores,  sed   ita    triumpharunt,    ut 


DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI   POMPEI   v.  119 

ille  pulsus  superatusque  regnaret.  Verum  tamen 
illis  imperatoribus  laus  est  tribuenda,  quod  egerunt, 
venia  danda,  quod  rellquerunt,  propterea  quod  ab 
eo  bello  Sullam  in  Italiam  res  publica,  Murenam 
Sulla  revocavit.  5 

IV.  Mithridates  autem  omne  reliquum  tempus  non 
ad  obllvionem  veteris  bellf,  sed  ad  comparationem 
novl  contulit ;  qui  cum  maximas  aedificasset  ornas- 
setque  classes  exercitusque  permagnos,  quibuscumque 
ex  gentibus  potuisset,  comparasset  et  se  Bospo-  10 
ranis,  finitimls  suis,  bellum  Inferre  simularet,  usque 
in  Hispaniam  legatos  ac  litteras  mlsit  ad  eos  duces, 
quibuscum  turn  bellum  gerebamus,  ut,  cum  duo- 
bus  in  locis  disiunctissimis  maximeque  dlversis  uno 
consilio  a  binls  hostium  copils  bellum  terra  marique  15 
gereretur,  vos  ancipitl  contentione  distrlctl  de  imperi5 
dimicaretis. 

Sed   tamen    alterius    partis    perlculum,    Sertorianae 
atque    Hispaniensis,    quae    multo    plus    flrmamentl    ac 
roboris    habebat,  Cn.    Pompel    divlno    consilio    ac    sin-  2c 
gularl   virtute   depulsum    est;    in   altera   parte   ita   res 
a  L.  Luculld,  summo   viro,  est  administrata,  ut   initia 
ilia    rerum    gestarum     magna     atque     praeclara     non 
felicitatl   eius,  sed    virtutl,  haec   autem   extrema,   quae 
nuper  acciderunt,  non  culpae,  sed  fortunae   tribuenda  25 
esse    videantur.      Sed    de    Lucull5    dlcam    alio    loco, 
et    ita    dlcam,    Quirltes,  ut    neque    vera    laus    el    de- 
tracta  oratione  mea  neque  falsa  adflcta  esse  videatur; 
de   vestri   imperl    dignitate    atque    gloria,    quoniam    is 
est    exorsus    orationis    meae,   videte    quern    vobis    ani-  3c 
mum  suscipiendum  putetis. 

V.  Maiores  nostrl  saepe  mercatoribus  aut  navi- 
cularils  nostrls  iniiiriosius  tractatls  bella  gesserunt ; 
vos,  tot  mllibus  clvium  Romanorum   uno  niintio  atque 


120  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

uno  tempore  necatls,  quo  tandem  animo  esse  debe. 
tis  ?  LegatI  quod  erant  appellatl  superbius,  Corin- 
thum  patres  vestrl,  totius  Graeciae  lumen,  exstinctum 
esse    voluerunt ;    vos   eum   regem   inultum   esse    patie- 

5  mini,  qui  legatum  populi  Roman!  consularem  vinculls 
ac  verberibus  atque  omnl  supplicio  excruciatum 
necavit  ?  I  111  llbertatem  civium  Romanorum  immi- 
nutam  non  tulerunt :  vos  vltam  ereptam  neglegetis  ? 
Ius    legationis     verbo     violatum    illl    persecuti    sunt; 

10  vos  legatum  omnl  supplicio  interf  ectum  relinquetis  ? 
Videte,  ne,  ut  illls  pulcherrimum  fuit  tantam  vobis 
imperl  gloriam  tradere,  sic  vobis  turpissimum  sit  id, 
quod  accepistis,  tueri  et  conservare  non  posse. 

Quid  ?    quod    salus    sociorum    summum    in    perlcu- 

15  lum  ac  discrlmen  vocatur,  quo  tandem  animo  ferre 
debetis  ?  Regno  est  expulsus  Ariobarzanes  rex, 
socius  populi  RomanI  atque  amicus ;  imminent  duo 
reges  toti  Asiae  non  solum  vobis  inimlcissiml,  sed 
etiam    vestrls     socils    atque    amlcls;    clvitates    autem 

20  omnes  cuncta  Asia  atque  Graecia  vestrum  auxilium 
exspectare  propter  perlcull  magnitudinem  coguntur ; 
imperatorem  a  vobis  certum  deposcere,  cum  prae- 
sertim  vos  alium  miseritis,  neque  audent  neque  se 
id     facere    sine     summo    perlcul5    posse     arbitrantur. 

25  Vident  et  sentiunt  hoc  idem,  quod  vos,  unum  virum 
esse,  in  quo  summa  sint  omnia,  et  eum  propter 
esse,  quo  etiam  carent  aegrius;  cuius  adventu  ipso 
atque  nomine,  tametsl  ille  ad  maritimum  bellum 
venerit,    tamen    impetus   hostium   repressos  esse  intel- 

3°  legunt  ac  retardatos. 

Hi  vos,  quoniam  llbere  loqul  non  licet  tacite 
rogant,  ut  se  quoque,  slcut  ceterarum  provinciarum 
socios,  dlgnos  exlstimetis,  quorum  salutem  tall  viro 
commendetis,    atque    hoc    etiam    magis,    quod    ceteros 


DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI    POMPEI   VI.  121 

in  provinciam  eius  modi  homines  cum  imperio  mit- 
timus, ut,  etiam  si  ab  hoste  defendant,  tamen  ip- 
sorum  adventus  in  urbes  sociorum  non  multum 
ab  hostili  expugnatione  differant;  hunc  audiebant 
antea,  nunc  praesentem  vident  tanta  temperantia,  5 
tanta  mansuetudine,  tanta  humanitate,  ut  el  bea- 
tissiml  esse  videantur,  apud  quos  ille  diutissime 
commoratur. 

VI.    Qua    re,    si   propter    socios,    nulla    ipsi    iniuria 
lacessltl,  maiores  nostrl   cum  Antiocho,  cum   Philippo,  10 
cum    Aetolis,    cum    Poenis     bella     gesserunt,    quanto 
vos    studio   convenit,  iniurils    provocatos,   sociorum    sa- 
lutem    una    cum    imperl    vestrl     dlgnitate    defendere, 
praesertim   cum   de   maximis   vestrls  vectigalibus    aga- 
tur?      Nam    ceterarum    provinciarum    vectigalia,    Qui-  15 
rites,  tanta   sunt,  ut   els    ad   ipsas    provincias  tutandas 
vix    contentl    esse    posslmus ;    Asia   vero   tarn    oplma 
est    ac    fertilis,    ut   et   ubertate    agrorum   et   varietate 
fructuum     et     magnitudine    pastionis     et     multitudine 
earum  rerum,   quae  exportentur,   facile  omnibus  terns  20 
antecellat. 

Itaque  haec  vobls,  provincia,  Qujrltes,  si  et  belli 
utilitatem  et  pacis  dignitatem  retinere  vultis,  non 
modo  a  calamitate,  sed  etiam  a  metu  calamitatis 
est  defendenda.  Nam  in  ceteris  rebus  cum  venit  25 
calamitas,  turn  detrlmentum  accipitur;  at  in  vecti- 
galibus non  solum  adventus  mall,  sed  etiam  metus 
ipse  adfert  calamitatem.  Nam  cum  hostium  cdpiae 
non  longe  absunt,  etiam  si  inruptio  nulla  facta  est, 
tamen  pecuaria  relinquitur,  agrl  cultura  deseritur,  3c 
mercatorum  navigatio  conquiescit.  Ita  neque  ex 
portu  neque  ex  decumls  neque  ex  scrlptura  vectlgal 
conservarl  potest;  qua  re  saepe  totlus  annl  fructus 
iino  rumore  perlculi  atque  uno  belli  terrore  amittitur. 


122  M.    TULLI    CICERONIS 

Qu5  tandem  igitur  animo  esse  exlstimatis  aut  e5s, 
qui  vectlgalia  nobis  pensitant,  aut  eos,  qui  exercent 
atque  exigunt,  cum  duo  reges  cum  maximls  copiis 
propter  adsint?  cum  una  excursio  equitatus  perbrevi 
5  tempore  totius  annl  vectlgal  auferre  possit?  cum 
publican!  familias  maximas,  quas  in  saltibus  habent, 
quas  in  agris,  quas  in  portubus  atque  custodils, 
magn5  perlculo  se  habere  arbitrentur?  Putatisne 
vos   illls   rebus   frui   posse,  nisi   eos,  qui  vobls  fructul 

10  sunt,  conservaritis  non  solum,  ut  ante  dlxl,  calami- 
tate,  sed  etiam  calamitatis  f  ormidine  llberatos  ? 

VII.  Ac  ne  illud  quidem  vobls  neglegendum  est, 
quod  mihi  ego  extremum  proposueram,  cum  essem 
de    belli    genere    dicturus,    quod    ad    multorum    bona 

15  civium  Romanorum  pertinet ;  quorum  vobls  pr5 
vestra  sapientia,  Quirltes,  habenda  est  ratio  dlligen- 
ter.  Nam  et  publican!,  homines  honestissim!  atque 
ornatissimi,  suas  rationes  et  copias  in  illam  pro- 
vinciam    contulerunt,    quorum    ipsorum    per   se   res   et 

20  fortunae  vobls  ciirae  esse  debent.  Etenim,  si  vec- 
tlgalia nervos  esse  rei  publicae  semper  duximus, 
eum  certe  ordinsm,  qui  exercet  ilia,  flrmamentum 
ceterorum  ordinum  recte  esse  dlcemus.  Deinde  ex 
ceteris   ordinibus   homines    gnavl   atque   industril   par- 

25  tim  ipsl  in  Asia  negotiantur,  quibus  vos  absentibus 
consulere  debetis,  partim  eorum  in  ea  provincia 
pecunias  magnas  collocatas  habent. 

Est  igitur  humanitatis  vestrae  magnum  numerum 
eorum    civium    calamitate   prohibere,  sapientiae  videre 

30  mult5rum  civium  calamitatem  a  re  publica  seiunc- 
tam  esse  n5n  posse.  Etenim  prlmum  illud  parvi 
refert,  nos  publica  his  omissls  vectlgalia  postea  victo- 
ria recuperare ;  neque  enim  Isdem  redimendl  f  acultas 
erit  propter  calamitatem  neque  alils  voluntas  propter 


DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI   POMPEI   vm.  123 

timorem.  Deinde,  quod  nos  eadem  Asia  atque 
idem  iste  Mithridates  initio  belli  AsiaticI  docuit,  id 
quidem  certe  calamitate  doctl  memoria  retinere  de- 
bemus.  Nam  turn,  cum  in  Asia  res  magnas  per- 
multi  amiserant,  sclmus  Romae  soluti5ne  impedita  5 
fidem  concidisse.  Non  enim  possunt  una  in  clvitate 
multl  rem  ac  fortunas  amittere,  ut  non  plures  se- 
cum  in  eandem  trahant  calamitatem. 

A  quo  perlculo  prohibete  rem  publicam  et  mihi 
credite,  id  quod  ipsi  videtis,  haec  fides  atque  haec  10 
ratio  pecuniarum,  quae  Romae,  quae  in  foro  ver- 
satur,  implicata  est  cum  illls  pecunils  Asiaticis  et 
cohaeret;  ruere  ilia  non  possunt  ut  haec  non 
eodem  labefacta  motu  concidant.  Qua  re  videte, 
num  dubitandum  vobls  sit  omni  studio  ad  id  bel-  15 
lum  incumbere,  in  quo  gldria  nominis  vestrl,  salus 
soci5rum,  vectlgalia  maxima,  fortunae  plurimorum 
civium  coniunctae  cum  re  publica  defendantur. 

VIII.  Quoniam  de  genere  belli  dlxl,  nunc  de 
magnitudine  pauca  dicam.  Potest  enim  hoc  did,  20 
belli  genus  esse  ita  necessarium,  ut  sit  gerendum, 
non  esse  ita  magnum,  ut  sit  pertimescendum.  In 
quo  maxime  laborandum  est,  ne  forte  ea  vobls, 
quae  dlligentissime  providenda  sunt,  contemnenda 
esse  videantur.  25 

Atque  ut  omnes  intellegant  me  L.  Lucullo  tan- 
tum  impertlre  laudis,  quantum  fortl  viro  et  sapientl 
hominl  et  magno  imperatorl  debeatur,  dlco  eius 
adventu  maximas  MithridatI  copias  omnibus  rebus 
ornatas  atque  Instructas  fuisse,  urbemque  Asiae  cla-  3° 
rissimam  noblsque  amlcissimam,  Cyzicenorum,  ob- 
sessam  esse  ab  ipso  rege  maxima  multitudine  et 
oppugnatam  vehementissime ;  quam  L.  Lucullus  vir- 
tute,  adsiduitate,   consilio,   summls   obsidionis   perlculls 


124  M.    TULLI   CICERONIS 

llberavit;  ab  eodem  imperatore  classem  magnam  et 
ornatam,  quae  ducibus  Sertorianls  ad  Italiam  studio 
atque  odio  Inflammata  raperetur,  superatam  esse 
atque   depressam ;    magnas    hostium    praeterea   copias 

5  multls  proelils  esse  deletas  patefactumque  nostrls 
legionibus  esse  Pontum,  qui  antea  populo  Romano 
ex  omnl  aditu  clausus  fuisset;  Sinopen  atque  Ami- 
sum,  quibus  in  oppidls  erant  domicilia  regis,  omni- 
bus  rebus  ornatas  ac  refertas,   ceterasque  urbes  PontI 

10  et  Cappadociae  permultas  uno  aditu  adventuque 
esse  captas ;  regem  spoliatum  regno  patrio  atque 
avito  ad  alios  se  reges  atque  ad  alias  gentes  sup- 
plicem  contulisse ;  atque  haec  omnia  salvls  popull 
Roman!  sociis    atque   integrls  vectlgalibus   esse   gesta. 

15  Satis  oplnor  haec  esse  laudis,  atque  ita,  Quirltes, 
ut  h5c  vos  intellegatis,  a.  nullo  istorum,  qui  huic 
obtrectant  legl  atque  causae,  L.  Lucullum  similiter 
ex  hoc  loco  esse  laudatum. 

IX.    Requlretur    fortasse    nunc,    quern    ad    modum, 

20  cum  haec  ita  sint,  reliquum  possit  magnum  esse 
bellum.  CognSscite,  Quirltes;  non  enim  hoc  sine 
causa  quaerl  videtur. 

Prlmum    ex    suo     regno    sic    Mithridates    profugit, 
ut   ex   eodem    Ponto    Medea   ilia   quondam   profugisse 

25  dlcitur,  fluam  praedicant  in  f uga  f ratris  sul  membra 
in  els  locls,  qua  se  parens  persequeretur,  dissipa- 
visse,  ut  eorum  collectio  dispersa  maerorque  patrius 
celeritatem  persequendl  retardaret.  Sic  Mithridates 
fugiens    maximam    vim    aurl    atque    argentl    pulcher- 

30  rimarumque  rerum  omnium,  quas  et  a  maioribus 
acceperat  et  ipse  bello  superiore  ex  tota  Asia  dl- 
reptas  in  suum  regnum  congesserat,  in  Ponto  omnem 
rellquit.  Haec  dum  nostrl  colligunt  omnia  dlligen- 
tius,    rex     ipse     e     manibus     effugit.       Ita     ilium    in 

35  persequendl  studio  maeror,  hos  laetitia  tardavit. 


DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI   POMPEI   ix.  125 

Hunc  in  illo  timore  et  fuga  Tigranes,  rex  Arme- 
nius,  excepit  diffldentemque  rebus  suls  conflrmavit 
et  adfllctum  erexit  perditumque  recreavit.  Cuius  in 
regnum  postea  quam  L.  Liicullus  cum  exercitu  venit, 
plures  etiam  gentes  contra  imperatorem  nostrum  5 
concitatae  sunt.  Erat  enim  metus  iniectus  els  na- 
tionibus,  quas  numquam  populus  Romanus  neque 
lacessendas  bello  neque  temptandas  putavit;  erat 
etiam  alia  gravis  atque  vehemens  opinio,  quae  ani- 
mos  gentium  barbararum  pervaserat,  fan!  locupletis-  10 
simi  et  religiosissiml  diripiendl  causa  in  eas  oras 
nostrum  esse  exercitum  adductum.  Ita  nationes 
multae  atque  magnae  novo  quodam  terrore  ac  metu 
concitabantur. 

Noster   autem    exercitus,    tametsl    urbem    ex   Tigra-  15 
nis    regno    ceperat    et    proelils     usus    erat    secundls, 
tamen    nimia    longinquitate    locorum   ac    deslderio   su- 
orum    commovebatur.       Hie    iam    plura    non    dicam ; 
fuit    enim    illud    extremum,    ut    ex    els    locls   a   mlli- 
tibus   nostris   reditus   magis    maturus    quam    processio  20 
longior     quaereretur.       Mithridates     autem     et    suam 
manum  iam   c5nflrmarat,    et   magnis   adventiciis   auxi- 
liis   multorum    regum    et   nationum    iuvabatur.      Nam 
hoc    fere    sic    fieri    solere    accepimus,    ut    regum   ad- 
flictae    fortunae    facile    multorum    opes    adliciant   ad  25 
misericordiam,  maximeque   eorum,  qui  aut  reges  sunt 
aut   vlvunt   in    regn5,    ut   els   nomen   regale    magnum 
et    sanctum     esse    videatur.       Itaque     tantum    victus 
emcere     potuit,     quantum     incolumis     numquam     est 
ausus     optare.       Nam,     cum     se     in     regnum     suum  30 
recepisset,    non    fuit    eo    contentus,    quod    el    praeter 
spem    acciderat,    ut   illam,    postea   quam    pulsus    erat, 
terram   umquam  attingeret,  sed  in  exercitum   nostrum 
clarum  atque  victorem  impetum  fecit. 


126  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

Sinite  hoc  loco,  Quirltes,  sicut  poetae  solent,  qui 
res  Romanas  scrlbunt,  praeterire  me  nostram  cala- 
mitatem,  quae  tanta  fuit,  ut  earn  ad  aures  impe- 
ratoris  non  ex  proelio  nuntius,  sed  ex  sermone 
5  rumor  adferret.  Hie  in  illo  ipso  malo  gravissimaque 
belli  offensione  L.  Lucullus,  qui  tamen  aliqua  ex 
parte  els  incommodis  mederl  fortasse  potuisset,  ve- 
stro  iussu  coactus,  qui  imperl  diuturnitatl  modum 
statuendum    vetere    exemplo    putavistis,    partem    mlli- 

10  turn,  qui  iam  stlpendils  confectl  erant,  dlmlsit,  par- 
tem M'.  GlabrionI  tradidit. 

Multa  praetereo  consulto ;  sed  ea  vos  coniectura 
perspicite,  quantum  illud  bellum  factum  putetis, 
quod    coniungant     reges    potentissiml,    renovent    agi- 

15  tatae  nationes,  suscipiant  integrae  gentes,  novus 
imperator  noster  accipiat  vetere  exercitu   pulso. 

X.  Satis  mihi  multa  verba  fecisse  videor,  qua  re 
esset  hoc  bellum  genere  ipso  necessarium,  magni- 
tudine    perlcul5sum ;    restat,    ut   de   imperatore   ad   id 

20  bellum  deligendo  ac  tantls  rebus  praeficiendo  dlcen- 
dum  esse  videatur.  Utinam,  Quirltes,  virorum  for- 
tium  atque  innocentium  copiam  tantam  haberetis,  ut 
haec  vobls  dellberatio  difficilis  esset,  quemnam  po- 
tissimum    tantls    rebus    ac   tanto    bello    praeficiendum 

25  putaretis !  Nunc  vero  cum  sit  unus  Cn.  Pompeius, 
qui  non  modo  eorum  hominum,  qui  nunc  sunt, 
gloriam,  sed  etiam  antlquitatis  memoriam  virtute 
superarit,  quae  res  est,  quae  cuiusquam  animum  in 
hac     causa    dubium    facere    possit  ?      Ego    enim    sic 

30  exlstimo,  in  summo  imperatore  quattuor  has  res 
inesse  oportere,  scientiam  rel  mllitaris,  virtutem,  auc- 
toritatem,  felicitatem. 

Quis  igitur  hoc  homine  scientior  umquam  aut  fuit 
aut  esse  debuit  ?  qui  e  ludo  atque  pueritiae  discipllnls, 


"'''*■;■■■« 


Gnaeus  Pompeius  Magnus. 


DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI   POMPEI   xi.  127 

bello  maximo  atque  acerrimis  hostibus,  ad  patris  ex- 
ercitum  atque  in  mllitiae  discipllnam  profectus  est; 
qui  extrema  pueritia  miles  in  exercitu  fuit  summl 
imperatoris,  ineunte  adulescentia  maximl  ipse  exerci- 
tus  imperator ;  qui  saepius  cum  hoste  confllxit,  5 
quam  quisquam  cum  inimico  concertavit,  plura  bella 
gessit  quam  ceterl  legerunt,  plures  provincias  confe- 
cit  quam  alii  concuplverunt ;  cuius  adulescentia  ad 
scientiam  rel  mllitaris  non  alienls  praeceptls,  sed  suls 
imperils,  non  offensionibus  belli,  sed  victorils,  non  10 
stlpendils,  sed  triumphls  est  erudlta. 

Quod  denique  genus  esse  belli  potest,  in  quo  ilium 
non  exercuerit  fortuna  rel  publicae  ?  Civile,  Africa- 
num,  Transalplnum,  Hispaniense,  servile,  navale  bel- 
lum,  varia  et  dlversa  genera  et  bellorum  et  hostium,  15 
non  solum  gesta  ab  hoc  uno,  sed  etiam  confecta, 
nullam  rem  esse  declarant  in  usu  positam  mllitarl, 
quae  huius  virl  scientiam  fugere  possit. 

XI.  lam  vero  virtutl  Cn.  Pompel  quae  potest  ora- 
tio  par  invenlrl  ?  Quid  est,  quod  quisquam  aut  illo  20 
dignum  aut  vobls  novum  aut  cuiquam  inaudltum 
possit  adferre?  Neque  enim  illae  sunt  solae  virtutes 
imperatoriae,  quae  vulg5  exlstimantur,  labor  in  ne- 
gotils,  fortitudo  in  perlculls,  industria  in  agendo, 
celeritas  in  conficiendo,  consilium  in  providendo;  25 
quae  tanta  sunt  in  hoc  uno,  quanta  in  omnibus  re- 
liquls  imperatoribus,  quos  aut  vidimus  aut  audlvimus, 
non  fuerunt. 

Testis  est  Italia,  quam  ilfe  ipse  victor  L.  Sulla 
huius  virtute  et  subsidio  confessus  est  llberatam ;  30 
testis  est  Sicilia,  quam  multls  undique  clnctam  perl- 
culls  non  terrore  belli,  sed  consill  celeritate  expli- 
cavit ;  testis  est  Africa,  quae  magnls  oppressa  hos- 
tium   copils     eorum     ipsorum     sanguine     redundavit; 


128  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

testis  est  Gallia,  per  quam  legionibus  nostrls  iter  in 
Hispaniam  Gallorum  internecione  patefactum  est; 
testis  est  Hispania,  quae  saepissime  plurimos  hostes 
ab  hoc  superatos  prostratosque  conspexit;  testis  est 
5  iterum  et  saepius  Italia,  quae  cum  servlll  bello 
taetro  perlculosoque  premeretur,  ab  hoc  auxilium 
absente  expetlvit,  quod  bellum  exspectatione  eius 
attenuatum  atque  imminutum  est,  adventu  sublatum 
ac  sepultum ;    testes  nunc  vero  iam  omnes  sunt  orae 

10  atque  omnes  exterae  gentes  ac  nationes,  denique 
maria  omnia  cum  universa,  turn  in  singulis  oris 
omnes  sinus  atque  portus. 

Quis    enim   toto   marl  locus  per  hos  annos  aut  tarn 
flrmum    habuit    praesidium,    ut    tutus   esset,    aut    tam 

[5  fuit  abditus,  ut  lateret  ?  Quis  navigavit,  qui  non  se 
aut  mortis  aut  servitutis  perlculo  committeret,  cum 
aut  hieme  aut  refertd  praedonum  marl  navigaret  ? 
Hoc  tantum  bellum,  tam  turpe,  tam  vetus,  tam  late 
dlvlsum    atque    dispersum   quis   umquam    arbitraretur 

20  aut  ab  omnibus  imperatoribus  uno  ann5  aut  omni- 
bus annls  ab  uno  imperatore  conficl  posse  ?  Quam 
pr5vinciam  tenuistis  a  praedonibus  llberam  per  hosce 
annos  ?  Quod  vectlgal  vobls  tutum  fuit  ?  Quern 
socium    def  endistis  ?      Cui    praesidio   classibus   vestrls 

25  fuistis  ?  Quam  multas  exlstimatis  Insulas  esse  deser- 
tas,  quam  multas  aut  metu  rellctas  aut  a  praedoni- 
bus   captas  urbes  esse  soci5rum  ? 

XII.    Sed  quid   ego   longinqua   commemoro?      Fuit 
hoc    quondam,    fuit    proprium    popull    RomanI,    longe 

30  a  domo  bellare  et  propugnaculls  imperl  sociorum 
fortunas,  non  sua  tecta  defendere.  Sociis  ego  no- 
strls mare  per  hos  annos  clausum  fuisse  dlcam,  cum 
exercitus  vestrl  numquam  a  Brundisio  nisi  hieme 
summa  transmlserint  ?     Qui  ad  vos  ab  exterls  nationi- 


DE   1MPERIO   GNAEI   POMPEI   xn.  129 

bus  venlrent,  captos  querar,  cum  legatl  popull  Ro- 
manl  redempti  sint  ?  Mercatoribus  tutum  mare  non 
fuisse  dlcam,  cum  duodecim  secures  in  praedonum 
potestatem  pervenerint  ?  Cnidum  aut  Colophonem 
aut  Samum,  nobilissimas  urbes,  innumerabilesque  5 
alias  captas  esse  commemorem,  cum  vestros  portus 
atque  eos  portus,  quibus  vitam  ac  spiritum  ducitis, 
in  praedonum  fuisse  potestate  sciatis  ? 

An    vero    ignoratis    portum    Caietae    celeberrimum 
ac  plenissimum   navium   Inspectante   praetore  a  prae-  10 
donibus  esse   dlreptum,  ex  Miseno  autem    eius   ipsTus 
llberos,    qui   cum   praedonibus   antea    ibi    bellum   ges- 
serat,    a   praedonibus    esse   sublatos  ?     Nam   quid   ego 
Ostiense     incommodum     atque     illam     labem     atque 
ignominiam   re!   publicae    querar,    cum    prope   Inspec-  15 
tantibus   vobls    classis   ea,    cui   consul   popull   Roman! 
praepositus    esset,    a    praedonibus    capta    atque    op- 
pressa    est  ?      Pro    dl    immortales !     tantamne    unlus 
hominis   incredibilis   ac   divlna   virtus   tarn   brevl  tem- 
pore  lucem    adferre   rei   publicae    potuit,    ut   vos,    qui  20 
modo   ante   ostium   Tiberinum    classem    hostium  vide- 
batis,    el   nunc   nullam   intra    OceanI    ostium    praedo- 
num navem  esse  audiatis  ? 

Atque  haec  qua  celeritate  gesta  sint,  quamquam 
videtis,  tamen  a  me  in  dlcend5  praetereunda  non  25 
sunt.  Quis  enim  umquam  aut  obeundi  negoti  aut 
c5nsequendl  quaestus  studio  tarn  brevl  tempore  tot 
loca  adire,  tantos  cursus  conficere  potuit,  quam 
celeriter  Cn.  Pompei5  duce  tanti  belli  impetus  navi- 
gavit  ?  Qui  nondum  tempestivo  ad  navigandum  3a 
marl  Siciliam  adiit,  Africam  exploravit,  in  Sardiniam 
cum  classe  venit  atque  haec  tria  frumentaria  sub- 
sidia  rei  publicae  firmissimls  praesidiis  classibusque 
munlvit. 


130  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

Inde  cum  se  in  Italiam  recepisset,  duabus  Hi 
spanils  et  Gallia  Transalpine  praesidils  ac  navibus 
conflrmata,  missis  item  in  oram  IllyricI  maris  et 
in    Achaiam     omnemque     Graeciam    navibus     Italiae 

5  duo  maria  maximls  classibus  flrmissimlsque  praesidils 
adornavit,  ipse  autem,  ut  Brundisio  profectus  est, 
undequlnquagesim5  die  totam  ad  imperium  popull 
RomanI  Ciliciam  adiunxit;  omnes,  qui  ublque  prae- 
dones   fuerunt,    partim   captl    interfectlque    sunt,    par- 

10  tim  uniiis  huius  se  imperio  ac  potestatl  dediderunt. 
Idem  Cretensibus,  cum  ad  eum  usque  in  Pamphyliam 
legatos  deprecatoresque  mlsissent,  spem  deditionis 
non  ademit  obsidesque  impe.ravit.  Ita  tantum  bel- 
lum,    tarn    diuturnum,    tarn    longe    lateque   dispersum, 

15  quo  bello  omnes  gentes  ac  nationes  premebantur, 
Cn.  Pompeius  extrema.  hieme  apparavit,  ineunte  vere 
suscepit,  media  aestate  confecit. 

XIII.  Est  haec  dlvlna  atque  incredibilis  virtus 
imperatoris.       Quid    ceterae,    quas    paulo    ante    com- 

20  memorare  coeperam,  quantae  atque  quam  multae 
sunt!  Non  enim  bellandl  virtus  solum  in  summo 
ac  perfecto  imperatore  quaerenda  est,  sed  multae 
sunt  artes  eximiae  huius  administrae  comitesque  vir- 
tutis.      Ac    prlmum    quanta    innocentia    debent    esse 

25  impera.t5res,  quanta  deinde  in  omnibus  rebus  tem- 
perantia,  quanta  fide,  quanta  facilitate,  quanto  in- 
genio,  quanta  humanitate  !  Quae  breviter  qualia 
sint  in  Cn.  Pompei5  conslderemus.  Summa  enim 
omnia   sunt,    Quirltes,    sed   ea   magis  ex  aliorum  con- 

30  tentione  quam  ipsa  per  sese  cognoscl  atque  intellegl 
possunt. 

Quern  enim  imperat5rem  possumus  ullo  in  numero 
putare,  cuius  in  exercitu  centuriatus  veneant  atque 
venierint  ?      Quid    hunc    hominem   magnum    aut   am- 


DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI   POMPEI   xiv.  131 

plum  de  re  publica  cogitare,  qui  pecuniam  ex 
aerario  depromptam  ad  bellum  administrandum  aut 
propter  cupiditatem  provinciae  magistratibus  dlvlserit 
aut  propter  avaritiam  Romae  in  quaestu  reliquerit  ? 
Vestra  admurmuratio  facit,  Quirltes,  ut  agnoscere  5 
videaminl,  qui  haec  fecerint  ;  ego  autem  nomino 
neminem  ;  qua  re  TrascI  mihi  nemo  poterit,  nisi 
qui  ante  de  se  voluerit  confiteri. 

Itaque  propter  hanc  avaritiam  imperatorum  quan- 
tas  calamitates,  quocumque  ventum  sit,  nostrl  exer-  10 
citus  ferant,  quis  ignorat?  Itinera,  quae  per  h5sce 
annos  in  Italia  per  agros  atque  oppida  clvium  Ro- 
manorum  nostrl  imperatores  fecerint,  recordamini  ; 
turn  facilius  statuetis,  quid  apud  exteras  nationes 
fieri  exlstimetis.  Utrum  plures  arbitraminl  per  hosce  15 
annos  mllitum  vestrorum  armis  hostium  urbes  an 
hlbernls  sociorum  clvitates  esse  deletas  ? 

Neque  enim  potest  exercitum  is  continere  impe- 
rator,  qui  se  ipse  non  continet,  neque  severus  esse 
in  iudicando,  qui  alios  in  se  severos  esse  iudices  20 
non  vult.  Hie  mlramur  hunc  hominem  tantum  ex- 
cellere  ceteris,  cuius  legiones  sic  in  Asiam  pervene- 
rint,  ut  non  modo  manus  tantl  exercitus,  sed  ne 
vestigium  quidem  cuiquam  pacat5  nocuisse  dlcatur  ? 
lam  vero  quern  ad  modum  mllites  hlbernent,  cotldie  25 
serm5nes  ac  litterae  perferuntur  ;  non  modo  ut 
sumptum  faciat  in  mllitem,  neminl  vis  adfertur,  sed 
ne  cupientl  quidem  cuiquam  permittitur.  Hiemis 
enim,  non  avaritiae  perfugium  maiores  nostrl  in  so- 
ciorum atque  amlcorum  tectls  esse  voluerunt.  30 

XIV.  Age  vero,  ceteris  in  rebus  qua  sit  tempe- 
rantia,  considerate.  Unde  illam  tantam  celeritatem 
et  tarn  incredibilem  cursum  inventum  putatis  ?  Non 
enim     ilium     eximia    vis    remigum    aut    ars    inaudlta 


132  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

qua'edam  gubernandl  aut  ventl  aliqul  novl  tarn  cele- 
riter  in  ultimas  terras  pertulerunt,  sed  eae  res,  quae 
ceteros  remorarl  solent,  non  retardarunt  ;  non  ava- 
ritia  ab  instituto  cursu  ad  praedam  aliquam  devocavit, 
5  non  libido  ad  voluptatem,  non  amoenitas  ad  delec- 
tationem,  non  nobilitas  urbis  ad  cogniti5nem,  n5n 
denique  labor  ipse  ad  quietem ;  postremo  signa  et 
tabulas  ceteraque  ornamenta  Graecorum  oppidorum, 
quae    ceterl  -  tollenda    arbitrantur,    ea   sibi   rile   ne  vl- 

10  senda  quidem  exlstimavit. 

Itaque  omnes  nunc  in  els  locls  Cn.  Pompeium 
slcut  aliquem  non  ex  hac  urbe  missum,  sed  de  caelo 
delapsum  intuentur ;  nunc  denique  incipiunt  credere, 
fuisse   homines    Romanos    hac    quondam    continentia, 

15  quod  iam  nationibus  exterls  incredibile  ac  falso 
memoriae  proditum  videbatur ;  nunc  imperl  vestrl 
splendor  illfs  gentibus  lucem  adferre  coepit;  nunc 
intellegunt  ndn  sine  causa  maiores  su5s  turn,  cum 
ea  temperantia  magistratus  habebamus,  servlre  populo 

20  Romano  quam  imperare  alils  maluisse.  Iam  ver5 
ita  faciles  aditus  ad  eum  privatorum,  ita  llberae 
querimoniae  de  aliorum  iniuriis  esse  dicuntur,  ut  is, 
qui  dlgnitate  prlncipibus  excellit,  facilitate  Infimls  par 
esse  videatur. 

25  Iam  quantum  consilio,  quantum  dlcendl  gravitate 
et  copia  valeat,  in  qu5  ipso  inest  quaedam  dlgnitas 
imperatoria,  v5s,  Quirltes,  hoc  ipso  ex  loco  saepe 
cogn5vistis.  Fidem  vero  eius  quantam  inter  socios 
exlstimarl    putatis,    quam    hostes    omnes   omnium   ge- 

30  nerum  sanctissimam  iudicarint  ?  Humanitate  iam 
tanta  est,  ut  difficile  dictu  sit,  utrum  hostes  magis 
virtutem  eius  pugnantes  timuerint  an  mansuetudinem 
victl  dllexerint.  Et  quisquam  dubitabit,  quln  huic 
hoc  tantum  bellum  transmittendum  sit,   qui  ad  omnia 


DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI   POMPEI   xv.  133 

nostrae    memoriae    bella   conficienda    dlvlno    quodam 
consilio  natus  esse  videatur? 

XV.  Et  quoniam  auctoritas  quoque  in  bellls  ad- 
ministrandls  multum  atque  in  imperio  militarl  valet, 
certe  neminl  dubium  est,  quin  ea  re  Idem  ille  5 
imperator  plurimum  possit.  Vehementer  autem  per- 
tinere  ad  bella  administranda,  quid  hostes,  quid  socil 
de  imperatoribus  nostris  exlstiment,  quis  ignorat, 
cum  sciamus  homines,  in  tantls  rebus  ut  aut  con- 
temnant  aut  metuant  aut  oderint  aut  ament,  oplni-  10 
5ne  non  minus  et  fama  quam  aliqua  ratione  certa 
commoverl  ? 

Quod  igitur  nomen  umquam  in  orbe  terrarum  cla- 
rius  fuit  ?  cuius  res  gestae  pares  ?  De  quo  homine 
vos,  id  quod  maxime  facit  auctoritatem,  tanta  et  15 
tarn  praeclara  indicia  f  ecistis  ?  An  vero  ullam  us- 
quam  esse  oram  tarn  desertam  putatis,  quo  non  illlus 
diel  fama  pervaserit,  cum  universus  populus  Ro- 
manus  referto  foro  completisque  omnibus  templls, 
ex  quibus  hie  locus  conspici  potest,  unum  sibi  ad  20 
commune  omnium  gentium  bellum  Cn.  Pompeium 
imperatorem  depoposcit  ? 

Itaque,  ut  plura  non  dicam  neque  aliorum  exem- 
plls  conflrmem,  quantum  auctoritas  valeat  in  bello, 
ab  eodem  Cn.  Pompeio  omnium  rerum  egregiarum  25 
exempla  sumantur ;  qui  quo  die  a  vobis  maritimo 
bello  praepositus  est  imperator,  tanta  repente  vilitas 
annonae  ex  summa  inopia  et  caritate  rei  frumentariae 
consecuta  est  unius  hominis  spe  ac  nomine,  quantam 
vix  ex  summa  ubertate  agrorum  diuturna  pax  effi-  30 
cere  potuisset. 

lam  accepta  in  Ponto  calamitate  ex  eo  proelio, 
de  quo  vos  paulo  ante  invitus  admonui,  cum  socil 
pertimuissent,  hostium  opes  animique  crevissent,   satis 


134  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

.  firmum  praesidium  provincia  non  haberet,  amlsissetis 
Asiam,  Quintes,  nisi  ad  ipsum  discrlmen  eius  tem- 
poris  dlvlnitus  Cn.  Pompeium  ad  eas  regi5nes  for- 
tuna  popull  Roman!  attulisset.  Huius  adventus  et 
5  Mithridatem  Insolita  Inflammatum  victoria  continuit 
et  Tigranem  magnis  copiis  minitantem  Asiae  retar- 
davit.  Et  quisquam  dubitabit,  quid  virtute  perfec- 
turus  sit,  qui  tantum  auctoritate  perf ecerit  ?  aut 
quam    facile    imperio    atque    exercitu    socios   et   vectl- 

10  galia  conservaturus  sit,  qui  ipso  nomine  ac  rumore 
defenderit  ? 

XVI.  Age  vero  ilia  res  quantam  declarat  eiusdem 
hominis  apud  hostes  popull  Roman!  auctoritatem, 
quod    ex    locls    tarn    longinquis    tamque    d!vers!s    tarn 

15  brev!  tempore  omnes  huic  se  un!  dediderunt !  quod 
Cretensium  legatl,  cum  in  eorum  msula  noster  im- 
perator  exercitusque  esset,  ad  Cn.  Pompeium  in 
ultimas  prope  terras  venerunt  elque  se  omnes  Cre- 
tensium    clvitates     dedere     velle     dlxerunt !       Quid  ? 

20  Idem  iste  Mithridates  nonne  ad  eundem  Cn.  Pom- 
peium legatum  usque  in  Hispaniam  misit  ?  eum, 
quern  Pompeius  legatum  semper  iudicavit,  el,  qui- 
bus  erat  molestum  ad  eum  potissimum  esse  mis- 
sum,     speculatorem     quam     legatum     iudicarl    malue- 

25  runt.  Potestis  igitur  iam  constituere,  Quirltes,  hanc 
auctoritatem,  multls  postea  rebus  gestls  magnlsque 
vestrls  iudicils  amplificatam,  quantum  apud  illos 
reges,  quantum  apud  exteras  nationes  valituram  esse 
exlstimetis. 

30  Reliquum  est,  ut  de  felicitate,  quam  praestare  de 
se  ipso  nemo  potest,  meminisse  et  c^mmemorare  de 
altero  possumus,  slcut  aequum  est  homines  de  pote- 
state  deorum,  timide  et  pauca  dicamus.  Ego  enim 
sic    existimo,    Maximo,    Marcello,     Sclpioni,    Mario    et 


DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI   POMPEI   xvn.  135 

ceteris  magnls  imperatoribus  non  solum  propter  vir- 
tutem,  sed  etiam  propter  fortunam  saepius  imperia 
mandata  atque  exercitus  esse  commiss5s.  Fuit  enim 
profecto  quibusdam  summis  viris  quaedam  ad  am- 
plitudinem  et  ad  gloriam  et  ad  res  magnas  bene  5 
gerendas  dlvlnitus  adiuncta  fortuna.  De  hiiius  au- 
tem  hominis  felicitate,  de  quo  nunc  agimus,  hac 
iitar  moderati5ne  dlcendl,  non  ut  in  illlus  potestate 
fortunam  positam  esse  dlcam,  sed  ut  praeterita  me- 
minisse,  reliqua  sperare  videamur,  ne  aut  invisa  10 
dls  immortalibus  oratio  nostra  aut  ingrata  esse 
videatur. 

Itaque  n5n  sum  praedicaturus,  quantas  ille  res 
doml  militiae,  terra  marlque,  quantaque  felicitate 
gesserit;  ut  eius  semper  voluntatibus  non  modo  15 
elves  adsenserint,  socil  obtemperarint,  hostes  oboe- 
dierint,  sed  etiam  ventl  tempestatesque  obsecunda- 
rint :  hoc  brevissime  dlcam,  neminem  umquam  tarn 
impudentem  fuisse,  qui  ab  dls  immortalibus  tot  et 
tantas  res  tacitus  auderet  optare,  quot  et  quantas  di  20 
immortales  ad  Cn.  Pompeium  detulerunt  Quod  ut 
ill!  proprium  ac  p'erpetuum  sit,  Quirltes,  cum  com- 
munis salutis  atque  imperl,  turn  ipslus  hominis  causa, 
slcutl  facitis,  velle  et  optare  debetis. 

Qua  re  cum  et  bellum  sit  ita  necessarium,  ut  25 
neglegl  n5n  possit,  ita  magnum,  ut  accuratissime 
sit  administrandum,  et  cum  el  imperatorem  praeflcere 
possltis,  in  quo  sit  eximia  belli  scientia,  singularis 
virtus,  clarissima  auctoritas,  egregia  fortuna,  dubita- 
tis,  Quirltes,  quln  hoc  tantum  bonl,  quod  vobls  30 
ab  dls  immortalibus  oblatum  et  datum  est,  in 
rem  publicam  conservandam  atque  amplificandam 
conf  eratis  ? 

XVII.    Quod     si     Romae    Cn.    Pompeius    privatus 


136  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

esset  hoc  tempore,  tamen  ad  tantum  bellum  is  erat 
deligendus  atque  mittendus ;  nunc,  cum  ad  ceteras 
summas  utilitates  haec  quoque  opportunitas  adiun- 
gatur,  ut  in  els  ipsls  locls  adsit,  ut  habeat  exerci- 
5  turn,  ut  ab  els,  qui  habent,  accipere  statim  possit, 
quid  exspectamus?  aut  cur  n5n  ducibus  dls  immor- 
talibus  eidem,  cui  cetera  summa  cum  salute  rel 
publicae  commissa  sunt,  hoc  quoque  bellum  regium 
committamus  ? 

10  At  enim  vir  clarissimus,  amantissimus  rel  publicae, 
vestris  beneficiTs  amplissimls  adfectus,  Q.  Catulus, 
itemque  summls  ornamentis  honoris,  fortunae,  virtu- 
tis,  ingeni  praeditus,  Q.  Hortensius,  ab  hac  ratione 
dissentiunt.       Quorum     ego     auctoritatem     apud    vos 

15  multls  locls  plurimum  valuisse  et  valere  oportere 
confiteor;  sed  in  hac  causa,  tametsi  cognoscetis 
auctoritates  contrarias  virorum  fortissim5rum  et  cla- 
rissimorum,  tamen  omissis  auctoritatibus  ipsa  re  ac 
ratione     exquirere     possumus    veritatem,     atque     hoc 

20  facilius,  quod  ea  omnia,  quae  a  me  adhuc  dicta  sunt, 
eidem  istl  vera  esse  concedunt,  et  necessarium  bel- 
lum esse  et  magnum  et  in  uno  Cn.  Pompeio  summa 
esse  omnia. 

Quid    igitur    ait    Hortensius  ?      Si    unl    omnia    tri- 

25  buenda  sint,  dlgnissimum  esse  Pompeium,  sed  ad 
unum  tamen  omnia  deferrl  non  oportere.  Obsolevit 
iam  ista  oratio,  re  multo  magis  quam  verbis  refutata. 
Nam  tu  Idem,  Q.  HortensT,  multa  pro  tua  summa 
copia   ac   singularl  facultate  dicendi  et  in  senatu  con- 

30  tra  virum  fortem,  A.  Gablnium,  graviter  ornateque 
dixisti,  cum  is  de  uno  imperatore  contra  praedones 
constituendo    legem    promulgasset,    et    ex    hoc    ipso 

-  loco  permulta  item  contra  earn  legem  verba  fecistl. 
Quid  ?    turn,    per     deos     immortales !    si    plus     apud 


DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI   POMPEI   xvm.  137 

populum  Romanum  auctoritas  tua  quam  ipslus  po- 
pull  R5manl  salus  et  vera  causa  valuisset,  hodie 
hanc  gloriam  atque  hoc  orbis  terrae  imperium  tene- 
remus  ?  An  tibi  turn  imperium  hoc  esse  videbatur, 
cum  popull  RomanI  legatl,  quaestores  praetoresque  S 
capiebantur,  cum  ex  omnibus  provincils  commeatu 
et  privato  et  publico  prohibebamur,  cum  ita  clausa 
nobis  erant  maria  omnia,  ut  neque  prlvatam  rem 
transmarlnam  neque  publicam  iam  oblre  possemus? 

XVIII.    Quae  clvitas  antea  umquam  fuit,  non  dlco  10 
Atheniensium,    quae    satis    late   quondam    mare   tenu- 
isse    dlcitur,    non    Karthaginiensium,    qui    permultum 
classe    ac    maritimis     rebus    valuerunt,    non     Rhodio- 
rum,   quorum  usque  ad  nostram  memoriam  discipllna 
navalis     et     gloria    remansit;     quae    clvitas,    inquam,  15 
antea   tarn   tenuis,    quae   tarn    parva   insula   fuit,  quae 
non   portus   suos   et   agros   et   aliquam   partem    regio- 
nis    atque   orae    maritimae    per    se    ipsa    defenderet? 
At   hercule   aliquot   annos   continuos   ante   legem    Ga- 
blniam  ille  populus  Romanus,  cuius  usque  ad  nostram  20 
memoriam   nomen   invictum   in   navalibus  pugnis   per- 
manserit,    magna   ac    multo   maxima   parte   non   modo 
utilitatis,    sed     dignitatis    atque    imperi    caruit;     n5s, 
quorum  maiores  Antiochum  regem   classe    Persemque 
superarunt   omnibusque   navalibus   pugnis    Karthagini-  25 
enses,    homines    in     maritimis    rebus     exercitatissimos 
paratissimosque,  vlcerunt,  el   nullo   in   loco   iam   prae- 
donibus    pares    esse   poteramus ;    nos,    qui   antea   non 
modo    Italiam    tutam    habebamus,    sed    omnes    socios 
in   ultimls   oris   auctoritate   nostrl   imperi   salvos   prae-  3a 
stare    poteramus,  turn,   cum   Insula    Delos,  tarn    procul 
a   n5bls   in   Aegae5   marl   posita,  quo  omnes   undique 
cum    mercibus    atque    oneribus    commeabant,    referta 
dlvitils,    parva,    sine    murd    nihil    timebat,    eldem    non 


138  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

modo  pr5vincils  atque  oris  Italiae  maritimls  ac  por- 
tubus  nostrls,  sed  etiam  Appia  iam  via  carebamus ; 
et  els  temporibus  non  pudebat  magistrates  populi 
Roman!  in  hunc  ipsum  locum  escendere,  cum  eum 
5  nobis  maiores  nostrl  exuvils  nauticls  et  classium 
spolils  ornatum  rellquissent ! 

XIX.  Bono  te  animo  turn,  Q.  HortensI,  populus 
Romanus  et  ceteros,  qui  erant  in  eadem  sententia, 
dlcere    exlstimavit    ea,    quae    sentiehatis ;    sed    tamen 

10  in  salute  communl  Idem  populus  Romanus  dolorl 
suo  maluit  quam  auctoritatl  vestrae  obtemperare. 
Itaque  una  lex,  Onus  vir,  Onus  annus  non  modo 
nos  ilia  miseria  ac  turpitudine  llberavit,  sed  etiam 
effecit,    ut   aliquando   vere   videremur    omnibus    genti- 

15  bus  ac  nationibus  terra  marlque  imperare. 

Quo  mihi  etiam  indlgnius  videtur  obtrectatum  esse 
adhuc,  Gablnio  dlcam  anne  Pompeio,  an  utrlque,  id 
quod  est  verius,  ne  legaretur  A.  Gablnius  Cn.  Pom- 
peio  expetentl   ac    postulantl.     Utrum   ille,  qui   postu- 

20  lat  ad  tantum  bellum  legatum,  quern  velit,  idoneus 
non  est,  qui  impetret,  cum  ceterl  ad  expllandos 
socios  dlripiendasque  provincias,  quos  voluerunt,  le- 
gatos  eduxerint,  an  ipse,  cuius  lege  salus  ac  dlgnitas 
populo    R6man5    atque    omnibus    gentibus    constituta 

25  est,  expers  esse  debet  gloriae  eius  imperatoris  atque 
eius  exercitus,  qui  consilio  ipslus  ac  perlculo  est 
constitutus?  An  C.  Falcidius,  Q.  Metellus,  Q.  Cae- 
lius  Latlniensis,  Cn.  Lentulus,  quos  omnes  honoris 
causa   nomino,  cum    tribunl   plebl   fuissent,   anno   pro- 

30  ximo  legatl  esse  potuerunt ;  in  uno  Gablnio  sunt 
tarn  dlligentes,  qui  in  hoc  belJo,  quod  lege  Gablnia 
geritur,  in  hoc  imperatore  atque  exercitu,  quern 
per  vos  ipse  constituit,  etiam  praecipuo  iure  esse 
deberet  ? 


DE    IMPERIO    GNAEI    POMPEI   xx.  139 

De  quo  legando  c5nsules  spero  ad  senatum  rela- 
turos.  Qui  si  dubitabunt  aut  gravabuntur,  ego  me 
profiteor  relaturum ;  neque  me  impediet  cuiusquam 
inimlcum  edictum,  quo  minus  vobls  fretus  vestrum 
ius  beneficiumque  defendam,  neque  praeter  interces-  5 
sionem  quicquam  audiam,  de  qua,  ut  arbitror,  istl 
ipsl,  qui  minantur,  etiam  atque  etiam,  quid  liceat, 
conslderabunt.  Mea  quidem  sententia,  Quirltes,  Onus 
A.  Gablnius  belli  maritiml  rerumque  gestarum  Cn. 
Pompeio  socius  ascrlbitur,  propterea  quod  alter  uni  10 
illud  bellum  suscipiendum  vestrls  suffragils  detulit, 
alter  delatum  susceptumque  confecit. 

XX.    Reliquum  est,  ut   de   Q.   Catull  auctoritate   et 
sententia  dlcendum  esse  videatur.     Qui  cum  ex  vobls 
quaereret,  si  in   uno  Cn.  Pompeio  omnia  poneretis,  si  15 
quid   eo   factum    esset,   in    quo   spem    essetis    habiturl, 
cepit    magnum    suae    virtutis    fructum    ac    dignitatis, 
cum    omnes    una    prope    voce   in   eo   ipso    vos    spem 
habituros  esse  dlxistis.       Etenim  talis  est  vir,  ut  nulla 
res  tanta  sit  ac  tarn    difficilis,  quam  ille  non    et   con-  20 
silio   regere    et    integritate   tuerl    et    virtiite   conficere 
possit.      Sed   in    hoc   ipso   ab   eo  vehementissime  dis- 
sentio,  quod,  quo  minus  certa  est  hominum  ac  minus 
diuturna   vita,   hoc    magis   res    publica,  dum    per  deos 
immortales    licet,    frul   debet    summl    viri    vita    atque  25 
virtute. 

At  enim  "ne  quid  novl  flat  contra  exempla  atque 
Instituta  maiorum."  Non  dlcam  hoc  locd,  maiores 
nostros  semper  in  pace  consuetudinl,  in  bello  utilitatl 
paruisse,  semper  ad  novos  casus  temporum  novorum  30 
consili5rum  rationes  accommodasse ;  non  dlcam,  duo 
bella  maxima,  Punicum  atque  Hispaniense,  ab  uno 
imperatore  esse  confecta  duasque  urbes  potentissimas, 
quae  huic  imperio  maxime  minitabantur,  Karthaginem 


140  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

atque  Numantiam,  ab  eodem  Sclpione  esse  deletas ; 
non  commemorabo,  nuper  ita  vobls  patribusque  ve- 
strls  esse  visum,  ut  in  uno  C.  Mario  spes  imperl 
poneretur,  ut  Idem  cum  Iugurtha,  Idem  cum  Cim- 
5  brls,  Idem  cum  Teutonls  bellum  administraret ;  in 
ipso  Cn.  Pompeio,  in  quo  novl  constitul  nihil  vult 
Q.  Catulus,  quam  multa  sint  nova  sumraa  Q.  Catull 
voluntate  constitute,  recordaminl. 

XXI.    Quid   tarn   novum    quam    adulescentulum  prl- 

10  vatum  exercitum  difficili  rel  publicae  tempore  confi- 
cere?  Confecit.  Huic  praeesse?  Praefuit.  Rem 
optime  ductu  suo  gerere  ?     Gessit. 

Quid    tarn     praeter     consuetudinem     quam     hominl 
peradulescentl,    cuius   aetas    a    senatorio   gradu    longe 

15  abesset,  imperium  atque  exercitum  darl,  Siciliam 
permittl  atque  Africam  bellumque  in  ea  provincia 
administrandum  ?  Fuit  in  his  provinces  singular! 
innocentia,  gravitate,  virtute,  bellum  in  Africa  maxi- 
mum confecit,  victorem  exercitum  deportavit. 

20  Quid  vero  tarn  inauditum  quam  equitem  Romanum 
triumphare  ?  At  earn  quoque  rem  populus  Romanus 
non  modo  vidit,  sed  omnium  etiam  studio  visendam 
et  concelebrandam  putavit. 

Quid   tarn    iniisitatum,  quam    ut,  cum    duo   consules 

25  clarissimi  fortissimlque  essent,  eques  Romanus  ad 
bellum  'maximum  formldolosissimumque  pro  consule 
mitteretur?  Missus  est.  Quo  quidem  tempore  cum 
esset  non  nemo  in  senatu,  qui  dlceret  non  oportere 
mitt!    hominem    privatum    pro    consule,    L.    Philippus 

30  dlxisse  dlcitur  non  se  ilium  sua  sententia  pro  con- 
sule, sed  pro  consulibus  mittere.  Tanta  in  eo  rel 
publicae  bene  gerendae  spes  constituebatur.,  ut  du- 
orum  consulum  munus  unlus  adulescentis  virtutl 
committeretur. 


DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI    POMPEI    xxn.  141 

Quid  tarn  singulare,  quam  ut  ex  senatus  consulto 
legibus  solutus  c5nsul  ante  fieret,  quam  ullum  alium 
magistratum  per  leges  capere  licuisset  ?  Quid  tarn 
incredibile,  quam  ut  iterum  eques  Romanus  ex  sena- 
tus consulto  triumpharet?  Quae  in  omnibus  homi-#  5 
nibus  nova  post  hominum  memoriam  constituta  sunt, 
ea  tarn  multa  non  sunt  quam  haec,  quae  in  hoc 
uno  homine  videmus.  Atque  haec  tot  exempla,  tanta 
ac  tarn  nova,  profecta  sunt  in  eundem  hominem  a 
Q.  Catull  atque  a  ceterorum  eiusdem  dignitatis  am-  10 
plissimorum  hominum  auctoritate. 

XXII.  Qua  re  videant,  ne  sit  periniquum  et  non 
ferendum,  illorum  auctoritatem  de  Cn.  Pompel  dl- 
gnitate  a  vobls  comprobatam  semper  esse,  vestrum 
ab  illls  de  eodem  homine  iudicium  populique  Ro-  15 
manl  auctoritatem  improbarl,  praesertim  cum  iam 
suo  iure  populus  Romanus  in  hoc  homine  suam 
auctoritatem  vel  contra  omnes,  qui  dissentiunt,  possit 
defendere,  propterea  quod  Isdem  istls  reclamantibus 
vos  unum  ilium  ex  omnibus  delegistis,  quern  bell5  20 
praedonum  praeponeretis.  Hoc  si  vos  temere  fecistis 
et  rei  publicae  parum  consuluistis,  recte  istl  studia 
vestra  suls  consilils  regere  conantur;  sin  autem  vos 
plus  turn  in  re  publica  vldistis,  vos  els  repugnan- 
tibus  per  vosmet  ips5s  dignitatem  huic  imperio,  25 
salutem  orbl  terrarum  attulistis,  aliquando  istl  prin- 
cipes  et  sibi  et  ceteris  popull  RomanI  universi 
auctoritatl  parendum  esse  fateantur. 

Atque  in  hoc  bello  Asiatico  et  regio  non  solum 
mllitaris  ilia  virtus,  quae  est  in  Cn.  Pompeio  sin-  3a 
gularis,  sed  aliae  quoque  virtutes  animi  magnae  et 
multae  requlruntur.  Difficile  est  in  Asia,  Cilicia, 
Syria,  regnlsque  interiorum  "nationum  ita  versarl 
nostrum    imperatorem,    ut   nihil    aliud    nisi    de    hoste 


142  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

ac  de  laude  cogitet.  Deinde  etiam  si  qui  sunt 
pudore  ac  temperantia  moderatiores,  tamen  eos  esse 
tales  propter  multitudinem  cupidorum  hominum  nemo 
arbitratur.  Difficile  est  dictu,  Quirltes,  quanto  in 
5.odio  slmus  apud  exteras  nationes  propter  eorum, 
quos  ad  eas  per  h5s  annos  cum  imperio  mlsimus, 
libldines  et  iniurias.  Quod  enim  fanum  putatis  in 
illls  terrls  nostrls  magistratibus  religiosum,  quam 
civitatem    sanctam,    quam    domum    satis    clausam    ac 

io  munltam  fuisse  ?  Urbes  iam  locupletes  et  copiosae 
requlruntur,  quibus  causa  belli  propter  dlripiendl 
cupiditatem  Inferatur. 

Libenter  haec  coram  cum  Q.  Catul5  et  Q.  Horten- 
sio,  summls  et   clarissimis  virls,  disputarem ;    noverunt 

15  enim  sociorum  vulnera,  vident  eorum  calamitates, 
querimonias  audiunt.  Pro  socils  vos  contra  hostes 
exercitum  mittere  putatis,  an  hostium  simulatione 
contra  socios  atque  amlcos?  Quae  clvitas  est  in 
Asia,     quae    non    modo    imperatoris     aut    legatl,    sed 

20  unlus  tribunl  mllitum  anim5s  ac  splritus  capere 
possit  ? 

XXIII.  Qua  re,  etiam  si  quern  habetis,  qui  col- 
latls  slgnis  exercitus  regios  superare  posse  videatur, 
tamen,    nisi    erit    Idem,    qui    se   a   pecunils    sociorum, 

25  qui  ab  eorum  coniugibus  ac  liberls,  qui  ab  orna- 
mentls  fanorum  atque  oppidorum,  qui  ab  auro  ga- 
zaque  regia  manus,  oculos,  animum  cohibere  possit, 
non  erit  idoneus,  qui  ad  bellum  Asiaticum  regiumque 
mittatur.     Ecquam    putatis   civitatem    pacatam   fuisse, 

30  quae  locuples  sit  ?  ecquam  esse  locupletem,  quae 
istls  pacata  esse  videatur  ? 

Ora  maritima,  Quirltes,  Cn.  Pompeium  non  solum 
propter  rel  mllitaris'  gloriam,  sed  etiam  propter 
animl   continentiam    requlslvit.      Videbat    enim    impe- 


DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI   POMPEI   xxiv.  143 

ratores  locupletari  quotannls  pecunia  publica  praeter 
pauc5s,  neque  eos  quicquam  aliud  adsequi  classium 
nomine,  nisi  ut  detriments  accipiendls  maiore  ad- 
ficl  turpitudine  videremur.  Nunc  qua  cupiditate 
homines  in  pr5vincias,  quibus  iacturls  et  quibus  5 
condicionibus  proficlscantur,  ignorant  videlicet  istl, 
qui  ad  unum  deferenda  omnia  esse  non  arbitrantur: 
quasi  vero  Cn.  Pompeium  non  cum  suls  virtutibus, 
turn  etiam  alienls  vitils  magnum  esse  videamus. 
Qua  re  nollte  dubitare,  quin  huic  unl  credatis  omnia,  10 
qui  inter  tot  annos  unus  inventus  sit,  quern  socil 
in  urbes  suas  cum  exercitu  venisse  gaudeant. 

Quod    si   auctoritatibus    hanc  causam,  Quirltes,  con- 
flrmandam     putatis,    est    vobls     auctor    vir     bellorum 
omnium    maximarumque    rerum    perltissimus,    P.    Ser-  15 
vllius,    cuius   tantae    res    gestae   terra    marlque    exsti- 
terunt,    ut,    cum    de    bello     dellberetis,    auctor    vobls 
gravior     esse    nemo    debeat;     est    C.    Curio,    summls 
vestris     beneficils     maximlsque    rebus     gestls,    summo 
ingenio    et    prudentia    praeditus ;     est    Cn.     Lentulus,  20 
in     qu5     omnes     pro     amplissimls    vestris     honoribus 
summum    consilium,    summam     gravitatem     esse     co- 
gnovistis ;   est  C.  Cassius,  integritate,  virtute,   constan- 
tia  singularl.     Qua   re   videte,  ut  horum  auctoritatibus 
ill5rum     orationl,    qui    dissentiunt,     respondere     posse  25 
videamur. 

XXIV.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  C.  Manlll,  prlmum 
istam  tuam  et  legem  et  voluntatem  et  sententiam 
laudo  vehementissimeque  comprob5;  deinde  te  hortor, 
ut  auctore  populo  Romano  maneas  in  sententia  neve  3a 
cuiusquam  vim  aut  minas  pertimescas.  Prlmum 
in  te  satis  esse  animi  perseverantiaeque  arbitror ; 
deinde,  cum  tantam  multitudinem  cum  tan  to  studio 
adesse    videamus,    quantam     iterum    nunc    in    eodem 


144  DE   IMPERIO   GNAEI    POMPEI   xxiv. 

homine    praeficiendo   videmus,   quid   est,   quod    aut   de 
re  aut  de  perficiendl  f  acultate  dubitemus  ? 

Ego  autem,  quicquid  est  in  me  studl,  consill, 
laboris,  ingenl,  quicquid  hoc  beneficio  popull  Ro- 
5  man!  atque  hac  potestate  praet5ria,  quicquid  aucto- 
ritate,  fide,  constantia  possum,  id  omne  ad  hanc 
rem  conficiendam  tibi  et  populo  Romano  polliceor 
ac  defero;  testorque  omnes  deos,  et  eos  maxime, 
qui     huic     loco    temploque     praesident,    qui    omnium 

10  mentes  eorum,  qui  ad  rem  publicam  adeunt,  maxime 
perspiciunt,  me  hoc  neque  rogatu  facere  cuiusquam, 
neque  quo  Cn.  Pompel  gratiam  mihi  per  hanc  cau- 
sam  conciliarl  putem,  neque  quo  mihi  ex  cuiusquam 
amplitudine    aut     praesidia    perlculls    aut     adiumenta 

15  honoribus  quaeram,  propterea  quod  perlcula  facile, 
ut  hominem  praestare  oportet,  innocentia  tectl  repel- 
lemus,  honorem  autem  neque  ab  uno  neque  ex  hoc 
loc5,  sed  eadem  ilia  nostra  laboriosissima  ratione 
vltae,  si  vestra  voluntas  feret,  c5nsequemur. 

20  Quam  ob  rem,  quicquid  in  hac  causa  mihi  sus- 
ceptum  est,  Quirltes,  id  ego  omne  me  rel  publicae 
causa  suscepisse  conflrmo,  tantumque  abest,  ut  ali- 
quam  mihi  bonam  gratiam  quaesisse  videar,  ut  mul- 
tas     me     etiam     simultates    partim    obscuras,    partim 

25  apertas  intellegam,  mihi  non  necessarias,  vobls  non 
inutiles  suscepisse.  Sed  ego  me  hoc  honore  prae- 
ditum,  tantls  vestris  beneficils  affectum  statul,  Qui- 
rltes, vestram  voluntatem  et  rel  publicae  dignitatem 
et    salutem    pr5vinciarum    atque    sociorum   mels   omni- 

30  bus  commodls  et  rationibus  praeferre  oportere. 


M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

PRO  A.  LICINIO  ARCHIA  POETA 
ORATIO. 


I.    Si   quid   est  in   me   ingenl,  iu  dices,  quod   sentio 
quam    sit    exiguum,    aut    si    qua    exercitatio    dicendl, 
in   qua    me    non    Infitior    mediocriter   esse    versatum, 
aut  si  huiusce   rel  ratio   aliqua  ab    optimarum    artium 
studils    ac    discipllna     profecta,    a    qua    ego     nullum    5 
confiteor    aetatis    meae     tempus     abhorruisse,    eariuri 
rerum    omnium   vel   in    prlmls    hie    A.    Licinius   fruc- 
tum    a    me    repetere    prope    suo    iure    debet.     Nam, 
quoad    longissime    potest    mens    mea    respicere    spa- 
tium    praeteriti    temporis    et    pueritiae    memoriam   re-  10 
cordarl    ultimam,    inde    usque    repetens     hunc    video 
mihi   prmcipem  et  ad   suscipiendam   et   ad   ingredien- 
dam  rationem  horum  studiorum  exstitisse. 
N{  "Quod    si    haec    vox     huius     hortatu     praeceptlsque 
conf5rmata    non    nullTs    aliquando    salutl   fuit,    a   quo  15 
id   accepimus,    qu5   ceteris    opitularl   et   alios    servare 
possumus,    huic   profecto   ipsl,    quantum   est   situm   in 
nobis,    et   opem   et   salutem   ferre    debemus.      Ac   ne 
quis   a   nobis    hoc    ita    did    forte    mlretur,    quod    alia 
quaedam    in    hoc     facultas     sit     ingenl     iieque     haec  20 
dicendl    ratio    aut    discipllna,    ne    n5s    quidem     huic 
unl    studio    penitus   umquam    deditl   fuimus.      Etenim 
omnes  artes,  quae  ad  humanitatem    pertinent,  habent 

145 


146  M.  TULLI    CICERON1S 

quoddam   commune  vinculum  et  quasi  cognatione  qua- 
darn  inter  se  continentur. 

II.  Sed   ne   cui   vestrum    mirum    esse   videatur,   me 
in  quaestione  legitima  et  in  iudicio  publico,   cum  res 

5  agatur  apud  praetorem  popull  Roman!,  rectissimum 
virum,  et  apud  severissimos  iudices,  tanto  conventu 
hominum  ac  frequentia,  hoc  u£i,  genere  dicendi,  quod 
non  modo  a  consuetudine  iudiciorum,  verum  etiam 
a.   forensi    sermone    abhorreat,    quaeso   a   vobis,    ut    in 

10  hac  causa  mihi  detis  hanc  veniam,  accommodatam 
huic  reo,  vobis,  quern  ad  modum  spero,  non  mo- 
lestam,  ut  me  pro  summd  poeta  atque  eruditissimo 
homine  dicentem,  hoc  concursu  hominum  litteratissi- 
morum,  hac  vestra  humanitate,   hoc    denique   praetore 

15  exercente  iudicium,  patiajninl,  de  studils  humanitatis 
ac  litterarum  paul5  loqul  llberius  et  in  eius  modi 
persona,  quae  propter  otium  ac  studium  minime  in 
ludiciis  perlculisque  tractata  est,  utl  prope  novo 
quodam    et   inusitato    genere    dicendi.      Quod    si    mini 

20  a  vobis  tribul  concedique  sentiam,  perficiam  pro- 
fecto,  ut  hunc  A.  Licinium  non  modo  non  segre- 
gandum,  cum  sit  civis,  a  numero  civium,  verum 
etiam,  si  non  esset,  putetis  asclscendum  fuisse. 

III.  Nam,   ut    prlmum    ex    puerls    excessit   Archias 
25  atque    ab    els    artibus,    quibus    aetas    puerilis    ad    hu- 

manitatem  Inf5rmari  solet,  se  ad  scribendi  studium 
contulit,  primum  Antiochiae  —  nam  ibi  natus  est 
loco  nobili  —  celebrl  quondam  urbe  et  copiosa.  atque  , 
eruditissimis  hominibus  llberalissimisque  studils  adflu- 
30  entl,  celeriter  ahte'cellere  omnibus  ingeni  gloria  contigit.1^ 
Post  in  ceteris  Asiae  partibus  cunctaque  Graecia  sic 
eius  adventus  celebrabantur,  ut  famam  ingeni  exspec- 
tatio  hominis,  exspectationem  ipslus  adventus  admlra- 
tioque  superaret.  _^n 


PRO   ARCHIA   POETA'ORATIO   iv.  147 

Erat    Italia    turn  ,  plena    Graecarum    artium    ac    di- 

scipllnarum,    st^djaque-teec  et  in    Latio  vehementius 

turn    colebantur    quam    nunc    elsdem    in    oppidis,    et 

N  hie    Romae    propter   tranquillitatem    rei    publicae   n5n 

neglegebantur.     Itaque    hunc   et   Tarentlnl   et    Regini    5 

et   Neapolitan!   civitate    ceterlsque    praemils    donarunt, 

et    omnes,    qui    aliquid    de   ingeniis    poterant    iudicare, 

^cc0gnmone  atque  hospitio  dignum   existimarunt.      Hac 

tanta  celebritate  famae  cum  esset  iam  absentibus  notus, 

y      Romam   venit    Mario   consule  et   Catulo.     Nactus   est  10 

^      primum  c5nsules  eos,  quorum  alter  res  ad  scrlbendum 

maximas,    alter    cum    res   gestas    turn    etiam    studium       ^°   VX 
atque ^aiires  adhibere  posset. 

Statim     Luculli,    cum    praetextatus    etiam   turn   Ar-    ; 
chias   esset,    eum   domum    suam    receperunt.     Et   erat  15      t^ 
hoc    non    solum    ingeni    ac    litterarum,    verum    etiam 
naturae    atque   virtutis,    ut   domus,   quae    huius    adule-  , 
scentiae    prima   favit,    eadem   esset   familiarissima    se- 
nectuti.      Erat    temporibus   illis   iucundus    Q.    Metello 
ill!    Numidico    et.    eius    Pio    filio,    audiebatur    a    M.  20 
Aemilio,    vlvebat"  cum"  Q.V  Catulo  et   patre   et   filio,   a 
L.    Crassd    colebatur;     Lucullos   vero   et    Drusum    et 
Octavios     et    Catonem    et    totam     Hortensi5rum    do- 
mum   dev!nctam    consuetudine  cum   teneret,   adficieba- 
tur   summo    hon5re,    quod    eum    non    s5lum    colebant,  25 
qui   aliquid    percipere   atque    audire    studebant,   verum 
etiam  si  qui  forte  simulabant. 

IV.  Interim  satis  longo  intervallo,  cum  esset  cum 
M.  Lucullo  in  Siciliam  profectus  et  cum  ex  ea 
provincia  cum  eodem  Lucull5  decederet,  venit  He-  30 
racliam.  Quae  cum  esset  civitas  aequissimd  iure 
ac  foedere,  ascribi  se  in  earn  civitatem  voluit, 
idque,  cum  ipse  per  se  dignus  putaretur,  turn 
auctoritate    et    gratia    Luculli    ab    Heracliensibus   im- 


148   \  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

petravit.  Data  est  civitas  Silvan!  lege  et  Carbonis : 
Si      qui     foederatis      civitatibus     ascripti     fuis- 

SENT,       SI      TUM,       CUM       LEX       FEREBATUR,       IN       ITALIA      J^n 
DOMICILIUM       HABUISSENT      ET      SI       SEXAGINTA       DIEBUS    '' 
5  APUD     PRAETOREM       ESSENT      PROFESSI.         Cum      hlC     do- 

micilium  Romae  mult5s  iam  annos  haberet,  professus 
est  apud  praetorem  Q.  Metellum,  familiarissimum 
suum.  j^uj 

ST    nihil    aliud    nisi    de   civitate    ac    lege    dicimus, 

10  nihil  died  amplius  ;  causa  dicta  est.  i  Quid  enim 
horum  Inflrmarl,  Grati,  potest  ?  Heracllaene  esse 
eum  ascrlptum  negabis  ?  Adest  vir  summa  aucto- 
ritate  et  religione  et  fide,  M.  Lucullus ;  qui  se  non 
opinarl,    sed    scire,    non    audlvisse,    sed    vidisse,    non 

15  interfuisse,  sed  egisse  dlcit.  Adsunt  Heraclienses 
legatl,  nobilissiml  homines,  huius  iudicl  causa  cum 
mandatls  et  cum  publico  testimonio,  qui  hunc  ascrlp- 
tum Heracllensem  dlcunt. 

Hie   tu    tabulas    deslderas    Heracllensium    publicas, 

20  quas    Italico   bello   incenso    tabulario   interlsse    sclmus 
omnes  ?      Est   ridiculum    ad   ea,    quae    habemus,   nihil 
dicere,    quaerere,  ^  quae    habere   non    possumus,    et   de 
hominum    memoria    tacere,    litterarum    memoriam   fla-  ^" 
gitare ;    et,    cum    habeas    amplissiml   virl    religionem, 

25  integerriml  municipi  ius  iurandum  fidemque,  ea, 
quae  depravarl  nullo  modo  possunt,  repudiare  ;  tabu- 
las,  quas  Idem  dlcis  solere  corrumpi,  deslderare. 

An    domicilium     Romae     non     habuit    is,    qui    tot 
annls    ante    clvitatem    datam    sedem    omnium    rerum 

30  ac  fortunarum  suarum  Romae  collocavit  ?  An  non 
est  professus  ?  Immo  vero  els  tabulls  professus, 
quae  s5lae  ex  ilia  professi5ne  collegioque  praetorum 
obtinent  publicarum  tabularum  auctoritatem. 

V.    Nam,    cum    AppI    tabulae    neglegentius    adser 


PRO   ARCHIA   POETA   ORATIO  v.  149 

vatae    dlcerentur,    Gablnl,    quam    diu    incolumis    fuit, 
levitas,    post    damnationem     calamitas    omnem    tabu- 
larum    fidem    restgnasset,     Metellus,    homo    sanctissi- 
mus  modestissimusque   omnium,   tanta   dlligentia.   fuit, 
ut   ad    L.    Lentulum    praetorem   et  ad  iudices  venerit    5 
et   unlus    nominis    litura    se    commotum    esse    dlxerit. 
His    igitur   in   tabulis    nullam    lituram    in    nomine   A. 
LicinI  videtis.      Quae    cum    ita    sint,    quid    est,    quod 
de    eius    clvitate   dubitetis,    praesertim   cum   aliis   quo- 
que    in    civitatibus    f  uerit    ascrlptus  ?      Etenim,    cum  10 
mediocribus    multls    et    aut    nulla    aut    humill    aliqua 
arte   praeditis   gratulto   clvitatem   in    Graecia   homines 
impertiebant,   Reginos  credo  aut  Locrenses   aut    Nea-      j* 
politanos    aut    Tarentinos,    quod    scaenicis    artificibus  "- 
larglrl     solebant,     id     huic     summa     ingenl     praedito  15 
gloria  npluisse ! 

Quid?  cum  ceterl  non  modo  post  clvitatem  datam, 
sed  etiam  post  legem  Papiam  aliquo  mod5  in  eorum 
municipiorum  tabulas  inrepserunt;  hie,  qui  ne  utitur 
quidem  illls,  in  quibus  est  scrlptus,  quod  semper  se  20 
Heracllensem  esse  voluit,  reicietur  ?  Census  nostros 
requiris.  Scilicet;  est  enim  obscurum  proximls  cen- 
soribus  hunc  cum  clarissimS  imperatore,  L.  Lucull5, 
apud  exercitum  fuisse,  superioribus  cum  eodem 
quaestore  fuisse  in  Asia,  prim  Is,  Iulio  et  Crasso,  25 
nullam  popull  partem  esse  censam.  Sed,  quoniam 
census  non  ius  clvitatis  conflrmat  ac  tantum  modo 
indicat  eum,  qui  sit  census,  §e_  iam  turn  gessisse 
pro  clve,  els  temponbus  is,  quern  tu  ctiminans  ne 
ipslus  quidem  iudicio  in  clvium  Romanorum  iure  30 
esse  versatum,  et  testamentum  saepe  fecit  nostrls 
legibus  et  adiit  hereditates  clvium  Romanorum  et 
in  beneficils  ad  aerarium  delatus  est  a  L.  Lucull5 
pro     consule.      Quaere     argumenta,     si    quae     potes; 


/ 


150  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

numquam     enim     hie     neque     suo     neque    amicorum 
iudicio  revincetur.  - 

VI.    Quaeres   a   nobis,   GratI,   cur   tanto   opere   hoc 
homine    delectemur.     Quia    suppeditat    nobis,    ubi    et 

5  animus  ex  hoc  forensi  strepitu  reficiatur  et  aures 
convlcio  defessae  conquiescant.  An  tu  exlstimas 
aut  suppetere  nobis  posse,  quod  cotldie  dlcamus  in 
tanta  varietate  rerum,  nisi  animos  nostros  doctrlna 
excolamus,   aut  ferre  animds   tantam    posse    contentio- 

10  nem,  nisi  eos  doctrlna  eadem  relaxemus  ?  Ego  vero 
fateor  me  his  studils  esse  deditum.  Ceteros  pudeat, 
si  qui  ita  se  litterls  abdiderunt,  ut  nihil  possint  ex 
els  neque  ad  communem  adferre  fructum  neque  in 
aspectum    lucemque    proferre ;     me    autem    quid    pu- 

15  deat,  qui  tot  annos  ita  vlv5,  iudices,  ut  a  nulllus 
umquam  me .  tempore  aut  commodo  aut  otium  meum 
abstraxerit  aut  voluptas  avocarit  aut  denique  som- 
nus  retardarit? 

Qua    re    quis    tandem    me    reprehendat,    aut    quis 

20  mihi  hire  suscenseat,  si  quantum  ceteris  ad  suas  res 
obeundas,  quantum  ad  festos  dies  ludorum  cele- 
brandos,  quantum  ad  alias  voluptates  et  ad  ipsam 
requiem  animi  et  corporis  conceditur  temporum, 
quantum  alii   tribuunt   tempestlvls    convlvils,   quantum 

25  denique  alveolo,  quantum  pilae,  tantum  mihi  egomet 
ad  haec  studia  recolenda  sumpsero?  Atque  hoc 
ideo  mihi  concedendum  est  magis,  quod  ex  his 
studils  haec  quoque  crescit  oratio  et  facultas,  quae 
quantacumque   in    me   est,    numquam    amicorum    perl- 

jo  culls  'defuit.  Quae  si  cui  levior  videtur,  ilia  quidem 
certe,  quae  summa  sunt,  ex  quo  fonte  hauriam, 
sentio. 

Nam,    nisi    mult5rum    praeceptls    multlsque    litterls 
mihi    ab    adulescentia    suasissem,    nihil    esse    in    vita 


PRO   ARCHIA   POETA   ORATIO   vn.  151 

magno  opere  expetendum  nisi  laudem  atque  hone- 
statem,  in  ea  autem  persequenda  omnes  cruciatus 
corporis,  omnia  perlcula  mortis  atque  exsill  parvi 
esse  ducenda,  numquam  me  pr5  salute  vestra  in  tot 
ac  tantas  dlmicationes  atque  in  hos  profllgat5rum  5 
hominum  cotldianos  impetus  obiecissem.  Sed  plenl 
omnes  sunt  librl,  plenae  sapientium  voces,  plena  ex- 
emplorum  vetustas ;  quae  iacerent  in  tenebrls  omnia, 
nisi  litterarum  lumen  accederet.  Quam  multas  nobis 
imagines  non  solum  ad  intuendum,  verum  etiam  ad  10 
imitandum  fortissimorum  virorum  expresses  scripto- 
res  et  Graecl  et  Latin!  reliquerunt !  Quas  ego 
mihi  semper  in  administranda  re  publica  proponens 
animum  et  mentem  meam  ipsa  cogitatione  hominum 
excellentium  confSrmabam.  15 

VII.  Quaeret  quispiam :  "Quid?  illl  ipsi  summi 
virl,  quorum  virtutes  litterls  proditae  sunt,  istane 
doctrlna,  quam  tu  effers  laudibus,  eruditl  fuerunt  ? " 

Difficile  est  hoc  de  omnibus  conflrmare,  sed  ta- 
men  est  certum,  quid  respondeam.  Ego  multos  20 
homines  excellent!  animo  ac  virtute  fuisse  sine  doc- 
trlna, et  naturae  ipsius  habitu  prope  divlno  per  se 
ipsos  et  moderatos  et  graves  exstitisse  fateor;  etiam 
illud  adiungo,  saepius  ad  laudem  atque  virtutem 
naturam  sine  doctrlna  quam  sine  natura  valuisse  25 
doctrmam.  Atque  idem  ego  contends,  cum  ad 
naturam  eximiam  et  illustrem  accesserit  ratio  quae- 
dam  c5nf5rmatioque  doctrinae,  turn  illud  nescio  quid 
praeclarum  ac  singulare  solere  exsistere.  Ex  h5c 
esse  hunc  numero,  quern  patres  nostrl  vlderunt,  30 
divinum  hominem,  Africanum,  ex  h5c  C.  Laelium, 
L.  Furium,  moderatissimos  homines  et  continentis- 
simos,  ex  hoc  fortissimum  virum  et  illls  temporibus 
doctissimum,    M.     Catonem,    ilium     senem ;    qui    pro- 


152  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

fectd,  si  nihil  ad  percipiendam  colendamque  virtutem 
litterls  adiuvarentur,  numquam  se  ad  earum  studium 
contulissent. 

Quod  si  non  hie  tantus  fructus  ostenderetur,  et 
5  si  ex  his  studils  delectatio  sola  peteretur,  tamen,  ut 
opinor,  hanc  animl  remissionem  humanissimam  ac 
llberalissimam  iiidicaretis.  Nam  ceterae  neque  tem- 
porum  sunt  neque  aetatum  omnium  neque  locorum ; 
at    haec    studia    adulescentiam   alunt,    senectutem   ob- 

10  lectant,    secundas   res   ornant,    adversis    perfugium    ac 

s5lacium    praebent,    delectant    domi,    non    impediunt 

forls,  pernoctant  noblscum,  peregrlnantur,  rusticantur. 

VIII.    Quod   si   ipsl    haec    neque    attingere    neque 

sensu    nostro    gustare     possemus,    tamen     ea     mirarl 

15  deberemus,  etiam  cum  in  alils  videremus.  Quis 
nostrum  tarn  animo  agrestl  ac  duro  fuit,  ut  R5scl 
morte  nuper  non  commoveretur  ?  qui  cum  esset 
senex  mortuus,  tamen  propter  excellentem  artem  ac 
venustatem    videbatur    omn!n5     morl    non     debuisse. 

20  Ergo  ille  corporis  m5tu  tantum  amorem  sibi  conci- 
liarat  a  n5bls  omnibus ;  nos  animorum  incredibiles 
m5tus  celeritatemque  ingeniorum  neglegemus  ?  ,J 

Quotiens    ego    hunc    Archiam    vldl,    iudices,  —  utar 
enim    vestra    benlgnitate,    quoniam    me   in    hoc   novo 

25  genere  dlcendl  tarn  dlligenter  attenditis,  —  quotiens 
ego  hunc  vldl,  cum  litteram  scrlpsisset  nullam,  ma- 
gnum numerum  optimorum  versuum  de  els  ipsls 
rebus,  quae  turn  agerentur,  dlcere  ex  tempore ! 
quotiens    revocatum    eandem    rem   dlcere   commutatls 

pt  verbis    atque    sententils !      Quae    vero    accurate    cogi- 
tateque    scrlpsisset,    ea    sic   vldl   probarl,    ut   ad   vete- . 
rum    scrip torum    laudem    pervenlret.      Hunc   ego    non 
dlligam,  non  admirer,  non  omnl  ratione  defendendum 
putem?      Atque     sic     a    summls    hominibus    erudltis- 


PRO   ARCHIA   POETA   ORATIO   ix.  153 

simlsque  accepimus,  ceterarum  rerum  studia  ex  doc- 
trina  et  praeceptls  et  arte  constare ;  poetam  natura 
ipsa  valere  et  mentis  vlribus  excitarl  et  quasi  dlvln5 
quodam  splritu  Inflarl.  Qua  re  suo  iure  noster  ille 
Ennius  "  sanctos  "  appellat  poetas,  quod  quasi  deorum  5 
aliquo  don5  atque  munere  commendati  nobis  esse 
videantur. 

Sit    igitur,    indices,    sanctum    apud    vos,    humanissi- 
mos    homines,    hoc    poetae    nomen,    quod    nulla    um-      . 
quam     barbaria    violavit.       Saxa    et    solitudines    voci  10 
respondent,   bestiae    saepe    immanes    cantu   flectuntur 
atque    consistunt ;     nos    InstitutI    rebus    optimis     non 
poetarum    voce     moveamur?       Homerum     Colophonil 
civem   esse   dicunt   suum,    Chn   suum   vindicant,  Sala- 
mlnil   repctunt,  Smyrnael  vero   suum  esse  conflrmant,  15 
itaque     etiam     delubrum     eius     in     oppido     dedicave- 
runt;   permulti   alii   praeterea   pugnant   inter  se  atque 
contendunt. 

IX.  Ergo  ill!  alienum,  quia  poeta  fuit,  post  mor- 
tem etiam  expetunt;  nos  hunc  vlvum,  qui  et  volun-  20 
tate  et  legibus  noster  est,  repudiabimus,  praesertim 
cum  omne  olim  studium  atque  omne  ingenium  con- 
tulerit  Archias  ad  popull  Roman!  gloriam  laudemque 
celebrandam  ?  Nam  et  Cimbricas  res  adulescens 
attigit  et  ipsl  ill!  C.  Mario,  qui  durior  ad  haec  studia  25 
videbatur,  iucundus  fuit.  Neque  enim  quisquam  est 
tarn  aversus  a  Musis,  qui  non  mandarl  versibus 
aeternum  suorum  laborum  facile  praeconium  patia- 
tur.  Themistoclem  ilium,  summum  Athenls  virum, 
dlxisse  aiunt,  cum  ex  eo  quaereretur,  quod  acroama  3a 
aut  cuius  vocem  libentissime  audlret :  Eius,  a  quo 
sua  virtus  optime  pra^dicaretur.  Itaque  ille  Marius 
item  eximie  L.  Plotium  dllexit,  cuius  ingenio  puta- 
bat  ea,  quae  gesserat,  posse  celebrarl. 


154  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

Mithridaticum  ver5  bellum,  magnum  atque  difficile 
et  in  multa  varietate  terra  marlque  versatum,  totum 
ab  hoc  expressum  est;  qui  libri  non  modo  L.  Lu- 
cullum,  fortissimum  et  clarissimum  virum,  verum 
5  etiam  popull  Romanl  nomen  illustrant.  Populus 
enim  Romanus  aperuit  Lucullo  imperante  Pontum, 
et  regils  quondam  opibus  et  ipsa  natura  et  regione 
vallatum;  popull  Romanl  exercitus  eodem  duce  non 
maxima      manu      innumerabiles     Armeniorum     copias 

io  f  udit ;  popull  Romanl  laus  est,  urbem  amicissimam 
Cyzicenorum  eiusdem  consilio  ex  omnl  impetu  regio 
atque  e  totius  belli  ore  ac  faucibus  ereptam  esse  atque 
servatam;  nostra  semper  feretur  et  praedicabitur  L. 
Lucullo   dlmicante,    cum    interfectls    ducibus    depressa 

15  hostium  classis  est,  incredibilis  apud  Tenedum  pugna 
ilia  navalis,  nostra  sunt  tropaea,  nostra  monumenta, 
nostrl  triumph!.  Quae  quorum  ingenils  efferuntur, 
ab  els  popull  Romanl  fama  celebratur. 

Carus  fuit  Africano  superiorl   noster  Ennius,  itaque 

20  etiam  in  sepulcro  Sapionum  putatur  is  esse  con- 
stitutus  ex  marmore ;  at  e!s  laudibus  certe  non 
solum  ipse,  qui  laudatur,  sed  etiam  popull  Romanl 
nomen  ornatur.  In  caelum  huius  proavus  Cato 
tollitur;     magnus    honos    popull     R5manl     rebus    ad- 

25  iungitur.        Omnes     denique     ill!     MaximI,     Marcelll, 
Fulvi!    n5n    sine    communl    omnium     nostrum     laude 
^^  decorantur. 

X.    Ergo    ilium,    qui   haec    fecerat,    Rudlnum    homi- 
nem,    maiores     nostrl    in    clvitatem    receperunt ;     nos 

30  hunc  Heracliensem,  multls  clvitatibus  expetltum,  in 
hac  autem  legibus  constitutum,  de  nostra  clvitate 
eiciemus  ? 

Nam,    si   quis    minorem    gloriae    fructum    putat    ex 
Graecis   versibus    percipl   quam    ex    Latlnls,    vehemen- 


PRO   ARCHIA   POETA   ORATIO  x.  155 

ter  errat,  propterea  quod  Graeca  leguntur  in  omni- 
bus fere  gentibus,  Latina  suis  flnibus,  exiguls  sane, 
continentur.  Qua  re,  si  res  eae,  quas  gessimus, 
orbis  terrae  regionibus  deflniuntur,  cupere  debemus, 
qu5  manuum  nostrarum  tela  pervenerint,  eodem  5 
gloriam  famamque  penetrare,  quod  cum  ipsis  popu- 
Ils,  de  quorum  rebus  scrlbitur,  haec  ampla  sunt, 
turn  els  certe,  qui  de  vita  gloriae  causa  dlmicant, 
h5c  maximum  et  periculorum  incitamentum  est  et 
laborum.  10 

Quam  multos  scrlptores  rerum  suarum  magnus  ille 
Alexander  secum  habuisse  dlcitur!  Atque  is  tamen, 
cum  in  Slgeo  ad  Achillis  tumulum  astitisset,  "  O 
fortunate,"  inquit,  "  adulescens,  qui  tuae  virtutis  Ho- 
merum  praeconem  inveneris ! "  Et  vere.  Nam,  nisi  15 
Ilias  ilia  exstitisset,  Idem  tumulus,  qui  corpus  eius 
contexerat,  nomen  etiam  obruisset. 

Quid  ?  noster  hie  Magnus,  qui  cum  virtute  f  ortu- 
nam  adaequavit,  nonne  Theophanem  Mytilenaeum, 
scrlptorem  rerum  suarum,  in  contione  mllitum  clvi-  20 
tate  donavit,  et  nostrl  illl  fortes  virl,  sed  rusticl 
ac  mllites,  dulcedine  quadam  gloriae  commotl,  quasi 
participes  eiusdem  laudis,  magno  illud  clamore  ap- 
probaverunt?  Itaque,  credo,  si  clvis  Romanus  Ar- 
chias  legibus  ndn  esset,  ut  ab  aliquo  imperatore  25 
civitate  donaretur,  perficere  non  potuit.  Sulla  cum 
Hispanos  et  Gall5s  donaret,  cred5,  hunc  petentem 
repudiasset ;  quern  nos  in  contione  vidimus,  cum  el 
libellum  malus  poeta  de  populo  subiecisset,  quod 
epigramma  in  eum  fecisset,  tantum  modo  alternls  30 
versibus  longiusculls,  statim  ex  els  rebus,  quas  turn 
vendebat,  iubere  el  praemium  tribul,  sed  ea  condi- 
cione,  ne  quid  postea  scrlberet  Qui  sedulitatem 
mall    poetae    duxerit    aliquo   tamen    praemio    dlgnam, 


156  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

huius  ingenium  et  virtutem  in  scrlbendo  et  copiam 
non  expetisset  ?  Quid  ?  a  Q.  Metello  Pio,  famili- 
arissimo  suo,  qui  civitate  multos  donavit,  neque  per 
se  neque  per  Lucullos  impetravisset  ?  qui  praeser- 
5  tim  usque  eo  de  suls  rebus  scrlbl  cuperet,  ut  etiam 
Cordubae  natis  poetls,  pingue  quiddam  '  sonantibus 
atque  peregrlnum,  tamen  aures  suas  dederet. 

XI.    Neque    enim   est   hoc  dissimulandum,  quod  ob- 
scurarl   non    potest,   sed   prae    nobis   ferendum :   trahi- 

10  mur  omnes  studio  laudis,  et  optimus  quisque  maxime 
gloria  ducitur.  IpsI  illl  philosophl  etiam  in  els 
libellls,  quos  de  contemnenda  gloria  scrlbunt,  nomen 
suum  Inscrlbunt;  in  eo  ipso,  in  quo  praedicationem 
nobilitatemque    despiciunt,    praedicarl   de   s6   ac   nomi- 

15  narl  volunt.  Decimus  quidem  Brutus,  summus  vir 
et  imperator,  AccI,  amicissiml  sul,  carminibus  tem- 
plorum  ac  monumentorum  aditus  exornavit  suorum. 
lam  verd  ille,  qui  cum  Aetolls  Ennio  comite  bella- 
vit,    Fulvius,    non    dubitavit    Martis    manubias    Musis 

20  consecrare.  Qua  re,  in  qua  urbe  imperatores  prope 
armatl  poetarum  nomen  et  Musarum  delubra  colue- 
runt,  in  ea  non  debent  togatl  iudices  a  Musarum 
honore  et  a  poetarum  salute  abhorrere. 

Atque     ut     id     libentius    faciatis,    iam     me    vobis, 

25  iudices,  indicabo  et  de  meo  quodam  amdre  gloriae 
nimis  acrl  fortasse,  verum  tamen  honesto,  vobis 
confitebor.  Nam,  quas  res  n5s  in  consulate  nostro 
voblscum  simul  pro  salute  huius  imperl  et  pro  vita 
clvium    proque    universa    re    publica    gessimus,   attigit 

30  hie  versibus  atque  incohavit.  Quibus  audltls,  quod 
mihi  magna  res  et  iucunda  visa  est,  hunc  ad  per- 
ficiendum  adhortatus  sum. 

Niillam  enim  virtus  aliam  mercedem   laborum  perl- 
culorumque  deslderat    praeter   hanc  laudis   et   gloriae ; 


PRO   ARCHIA   POETA   ORATIO   xn.  157 

qua  quidem  detracta,  iudices,  quid  est,  quod  in  h5c 
tam  exiguo  vltae  curriculo  tantis  nos  in  laboribus 
exerceamus  ? 

Certe,  si  nihil  animus  praesentlret  in  posterum,  et 
si,  quibus  regionibus  vltae  spatium  circumscriptum  5 
est,  elsdem  omnes  cogitationes  terminaret  suas,  nee 
tantis  se  laboribus  frangeret  neque  tot  curls  vigili- 
Isque  angeretur  nee  totiens  de  ipsa  vita  dlmicaret. 
Nunc  Insidet  quaedam  in  optimo  quoque  virtus, 
quae  noctes  ac  dies  animum  gloriae  stimulls  con-  10 
citat  atque  admonet,  non  cum  vltae  tempore  esse 
dlmittendam  commemorationem  nominis  nostrl,  sed 
cum  omnl  posteritate  adaequandam. 

XII.  An  vero  tam  parvl  animl  videamur  esse 
omnes,  qui  in  re  publica  atque  in  his  vltae  perlcu-  15 
lis  laboribusque  versamur,  ut,  cum  usque  ad  extre- 
mum  spatium  nullum  tranquillum  atque  otiosum 
splritum  duxerimus,  noblscum  simul  moritura  omnia 
arbitremur?  An  statuas  et  imagines,  non  animorum 
simulacra,  sed  corporum,  studiose  multl  summi  ho-  20 
mines  rellquerunt ;  consiliorum  relinquere  ac  virtutum 
nostrarum  effigiem  nonne  mult5  malle  debemus, 
summls  ingenils  expressam  et  politam  ?  Ego  verd 
omnia,  quae  gerebam,  iam  turn  in  gerendS  spargere 
me  ac  disseminare  arbitrabar  in  orbis  terrae  memo-  25 
riam  sempiternam.  Haec  vero  slve  a  meo  sensu 
post  mortem  afutura  est,  slve,  ut  sapientissiml  ho- 
mines putaverunt,  ad  aliquam  animl  mel  partem 
pertinebit,  nunc  quidem  certe  cogitatione  quadam 
speque  delector.  $0 

Qua  re  conservate,  iudices,  hominem  pudore  e5, 
quern  amlc5rum  videtis  comprobarl  cum  dlgnitate 
turn  etiam  vetustate,  ingenio  autem  tanto,  quantum 
id    convenit    exlstimarl,     quod     summorum     hominum 


158  PRO   ARCHIA  POETA   ORATIO  xn. 

ingenils  expetltum  esse  videatis,  causa  ver5  eius 
modi,  quae  benefici5  legis,  auctoritate  municipl,  te- 
stimonio  LucullI,  tabulis  Metelll  comprobetur.  Quae 
cum   ita    sint,    petimus   a   vdbls,    iudices,    si   qua    non 

5  modo  humana,  verum  etiam  dlvlna  in  tantls  ingenils 
commendatio  debet  esse,  ut  eum,  qui  vos,  qui  ve- 
stros  imperatores,  qui  popull  RomanI  res  gestas 
semper  ornavit,  qui  etiam  his  recentibus  nostrls 
vestrlsque    domesticls    perlculls    aeternum    se   testimo- 

10  nium  laudis  daturum  esse  profitetur,  estque  ex  e5 
numer5,  qui  semper  apud  omnes  sanctl  sunt  habitl 
itaque  dictl,  sic  in  vestram  accipiatis  fidem,  ut 
humanitate  vestra  levatus  potius  quam  acerbitate 
violatus  esse  videatur. 

15  Quae  de  causa  pro  mea  consuetudine  breviter 
simpliciterque  dlxl,  iudices,  ea  confldo  probata  esse 
omnibus  ;  quae  autem  remota  a  mea  iudiciallque 
consuetudine  et  de  hominis  ingeni5  et  communiter 
de    ipslus    studio    locutus    sum,    ea,    iudices,    a   vobls 

20  sper5  esse  in  bonam  partem  accepta ;  ab  eo,  qui 
iudicium  exercet,  certo  scio. 


M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 
PRO  M.  MARCELLO  ORATIO. 


I.  DiuturnI  silentT,  patres  conscript!,  quo  eram  his 
temporibus  usus,  non  timore  aliquo,  sed  partim  do- 
lore,  partim  verecundia,  flnem  hodiernus  dies  attulit, 
idemque  initium,  quae  vellem  quaeque  sentlrem,  meo 
prlstino  more  dlcendl.  Tantam  enim  mansuetudinem,  5 
tarn  inusitatam  inaudltamque  clementiam,  tantum  in 
summa  potestate  rerum  omnium  modum,  tarn  deni- 
que  incredibilem  sapientiam  ac  paene  dlvlnam  tacitus 
praeterlre  nullo  modo  possum.  M.  enim  Marcelld 
vobls,  patres  conscript!,  relque  publicae  reddito,  non  10 
illlus  solum,  sed  etiam  meam  vocem  et  auctoritatem 
et  vobls  et  re!  publicae  conservatam  ac  restitutam 
puto.  Dolebam  enim,  patres  conscript!,  et  vehemen- 
ter  angebar  virum  talem,  cum  in  eadem  causa,  in  qua 
ego,  fuisset,  non  in  eadem  esse  fortuna,  nee  mihi  per-  15 
suadere  poteram  nee  fas  esse  ducebam  versar!  me  in 
nostr5  vetere  curriculo  illo  aemul5  atque  imitatore 
studiorum  ac  laborum  meorum  quasi  quodam  socio 
a  me  et  comite  distracto. 

Ergo    et   mihi   meae    prlstinae  vltae  consuetudinem,  20 
C.    Caesar,    interclusam    aperuisti   et   his    omnibus   ad 
bene    de   omn!   re    publica    sperandum    quasi    slgnum 
aliquod   sustulistl.      Intellectum  est  enim  mihi  quidem 
in   multls   et   maxime   in    me   ipso,  sed  paulo  ante  in 

159 


160  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

omnibus,  .cum  M.  Marcellum  senatul  reique  publicae 
concessisti,  commemoratls  praesertim  offensionibus,  te 
auctoritatem  hums  ordinis  dlgnitatemque  rel  publicae 
tuls  vel  dofdribus  vel  susplcionibus  anteferre.     Ille  qui- 

5  dem  fructu'm  omnis  ante  actae  vltae  hodierno  die  maxi- 
mum cepit,.cum  summo  consensu  senatus,  turn  iudicio 
tuo  gravissimd  et  maximo.  Ex  quo  profecto  intelle- 
gis,  quanta,  in  dato  benefici5  sit  laus,  cum  in  accepto 
sit   tanta    groria.      Est   vero   fortunatus    ille    cuius   ex 

10  salute  non  minor  paene  ad  omnes,  quam  ad  ipsum 
ventura  sit,  teetitia  pervenerit ;  quod  quidem  el  merito 
atque  optimo'  iure  contigit.  Quis  enim  est  illo  aut 
nobilitate  aut  probitate  aut  optimarum  artium  studio 
aut  innocentia  aut  ullo  laudis  genere  praestantior  ? 

15  II.  Nulllus  tantum  fliimen  est  ingeni,  nullius  dlcendl 
aut  scrlbendl  tanta  vis,  tanta  copia,  quae  non  dlcam 
exornare,  sed  enarrare,  C.  Caesar,  res  tuas  gestas 
possit.  Tamen  adfirmo,  et  hoc  pace  dlcam  tua,  nul- 
lam  in  his  esse   laudem  ampliorem    quam  earn,   quam 

20  hodierno  die  consecutus  es.  Soleo  saepe  ante  oculos 
ponere  idque  libenter  crebrls  usurpare  sermonibus,  om- 
nes nostrorum  imperatorum,  omnes  exterarum  gentium 
potentissimorumque  populorum,  omnes  clarissimorum 
regum  res  gestas  cum  tuls  nee   contentionum    magni- 

25  tudine  nee  numer5  proeliorum  nee  varietate  regionum 
nee  celeritate  conficiendl  nee  dissimilitudine  bellorum 
posse  conferri,  nee  vero  disiunctissimas  terras  citius 
passibus  cuiusquam  potuisse  peragrarl,  quam  tuls  n5n 
dlcam  cursibus,  sed  victorils  lustratae  sunt. 

30  Quae  quidem  ego  nisi  ita  magna  esse  fatear,  ut  ea 
vix  cuiusquam  mens  aut  c5gitatio  capere  possit,  amens 
sim ;  sed  tamen  sunt  alia  maiora.  Nam  bellicas  lau- 
des  solent  quldam  extenuare  verbis  easque  detrahere 
ducibus,    communicare   cum    multls,    ne    propriae    sint 


Truly  a  wonderful  man  was  Caius  Julius  Caesar  I 
Better  be  first,  he  said,  in  a  little  Iberian  village, 
Than  be  second  in  Rome ;  —  and  I  think  he  was  right  when 
he  said  it 

Longfellow  :  The  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish. 


PRO   M.  MARCELLO   ORATIO   m.  161 

imperatorum.  Et  certe  in  armls  mllitum  virtus,  loco- 
rum  opportunities,  auxilia  sociorum,  classes,  coramea- 
tus  multum  iuvant,  maximam  vero  partem  quasi  suo 
iure  Fortuna  sibi  vindicat  et,  quicquid  prospere  ge- 
stum  est,  id  paene  omne  ducit  suum.  At  vero  huius  5 
gloriae,  C.  Caesar,  quam  es  paul5  ante  adeptus,  so- 
cium  habes  neminem ;  totum  hoc,  quantumcumque 
est,  quod  certe  maximum  est,  totum  est,  inquam, 
tuum.  Nihil  sibi  ex  ista  laude  centurio,  nihil  prae- 
fectus,  nihil  cohors,  nihil  turma  decerpit;  quln  etiam  10 
ilia  ipsa  rerum  humanarum  domina,  Fortuna,  in  istius 
societatem  gloriae  se  non  offert ;  tibi  cedit,  tuam  esse 
totam  et  propriam  fatetur.  Numquam  enim  temeritas 
cum  sapientia  commiscetur,  neque  ad  consilium  casus 
admittitur.  15 

III.  Domuisti  gentes  immanitate  barbaras,  multitu- 
dine  innumerabiles,  locls  Inflnitas,  omni  copiarum  ge- 
nere  abundantes ;  sed  tamen  ea  Vicistl,  quae  et  naturam 
et  condicionem,  ut  vincI  possent,  habebant.  Nulla  est 
enim  tanta  vis,  quae  non  ferro  et  vlribus  debilitari  20 
frangique  possit.  Animum  vincere,  Iracundiam  cohi- 
bere,  victoriam  temperare,  adversarium  nobilitate,  inge- 
nio,  virtute  praestantem  n5n  modo  extollere  iacentem, 
sed  etiam  amplificare  eius  prlstinam  dignitatem,  haec 
qui  facit,  non  ego  eum  cum  summls  virls  compard,  25 
sed  simillimum  de5  iiidico. 

Itaque,  C.  Caesar,  bellicae  tuae  laudes  celebrabuntur 
illae  quidem  non  solum  nostrls,  sed  paene  omnium 
gentium  litterls  atque  linguls,  nee  ulla  umquam  aetas 
de  tuls  laudibus  conticescet ;  sed  tamen  eius  modi  res  30 
nescio  quo  modo,  etiam  cum  leguntur,  obstrepl  cla- 
more  mllitum  videntur  et  tubarum  sono.  At  vero 
cum  aliquid  clementer,  mansuete,  iuste,  moderate, 
sapienter    factum,   in   Iracundia    praesertim,    quae    est 


162  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

inimlca  consilio,  et  in  victoria,  quae  natura.  insolens 
et  superba  est,  audimus  aut  legimus,  quo  studia  in- 
cendimur,  non  modo  in  gestis  rebus,  sed  etiam  in 
flctls,  ut  eos  saepe,  quos  numquam  vidimus,  dlliga- 
5  mus !  Te  vero,  quern  praesentem  intuemur,  cuius 
mentem  sensusque  et  os  cernimus,  ut,  quicquid  belli 
fortuna  reliquum  rel  publicae  fecerit,  id  esse  salvum 
veils,  quibus  laudibus  efferemus  ?  quibus  studiis  pro- 
sequemur  ?    qua  benevolentia  complectemur  ?     Parietes 

10  me  dlus  Fidius,  ut  mihi  videtur,  huius  curiae  tibi  gra- 
tias  agere  gestiunt,  quod  brevi  tempore  futura  sit  ilia 
auct5ritas  in  his  maiorum  suorum  et  suls  sedibus. 

IV.  Equidem  cum  C.  MarcellT,  viri  optimi  et  com- 
memorabili    pietate    praeditl,  lacrimas   modo   vobiscum 

15  viderem,  omnium  Marcellorum  meum  pectus  memoria 
offudit,  quibus  tu  etiam  mortuls  M.  Marcello  con- 
served dignitatem  suam  reddidisti  n5bilissimamque 
familiam  iam  ad  pauc5s  redactam  paene  ab  interitu 
vindicastT.     Hunc   tu    igitur  diem  tuls    maximis  et  in- 

20  numerabilibus  gratulationibus  iure  antep5nes. 

Haec  enim  res  unius  est  propria  C.  Caesaris ;  cete- 
rae  duce  te  gestae  magnae  illae  quidem,  sed  tamen 
multo  magndque  comitatu.  Huius  autem  rei  tu  Idem 
es  et  dux  et  comes;    quae  quidem  tanta   est,   ut   tro- 

25  paels  et  monumentls  tuls  adlatura  flnem  sit  aetas  — 
nihil  est  enim  opere  et  manu  factum,  quod  non  ali- 
quando  conficiat  et  consumat  vetustas  —  at  haec  tua 
iustitia  et  lenitas  animl  florescit  cotldie  magis,  ita  ut, 
quantum    tuls    operibus    diuturnitas    detrahet,    tantum 

30  adferat  laudibus.  Et  ceteros  quidem  omnes  victores 
bellorum  clvllium  iam  ante  aequitate  et  misericordia 
vlceras :  hodierno  vero  die  te  ipsum  vlcistl.  Vereor, 
ut  hoc,  quod  dlcam,  perinde  intellegl  possit  audltum, 
atque    ipse    cogitans    senti5;    ipsam   victoriam   vlcisse 


PRO   M.  MARCELLO   ORATIO   v.  163 

videris,  cum  ea,  quae  ilia  erat  adepta,  victis  remlsisti. 
Nam  cum  ipsius  victoriae  condicione  omnes  victl  oc- 
cidissemus,  clementiae  tuae  iudicio  conservatl  sumus, 
Recte  igitur  Onus  invictus  es,  a  quo  etiam  ipsius  vic- 
toriae conditio  vlsque  devicta  est.  5 

V.  Atque  hoc  C.  Caesaris  iudicium,  patres  c5n- 
scripti,  quam  late  pateat,  attendite.  Omnes  enim, 
qui  ad  ilia  arma  fato  sumus  nesci5  qu5  rei  publicae 
miserd  funest5que  compulsi,  etsi  aliqua  culpa  tenemur 
erroris  human!,  scelere  certe  liberati  sumus.  Nam,  10 
cum  M.  Marcellum  deprecantibus  vobis  rei  publicae 
c5nservavit,  me  et  mihi  et  item  rei  publicae  nullo 
deprecante,  reliquos  amplissimos  viros  et  sibi  ipsos  et 
patriae  reddidit,  quorum  et  frequentiam  et  dignitatem 
hoc  ips5  in  consessu  videtis,  non  ille  hostes  induxit  15 
in  curiam,  sed  iudicavit  a  plerisque  ignoratione  potius 
et  falso  atque  inanl  metu  quam  cupiditate  aut  crudeli- 
tate  bellum  esse  susceptum. 

Qu5  quidem  in  belld  semper  de  pace  audiendum 
putavl  semperque  dolui  non  modo  pacem,  sed  etiam  20 
orationem  civium  pacem  flagitantium  repudiari.  Ne- 
que  enim  ego  ilia  nee  ulla  umquam  secutus  sum 
arma  civilia,  semperque  mea  consilia  pacis  et  togae 
socia,  non  belli  atque  armorum  fuerunt.  Hominem 
sum  secutus  privato  consilio,  non  publico,  tantumque  25 
apud  me  gratl  animi  fidelis  memoria  valuit,  ut  nulla 
n5n  modo  cupiditate,  sed  ne  spe  quidem  prudens  et 
sciens  tamquam  ad  interitum  ruerem  voluntarium. 
Quod  quidem  meum  c5nsilium  minime  obscurum  fuit. 
Nam  et  in  hoc  ordine  integra  re  multa  de,  pace  dixi  30 
et  in  ipso  bello  eadem  etiam  cum  capitis  mel  periculo 
sensi.  Ex  quo  nemo  iam  erit  tarn  iniustus  exlstimator 
rerum,  qui  dubitet,  quae  Caesaris  de  bello  voluntas 
fuerit,  cum  pacis  auct5res  conservandos  statim  censue- 


164  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

rit,  ceteris  fuerit  Iratior.  Atque  id  minus  mlrum  for- 
tasse  turn,  cum  esset  incertus  exitus  et  anceps  fortuna 
.belli ;  qui  vero  victor  pads  auctores  dlligit,  is  pro- 
fecto  declarat  se  maluisse  non  dlmicare  quam  vincere. 
5  VI.  Atque  huius  quidem  rel  M.  Marcello  sum  testis. 
Nostrl  enim  sensus  ut  in  pace  semper,  sic  turn  etiam 
in  bello  congruebant.  Quotiens  ego  eum  et  quanto 
cum  dolore  vldl,  cum  Insolentiam  certorum  hominum, 
turn  etiam  ipslus  victoriae  ferocitatem  extimescentem ! 

io  Quo  gratior  tua  llberalitas,  C.  Caesar,  nobis,  qui  ilia 
vidimus,  debet  esse.  Non  enim  iam  causae  sunt  inter 
se,  sed  victoriae  comparandae.  Vidimus  tuam  victo- 
riam  proeliorum  exitu  terminatam ;  gladium  vagina 
vacuum   in   urbe  non  vidimus.     Quos  amlsimus  elves, 

iS  eos  Martis  vis  perculit,  non  Ira  victoriae,  ut  dubitare 
debeat  nemo,  quln  multos,  si  fieri  posset,  C.  Caesar 
ab  Inferls  excitaret,  quoniam  ex  eadem  acie  conservat, 
quos  potest. 

Alterius  verd  partis  nihil   amplius   dlcam   quam,   id 

20  quod  omnes  verebamur,  nimis  Iracundam  futuram 
fuisse  victoriam.  Quldam  enim  non  modo  armatls, 
sed  interdum  etiam  otiosls  minabantur  nee,  quid  quis- 
que  sensisset,  sed  ubi  fuisset,  cogitandum  esse  dlce- 
bant,   ut  mihi  quidem  videantur  dl  immortales,  etiam 

25  si  poenas  a  populo  Romano  ob  aliquod  delictum  ex- 
petlverunt,  qui  civile  bellum  tantum  et  tarn  luctuosum 
excitaverunt,  vel  placatl  iam  vel  satiatl  aliquando 
omnem  spem  salutis  ad  clementiam  victSris  et  sapi- 
entiam  contulisse. 

30  Qua  re  gaude  tuo  isto  tarn  excellent!  bono,  et 
fruere  cum  fortuna  et  gloria,  turn  etiam  natura  et 
m5ribus  tuls ;  ex  quo  quidem  maximus  est  fructus 
iucunditasque  sapientl.  Cetera  cum  tua  recordabere, 
etsl   persaepe  virtutl,   tamen    plerumque   fellcitatl  tuae 


PRO   M.  MARCELLO   ORATIO  vn.  166 

gratulabere ;  de  n5bis,  quos  in  re  publica  tecum  simul 
esse  voluistl  quotiens  cogitabis,  totiens  de  maximis 
tuis  benefices,  totiens  de  incredibill  liberalitate,  totiens 
de  singularl  sapientia  tua  cogitabis ;  quae  non  modo 
summa  bona,  sed  nlmlrum  audebo  vel  sola  dicere.  5 
Tantus  est  enim  splendor  in  laude  vera,  tanta  in 
magnitudine  animi  et  c5nsill  dlgnitas,  ut  haec  a  Vir- 
tute  donata,  cetera  a  Fortuna  commodata  esse  videan- 
tur.  Noll  igitur  in  conservandls  bonis  virls  defatlgarl, 
non  cupiditate  praesertim  aliqua  aut  pravitate  lapsis,  10 
sed  oplnione  officl  stulta  fortasse,  certe  non  improba, 
et  specie  quadam  rel  publicae.  Non  enim  tua  ulla 
culpa  est,  si  te  aliqui  timuerunt,  contraque  summa 
laus,  quod  minime  timendum  fuisse  senserunt. 

VII.    Nunc  venio  ad  gravissimam  querellam  et  atr5-  15 
cissimam  susplcionem  tuam,  quae  non  tibi  ipsl  magis 
quam   cum   omnibus   civibus,    turn   maxime   nobis,  qui 
a   te    conservatl    sumus,    providenda   est ;     quam    etsi 
spero  falsam  esse,  tamen  numquam  extenuabo  verbis. 
Tua  enim  cautio  nostra  cautio  est,  ut,  si  in  alterutro  20 
peccandum    sit,    malim    viderl     nimis    timidus     quam 
parum    prudens.     Sed  quisnam  est  iste  tarn  demens  ? 
de   tulsne  —  tametsl   qui    magis    sunt    tul,    quam    qui- 
bus  tu  salutem  Insperantibus   reddidisti  ?  ■*—  an  ex  hoc 
numerd,  qui   una  tecum  fuerunt?      Non  est  credibilis  25 
tantus  in  ullo  furor,   ut,  quo  duce   omnia   summa  sit 
adeptus,    huius    vitam   n5n    anteponat    suae.      An,    si 
nihil    tul    cogitant    sceleris,    cavendum    est,    ne    quid 
inimlcl?     Qui?    omnes  enim,  qui  fuerunt,  aut  sua  per- 
tinacia  vitam   amlserunt  aut   tua  misericordia  retinue-  30 
runt,  ut  aut  nulll  supersint  de  inimlcls  aut,  qui  fuerunt, 
sint  amlcissiml. 

Sed  tamen  cum  in  animls  hominum  tantae  latebrae 
sint    et   tantl    recessus,    augeamus    sane    susplcionem 


166  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

tuam;  simul  enim  augebimus  dlligentiam.  Nam  quis 
est  omnium  tarn  ignarus  rerum,  tarn  rudis  in  re  pu- 
blica, tarn  nihil  umquam  nee  de  sua  nee  de  communl 
salute  cogitans,  qui  non  intellegat  tua  salute  continerl 
5  suam  et  ex  unlus  tua  vita  pendere  omnium  ?  Equi- 
dem  de  te  dies  noctesque,  ut  debe5,  cogitans  casus 
dumtaxat  humanos  et  incertos  eventus  valetudinis  et 
naturae  communis  fragilitatem  extimesco,  doleoque, 
cum  res  publica  immortalis  esse  debeat,  earn  in  unlus 

10  mortalis  anima  consistere.  Si  vero  ad  humanos  casus 
incertosque  motus  valetudinis  sceleris  etiam  accedit 
Insidiarumque  consensio,  quern  deum,  si  cupiat,  posse 
opitularl  rei  publicae  credamus  ? 

VIII.    Omnia   sunt    excitanda   tibi,    C.    Caesar,    uni, 

15  quae  iacere  sentis,  belli  ipslus  impetu,  quod  necesse 
fuit,  perculsa  atque  prostrata;  constituenda  iudicia, 
revocanda  fides,  comprimendae  libidines,  propaganda 
suboles,  omnia,  quae  dilapsa  iam  diffluxerunt,  sevens 
legibus  vincienda  sunt.     Non  fuit  recusandum  in  tanto 

20  clvlll  bello,  tanto  animorum  ard5re  et  arm5rum,  quin 
quassata  res  publica,  qulcumque  belli  eventus  fuisset, 
multa  perderet  et  ornamenta  dignitatis  et  praesidia 
stabilitatis  suae,  multaque  uterque  dux  faceret  arma- 
tus,  quae  Idem  togatus  fieri    prohibuisset.      Quae  qui- 

25  dem  tibi  nunc  omnia  belli  vulnera  sananda  sunt, 
quibus  praeter  te  mederl  nemo  potest. 

Itaque  illam  tuam  praeclarissimam  et  sapientissi- 
mam  vocem  invltus  audlvl :  *•  Satis  diu  vel  naturae 
vlxl   vel   gloriae."     Satis,   si   ita   vis,  fortasse   naturae, 

30  addo  etiam,  si  placet,  gloriae  ;  at,  quod  maximum 
est,  patriae  certe  parum.  Qua  re  omitte  istam,  quae- 
so,  doctorum  hominum  in  contemnenda  morte  pru- 
dentiam ;  noli  nostro  perlculo  esse  sapiens.  Saepe 
enim  venit  ad  aures  meas,  te  idem  istud  nimis  crebro 


PRO   M.  MARCELLO   ORATIO   ix.  167 

dicere,  tibi  satis  te  vlxisse.  Credo;  sed  turn  id  audi- 
rem,  si  tibi  soli  vlveres  aut '  si  tibi  etiam  soli  natus 
esses.  Omnium  salutem  clvium  cunctamque  rem 
publicam  res  tuae  gestae  complexae  sunt ;  tantum 
abes  a  perfectione  maximorum  operum,  ut  funda-  5 
menta  nondum,  quae  cogitas,  ieceris.  Hie  tu  modum 
vltae  tuae  non  salute  re!  publicae,  sed  aequitate 
animl  deflnies  ?  Quid,  si  istud  ne  gloriae  tuae  qui- 
dem  satis  est  ?  cuius  te  esse  avidissimum,  quamvls  sis 
sapiens,  ndn  negabis.  10 

"Parumne  igitur,"  inquies,  "magna  relinquemus  ? " 
Immo  vero  alils  quamvls  multls  satis,  tibi  unl  parum. 
Quicquid  est  enim,  quamvls  amplum  sit,  id  est  parum 
turn,  cum  est  aliquid  amplius.  Quod  si  rerum  tuarum 
immortalium,  C.  Caesar,  hie  exitus  futurus  fuit,  ut  15 
devictls  adversarils  rem  publicam  in  eo  statu  relin- 
queres,  in  quo  nunc  est,  vide,  quaes5,  ne  tua  dlvlna 
virtus  admlrationis  plus  sit  habitura  quam  gloriae,  si 
quidem  gloria  est  illustris  ac  pervagata  magnorum 
vel  in  suos  elves  vel  in  .patriam  vel  in  omne  genus  20 
hominum  fama  meritorum. 

IX.  Haec  igitur  tibi  reliqua  pars  est ;  hie  restat 
actus,  in  hoc  elaborandum  est,  ut  rem  publicam  con- 
stituas,  eaque  tu  in  prlmis  summa  tranquillitate  et  5tio 
perfruare;  turn  te,  si  voles,  cum  et  patriae,  quod  de-  25 
bes,  solveris  et  naturam  ipsam  expleveris  satietate 
Vivendi,  satis  diu  vlxisse  dlcito.  Quid  enim  est  om- 
nlno  hoc  ipsum  diu,  in  qu5  est  aliquid  extremum  ? 
Quod  cum  venit,  omnis  voluptas  praeterita  pro  nihilo 
est,  quia  postea  nulla  est  futura.  Quamquam  iste  30 
tuus  animus  numquam  his  angustils,  quas  natura  no- 
bis ad  vlvendum  dedit,  contentus  fuit,  semper  immor- 
talitatis  amore  flagravit. 

Nee  vero  haec  tua  vita  ducenda  est,  quae   corpore 


168  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

et  splritu  continetur ;  ilia,  inquam,  ilia  vita  est  tua, 
quae  vigebit  memoria  saeculorum  omnium,  quam  po- 
sterity alet,  quam  ipsa  aeternitas  semper  tuebitur. 
Huic  tu  Inservias,  huic  te  ostentes  oportet,  quae  qui- 
5  dem,  quae  mlretur,  iam  prldem  multa  habet ;  nunc 
etiam,  quae  laudet,  exspectat.  Obstipescent  poster! 
certe  imperia,  provincias,  Rhenum,  Oceanum,  Nllum, 
pugnas  innumerabiles,  incredibiles  victorias,  monu- 
menta,  munera,  triumphos   audientes*  et  legentes  tuos. 

10  Sed  nisi  haec  urbs  stabillta  tuls  consilils  et  Institutis 
erit,  vagabitur  modo  tuum  nomen  longe  atque  late, 
sedem  stabilem  et  domicilium  certum  non  habebit. 

Erit  inter  eos  etiam,  qui  nascentur,  slcut  inter  nos 
fuit,    magna    dissensio,    cum    alii   laudibus   ad   caelum 

15  res  tuas  gestas  efferent,  alii  fortasse  aliquid  requlrent, 
idque  vel  maximum,  nisi  belli  clvllis  incendium  salute 
patriae  restlnxeris,  ut  illud  fatl  fuisse  videatur,  hoc 
consill.  Servi  igitur  els  etiam  iudicibus,  qui  multls 
post   saeculls  de   te   iudicabunt,   et  quidem    haud  scio 

20  an  incorruptius  quam  nos ;  nam  et  sine  amore  et  sine 
cupiditate  et  rursus  sine  odio  et  sine  invidia  iudica- 
bunt. Id  autem  etiam  si  turn  ad  te,  ut  quldam  falso 
putant,  non  pertinebit,  nunc  certe  pertinet  esse  te 
talem,  ut   tuas   laudes    obscuratura    nulla   umquam  sit 

25  obllvio. 

X.  Dlversae  voluntatis  civium  fuerunt  distractaeque 
sententiae.  Non  enim  c5nsilils  solum  et  studils,  sed 
armls  etiam  et  castrls  dissidebamus ;  erat  enim  obscu- 
ritas  quaedam,  erat  certamen  inter  clarissimos  duces; 

30  multl  dubitabant,  quid  optimum  esset,  multl,  quid 
sibi  expedlret,  multl,  quid  deceret,  n5n  nulll  etiam, 
quid  liceret.  Perfuncta  res  publica  est  hoc  misero 
fatalique  bello;  vlcit  is,  qui  non  fortuna  Inflammaret 
odium  suum,  sed  bonitate  lenlret,  neque  omnes,  quibus 


PRO   M.  MARCELLO    ORATIO   XI,  169 

Iratus  esset,  eosdem  etiam  exsilio  aut  morte  dlgnos 
iudicaret.  Arma  ab  aliis  posita,  ab  aliis  erepta  sunt. 
Ingratus  est  iniustusque  clvis,  qui  armorum  perlculo 
llberatus  animum  tamen  retinet  armatum,  ut  etiam 
ille  melior  sit,  qui  in  acie  cecidit,  qui  in  causa  ani-  5 
mam  pr5fudit.  Quae  enim  pertinacia  quibusdam,  ea- 
dem  aliis  constantia  videri  potest. 

Sed  iam  omnis  fracta  dissensi5  est  armls,  exstincta 
aequitate  victoris ;  restat,  ut  omnes  unum  velint,  qui 
modo  habent  aliquid  non  solum  sapientiae,  sed  etiam  10 
sanitatis.  Nisi  te,  C.  Caesar,  salvo  et  in  ista  sententia, 
qua  cum  antea,  turn  hodie  vel  maxime  usus  es,  ma- 
nente  salvi  esse  ndn  possumus.  Qua  re  omnes  te, 
qui  haec  salva  esse  volumus,  et  hortamur  et  obsecra- 
mus,  ut  vitae  tuae  et  salutl  consulas,  omnesque  tibi,  —  15 
ut  pro  aliis  etiam  loquar,  quod  de  me  ipse  sentio,  — 
quoniam  subesse  aliquid  putas,  quod  cavendum  sit, 
non  modo  excubias  et  custodias,  sed  etiam  laterum 
nostrorum  oppositus  et  corporum  pollicemur. 

XI.  Sed  ut,  unde  est  orsa,  in  eodem  terminetur  2c 
oratio,  maximas  tibi  omnes  gratias  agimus,  C.  Caesar, 
maiores  etiam  habemus.  Nam  omnes  idem  sentiunt, 
quod  ex  omnium  precibus  et  lacrimls  sentlre  potuisti. 
Sed  quia  non  est  omnibus  stantibus  necesse  dlcere,  a 
me  certe  did  volunt,  cui  necesse  est  quodam  modo;  25 
et,  quod  fieri  decet  M.  Marcello  a  te  huic  ordinl 
populoque  Romano  et  rei  piiblicae  reddito,  fieri  id 
intellego.  Nam  laetarl  omnes  non  de  iinlus  solum, 
sed  de  communl  salute  sentio. 

Quod   autem    summae   benevolentiae  est,   quae  mea  30 
erga  ilium  omnibus  semper  nota  fuit,  ut  vix  C.   Mar- 
cello,  optimo   et   amantissimo  fratrl,  praeter   eum  qui- 
dem     cederem     neminl,    cum     id     sollicitudine,     cura, 
labore   tarn    diu    praestiterim,    quam    diu    est    de   illius 


170  PRO   M.  MARCELLO   ORATIO   xi. 

salute  dubitatum,  certe  hoc  tempore  magnls  curls, 
molestils,  doloribus  liberatus  praestare  debeo.  Itaque, 
C.  Caesar,  sic  tibi  gratias  ago,  ut  omnibus  me  rebus 
a  te  non  conservato  solum,  sed  etiam  ornato,  tamen 
$  ad  tua  in  me  unum  innumerabilia  merita,  quod  fieri 
iam  posse  non  arbitrabar,  maximus  hoc  tuo  facto 
cumulus  accesserit. 


M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

IN  M.  ANTONIUM  ORATIO  PHILIPPICA 
QUARTA. 


I.  Frequentia  vestrum  incredibilis,  Quirites,  conti5- 
que  tanta,  quantam  meminisse  non  videor,  et  alacrita- 
tem  mihi  summam  defendendae  rel  publicae  adfert  et 
spem  recuperandae.  Quamquam  animus  mihi  quidem 
numquam  defuit,  tempora  defuerunt,  quae  simul  ac  5 
prlmum  aliquid  lucis  ostendere  visa  sunt,  princeps 
vestrae  llbertatis  defendendae  fui.  Quod  si  id  ante 
facere  conatus  essem,  nunc  facere  non  possem.  Ho- 
dierno  enim  die,  Quirites,  ne  mediocrem  rem  actam 
arbitreminl,  fundamenta  iacta  sunt  reliquarum  actio-  10 
num.  Nam  est  hostis  a  senatu  nondum  verbo  appel- 
latus,  sed  re  iam  iudicatus  Antonius.  Nunc  vero 
multo  sum  erectior,  quod  vos  quoque  ilium  hostem 
esse  tant5  consensu  tantoque  clamore  approbavistis. 
Neque  enim,  Quirites,  fieri  potest,  ut  non  aut  el  sint  15 
impil,  qui  contra  consulem  exercitus  comparaverunt, 
aut  ille  hostis,  contra  quern  hire  arma  sumpta  sunt. 

Hanc  igitur  dubitationem,  quamquam  nulla  erat, 
tamen  ne  qua  posset  esse,  senatus  hodierno  die  sus- 
tulit.  C.  Caesar,  qui  rem  publicam  Hbertatemque  20 
vestram  suo  studio,  consilio,  patrimonio  denique  tuta- 
tus  est  et  tutatur,  maximls  senatus  laudibus  ornatus 
est.  Laudo,  laud5  v5s,  Quirites,  quod  gratissimls 
animls  prosequiminl  n5men    clarissiml  adulescentis  vel 

171 


172  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

puerl  potius  —  sunt  enim  facta  eius  immortalitatis, 
nomen  aetatis.  Multa  meminl,  multa  audlvi,  multa 
legl,  Quirltes;  nihil  ex  omnium  saeculorum  memoria 
tale  cognovl, —  qui,  cum  servitute  premeremur,  in 
5  dies  malum  cresceret,  praesidl  nihil  haberemus,  capi- 
talem  et  pestiferum  a  Brundisio  turn  M.  AntonI  redi- 
tum  timeremus,  hoc  Insperatum  omnibus  consilium, 
incognitum  certe  ceperit,  ut  exercitum  invictum  ex 
paternis    mllitibus    conficeret   Antonique    furorem   cru- 

10  delissimls  consilils  incitatum  a  pernicie  rel  publicae 
averteret. 

II.  Quis  est  enim,  qui  hoc  non  intellegat,  nisi 
Caesar  exercitum  paravisset,  non  sine  exitio  nostro 
f uturum   AntonI  reditum    f uisse  ?     Ita  enim  se  recipi- 

15  ebat  ardens  odio  vestrl,  cruentus  sanguine  clvium 
Romanorum,  quos  Suessae,  quos  Brundisi  occlderat, 
ut  nihil  nisi  de  pernicie  populi  RomanI  cogitaret. 
Quod  autem  praesidium  erat  salutis  libertatisque  ve- 
strae,  si  C.   Caesaris  fortissimorum  sul   patris   militum 

20  exercitus  non  f  uisset  ?     Cuius   de   laudibus   et   honori- 

bus,  qui  el  pro  divlnis   et   immortalibus   meritls  divlni 

immortalesque    debentur,  mihi   senatus  adsensus  paulo 

ante  decrevit,  ut  primo  quoque  tempore  referretur. 

Quo  decreto  quis   non    perspicit   hostem  esse  Anto- 

25  nium  iiidicatum?  Quern  enim  possumus  appellare 
eum,  contra  quern  qui  exercitus  ducunt,  els  senatus 
arbitratur  singulares  exquirendos  honores  ?  Quid  ? 
legio  Martia,  quae  mihi  videtur  divinitus  ab  eo  deo 
traxisse  nomen,  a  quo  populum  Romanum  generatum 

30  accepimus,  non  ipsa  suls  decretis  prius  quam  senatus 
hostem  iudicavit  Antonium  ?  Nam  si  ille  non  hostis, 
hos,  qui  consulem  rellquerunt,  hostes  necesse  est 
iudicemus.  Praeclare  et  loc5,  Quirltes,  reclamatione 
vestra    factum   pulcherrimum    Martialium   comprobavi- 


IN   M.  ANTONIUM   ORATIO   IV.  m.  173 

stis;  qui  se  ad  senatus  auctoritatem,  ad  llbertatem  ve- 
stram,  ad  universam  rem  publicam  contulerunt,  hostem 
ilium  et  latronem  et  parricidam  patriae  reliquerunt. 
Nee  solum  id  animose  et  fortiter,  sed  considerate  eti- 
am  sapienterque  fecerunt;  Albae  constiterunt,  in  urbe  5 
opportuna,  munlta,  propinqua,  fortissimorum  virorum, 
fidelissimorum  civium  atque  optimorum.  Huius  Mar- 
tiae  legionis  legio  quarta  imitata  virtutem,  duce  L. 
Egnatuleio,  quern  senatus  merito  paulo  ante  laudavit, 
C.  Caesaris  exercitum  persecuta  est.  10 

III.  Quae  exspectas,  M.  Antoni,  iudicia  graviora? 
Caesar  fertur  in  caelum,  qui  contra  te  exercitum 
comparavit ;  laudantur  exqulsltissimis  verbis  legiones, 
quae  te  reliquerunt,  quae  a  te  arcessltae  sunt,  quae 
essent,  si  te  consulem  quam  hostem  maluisses,  tuae;  15 
quarum  legionum  fortissimum  verissimumque  iudicium 
conflrmat  senatus,  comprobat  universus  populus  Ro- 
manus,  nisi  forte  vos,  Quirltes,  consulem,  non  hostem 
iudicatis  Antonium. 

Sic   arbitrabar,   Quirltes,  vos   iudicare,  ut   ostenditis.  20 
Quid  ?    municipia,    colonias,    praefecturas    num    aliter 
iudicare   censetis  ?      Omnes   mortales  una   mente   con- 
sentiunt,    omnia    arma   eorum,    qui   haec    salva   velint, 
contra  illam   pestem  esse   capienda.     Quid  ?    D.   BrutI 
iudicium,  Quirltes,  quod   ex   hodiernS   eius  edicto  per-  25 
spicere     potuistis,    num     cui    tandem     contemnendum 
videtur?     Recte   et   vere  negatis,  Quirltes.     Est   enim 
quasi  deorum  immortalium  beneficio  et  munere  datum 
rel  publicae  Brutorum    genus  et  nomen  ad  llbertatem 
popull    Roman!    vel    constituendam    vel    recipiendam.  30 
Quid  igitur  D.  Brutus  de*  M.  Antonia  iudicavit?     Ex- 
cludit   provincia,  exercitu    obsistit,  Galliam  totam    hor-: 
tatur    ad    bellum,    ipsam    sua    sponte    suoque    iudicio 
excitatam.     Si  consul  Antonius,  Brutus  hostis ;  si  con- 


174  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

servator   rel   publicae   Brutus,   hostis  Antonius.     Num 
igitur,  utrum  horum  sit,  dubitare  possumus  ? 

IV.  Atque  ut  vos  una  mente  unaque  voce  dubitare 
vos   negatis,    sic    modo    decrevit    senatus,    D.    Brutum 

5  optime  de  re  publica  merer!,  cum  senatus  auctorita- 
tem  popullque  Roman!  libertatem  imperiumque  defen- 
deret.  A  quo  defenderet?  Nempe  ab  hoste ;  quae 
est  enim  alia  laudanda  defensio  ?  Deinceps  laudatur 
provincia   Gallia   meritoque  ornatur  verb!s  amplissirms 

10  ab  senatu,  quod  resistat  Antonio.  Quern  s!  consulem 
ilia  provincia  putaret  neque  eum  reciperet,  magno 
scelere  se  astringeret;  omnes  enim  in  consulis  iure 
et  imperio  debent  esse  provinciae.  Negat  hoc  D. 
Brutus   imperator,   consul    des!gnatus,  natus   re!  publi- 

15  cae  civis;  negat  Gallia,  negat  cuncta  Italia,  negat 
senatus,  negatis  vos. 

Quis  ilium  igitur  consulem  nisi  latrones  putant  ? 
Quamquam  ne  e!  quidem  ips!,  quod  loquuntur,  id 
sentiunt,  nee    ab   iudicio   omnium    mortalium,  quamv!s 

20  impi!  nefari!que  sint,  sicut  sunt,  dissent!re  possunt. 
Sed  spes  rapiend!  atque  praedand!  occaecat  animos 
eorum,  quos  non  bonorum  donatio,  non  agrorum  ad- 
s!gnatio,  n5n  ilia  !nf!n!ta  hasta  satiavit ;  qu!  sibi  urbem, 
qu!    bona   et   fortunas    avium    ad    praedam    proposue- 

25  runt;  qu!,  dum  h!c  sit,  quod  rapiant,  quod  auferant, 
nihil  sibi  defuturum  arbitrantur ;  quibus  M.  Antonius 
—  6  di  immortales,  avertite  et  detestamin!,  quaeso, 
hoc  omen !  —  urbem  se  d!v!surum  esse  promisit. 

Ita  vero,  Quintes,  ut  precamin!,  eveniat,  atque  huius 

30  amentiae  poena  in  ipsum  f  amiliamque  eius  recidat ! 
Quod  ita  futurum  esse  conf!do.  lam  enim  non  solum 
homines,  sed  etiam  deos  immortales  ad  rem  publicam 
conservandam  arbitror  consensisse.  Sive  enim  prodi- 
gi!s    atque  portentis  d!  immortales  nob!s  futura  prae- 


IN   M.  ANTONIUM    ORATIO   IV.  v.  175 

dicunt,  ita  sunt  aperte  pronuntiata,  ut  et  ill!  poena 
et  nobis  llbertas  appropinquet,  sive  tantus  consensus 
omnium  sine  impulsu  de5rum  esse  non  potuit,  quid 
est,  quod  de  voluntate  caelestium  dubitare  posslmus  ? 

V.  Reliquum  est,  Quirites,  ut  vos  in  ista  sententia,  5 
quam  prae  vobls  fertis,  perseveretis.  Faciam  igitur, 
ut  imperatores  instructs  acie  solent,  quamquam  para- 
tissimos  mllites  ad  proeliandum  videant,  ut  eos  tamen 
adhortentur,  sic  ego  v5s  ardentes  et  erectos  ad  liber- 
tatem  recuperandam  cohortabor.  10 

Non  est  vobls,  Quirltes,  cum  e5  hoste  certamen, 
cum  quo  aliqua  pads  conditio  esse  possit.  Neque 
enim  ille  servitutem  vestram  ut  antea,  sed  iam  Iratus 
sanguinem  concupiscit.  Nullus  el  ludus  videtur  esse 
iucundior  quam  cruor,  quam  caedes,  quam  ante  ocu-  15 
los  trucidatio  civium.  Non  est  vobis  res,  Quirltes, 
cum  scelerato  homine  atque  nefari5,  sed  cum  immanl 
taetraque  belua,  quae  quoniam  in  foveam  incidit,  ob- 
ruatur.  Si  enim  illim  emerserit,  niillius  supplici  cru- 
delitas  erit  recusanda.  Sed  tenetur,  premitur,  urgetur  20 
nunc  els  copiis,  quas  iam  habemus,  mox  els,  quas 
paucis  diebus  novi  consules  comparabunt.  Incumbite 
in  causam,  Quirltes,  ut  facitis.  Numquam  maior  c5n- 
sensus  vester  in  ulla  causa  fuit,  numquam  tarn  vehe- 
menter  cum  senatii  consociatl  fuistis.  Nee  mirum ;  25 
agitur  enim,  non  qua  condicione  victuri,  sed  victurlne 
slmus  an  cum  supplicid  ignominiaque  perituri. 

Quamquam  mortem  quidem  natura  omnibus  pro- 
posuit,  crudelitatem  mortis  et  dedecus  virtus  propul- 
sare  solet,  quae  propria  est  Roman!  generis  et  seminis.  3° 
Hanc  retinete,  quaeso,  quam  vobls  tamquam  heredita- 
tem  maiores  vestri  rellquerunt.  Nam  cum  alia  omnia 
falsa,  incerta  sint,  caduca,  mobilia,  virtus  est  una 
altissimls  deflxa  radicibus ;  quae  numquam  vi  ulla 
labefactarl    potest,    numquam     demoverl    loco.       Hac  35 


176  IN   M.  ANTONIUM   ORATIO   IV.  vi. 

virtu te  maiores  vestrl  primum  universam  Italiam  devl- 
cerunt,  deinde  Karthaginem  exciderunt,  Numantiam 
everterunt,  potentissimos  reges,  bellicosissimas  gentes 
in  dicionem  huius  imperl  redegerunt. 
5  VI.  Ac  maioribus  quidem  vestrls,  Quirltes,  cum  eo 
hoste  res  erat,  qui  haberet  rem  publicam,  curiam, 
aerarium,  c5nsensum  et  concordiam  clvium,  rati5nem 
aliquam,  si  ita  res  tulisset,  pads  et  foederis;  hie  ve- 
ster  hostis  vestram  rem  publicam  oppugnat,  ipse  habet 

10  nullam ;  senatum,  id  est  orbis  terrae  consilium,  delere 
gestit,  ipse  consilium  publicum  nullum  habet;  aera- 
rium vestrum  exhausit,  suum  non  habet.  Nam  con- 
cordiam clvium  qui  habere  potest,  nullam  cum  habet 
civitatem  ?   pacis  vero  quae  potest  esse  cum  eo  ratio, 

15  in  quo  est  incredibilis  crudelitas,  fides  nulla? 

Est  igitur,  Quirltes,  populo  Romano,  victorl  omnium 
gentium,  omne  certamen  cum  percussore,  cum  latrone, 
cum  Spartaco.  Nam  quod  se  similem  esse  Catilinae 
glorian    solet,    scelere   par   est    ill!,    industria    inferior. 

20  Hie  cum  exercitum  nullum  habuisset,  repente  confla- 
vit;  hie  eum  exercitum,  quern  accepit,  amisit.  Ut 
igitur  Catilinam  dlligentia  mea,  senatus  auctoritate, 
vestro  studio  et  virtute  fregistis,  sic  Anton!  nefarium 
latr5cinium  vestra  cum  senatu  concordia  tanta,  quanta 

25  numquam  fuit,  felicitate  et  virtute  exercituum  ducum- 
que  vestrorum  brevi  tempore  oppressum  audietis. 
Equidem  quantum  cura,  labore,  vigilils,  auctoritate, 
consili5  enltl  atque  efTicere  potero,  nihil  praetermit- 
tam,  quod  ad  libertatem  vestram  pertinere  arbitrabor; 

30  neque  enim  id  pro  vestrls  amplissimls  in  me  bene- 
ficils  sine  scelere  facere  possum.  Hodierno  autem 
die  primum  referente  viro  fortissim5  v5blsque  amlcis- 
simo,  hoc  M.  Servili5,  colleglsque  eius,  ornatissimis 
virls,  optimls    clvibus,  long5   intervallo   me   auctore  et 

35  prlncipe  ad  spem  llbertatis  exarsimus. 


M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 
EPISTOLAE   SELECTAE. 


I. 

Scripta  est  epistola  Romae  a.  u.  c.  686. 
CICERO  ATTICO  SAL. 

Apud  matrem  recte  est,  eaque  nobis  curae  est. 
L.  Clncio  HS.  xxcd.  constitul  me  curaturum  Idibus 
Febr.  TO  velim  ea,  quae  nobis  emisse  te  et  parasse 
scribis,  des  operam  ut  quam  prlmum  habeamus,  et 
velim  cogites,  id  quod  mihi  pollicitus  es,  quern  ad  5 
modum  bibliothecam  nobis  conficere  possls ;  omnem 
spem  delectationis  nostrae,  quam,  cum  in  otium 
venerimus,  habere  volumus,  in  tua  humanitate  posi- 
tam  habemus. 

II. 

Scr.  Romae  A.  u.  c.  692. 

M.     TULLTUS    M.    F.     CICERO    S.     D.     CN.    POMPEIO 
CN.   F.   MAG  NO  IMPERATORI. 

S.  t.  e.  Q.  v.  b.  e.  Ex  litteris  tuis,  quas  publice  10 
mlsistl,  cepi  una  cum  omnibus  incredibilem  volupta- 
tem;  tantam  enim  spem  oti  ostendisti,  quantam  ego 
semper  omnibus  te  uno  fretus  pollicebar.  Sed  hoc 
sclto,  tuos  veteres  hostes,  novos  amicos,  vehementer  lit- 
teris perculsos  atque  ex  magna  spe  deturbat5s  iacere.        15 

Ad    me  autem   litteras,   quas  mlsistl,   quamquam  ex- 
iguam    slgnificationem  tuae   erga   me  voluntatis    habe- 

177 


178  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

bant,  tamen  mihi  scito  iucundas  fuisse  ;  nulla  enim  re 
tarn  laetarl  soleo  quam  meorum  officiorum  conscientia, 
quibus  si  quando  n5n  mutue  respondetur,  apud  me 
plus  officl  residere  facillime  patior.  Illud  non  dubito, 
5  quln,  si  te  mea  summa  erga  te  studia  parum  mihi 
adiunxerint,  res  publica  nos  inter  nos  conciliatura 
coniuncturaque  sit. 

Ac,  ne  ignores,  quid  ego  in  tuis  littens  desiderarim, 
scribam  aperte,  sicut  et  mea  natura  et  nostra  amicitia 

10  postulat.  Res  eas  gessi,  quarum  aliquam  in  tuis  lit- 
tens et  nostrae  necessitudinis  et  rei  publicae  causa 
gratulationem  exspectavl;  quam  ego  abs  te  praeter- 
missam  esse  arbitror,  quod  vererere,  ne  cuius  animum 
offenderes.     Sed  scito  ea,  quae  nos  pr5  salute  patriae 

15  gessimus,  orbis  terrae  iudicio  ac  testimonio  compro- 
barl;  quae,  cum  veneris,  tanto  consilio  tantaque  animi 
magnitudine  a  me  gesta  esse  cognosces,  ut  tibi  multo 
maiorl,  quam  Africanus  fuit,  me  n5n  multo  min5rem 
quam    Laelium    facile   et  in  re  publica  et  in  amicitia 

20  adiunctum  esse  patiare. 

III. 

Scr.  in  Tusculano  mense  Martio  a.  u.  C.  695. 
CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

FecistI  mihi  pergratum,  quod  Serapionis  librum  ad 
me  misisti,  ex  quo  quidem  ego  —  quod  inter  nos 
liceat  dlcere  —  millesimam  partem  vix  intellego.  Pro 
eo  tibi  praesentem  pecuniam  solvl  imperavl,  ne  tu 
25  expensum  muneribus  ferres.  At,  quoniam  nummo- 
rum  menti5  facta  est,  amabo  te,  cura,  ut  cum  Titinio, 
quoquo  modo  poteris,  transigas ;  si  in  eo,  quod  osten- 
derat,    non   stat,    mihi   maxime    placet   ea,    quae   male 


EPISTOLAE   SELECTAE    III.  179 

empta  sunt,  reddi,  si  voluntate  Pomponiae  fieri  pote- 
nt; si  ne  id  quidem,  nummi  potius  addantur,  quam 
ullus  sit  scrupulus.  Valde  hoc  velim,  ante,  quam 
proficlscare,  amanter,  ut  soles,  dlligenterque  conficias. 

Clodius  ergo,  ut  ais,  ad  Tigranem  ?  velim  Syrpiae  5 
condicione,  sed  facile  patior;  accommodatius  enim  no- 
bis erit  ad  llberam  legationem  tempus  illud,  cum  et 
Quintus  noster  iam,  ut  speramus,  in  otio  consederit, 
et,  iste  sacerdos  Bonae  Deae  cuius  modi  futurus  sit, 
scierimus.  Interea  quidem  cum  Musis  nos  delectabimus  10 
animo  aequo,  immo  vero  etiam  gaudentl  ac  libentl; 
neque  mihi  umquam  veniet  in  mentem  Crasso  invidere 
neque  paenitere,  quod  a  me  ipse  non  desciverim. 

De  geographia,  dabo  operam,  ut  tibi  satis  f aciam ; 
sed  nihil  certl  polliceor.  Magnum  opus  est,  sed  15 
tamen,  ut  iubes,  curabo,  ut  huius  peregrinationis  ali- 
quod  tibi  opus  exstet.  Tu  quicquid  indagaris  de  re 
publica  et  maxime,  quos  consules  futuros  putes,  facito 
ut  sciam.  TametsI  nimis  sum  curiosus;  statu!  enim 
nihil  iam  de  re  publica  cogitare.  20 

Terentiae  saltum  perspeximus.  Quid  quaeris?  prae- 
ter  quercum  Dodonaeam  nihil  deslderamus,  quo  mi- 
nus Eplrum  ipsam  possidere  videamur. 

Nos   circiter    Kal.    aut   in    Formiano   erimus    aut   in 
Pompeiano.      Tu,  si   in  Formiano   non    erimus,  si  nos  25 
amas,  in  Pompeianum  venlt5  ;    id  et  nobis  erit   periu- 
cundum  et  tibi  non  sane  devium. 

De  muro  imperavl  Philotimo,  ne  impedlret,  quo 
minus  id  fieret,  quod  tibi  videretur;  tu  cense5  tamen 
adhibeas  Vettium.  His  temporibus,  tarn  dubia  vita  3° 
optimi  ciiiusque,  magnl  aestimo  unlus  aestatis  fructum 
palaestrae  Palatmae,  sed  ita  tamen,  ut  nihil  minus 
velim,  quam  Pomponiam  et  puerum  versarl  in  timore 
rulnae. ' 


180  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

IV. 

Scr.  in  Formiano  mense  Aprili  a.  u.  c.  695. 

CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

Facinus  indignum !  epistolam  avdcopel  tibi  a  Tribus 
Tabernls  rescriptam  ad  tuas  suavissimas  epistolas  ne- 
minem  reddidisse !  At  scito  eum  fasciculum,  quo 
illam    conieceram,    domum    eo    ips5   die    latum    esse, 

5  quo  ego  dederam,  et  ad  me  in  Formianum  relatum 
esse;  itaque  tibi  tuam  epistolam  iussi  referri,  ex  qua 
intellegeres,  quam  mihi  turn  illae  gratae  fuissent. 

Romae  quod  scrlbis  silerl,  ita  putabam  ;  at  hercule 
in   agris    non    siletur,    nee    iam    ipsl   agri   regnum   ve- 

IO  strum  ferre  possunt.  Si  vero  in  hanc  TrfKeiryXov 
veneris  AaLarpvyovirjv  —  Formias  dico,  —  qui  fremitus 
hominum !  quam  Irati  animl !  quanto  in  odio  noster 
amicus  Magnus !  cuius  cognomen  una  cum  Crass! 
Dlvitis    cognomine    consenescit.       Credas   mihi   velim : 

J5  neminem  adhuc  offendi,  qui  haec  tarn  lente,  quam 
ego  fero,  ferret. 

Qua  re,  mihi  crede,  faXoaocfrwfJLev :  iuratus  tibi  pos- 
sum dicere  nihil  esse  tantl.  Tu  si  ad  Sicyonios  litte- 
ras    habes,    advola    in    Formianum,    unde    nos    pridie 

20  Nonas  Maias  cogitamus. 

V. 

Scr.  ab  Appi  Foro  mense  Aprili  a.  u.  c.  695. 
CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

Volo  ames  meam  constantiam.  Ludos  Anti  spec- 
tare  non  placet.  Est  enim  vttoo-oXolkov,  cum  velim 
vitare   omnium    deliciarum    suspicionem,    repente    ava- 


EPISTOLAE    SELECTAE    VI.  181 

(f>alveaOai  non  solum  delicate,  sed  etiam  inepte  pere- 
grlnantem.  Qua  re  usque  ad  Nonas  Maias  te  in 
Formiano  exspectabo.  Nunc  fac,  ut  sciam,  quo  die 
te  vlsurl  slmus.  Ab  AppI  Foro,  hora  quarta.  Dede- 
ram  aliam  paulo  ante  a  Tribus  Tabernis. 


VI. 

Scr.  Romae  mense  Sextili  a.  u.  c.  695. 
CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

Numquam  ante  arbitror  te  epistolam  meam  legisse, 
nisi  mea  manu  scrlptam.  Ex  eo  colligere  poteris, 
quanta  occupatione  distinear;  nam,  cum  vacul  tempo- 
ris  nihil  habere m  et  cum  recreandae  voculae  causa 
necesse  esset  mihi  ambulare,  haec  dictavl  ambulans.      10 

Prlmum  igitur  illud  te  scire  volo,  Sampsiceramum, 
nostrum  amicum,  vehementer  sul  status  paenitere 
restituique  in  eum  locum  cupere,  ex  quo  decidit, 
doloremque  suum  impertire  nobis  et  mediclnam  in- 
terdum  aperte  quaerere,  quam  ego  possum  invenire  15 
nullam ;  deinde  omnes  illius  partis  auctores  ac  socios 
nullo  adversari5  c5nsenescere ;  cdnsensionem  univer- 
sorum  nee  voluntatis  nee  sermonis  maiorem  umquam 
fuisse. 

Nos  autem — nam  id  te  scire  cupere  certo  sci5 — 30 
publicis  consilils  nullls  intersumus  totosque  n5s  ad 
forensem  operam  laboremque  contulimus ;  ex  qu5, 
quod  facile  intellegi  possit,  in  multa  commemoratione 
earum  rerum,  quas  gessimus,  desiderioque  versamur. 
Sed  /3oco7riSo9  nostrae  cSnsanguineus  non  mediocres  25 
terrores  iacit  atque  denuntiat,  et  Sampsiceramo  negat, 
ceteris   prae   se   fert   et   ostentat.       Quam   ob   rem,   si 


182  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

me  amas  tantum,  quantum  profecto  amas,  si  dormls, 
experglscere ;  si  stas,  ingredere ;  si  ingrederis,  curre ; 
si  curris,  advola.  Credibile  n5n  est,  quantum  ego  in 
consilils  et  prudentia  tua,  quodque  maximum  est, 
5  quantum  in  amore  et  fide  ponam. 

Magnitudo  rei  longam  orationem  fortasse  desiderat, 

coniunctio   vero    nostrorum    animorum    brevitate   con- 

tenta    est.       Permagnl   nostra   interest    te,    si   comitils 

non  potueris,  at  declarato  illo  esse  Romae.     Cura,  ut 

io  valeas. 

VII. 

Scr.  in  itinere  mense  Aprili  a.  u.  c.  696. 

CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

Utinam  ilium  diem  videam,  cum  tibi  agam  gratias, 
quod  me  vlvere  coegistl!  Adhuc  quidem  valde  me 
paenitet.  Sed  te  oro,  ut  ad  me  Vibdnem  statim 
venias,  quo  ego  multls  de  causis  convertl  iter  meum. 
15  Sed  e5  si  veneris,  de  t5to  itinere  ac  fuga  mea  con- 
silium capere  potero.^  Si  id  non  feceris,  mlrabor,  sed 
confldo  te  esse  facturum. 

VIII. 

Scr.  Brundisi  prid.  Kalendas  Maias  A.  u.  c.  696. 

TULLIUS  S.   D.    TERENTIAE   ET    TULLIAE  ET    CICE- 
RONI SUIS. 

Ego  minus  saepe  do  ad  vos  litteras,  quam  possum, 
propterea  quod  cum  omnia  mihi  tempora  sunt  misera, 
20  turn  vero,  cum  aut  scrlbo  ad  v5s  aut  vestras  lego, 
conficior  lacrimls  sic,  ut  ferre  non  possim.  Quod 
utinam  minus  vltae  cupidl  fuissemus !  certe  nihil  aut 
non  multum  in  vita  mall  vldissemus. 


EPISTOLAE    SELECTAE    VIII.  183 

Quod  si  nos  ad  aliquam  alicuius  commodl  ali- 
quando  recuperandl  spem  fortuna  reservavit,  minus 
est  erratum  a  nobis ;  sin  haec  mala  fixa  sunt,  ego 
vero  te  quam  primum,  mea  vita,  cupi5  videre  et  in 
tu5  complexu  emori,  quoniam  neque  dl,  quos  tu  ca-  5 
stissime  coluistl,  neque  homines,  quibus  ego  semper 
servivi,  nobis  gratiam  rettulerunt. 

Nos  BrundisI  apud  M.  Laenium  Flaccum  dies  xm. 
fuimus,  virum  optimum,  qui  periculum  fortunarum  et 
capitis  sul  prae  mea  salute  neglexit  neque  legis  impro-  10 
bissimae  poena  deductus  est,  quo  minus  hospitl  et 
amlcitiae  ius  officiumque  praestaret.  Huic  utinam 
aliquando  gratiam  referre  posslmus !  habebimus  qui- 
dem  semper.  Brundisio  profecti  sumus  prid.  K. 
Mai. ;  per  Macedoniam  Cyzicum  petebamus.  15 

O  me  perditum !  O  adflictum !  Quid  nunc  rogem 
te,  ut  venias,  mulierem  aegram,  et  corpore  et  animo 
confectam  ?  Non  rogem  ?  Sine  te  igitur  sim  ?  OpI- 
nor,  sic  agam :  si  est  spes  nostri  reditus,  earn  con- 
firmes  et  rem  adiuves;  sin,  ut  ego  metuo,  transactum  20 
est,  quoquo  modo  potes  ad  me  fac  venias.  Unum 
h5c  scito :  si  te  habebo,  n5n  mihi  videbor  plane  per- 
Isse.  Sed  quid  Tulliola  mea  flet?  iam  id  vos  videte; 
mihi  deest  consilium.  Sed  certe,  quoquo  modo  se 
res  habebit,  illlus  misellae  et  matrimonio  et  famae  25 
serviendum  est.  Quid  ?  Cicero  meus  quid  aget  ?  iste 
vero  sit  in  sinu  semper  et  complexu  meo.  N5n  que5 
plura  iam  scrlbere ;  impedit  maeror.  Tu  quid  egeris, 
nescio;  utrum  aliquid  teneas  an,  quod  metuo,  plane 
sis  spoliata.  Pisonem,  ut  scrlbis,  sper5  fore  semper  30 
nostrum. 

De  familia  llberata  nihil  est,  quod  te  moveat :  pri- 
mum tuis  ita  promissum  est,  te  facturam  esse,  ut 
quisque  esset  meritus;  est  autem  in  officio  adhuc 
Orpheus,    praeterea    magno   opere   nemo.       Ceterorum  35 


184  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

servorum  ea  causa  est,  ut,  si  res  a  nobis  ablsset, 
liberti  nostri  essent,  si  obtinere  potuissent,  sin  ad  nos 
pertineret,  servlrent,  praeterquam  oppido  paucl. 

Sed  haec    minora   sunt.      TO   quod   me   hortaris,   ut 

5  animd  sim  magno  et  spem  habeam  recuperandae 
salutis,  id  velim  sit  eius  modi,  ut  recte  sperare  pos- 
slmus.  Nunc,  miser  quando  tuas  iam  litteras  acci- 
piam  ?  quis  ad  me  perferet  ?  quas  ego  exspectassem 
BrundisI,  si  esset  licitum  per  nautas,  qui  tempestatem 

10  praetermittere  noluerunt.  Quod  reliquum  est,  sus- 
tenta  te,  mea  Terentia,  ut  potes.  Honestissime  vlxi- 
mus,  floruimus.  Non  vitium  nostrum,  sed  virtus 
nostra  nos  adfUxit.  Peccatum  est  nullum,  nisi  quod 
non  una  animam  cum  ornamentls  amlsimus.      Sed,   si 

15  hoc  fuit  llberls  nostrls  gratius,  nos  vlvere,  cetera, 
quamquam  ferenda  non  sunt,  feramus.  Atqui  ego, 
qui  te  conflrmo,  ipse  me  non  possum. 

Clodium    Philhetaerum,    quod    valetudine    oculorum 
impediebatur,    hominem     fidelem,    remlsl.       Sallustius 

20  officio  vincit  omnes.  Pescennius  est  perbenevolus  no- 
bis, quern  semper  spero  tul  fore  observantem.  Sicca 
dlxerat  se  mecum  fore,  sed  Brundisio  discessit. 

Cura,   quoad   potes,   ut   valeas   et   sic   exlstimes,    me 
vehementius  tua  miseria  quam   mea  commoveri.     Mea 

25  Terentia,  fldissima  atque  optima  uxor,  et  mea  caris- 
sima  flliola,  et  spes  reliqua  nostra,  Cicero,  valete. 
Pr.  K.  Mai.  Brundisio. 

IX. 

Scr.  Dyrrhachi  a.  d.  vi.  Kal.  Decembres  a.  u.  c.  696. 

TULLIUS      TERENTIAE     SUAE,     TULLIOLAE     SUAE, 
CICERONI  SUO  SALUTEM  DICIT. 

Et  litterls  multorum   et   sermone   omnium   perfertur 
ad   me,    incredibilem    tuam    virtutem    et    fortitudinem 


EPISTOLAE   SELECTAE    IX.  185 

esse  teque  nee  animl  neque  corporis  laboribus  defatl- 
garl.       Me   miserum  !    te   ista   virtute,    fide,    probitate, 
hiimanitate  in  tantas    aerumnas   propter  me  incidisse! 
Tulliolamque  nostram,  ex  quo  patre  tantas  voluptates 
capiebat,   ex   eo   tantos    percipere   luctus !     Nam    quid    5 
ego    de    Cicerone    dicam  ?     qui   cum    primum    sapere 
coepit,  acerbissimos  dolores  miseriasque  percepit. 
-   Quae   si,   tu   ut  scribis,   fato  facta   putarem,   ferrem 
paulo  f  acilius ;    sed  omnia  sunt  mea  culpa  commissa, 
qui   ab    els    me    amarl    putabam,    qui   invidebant,    eos  10 
non  sequebar,  qui  petebant.     Quod  si  nostrls  c5nsilils 
usl   essemus  neque  apud   nos  tantum  valuisset  sermo 
aut   stultorum   amlcorum    aut    improborum,    beatissiml 
vlveremus.     Nunc,  quoniam  sperare  nos  amlci  iubent, 
dabo  operam,  ne  mea  valetudo  tuo  labor!  desit.      Res  15 
quanta  sit,  intellego,  quantoque  fuerit  facilius  manere 
doml   quam   redlre.       Sed    tamen,    si    omnes    tribun5s 
pi.  habemus,  si  Lentulum  tarn  studidsum,  quam  vide- 
tur,    si  vero   etiam   Pompeium   et   Caesarem,   non   est 
desperandum.  20 

De  familia,  quo  modo  placuisse  scribis  amlcls,  facie- 
mus.  De  loco,  nunc  quidem  iam  abiit  pestilentia, 
sed,  quam  diu  fuit,  me  non  attigit.  Plancius,  homo 
ornciosissimus,  me  cupit  esse  secum  et  adhuc  retinet. 
Ego  volebam  loco  magis  deserto  esse  in  Eplro,  quo  25 
neque  Hispo  venlret  nee  mllites,  sed  adhuc  Plancius 
me  retinet;  sperat  posse  fieri,  ut  mecum  in  Italiam 
decedat.  Quern  ego  diem  si  vldero  et  si  in  vestrum 
complexum  venero  ac  si  et  vos  et  me  ipsum  recupe- 
raro,  satis  magnum  mihi  fructum  videbor  percepisse  30 
et  vestrae  pietatis  et  meae. 

Plsonis  humanitas,  virtus,  amor  in  omnes  nos  tan- 
tus  est,  ut  nihil  supra  possit.  Utinam  ea  res  ei 
voluptatl    sit  !    gloriae    quidem    video    fore.       De    Q. 


186  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

fratre  nihil  ego  te  accusavl,  sed  vos,  cum  praesertim 
tarn  paucl  sltis,  volui  esse  quam  coniunctissimos. 
Quibus  me  voluistl  agere  gratias,  egl  et  me  a  te  cer- 
tiorem  factum  esse  scrips!. 
5  Quod  ad  me,  mea  Terentia,  scrlbis  te  vicum  vendi- 
turam,  quid,  obsecro  te  —  me  miserum  !  —  quid  f  utu- 
rum  est  ?  Et,  si  nos  premet  eadem  fortuna,  quid 
puero  misero  flet  ?  Non  queo  reliqua  scrlbere  — 
tanta   vis   lacrimarum   est  —  neque   te   in    eundem   fle- 

10  turn  adducam.  Tantum  scrlb5  :  si  erunt  in  officio 
amid,  pecunia  non  deerit;  si  n5n  erunt,  tu  efficere 
tua  pecunia  non  poteris.  Per  fortunas  miseras  no- 
stras, vide,  ne  puerum  perditum  perdamus.  Cui  si 
aliquid    erit,    ne   egeat,    mediocrl   virtute    opus   est    et 

15  mediocrl  fortuna,  ut  cetera  consequatur. 

Fac  valeas  et  ad  me  tabellarios  mittas,  ut  sciam, 
quid  agatur  et  vos  quid  agatis.  Mihi  omnlno  iam 
brevis  exspectatio  est.  Tulliolae  et  Ciceroni  salutem 
die.     Valete.     D.  a.  d.  vi.  K.  Decemb.     Dyrrhachi. 

20  Dyrrhachium  venl,  quod  et  libera  clvitas  est  et  in 
me  officiosa  et  proxima  Italiae ;  sed,  si  offendet  me 
loci  celebritas,  alio  me  conferam ;    ad  te  scrlbam. 


Scr.  Dyrrhachi  mense  Ianuario  A.  u.  c.  697. 
CICERO   ATT/CO  SAL. 

Litterae   mihi   a   Q.    fratre    cum    senatus    consulto, 

quod  de  me  est  factum,  allatae  sunt.     Mihi  in  animo 

25  est  legum   lationem    exspectare  ;    et,    si   obtrectabitur, 

utar   auctoritate    senatus    et    potius   vita    quam    patria 

carebo.     Tu,  quaeso,  festlna  ad  nos  venire. 


EPISTOLAE   SELECTAE  XL,  XII.  187 

i 

XI. 

Scr.  Dyrrhachi  exeunte  mense  Ianuario  A.  u.  c.  697. 

CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

Ex  tuls   litterls  et  ex  re  ipsa   n5s   funditus  perisse 

video.      Te   oro,  ut,    quibus   in   rebus   tul   mel  indige- 

bunt,    nostrls    miserils   ne   desls.      Ego   te,   ut  scrlbis, 
cito  videbo. 

XII. 

Scr.  in  Cumano  x.  Kalendas  Maias  A.  u.  c.  699. 
CICERO  ATTIC O  SAL. 

Puteolls    magnus    est    rumor    Ptolemaeum    esse    in    5 
regno.     Si   quid   habes  certius,  velim    scire.      Ego  hie 
pascor    bibliotheca    Fausti:    fortasse    tu    putaras,    his 
rebus    Puteolanis   et   Lucrlnensibus.      Ne   ista   quidem 
desunt       Sed   me   hercule    ut    a    ceteris   oblectationi- 
bus    deseror    voluptatum    propter    rem    publicam,    sic  10 
litterls   sustentor  et  recreor   mal5que  in  ilia  tua  sede- 
cula,    quam     habes    sub     imagine    Aristotelis,    sedere 
quam   in   istorum   sella  curull,  tecumque   apud  te  am- 
bulare    quam    cum   ed,    quocum   video    esse   ambulan- 
dum.     Sed  de  ilia  ambulatidne  fors  vlderit  aut  si  qui  15 
est,  qui  curet,  deus. 

Nostram  ambulationem  et  Lacdnicum  eaque,  quae 
Cyrea  sint,  velim,  cum  poteris,  invlsas  et  urgeas 
Philotlmum,  ut  properet,  ut  possim  tibi  aliquid  in  e5 
genere  respondere.  Pompeius  in  Ciimanum  Parllibus  20 
venit.  Mlsit  ad  me  statim,  qui  salutem  nuntiaret. 
Ad  eum  postrldie   mane   vadebam,    cum   haec   scrlpsl. 


188  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

XIII. 

Scr    Romae  mense  Maio  a.  u.  c.  700. 

CICERO   TREBATIO. 

Ego  te  commendare  non  desisto;  sed,  quid  pro- 
ficiam,  ex  te  scire  cupio.  Spem  maximam  habeo  in 
Balb5,  ad  quern  de  te  dlligentissime  et  saepissime 
scribo.       Illud   soleo   mlrarl,    non    me   totiens   accipere 

5  tuas   litteras,  quotiens   a    Qulnto   mihi   fratre   adferun- 
tur. 

In  Britannia  nihil  esse  audio  neque  auri  neque 
argent!.  Id  si  ita  est,  essedum  aliquod  capias,  suadeo, 
et   ad   nos   quam   prlmum  recurras.       Sin   autem   sine 

10  Britannia  tamen  adsequl,  quod  volumus,  possumus, 
perfice,  ut  sis  in  <familiaribus  Caesaris.  Multum  te  in 
eo  frater  adiuvabit  meus,  multum  Balbus,  sed,  mihi 
crede,  tuus  pudor  et  labor  plurimum.  Imperatorem 
llberalissimum,    aetatem    opportunissimam,    commenda- 

15  tionem  certe  singularem  habes,  ut  tibi  unum  timen- 
dum  sit,  ne  ipse  tibi  defuisse  videare. 

XIV. 

Scr.  Romae  a.  u.  C.  701. 

M.  CICERO  S.  D.    C.    CURIONI. 

Gravi  teste  prlvatus  sum  amoris  summi  erga  te 
mel,  patre  tuo,  clarissimS  viro;  qui  cum  suls  laudi- 
bus,  turn  vero  te  fllio  superasset  omnium  fortunam, 
20  si  el  contigisset,  ut  te  ante  videret,  quam  a  vita  dis- 
cederet.  Sed  sper5  nostram  amlcitiam  non  egere  te- 
stibus.  Tibi  patrimonium  del  fortunent !  Me  certe 
habebis,  cui  et  carus  aeque  sis  et  hlcundus,  ac  fuistl 
patrl. 


EPISTOLAE   SELECTAE  XV.,  XVI.  189 

XV. 

Scr.  anno  incerto. 
CICERO  SILIO  SAL. 

Quid  ego  tibi  commendem  eum,  quern  tu  ipse 
dlligis  ?  Sed  tamen,  ut  sclres  eum  a  me  non  dlligl 
solum,  verum  etiam  amari,  ob  earn  rem  tibi  haec 
scrlbo.  Omnium  tuorum  officiorum,  quae  et  multa 
et  magna  sunt,  mihi  gratissimum  fuerit,  si  ita  trac-  5 
taris  Egnatium,  ut  sentiat  et  se  a  me  et  me  a  te 
amari;  hoc  te  vehementer  etiam  atque  etiam  rogo. 
Ilia  nostra  scilicet  ceciderunt.  Utamur  igitur  vulgarl 
consolatione :  "  Quid,  si  hoc  melius  ? "  Sed  haec  co- 
ram; tu  fac,  quod  facis,  ut  me  ames  teque  amari  a  10 
me  scias. 

XVI. 

Scr.  Ephesi  vn.  Kal.  Sextiles  A.  u.  c.  703. 

CICERO  ATTICO  SAL. 

Ephesum  venimus  a.  d.  XL  Kal.  Sextiles  sexagesim5 
et  qulngentesimo  post  pugnam  Bovlllanam.  Navigavi- 
mus  sine  timore  et  sine  nausea,  sed  tardius  propter 
aphractorum  Rhodiorum  imbecillitatem.  De  concursu  i^ 
legationum,  prlvat5rum,  et  de  incredibill  multitudine, 
quae  mihi  iam  SamI,  sed  mlrabilem  in  modum  Ephesi 
praest5  fuit,  aut  audlsse  te  puto,  aut  "  Quid  ad  me 
attinet  ?  "     Verum  tamen. 

Decuman!,    quasi    venissem     cum     imperio,    Graecl  20 
quasi  Ephesio  praetorl   se   alacres  obtulerunt;    ex  quo 
te   intellegere   cert5   scio   multorum    annorum    ostenta- 
tiones  meas  nunc  in  discrlmen  esse  adductas.     Sed,  ut 


190  M.   TULLI   CICERONIS 

spero,  utemur  ea  palaestra,  quam  a  te  didicimus, 
omnibusque  satis  faciemus,  et  eo  facilius,  quod  in 
nostra  provincia  confectae  sunt  pactiones.  Sed  haec 
hactenus,  praesertim   cum   cenantl   mihi   nuntiarit   Ce- 

5  stius  se  de  nocte  proficiscl. 

Tua  negotiola  EphesI  curae  mihi  fuerunt,  Therm5- 
que,  tametsl  ante  adventum  meum  llberalissime  erat 
pollicitus  tuls  omnibus,  tamen  Philogenem  et  Seium 
tradidl,    Apollonidensem    Xenonem    commendavi ;    om- 

10  nino  omnia  se  facturum  recepit  Ego  praeterea  ratio- 
nem  Philogenl  permutationis  eius,  quam  tecum  feci, 
edidl.     Ergo  haec  quoque  hactenus. 

Redeo  ad  urbana.  Per  fortunas !  quoniam  Romae 
manes,  prlmum  illud    praefulci  atque    praemunl,  quae- 

15  so,  ut  slmus  annul,  ne  intercaletur  quidem;  deinde 
exhaurl  mea  mandata,  maximeque,  si  quid  potest,  de 
illo  domestic5  scrupul5,  quern  non  ignoras,  dein  de 
Caesare,  cuius  in  cupiditatem  te  auctore  incubul,  nee 
me  piget ;  et,  si  intellegis,  quam  meum  sit  scire  et  cu- 

20  rare,  quid  in  re  publica  fiat  —  flat  autem  ?  immo  vero 
etiam  quid  futurum  sit,  perscrlbe  ad  me  omnia,  sed 
diligentissime,  in  primisque,  ecquid  iudiciorum  status 
aut  factorum  aut  futurorum  etiam  laboret.  De  aqua, 
si  curae  est,  si  quid  Philippus  aget,  animadvertes. 

XVII. 

Scr.  in  provincia  mense  Februario  A.  u.  C.  704. 
M.    CICERO   C.  TITIO  L.   F.  RUFO  PR.    URB.   SAL. 

25  L.  Custidius  est  tribulis  et  municeps  et  familiaris 
meus.  .  Is  causam  habet,  quam  causam  ad  te  deferet. 
Commendo  tibi  hominem,  slcut  tua  fides  et  meus  pu- 
dor   postulat,  tantum,  ut   faciles   ad   te   aditus   habeat, 


EPISTOLAE   SELECTAE    XVIII.  191 

quae  aequa  postulabit,  ut  libente  te  impetret  sentiat- 
que  meam  sibi  amlcitiam,  etiam  cum  longissime  ab- 
sim,  prodesse,  in  primls  apud  te. 


XVIII. 

Scr.  in  provincia  pridie  Nonas  Apriles  A.  u.  C.  704. 
M.   CICERO  IMP.  S.  D.  M.   CAELIO  AEDILI  CUR. 

Putarasne   umquam    accidere   posse,    ut   mihi  verba 
deessent,  neque   solum   ista   vestra   oratoria,  sed   haec    5 
etiam    levia   nostratia?      Desunt   autem    propter   hanc 
causam,    quod    mirifice     sum     sollicitus,    quidnam    de 
provinciis   decernatur.       Mlrum    me    desiderium   tenet 
urbis,  incredibile  meorum   atque  in  primls  tul,  satietas 
autem  provinciae,  vel  quia  videmur  earn  famam  conse-  10 
cut!,    ut   non   tarn    accessi5    quaerenda    quam    fortuna 
metuenda    sit,   vel   quia   totum   negotium   non   est    dl- 
gnum  vlribus   nostrls,  qui  maiora  onera  in  re  publica 
sustinere    et    possimus    et    soleamus,    vel    quia     belli 
magnl  timor   impendet,  quod  videmur   effugere,  si   ad  15 
constitutam  diem  decedemus. 

De  pantherls,  per  eos,  qui  venari  solent,  agitur  man- 
datu  meo  dlligenter;  sed  mira  paucitas  est  et  eas, 
quae  sunt,  valde  aiunt  queri,  quod  nihil  cuiquam  Insi- 
diarum  in  mea  pr5vincia  nisi  sibi  flat ;  itaque  c5nstitu-  20 
isse  dicuntur  in  Cariam  ex  nostra  provincia  decedere. 
Sed  tamen  sedulo  fit,  et  in  primls  a  Patisco.  Quicquid 
erit,  tibi  erit,  sed,  quid  esset,  plane  nesciebamus. 

Mihi   me   hercule    magnae    curae   est    aedllitas   tua. 
Ipse    dies    me    admonebat;    scrlpsi    enim    haec    ipsis  25 
Megalensibus.     Tu  velim  ad  me  de  omni  rei  publicae 
statu  quam   dlligentissime   perscrlbas;    ea  enim    certis- 
sima  putabo,  quae  ex  te  cognoro. 


192  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

XIX. 

Scr.  Ephesi  Kalendis  Octobribus  A.  u.  C.  704. 

CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

Cum  Tnstituissem  ad  te  scrlbere  calamumque  sump- 
sissem,  Batonius  e  tiavi  recta  ad  me  venit  domum  Ephe- 
si et  epistolam  tuam  reddidit  pridie  Kal.  Octobres. 

Laetatus  sum  felicitate  navigationis  tuae,  opportuni- 

5  tate  Piliae,  etiam  hercule  sermone  eiusdem  de  coniu- 
gio  Tulliae  meae.  Batonius  autem  miros  terrores  ad 
me  attulit  Caesarianos,  cum  Lepta  etiam  plura  locutus 
est,  spero  falsa,  sed  certe  horribilia,  Caesarem  exerci- 
tum    nullo    modo   dimissurum,    cum   illo    praetores    de- 

10  signatos,    Cassium   tribunum    pi.,    Lentulum    consulem 

facere,  Pompeio  in  anim5  esse  urbem  relinquere.     Sed 

heus  tu,  num  quid    moleste  fers   de   illo,  qui   se    solet 

antef erre  patruo  sororis  tuae  fill  ?    at  a  quibus  victus  ? 

Sed  ad  rem.     Nos  etesiae  vehementissime  tardarunt ; 

15  detraxit  xx.  ipsos  dies  etiam  aphractus  Rhodiorum. 
Kal.  Octobr.  Epheso  conscendentes  hanc  epistolam 
dedimus  L.  Tarquitio,  simul  e  portu  egredientl,  sed 
expedltius  naviganti;  nos  Rhodiorum  aphractls  ceteris- 
que   longis   navibus  tranquillitates   aucupaturl   eramus. 

20  Ita  tamen  properabamus,  ut  non  posset  magis. 

De  raudusculo  Puteolano,  gratum.  Nunc  velim 
dispicias  res  Romanas,  videas,  quid  nobis  de  trium- 
pho  c5gitandum  putes,  ad  quern  amid  me  vocant. 
Ego,  nisi  Bibulus,  qui,  dum  Onus  hostis  in  Syria  fuit, 

25  pedem  porta  n5n  plus  extulit  quam  domo  sua,  adni- 
teretur  de  triumpho,  aequo  animo  essem;  nunc  vero 
ala'xpov  aiMirav.     Sed  explora  rem  t5tam,  ut,  quo  die 


EPISTOLAE   SELECTAE   XX.,  XXI.  193 

congressl  erimus,  consilium  capere  posslmus.  Sat 
multa,  qui  et  properarem  et  el  litteras  darem,  qui 
aut  mecum  aut  paulo  ante  venturus  esset. 

Cicero  tibi  plurimam  salutem  dlcit ;   tu  dices  utrlus- 
que  nostrum  verbis  et  Piliae  tuae  et  filiae.  5 

XX 

Scr.  Corcyrae  xv.  Kal.  Decembres  A.  u.  c.  704. 

TULLIUS  ET  CICERO  S.  D.    TIRONI  SUO. 

Septimum  iam  diem  Corcyrae  tenebamur;  Qulntus 
autem  pater  et  fllius  Buthroti.  SollicitI  eramus  de 
tua  valetudine  mirum  in  modum,  nee  mirabamur 
nihil  a  te  litterarum ;  els  enim  ventls  istim  navigatur, 
qui  si  essent,  nos  Corcyrae  non.  sederemus.  Cura  10 
igitur  te  et  confirma  et,  cum  commode  et  per  valetu- 
dinem  et  per  annl  tempus  navigare  poteris,  ad  nos 
amantissim5s  tul  venl.  Nemo  nos  amat,  qui  te  non 
diligat;  carus  omnibus  exspectatusque  venies.  Cura 
ut  valeas.  Etiam  atque  etiam,  Tiro  noster,  vale.  xv.  15 
Kal.     Corcyra. 

XXI. 

Scr.  a.  u.  c.  704? 

TULLIUS  TERENTIAE  SUAE  S.  D. 

S.  v.  b.  e.  v.  Si  quid  haberem,  quod  ad  te 
scrlberem,  facerem  id  et  pluribus  verbis  et  saepius; 
nunc,  quae  sint  negotia,  vides.  Ego  autem  quo  modo 
sim  adfectus,  ex  Lepta  et  Trebatio  poteris  cogno-  20 
scere.  Tu  fac,  ut  tuam  et  Tulliae  valetudinem  cures. 
Vale. 


194  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

XXII. 

Scr.  Formiis  ix.  Kal.  Februarias  a.  u.  c.  705. 

TULLIUS  TEREATT/AE  SUAE  ET  PATER  SUA- 
V/SSfMAE  FILIAE,  CICERO  MATRI  ET  S0R0R1 
S.  D.   PLUR. 

Conslderandum  vobls  etiam  atque  etiam,  animae 
meae,  dlligenter  puto,  quid  faciatis,  Romaene  sltis 
an  mecum  in  aliquo  tuto  loc5;  id  non  solum  meum 
consilium  est,  sed  etiam  vestrum. 
5  Mihi  veniunt  in  mentem  haec :  R5mae  vos  esse 
tuto  posse  per  Dolabellam,  eamque  rem  posse  nobis 
adiumento  esse,  si  quae  vis  aut  si  quae  raplnae  fieri 
coeperint;  sed  riirsus  illud  me  movet,  quod  video 
omnes    bon5s    abesse    Roma    et    e5s    mulieres    suas 

10  secum  habere.  Haec  autem  regio,  in  qua  ego  sum, 
nostrSrum  est  cum  oppidorum,  turn  etiam  praediorum, 
ut  et  multum  esse  mecum  et,  cum  abieritis,  commode 
in  nostrls  praedils  esse  possltis. 

Mihi    plane    non    satis    constat    adhuc,    utrum     sit 

15  melius.  Vos  videte,  quid  aliae  faciant  isto  loco  femi- 
nae,  et  ne,  cum  velltis,  exlre  non  liceat.  Id  velim 
dlligenter  etiam  atque  etiam  voblscum  et  cum  amlcls 
conslderetis.  Domus  ut  propugnacula  et  praesidium 
habeat,    Philotlmo   dlcetis.     Et  velim   tabellarios   Insti- 

20  tuatis  certos,  ut  cotldie  aliquas  a  vobls  litteras  acci- 
piam ;  maxime  autem  date  operam,  ut  valeatis,  si 
nos  vultis  valere.     vim.  Kal.  Formiis. 


EPISTOLAE    SELECTAE   XXIII.-XXV.  195 

XXIII. 

Scr.  a.  u.  c.  706. 

TULL1US  TERENTIAE  SUAE  S.  D. 

S.  v.  b.  e.  v.  Da  operam,  ut  convalesces;  quod 
opus  erit,  ut  res  tempusque  postulat,  providers  atque 
administres  et  ad  me  de  omnibus  rebus  quam  saepis- 
sime  litteras  mittas.     Vale. 

XXIV. 

Scr.  Brundisi  xvn.  Kal.  Quinctil.  A.  u.  c.  707. 

TULLIUS  S.   D.    TERENTIAE  SUAE. 

S.  v.  b.  e.  v.  Tullia  nostra  venit  ad  me  ]pr.  Idus  5 
Iun.  ;  cuius  summa  virtute  et  singularl  hurnanitate 
gravi5re  etiam  sum  dolore  adfectus  nostra  factum 
esse  neglegentia,  ut  longe  alia  in  fortuna  esset,  atque 
eius  pietas  ac  dlgnitas  postulabat.  Nobis  erat  in 
animo  Ciceronem  ad  Caesarem  mittere  et  cum  eo  10 
Cn.  Sallustium ;  si  profectus  erit,  faciam  te  certiorem. 
Valetudinem  tuam  cura  diligenter.  Vale.  xvn.  K. 
Qulnctlles. 

XXV. 

Scr.  Brundisi  vn.  Idus  Quinctiles  A.  u.  c.  707. 

TULLIUS  S.   D.    TERENTIAE  SUAE. 

Quid   fieri   placeret,    scrlpsl   ad    Pomponium    serius, 
quam  oportuit ;    cum  eo  si  locuta  eris,  intelleges,  quid  15 
fieri  velim.     Apertius    scrlbl,  quoniam    ad  ilium    scrip- 


196  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

seram,  necesse  n5n  fuit.  De  ea  re  et  de  ceteris  rebus 
quam  primum  velim  nobis  litteras  mittas.  Valetudinem 
tuam  cura  dlligenter.     Vale.     vn.  Idus  Qulnctlles. 

XXVI. 

Scr.  Brundisi  in.  Idus  Sextiles  A.  u.  c.  707. 
TULLIUS   TERENTIAE  SUAE  S.  D. 

S.   v.    b.    e.    v.     Nos    neque    de    Caesaris    adventu 

5  neque    de    litterls,    quas    Philotlmus     habere     dicitur, 

quicquam    adhuc   certl    habemus.      Si   quid   erit   certl, 

faciam  te  statfm  certiorem.     Valetudinem  tuam  fac  ut 

cures.     Vale.     in.  Idus  Sextiles. 

XXVII. 

Scr.  Brundisi  prid.  Idus  Sextiles  A.  u.  c.  707. 
TULLIUS  TERENTIAE  SUAE  S.  D. 

S.  v.  b.  e.  v.  Redditae  mihi  tandem  sunt  a  Cae- 
10  sare  litterae  satis  liberates,  et  ipse  oplnione  celerius 
venturus  esse  dicitur;  cui  utrum  obviam  procedam, 
an  hie  eum  exspectem,  cum  c5nstituero,  faciam  te 
certiorem.  Tabellarios  mihi  velim  quam  primum  re- 
mittas.  Valetudinem  tuam  cura  dlligenter.  Vale. 
15  D.  pr.  Id.  Sext. 

XXVIII. 

Scr.  Brundisi  Kalendis  Septembribus  A.  u.  c.  707. 
TULLIUS  S.   D.    TERENTIAE  SUAE. 

S.  v.   b.    e.    v.     Nos   cotldie   tabellarios   nostrSs   ex- 
spectamus,    qui   si   venerint,  fortasse   erimus    certiores, 


EPISTOLAE    SELECTAE   XXIX.,   XXX.  197 

quid  nobis  faciendum  sit,  faciemusque  te  statim  cer- 
tiorem.  Valetudinem  tuam  cura  dlligenter.  Vale. 
K.  Septemb. 

XXIX. 

Scr.  in  Cumano  A.  u.  c.  708. 

M.    CICERO  S.   D.  M.  MARIO. 

A.  d.  vim.  Kal.  in  Cumanum  veni  cum  Llb5ne  tuo 
vel  nostro  potius;  in  Pompeianum  statim  cogito,  sed  5 
faciam  ante  te  certiorem.  Te  cum  semper  valere 
cupio,  turn  certe,  dum  hie  sumus ;  vides  enim,  quanta 
post  una  futurl  slmus.  Qua  re,  si  quod  constitutum 
cum  podagra  habes,  fac,  ut  in  alium  diem  differas. 
Cura  igitur,  ut  valeas,  et  me  hoc  biduo  aut  trlduo  10 
exspecta. 

XXX. 

Scr.  in  Cumano  A.  u.  c.  708. 

CICERO  PAETO. 

Herl  veni  in  Cumanum;  eras  ad  te  fortasse,  sed, 
cum  certum  sciam,  faciam  te  pauld  ante  certi5rem. 
EtsI  M.  Caeparius,  cum  mihi  in  silva  Gallinaria  ob- 
viam  venisset  quaesissemque,  quid  ageres,  dixit  te  in  15 
lect5  esse,  quod  ex  pedibus  laborares.  Tull  scilicet 
moleste,  ut  debul,  sed  tamen  constitul  ad  te  venire, 
ut  et  viderem  te  et  viserem  et  cenarem  etiam ;  non 
enim  arbitror  coquum  etiam  te  arthnticum  habere. 
Exspecta  igitur  hospitem  cum  minime  edacem,  turn  20 
inimicum  cenls  sumptuosis. 


198  M.  TULLI    CICERONIS 

XXXI. 

Scr.  in  Antiati  mense  Septembri  a.  u.  c.  708. 

CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

Male,  me  hercule,  de  Athamante;  tuus  autem  dolor 
humanus  is  quidem,  sed  magno  opere  moderandus. 
Cons6lati5num  autem  multae  viae,  sed  ilia  rectissima; 
impetret  ratio,  quod  dies  impetratura  est.  Alexin 
5  vero  curemus,  imaginem  Tironis,  quern  aegrum,  Ro- 
mam  remisT,  et,  si  quid  habet  collis  iirihrjfxiov,  ad  me 
cum  Tisameno  transf eramus ;  tota  domus  vacat  supe- 
rior, ut  scis.     Hoc  puto  valde  ad  rem  pertinere. 

XXXII. 

Scr.  Romae  A.  u.  c.  708. 

CICERO  SERVIO  SAL. 

Asclapone  Patrensi,  medico,  utor  familiariter  eius- 
10  que  cum  consuetudo  mihi  iucunda  fuit,  turn  ars  eti- 
am,  quam  sum  expertus  in  valetudine  meorum ;  in 
qua  mihi  cum  ipsa  scientia,  turn  etiam  fidelitate  bene- 
volentiaque  satis  fecit.  Hunc  igitur  tibi  commendo  et 
a  te  peto,  ut  des  operam,  ut  intellegat  diligenter  me 
15  scripsisse  de  sese  meamque  commendationem  usul 
magno  sibi  fuisse;  erit  id  mihi  vehementer  gratum. 

XXXIII. 

Scr.  Romae  ineunte  anno  a.  u.  c.  709. 

M.  CICERO  S.  D.  C.  CASSIO. 

Longior  epistola  fuisset,  nisi  eo  ipso  tempore  petlta 
esset   a   me,  cum    iam  Iretur  ad  te;    longior  autem,  si 


EPISTOLAE    SELECTAE   XXXIV.,   XXXV.  199 

(f>\vapov  aliquem  habuissem ;  nam  airovhd^eiv  sine 
perlculo  vix  possumus.  "  Ridere  igitur,"  inquies, 
"possumus."  Non,  me  hercule,  facillime;  verum  ta- 
men  aliam  aberrationem  a  molestils  nullam  habemus. 
"  Ubi  igitur,"  inquies,  "  philosophia  ?  "  Tua  quidem  5 
in  cullna,  mea  in  palaestra  est.  Pudet  enim  servlre ;. 
itaque  facio  me  alias  res  agere,  ne  convicium  Platonis 
audiam. 

De    Hispania   nihil   adhuc   certl,  nihil   omnlno  novl. 
Te  abesse  mea  causa  moleste  fero,  tua  gaudeo.      Sed  10 
flagitat  tabellarius ;   valebis   igitur   meque,  ut   a   puero 
fecistl,  amabis. 

XXXIV. 

Scr.  Asturae  mense  Martio  A.  u.  c.  709. 

CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

Apud  Appuleium,  quoniam  in  perpetuum  non  pla- 
cet, in  dies  ut  excuser,  videbis.  In  hac  solitudine 
ca^eo  omnium  colloquio,  cumque  mane  me  in  silvam  15 
abstrusi  densam  et  asperam,  non  exeo  inde  ante  ve- 
sperum ;  secundum  te  nihil  est  mihi  amlcius  solitu- 
dine. In  ea  mihi  omnis  sermo  est  cum  litteris ;  eum 
tamen  interpellat  fletus,  cui  repugn5,  quoad  possum, 
sed  adhuc  pares  ndn  sumus.  Bruto,  ut  suades,  rescrl-  20 
bam;  eas  litteras  eras  habebis.  Cum  erit  cui  des, 
dabis. 

XXXV. 

Scr.  Asturae  mense  Martio  A.  u.  c.  709. 

CICERO  ATTICO  SAL. 

Te  tuls   negotils   rellctis   nolo   ad   me   venire.     Ego 
potius   accedam,  si  diutius   impediere ;    etsl   ne   disces- 


200  M.    TULLI    CICERONIS 

sissem  quidem  e  conspectu  tuo,  nisi  me  plane  nihil 
ulla  res  adiuvaret.  Quod  si  esset  aliquod  levamen, 
id  esset  in  te  uno,  et,  cum  primum  ab  aliquo  poterit 
esse,  a  te  erit;    nunc  tamen   ipsum    sine   te   esse    non 

5  possum.  Sed  nee  tuae  doml  probabatur  nee  meae 
poteram,  nee,  si  propius  essem  uspiam,  tecum  tamen 
essem;  idem  enim  te  impedlret,  quo  minus  mecum 
esses,  quod  nunc  etiam  impedit.  Mihi  adhuc  nihil 
aptius   fuit   hac  solitudine,  quam  vereor   ne    Philippus 

10  tollat ;  herl  enim  vesper!  venerat.  Me  scrlptio  et  lit- 
terae  non  leniunt,  sed  obturbant. 

XXXVI. 

Scr.  Asturae  mense  Martio  a.  u.  C.  709. 

CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

Dum  recordati5nes  fugio,  quae  quasi  morsu  quo- 
dam  dolorem  efficiunt,  refugio  ad  te  admonendum; 
quod   velim    mihi    ignoscas,    cuicuimodl   est.       Etenim 

15  habeo  non  nullos  ex  els,  quos  nunc  lectito,  auctores, 
qui  dlcant  fieri  id  oportere,  quod  saepe  tecum  egl  et 
quod  a  te  approbari  volo :  de  fan5  illo  died,  de  quo 
tantum,  quantum  me  amas,  velim  cogites.  Equidem 
neque  de  genere    dubit5  —  placet   enim  mihi  CluatI,  — - 

20  neque  de  re  —  statutum  est  enim,  —  de  loc5  non 
numquam.     Velim  igitur  c5gites. 

Ego,  quantum  his  temporibus  tarn  erudltls  fieri 
potuerit,  profecto  illam  consecrabo  omni  genere  monu- 
mentorum   ab    omnium    ingenils    sumptorum    et    Grae- 

25  corum  et  Latlnorum,  quae  res  forsitan  sit  refricatura 
vulnus  meum ;  sed  iam  quasi  voto  quodam  et  pro- 
misso  me  tenerl  puto,  longumque  illud  tempus,  cum 
non   ero,  magis   me  movet   quam    hoc    exiguum,  quod 


EPISTOLAE   SELECTAE    XXXVII.  201 

mihi  tamen  nimium  longum  videtur;  habeo  enim 
nihil,  temptatls  rebus  omnibus,  in  quo  adquiescam. 
Nam,  dum  illud  tractabam,  de  quo  ad  te  ante  scrips!, 
quasi  fovebam  dolores  meos ;  nunc  omnia  respuo,  nee 
quicquam  habeo  tolerabilius  quam  s5litudinem,  quam,  5 
quod  eram  veritus,  n5n  obturbavit  Philippus ;  nam,  ut 
her!  me  salutavit,  statim  Romam  profectus  est. 

Epistolam,    quam    ad     Brutum,    ut    tibi    placuerat, 
scrips!,    mis!   ad   te.      Curabis   cum   tua   perferendam ; 
eius  tamen  mis!  ad  te  exemplum,  ut,  si  minus  place-  10 
ret,  ne  mitteres. 

Domestica  quod  ais  ordine  administrarl,  scribes, 
quae  sint  ea;  quaedam  enim  exspect.5.  Cocceius 
vide  ne  frustretur;  nam,  Llbo  quod  pollicetur,  ut 
Eros  scrlbit,  non  incertum  puto.  De  sorte  mea  Sul-  15 
picio  confldo  et  Egnatio  scilicet.  De  Appuleio  quid 
est  quod  labores,  cum  sit  excusatio  facilis  ? 

Tibi  ad  me  venire,  ut  ostendis,  vide  ne  non  sit 
facile ;  est  enim  longum  iter,  discedentemque  te,  quod 
celeriter  tibi  erit  fortasse  faciendum,  non  sine  magno  20 
dol5re  dimittam.  Sed  omnia,  ut  voles;  ego  enim, 
quidquid  feceris,  id  cum  recte,  turn  etiam  mea  causa 
factum  putabo. 


XXXVII. 

Scr.  Asturae  exeunte  mense  Aprili  a.  u.  c.  709. 
CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

Fanum    fieri    volo,    neque    hoc    mihi    eripl    potest. 
Sepulcr!  similitudinem  effugere  non  tarn  propter  poe-  25 
nam  legis  studeo,  quam   ut   maxime  adsequar  a7ro04co- 
a-iv.      Quod  poteram,  si  in  ipsa  villa  facerem,  sed,  ut 


202  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

saepe  locutl  sumus,  commutationes  dominorum  refor- 
mldo;  in  agro  ubicumque  fecero,  mihi  videor  adsequl 
posse,  ut  posteritas  habeat  religionem.  Hae  meae 
tibi  ineptiae  —  f  ateor  enim  —  f erendae  sunt ;  non  habeo, 

5  ne  me  quidem  ipsum,  qulcum  tarn  audacter  commu- 
nicem  quam  tecum.  Sin  tibi  res,  si  locus,  si  Institu- 
tum  placet,  lege,  quaeso,  legem  mihique  earn  mitte ; 
si  quid  in  mentem  veniet,  quo  modo  earn  effugere 
posslmus,  utemur. 

10  Ad  Brutum  si  quid  scribes,  nisi  alienum  putabis, 
obiurgato  eum,  quod  in  Cumano  esse  noluerit  prop- 
ter earn  causam,  quam  tibi  dixit;  cogitantl  enim  mihi 
nihil  tarn  videtur  potuisse  facere  rustice.  Et,  si  tibi 
placebit  sic  agere  de  fano,  ut  coepimus,  velim  cohor- 

15  tere  et  exacuas  Cluatium;  nam,  etiam  si  alio  loc5 
placebit,  illlus  nobis  opera  consilioque  utendum  puto. 
Tu  ad  vlllam  fortasse  eras. 


XXXVIII. 

Scr.  anno  incerto. 

CICERO  TREBATIO  SAL. 

Illuseras  herl  inter  scyphos,  quod  dlxeram  contro- 
versiam   esse,  possetne  heres,  quod  furtum  antea   fac- 

20  turn  esset,  furtl  recte  agere.  Itaque,  etsl  domum 
bene  potus  seroque  redieram,  tamen  id  caput,  ubi 
haec  controversia  est,  notavl  et  descrlptum  tibi  mlsl, 
ut  sclres  id,  quod  tu  neminem  sensisse  dicebas,  Sex. 
Aelium,    M'.    Manllium,     M.     Brutum    sensisse;     ego 

25  tamen  Scaevolae  et  Testae  adsentior. 


EPISTOLAE   SELECTAE  XXXIX.-XLI.  203 

XXXIX. 

Scr.  in  Tusculano  mense  Maio  A.  u.  C.  709. 

CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

DomI  te  libenter  esse  facile  credo;  sed  velim  scire, 
quid  tibi  restet  aut  iamne  confeceris.  Ego  te  in  Tu- 
sculano exspecto,  eoque  magis,  quod  TironI  statim  te 
venturum  scripsistl  et  addidisti  te  putare  opus  esse. 
Sentiebam  omnlno,  quantum  mihi  praesens  prodesses,  5 
sed  multo  magis  post  discessum  tuum  sentio;  quam 
ob  rem,  ut  ante  ad  te  scrips!,  aut  ego  ad  te  t5tus 
aut  tu  ad  me,  quod  licebit. 

XL. 

Scr.  a.  u.  c.  710. 

CICERO  BASILO  SAL. 

Tibi   gratulor,    mihi    gaudeo.       Te   am5,   tua   tueor. 
A    te    amari    et,    quid    agas    quidque    agatur,    certior  10 
fieri  volo. 

XLI. 

Scr.  in  Tusculano  exeunte  mense  Iunio  A.  u.  C  710. 

CICERO  ATTICO  SAL. 

Mirince  torqueor,  sine  dolore  tamen ;  sed  permulta 
mihi  de  nostro  itinere  in  utramque  partem  occurrunt. 
"  Quo  usque  ?  "  inquies.  Quoad  erit  integrum  ;  erit 
autem  usque,  dum  ad  navem.  Pansa  si  rescrlpserit,  15 
et  meam  tibi  et  illlus  epistolam  mittam.  Sllium  ex- 
spectabam,  cui  hypomnema  compositum  est.  Si  quid 
novl.  Ego  litteras  misl  ad  Brutum,  cuius  de  itinere 
etiam  ex  te  velim,  si  quid  scies,  cognoscere. 


204  M.  TULLI   CICERONIS 

XLII. 

Scr.  in  Tusculano  a.  d.  III.  Kalendas  Quinctiles  A.  u.  c.  710. 

CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

De  meo  itinere  variae  sententiae,  multl  enim  ad 
me ;  sed  tu  incumbe,  quaeso,  in  earn  curam :  magna 
res  est.  An  probas,  si  ad  Kal.  Ian.  cogitamus?  meus 
animus    est    aeqnus,    ita    tamen,    si    nihil    offensionis 

5  sit.  Velim  etiam  scire,  quo  die  olim  piaculum,  my- 
steria  scilicet.  Utut  est  res,  casus  consilium  nostrl 
itineris  iudicabit.  Dubitemus  igitur ;  est  enim  hlberna 
navigatio  odiosa,  eoque  ex  te  quaesieram  mysteriorum 
diem.     Brutum,  ut  scrlbis,  visum  Irl  a.  me  puto.     Ego 

10  hinc  volo  pr.  Kal. 

XLIII. 

Scr.  in  Arpinati  a.  d.  v.  Nonas  Quinctiles  A.  u.  C  710. 

CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

Ego,  ut  ad  te  prldie  scrlpseram,  Nonls  constitu- 
eram  venire  in  Puteolanum ;  ibi  igitur  cotldie  tuas 
litteras  exspectabo,  et  maxime  de  ludls,  de  quibus 
etiam  ad  Brutum  tibi  scrlbendum  est,  cuius  epistolae, 
15  quam  interpretarl  ipse  vix  poteram,  exemplum  prldie 
tibi  mlseram.  Atticae  meae  velim  me  ita  excuses,  ut 
omnem  culpam  in  te  transferas  et  el  tamen  conflrmes 
me  minime  totum  amorem  eo  mecum  abstulisse. 


EPISTOLAE   SELECTAE  XLIV.,   XLV.  205 

XLIV. 

Scr.  in  Puteolano  prid.  Nonas  Novembres  A.  u.  c.  710. 
CICERO  ATT/CO  SAL. 

Binae  uno  die  mihi  litterae  ab  Octaviano;  nunc 
quidem,  ut  Romam  statim  veniam,  velle  se  rem 
agere  per  senatum.  Cui  ego  non  posse  senatum 
ante  K.  Ianuar.,  quod  quidem  ita  credo.  Ille  autem 
addit,  "consilio  tuo."  Quid  multa  ?  Ille  urget,  ego  5 
autem  cr/c^7rTo/xat.  Non  confido  aetatl;  ignoro,  quo 
animo;  nihil  sine  Pansa  tuo  volo. 

Vereor,  ne  valeat  Antonius,  nee  a  marl  discedere 
libet,  et  metuo,  ne  quae  apiarela  me  absente.  Var- 
ronl  quidem  displicet  consilium  puerl,  mihi  non.  Si  10 
firmas  copias  habet,  Brutum  habere  potest,  et  rem 
gerit  palam  ;  centuriat  Capuae,  dmumerat.  lam  iam- 
que  video  bellum.  Ad  haec  rescrlbe.  Tabellarium 
meum  Kalend.  Roma  profectum  sine  tuls  litterls 
miror.  15 

XLV. 

Scr.  Romae  III.  Nonas  Maias  a.  u.  c.  711. 

CICERO  PLANCO  SAL. 

O  gratam  famam  blduo  ante  victoriam  de  subsidio 
tuo,  de  studi5,  de  celeritate,  de  copils !  Atque  etiam 
hostibus  fusis  spes  omnis  est  in  te.  Fugisse  enim  ex 
proelio  MutinensI  dlcuntur  notissim!  latronum  duces. 
Est  autem  non  minus  gratum  extrema  delere  quam  20 
prima  depellere. 

Equidem   exspectabam  iam  tuas  litteras,  idque   cum 
multis,  sperabamque  etiam  Lepidum  rei  publicae  tern- 


206  EPISTOLAE   SELECTAE    XLVI. 

poribus  admonitum  tecum  et  rel  publicae  esse  factu- 
rum.  In  illam  igitur  curam  incumbe,  ml  Plance, 
ut  ne  quae  scintilla  taeterrimi  belli  relinquatur.  Quod 
si  erit  factum,  et  rem  publicam  dlvino  beneficio  ad- 
5  feceris  et  ipse  aeternam  gloriam  consequere.  D.  in. 
Non.  Mai. 

XLVI. 

Scr.  Romae  xiiii.  Kal.  Quinctiles  A.  u.  c.  711. 

'  M.   CICERO  S.  D.  D.  BRUTO. 

Exspectanti  mihi  tuas  cotidie  litteras  Lupus  no- 
ster  subito  denuntiavit,  ut  ad  te  scrlberem,  si  quid 
vellem.     Ego   autem,  etsi,  quid   scrlberem,    non   habe- 

10  bam  —  acta  enim  ad  te  mitt!  sciebam,  inanem  autem 
sermonem  litterarum  tibi  iniucundum  esse  audiebam 
—  brevitatem  secutus  sum  te  magistro. 

Scito  igitur  in  te  et  in  collega  spem  omnem  esse. 
De    Bruto   autem  nihil  adhuc  certl;    quern  ego,  quern 

15  ad  modum  praecipis,  privatis  litterls  ad  bellum  com- 
mune vocare  non  desin5.  Qui  utinam  iam  adesset ! 
Intestlnum  urbis  malum,  quod  est  n5n  mediocre, 
minus  timeremus.  Sed  quid  ag5?  Non  imitor  Xa- 
KcoviafMov   tuum;    altera   iam    pagella   procedit.     Vince 

.20  et  vale,     xiiii.  K.  Qumctll. 


NOTES. 


NOTES. 


THE  FIRST   ORATION   AGAINST  CATILINE. 

Page  61.     M.   Tulli   Ciceronis:   see  p.  i.     B.  373 ;  A. 

108  ;  H.  354,  and  354,  3.1  For  Tulli  instead  of  Tullii,  see  B.  25,  1 ; 
A.  49,  b  ;  H.  83,  6. 

In  L.  Catilinam:  this  title,  though  used  of  the  four  Cati- 
linarian  speeches,  is,  strictly  speaking,  applicable  only  to  the 
first;  cf.2  the  outlines  on  pp.  42-44.  Cicero  himself,  in  naming 
his  ten  '  consular '  orations,  characterizes  those  against  Catiline  as 
follows  (ad  Att.  II.  i.  3)  :  septima  (or alio,  the  first  Catilinarian), 
qua  Catilinam  emisi ;  octava,  quam  habui  ad  populum  postri- 
die  quam  Catilina  profugit ;  nona  in  contione,  quo  die  Alio- 
broges  indicarunt ;  decima  in  senatu,  Nonis  Decembribus. 

Habita:  'delivered;'  an  idiomatic  use  of  habere,  like  that 
of  the  German  halten  in  rede  halten.  in  Senatu:  for 
the  place  and  circumstances  of  delivery,  see  p.  39,  and  below, 
11.  4-7. 

Introduction. 

Chapter  I.  1.  Quo  usque :  strengthened  by  tandem,  *  How 
long,  pray ; '  introduces  an  abrupt,   indignant   question,  suggested 

1  B.  =  Bennett's  Latin  Grammar;  A.  =  Allen  and  Greenough's  New  Latin 
Grammar;  H.  =  Harkness's  Complete  Latin  Grammar.  References  like  this, 
P-  65,  7  (page  65,  line  7)  are  to  the  pages  of  this  book.  Translations  of  Latin 
words  or  phrases  are  put  in  single  quotation  marks. 

2  Cf.  {confer)  =  "  compare ;"  sc.  {scilicet)  =  "  supply,"  or  "understood;' 
N.  =  "  note ;  "  R.  =  "  remark ;  "  Vocab.  =  "  Vocabulary,"  at  the  end  of  the 
book ;  dir.  disc.  =  "  direct  discourse ;  "  indir.  disc.  =  "  indirect  discourse  " 
{oratio  obliqua)  ;  constr.  =  *'  construction ;  "  1.  =  "  line ;  "  lit.  =  "  literally;  " 
dep.  =  "  depends  "  or  "  dependent ;  "  trans.  =  "  translate  "  or  "  translation ;  " 
pred.  =  "  predicate." 

For  other  abbreviations  see  the  list  preceding  the  vocabulary. 

209 


210     FIRST   ORATION    AGAINST    CATILINE     [Page  61. 

by  the  .  appearance  of  Catiline  in*  the  Senate.  Sallust  (Cat. 
xx.  9)  puts  a  similar  expression  into  the  mouth  of  Catiline ;  quae 
(='and  this  state  of  affairs')  quo  usque  tandem  ftatiemini,  0 
fortissumi  viri?  abutere  :  abater  e,  not  abut  ere.  patientia  : 
B.  218,  1  ;  A.  410;  H.477.  2-  etiam:  temporal, 'still.1  furor 
iste  tuus :  'that  frenzy  of  yours.1  Why  is  iste  used?  Cf.  B. 
246,4;  A.  297,  c\  H.  507,  3.  eludet:  here  in  the  sense  of 
'make  sport  of.1  3.  Quern  ad  finem :  i.  e.  how  far,  how  long. 
effrenata :  suggests  what  comparison  ? 

4.  Nihil :  adverbial  ace,  taking  the  place  of  an  emphatic  non. 
B.  176,  3;  A.  390,  d,  N.  2;  H.  416,  2.  The  rhetorical  force 
is  heightened  by  the  repetition  of  nihil  with  each  item  men- 
tioned, praesidium  Palati :  the  situation,  shape,  and  elevation 
of  the  Palatine  hill  made  it  one  of  the  strongest  military  posi- 
tions in  Rome.  At  a  very  early  period  it  was  surrounded  by  a 
massive  wall,  extensive  portions  of  which  still  remained  in 
Cicero^  time.  Consequently  in  times  of  special  danger  it  was 
.  occupied  by  a  garrison.  Cf.  Middleton^  "  Remains  of  Ancient 
Rome,11  Vol.  I.,  Chap.  IV.  5.  vigiliae :  the  Senate  had  ordered 
that  watchmen  be  placed  on  guard  throughout  the  city,  under 
the  charge  of  the  lesser  magistrates  (aediles,  tribunes,  and  quaes- 
tors). See  Sail.  Cat.  xxx.  7,  and  xxxi.  1-3,  w'here  the  'terror' 
of  the  Roman  populace  is  vividly  described.  bonorum :  i.  e. 
bonorum  civium,  =  '  of  the  patriotic,1  who  had  assembled  in 
great  numbers  before  the  temple  where  the  Senate  was  in  ses- 
sion. 6.  hie  .  .  .  locus :  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Stator  (cf. 
p.  74,  32-34  and  n.),  on  the  Palatine,  where  the  Senate  had  met, 
for  the  sake  of  security,  rather  than  in  the  Senate-house  (see 
Vocab.  under  curia,  1),  or  in  one  of  the  temples  about  the 
Forum.  Cicero  had  taken  the  precaution  to  protect  the  tem- 
ple with  a  company  of  armed  knights.  See  Plan  facing  p. 
j6.  7.  horum:  the  senators;  spoken  with  a  gesture.  ora 
vultusque :  =  *  the  expression  on  the  faces1  (see  p.  81,  13-18, 
particularly  the  sentence  quis  denique  .  .  .  kostem) ;  hendi- 
adys,  for  which  see  B.  374,  4;   A.  640;    H.  751,  3,  n.  i. 

8.  Constrictam  —  teneri :  '  is  held  and  bound  fast,1  as  a 
captive  wild  beast  closely  fettered.  B.  336,  3 ;  A.  496,  N.  2 ; 
H.  639.  10.  proxima  [nocte]  :  Nov.  7.  superiore  nocte : 
Nov.  6;    see  p.  45,  and  cf.  N.  to  p.  81,  10.  quos :   for  a  list 

of  the  principal  conspirators  see  Sail.  Cat.  xvil.  3-4.        11.  quern : 


Page  62.]  NOTES  211 

introduces  a  dir.  question;  the  other  interrogatives  in  this  sentence 
are  indir. 

13.  tempora:  B.  183;    A.  397,  d',    H.  421.  14.  consul: 

sing,  as  referring  to  the  office  rather  than  to  the  consuls  as 
individuals;  so  in  1.  19  also.  Vivit  ?  =  iU  Lives  "  did  I  say?' 
the  argument  is  strengthened  by  first  questioning,  then  sup- 
plementing, the  previous  statement,  —  a  figure  called  by  the 
grammarians   correctio.  15.    publici  consili  particeps :    in 

accordance  with  the  Roman  custom,  after  his  praetorship  Cati- 
line had  been  given  a  seat  in  the  Senate.  16.  notat  et  de- 
signat :  '  singles  out  and  marks.'  unum  quemque  nostrum  : 
i.  e.  'us  one  by  one,'  individually.  Why  not  nostrif  B.  242,  2; 
A.  295,  b ;  H.  500,  4.  17.  fortes  viri  :  ironical.  satis 
facere  rei  publicae  videmur  [nobis]  :  trans.  '  we  think  we  are 
doing  our  duty  by  the  state;'  satis  facere  videmur  is  stronger 
than  satis  faciamus,  which  would  have  been  more  in  accord- 
ance with  the  ordinary  construction.  18.  istius :  i  of  that 
(wretch).' 

19.  te  duci  —  iam  pridem  oportebat:  'you  ought  long  ago 
to   have   been   led.'  iussu    consulis :    i.  e.    in    accordance 

with  the  authority  vested  in  the  consuls  by  the  Senate's  decree 
of  Oct.  21  ;  see  p.  38.  Whether  this  authority  was  sufficient 
to  warrant  putting  a  Roman  citizen  to  death  without  a  formal 
trial  is  yet  an  open  question ;  see  p.  108, 1.  3,  and  N.  20.  con- 
ferri :  sc.  iam  pridem  oportebat.  21.  An  :  introduces  a  rhe- 
torical double  question,  in  which  (see  Quintil.  VIII.  iv.  13)  not 
only  wholes  but  even  parts  are  forcefully  contrasted.  In  trans- 
lating, the  first  "member  may  be  made  subordinate  and  intro- 
duced by  'IP  or  'While;'  or  the  expression  may  be  varied, 
thus :  i  What  ?  did  not  Publius  Scipio  .  .  .,  and  shall  we  .  .  .  ? ' 
P.  Scipio  :  see  Vocab.  under  Scipio,  (3),  and  Mommsen's 
"History    of   Rome,"    Vol.    III.  22.    pontifex   maximus  — 

privatus :  the  office  of  supreme  pontiff,  although  one  of  great 
dignity  and  influence,  was  not  reckoned  among  the  magistracies; 
cf.  p.  59.  mediocriter  labefactantem  :  ?  though  only  in 
slight  measure  disturbing;'  strongly  contrasted  with  orbem  .  .  . 
cupientem. 

Page  62.     3-  consules:  contrasted  with  privatus,  1.  1.  ilia 

nimis  antiqua :  '  those  (precedents)  as  too  remote ; '  only  one  is 
given.     B.  246,  2;  A.  297,  b\  H.  505,  1.         4.  quod  .  .  .  occidit: 


212      FIRST  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE     [Page  62. 

in  apposition  with  ilia.  B.  299,  1,  a ;  A.  572,  and  n.  ;  H.  588,  3. 
C.  Servilius  Ahala  :  master  of  the  horse  under  the  dictator 
Cincinnatus.  5.  Fuit,  fuit :    repetition   for   emphasis ;    so  in 

1.  11,  nos,  nos.  6.  ista:   here   almost  =  talis.         8.  senatus 

consultum:  the  decree  (ultimu?n  decretum)  oi  Oct.  21 ;  see  p.  38. 
10.  rei  publicae  :  dat.  with  deest.  The  thought  is :  the  Senate 
has  given  the  emergency  due  deliberation,  and  has  conferred 
the  proper  authority  upon  the  consuls ;  not  the  deliberative  but 
the  executive  branch  of  the  government  is  at  fault.  By  thus 
complimenting  the  Senate  and  transferring  the  blame  to  his  col- 
league and  himself,  the  orator  clearly  strengthens  his  case 
with  the  senators.         11.  desumus :  i.  e.  rei  publicae  desumus. 

II.  12.  Decrevit,  etc. :  having  alluded  to  remote  precedents, 
the  orator  passes  to  those  nearer  his  own  time.  Those  cited 
present  a  sharp  contrast  with  the  dilatoriness  of  the  consuls 
in  dealing  with  Catiline,  and  suggest  immediate  and  decisive 
action.  The  intent  of  the  speaker  here  is  evidently  not  so 
much  to  convince  the  Senate  as  to  frighten  Catiline  into  leav- 
ing the  City.  L.  Opimius  .  .  .  caperet  :  the  language  of 
the  decree  is  of  interest  (see  Cic.  Phil.  VIII.  iv.  14):  quod  L. 
Opimius  consul  verba  fecit  de  re  publica,  de  ea  re  censuerunt, 
uti  L.  Opimius  consul  rem  publicam  defenderet.  The  other 
consul,  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  was  in  the  southern  part  of 
Transalpine  Gaul  at  the  time.  13.  quid  detrimenti :  '  any 
harm.'  B.  201,  2;  A.  346,  a,  3  ;  H.  441.  14.  propter  .  .  . 
suspiciones  :  a  form  of  expression  purposely  mild,  to  heighten  the 
contrast.  15.  clarissimo,  etc. :  s=  « though  a  son,  grandson, 
and  descendant  of  very  famous  men.'  B.  224;  A.  415;  H.  473,  2. 
The  mother  of  the  Gracchi  was  the  noble  Cornelia,  daughter 
of  the  elder  Scipio  Africanus  ;  their  father,  Tiberius  Sem- 
pronius  Gracchus,  was  twice  consul,  and  twice  honored  with  a 
triumph ;  and  among  their  ancestors  of  the  same  name  was  that 
Tiberius  Gracchus  who  in  214  b.  c.  got  together  an  army  com- 
posed largely  of  slaves  and  conquered  t  Hanno  near  Beneven- 
tum.  16.  liberis :  two  sons;  cf.  p.  109,  28-30,  and  N. 
M.  Fulvius  :    see  Vocab.  under  Flaccus,  (1). 

17.  L.  Valerio :  dat.  See  Vocab.  under  Flaccus,  (2).  20.  C. 
Servilium :    see  Vocab.  under  Glaucia.  ac :  introduces  an 

explanation  of  mors,  ■  and  (that)  as   state's  penalty.'  21.  re- 

morata  est:    the  force  of  remorari  here,  as  often,  is  'to  keep' 


Page  63.]  NOTES  213 

one  'waiting.'  The  thought  is  simply,  eodem  die  interfecti 
sunt.  vicesimum  :    in    round    numbers ;    how   many   days 

since   Oct.   21?  22.   horum:   spoken   with   a  gesture;   but 

the  reference  is  not  so  much  to  the  authority  of  the  Senate  as 
to  that  which  the  Senate  had  vested  in  the  consuls.  23.  in 

tabulis:  'in  the  archives,'  among  the  records  of  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  Senate.  24.  tamquam,  etc. :  carries  out  the  com- 
parison suggested  by  aciem,  1.  22.  26.  convenit :  milder  than 
oportuit;  'you  might  well  have  been  put  to  death.'  et:  put 
rhetorically  for  et  quidem.  ad  .  .  .  audaciam :  in  what  ways 
may  purpose  be  expressed  in  Latin? 

28.  Cupio  .  .  .  cupio  .  .  .  videri  :  rhetorical  expression  for 
cupio  me  esse  clementem  neque  tamen  dissolutum  videri.  B. 
331,  iv.,  a;  H.  614.  patres  conscripti:  the  senators  as  in- 
dividuals were  called  senatores  j  sitting  as  a  body  they  were  always 
addressed  as  patres  conscripti.  The  origin  and  primitive  force 
of  the  latter  title  are  not  clearly  understood.  The  prevalent 
view  is,  that  patres,  '  fathers,'  or  '  chiefs,'  was  the  term  of  address 
used  in  the  beginning,  when  the  Senate  as  a  council  of  advisers 
consisted  exclusively  of  patricians;  and  that  conscripti,  'elect,' 
or  '  chosen,'  refers  to  the  plebeian  members  admitted  afterwards. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  has  been  maintained  that  the  phrase  con- 
tains no  reminiscence  of  an  original  social  distinction,  but  means 
simply  'assembled  fathers.' 

29.  dissolutum:  stronger  than  neglegens.  30.  inertias 
nequitiaeque :  'of  inactivity  and  lack  of  energy.'  B.  208,  2,  a;  A. 
352  ;  H.  456.  31.  in  Italia  :  not  in  the  provinces,  but  near 
home,  where  rebellion  would  least  be  expected.  32.  in  Etru- 
riae  faucibus  :  at  Faesulae,  a  convenient  centre  for  military 
operations  because  it  commanded  one  of  the  main  routes  into 
Cisalpine  Gaul.  It  was  also  a  good  rallying-point  for  the  old 
soldiers  of  Sulla,  being  one  of  Sulla's  colonies;  cf.  p.  95,  n. 
in  dies :  see  Idioms. 

Page  63.  1.  adeo  :  '  actually.'  2.  rei  publicae  :  not  gen. 
3.   iam :   '  at  once.'  4.   credo  :   ironical,  '  I  suppose,'  or  '  of 

course.'  ne  non  .  .  .  hoc :  i.  e,  ne  non  omnes  boni  hoc  a  me 
serius  factum  esse  dicant  potius  quam,  etc.  The  force  of  erit 
verendum  is  really  made  negative  by  the  ironical  turn,  as  if  the 
orator  had  said  non  verendum  erit.  From  the  influence  of  this 
negation  the  subordinate  negative    clause  ne   non  .  .  .  {dicant) 


214      FIRST   ORATION   AGAINST   CATILINE     [Page  64. 

acquires  an  affirmative  force ;  *  I  shall  not  have  to  fear  that 
.  .  .  will  not  say'  =  'I  shall  have  to  fear  that  .  .  .  will  say.' 
B.  296,  2,  a\    A.   564;    H.   567,  2.  5.    boni:    cf.   p.    61,   5, 

and  N.  serius,  crudelius :    B.  240,   1;    A.  291,  a;    H.  498. 

quisquam :  usually  found  in  negative  sentences ;  here  =  *  any  one 
at  all,'  implying  that  there  may  be  one  or  two  such,  but  not  more. 
6.  quod  .  .  .  oportuit:  cf.  p.  61,  19  and  N.  8.  interficiere  : 
the  consul  avoids  the  expression  te  interficiam,  which  might  have 
been   expected  from  the  preceding  argument.  9.    tui :    why 

not  dat.  ?     B.  204,  3;    A.  385,  c,  2;    H.  435,  4.  12.  ita  ut : 

'just  as.'  13.    oppressus :    'overpowered.'  14.  Multo- 

rum:  emphatic. 

Discussion. 
A.    Addressed  to  Catiline,     iii.-x. 

III.  18.  exspectes:  B.  283,  2;  A.  535,  a\  H.  591,  1. 
19.  parietibus :  how  different  from  murus,  moenia?  conti- 

nere:  i.  e.  intus  servare.  21.  mini  crede  :  see  p.  363.  22.  cae- 
dis  :  B.  206,  2  ;  A.  350  ;  H.  454.  Teneris  :  i.  e.  Deprehensus  es. 
24.  licet  recognoscas:  ' you  may  recall;'  concessive  expression 
instead  of  the  imperative.  ante  diem  xn,  etc. :  =  ante  diem  duo- 
decimum;  trans,  as  if  die  duodecimo  ante  Kalendas  Novembres, 
i.  e.  Oct.  21.  B.  371,  372;  A.  424,  g,  and  631,  a;  H.  754,  1.  1, 
Hi.  1,  2.  26.  ante  diem  vi :  cf.  pp.  38,  45.  27.  satellitem  : 
implies  a  lower  kind  of  service  than  administrum.  28.  fefel- 
lit :  see  Idioms. 

34.  sui  conservandi  [causa] :  '  in  order  to  save  themselves ; ' 
idiomatic  use  of  the  gerundive  with  sui.  B.  339,  5  ;  A.  504,  b  and 
c;  H.626,  3. 

Page  64.  2.  profugerunt:  why  not  subj.  ?  B.  288,  1,  A; 
A.  545;    H.  600,  1.  3.  die:  cf.  p.  45.  5.  nostra  caede : 

trans,  as  if  caede  nostri.  B.  251,  2  ;  A.  306,  b,  N. ;  H.  440,  2,  n.  2. 
remansissemus :  what  form  in  dir.  disc.  ?  6.  Quid :  ace. ; 
idiomatic  use,  originating  in  some  such  expression  as  Quid  dicam 
dehoc?  Its  force  here  is  that  of  our  'again,'  'furthermore.'  7. 
Praeneste :  from  its  location,  its  situation  upon  an  eminence,  and 
its  strong  fortifications,  Praeneste  was  an  advantageous  centre  for 
military  operations.  In  early  times  it  had  been  an  important  mem- 
ber of  the  Latin  League.     When  it  became  a  Roman  colony  is  not 


Page  65.]  NOTES  215 

known;  probably  in  the  time  of  Sulla.  10.  Nihil  .  .  .  cogitas; 
climax,  with  anaphora.     B.  350,  11,  b\  A.  598,  f\  H.  752,  6. 

IV.  13.  noctem  superior  em  —  priore  nocte  (1.  16)  :  = 
'night   before  last,'   the   night  of   Nov.  6.  14.  ad:    'with   a 

view  to,*  '  with  reference  to.'  15.  Dico :   emphatic,  directing 

attention  to  the  speaker's  intimate  knowledge  of  all  the  plans 
and  acts  of  the  conspirators ;  cf.  p.  38.  16.  inter  falcarios : 

'  on  Scythe-makers'  Street,'  or  '  in  the  Scythe-makers'  Quarter ; ' 
condensed  expression  to  indicate  the  location  of  Laeca's  house, 
non  agam  obscure :  i.  e.  aperte  dicam,  mentioning  the  name. 
18.  complures  —  socios :  cf.  Sail.  Cat.  xxvu.  3-4 :  intempesta 
nocte  ('  in  the  dead  of  night ')  coniurationis  principes  convocat  per 
M.  Porcium  Laecam,  etc.  19.  Quid  taces :   spoken   after  a 

brief  pause,  —  doubtless  a  moment  of  singular  impressiveness. 
20.  in  senatu  :   defines  and  strengthens  hie. 

22.  O  di,  etc.  :  outburst  against  the  treason  of  Catiline's 
sympathizers  in  the  Senate,  suggested  by  the  thought  of  the  pre- 
ceding sentence.  Ubinam  gentium  :  see  Idioms.  B.  201,  3  ; 
A.  346,  a,  4;    H.   443.  24.    Hie,  hie:    cf.   p.  62,  5,  and  N. 

25.  sanctissimo  :  sanctus,  as  often,  'worthy  of  reverence,' 
'worthy   of  respect.'  26.  qui:  '(men)  who.'  nostro  om- 

nium: trans,  as  if  nostri  omnium.  B.  243,  2,  3,  a ;  A.  348,  a\ 
H.  440,  2,  N.  2.  28.  de  re  publica  sententiam  rogo  :  with  hos, 
in  the  phrase  of  our  parliamentary  law,  =  '  I  put  the  question 
to  them  on  (matters  affecting)  the  public  welfare.'  As  consul 
Cicero  presided  at  meetings  of  the  Senate  appointed  by  him, 
and  called  upon  the  senators  in  turn  for  their  votes  upon  each 
question.  A  senator  might  respond  either  with  his  vote  simply 
or  with  a  speech  explaining  or  defending  his  position  (sententia). 
29.   voce  vulnero :   i.  e.  I  do  not  call  them  by  name. 

31.  Puisti  igitur :  the  orator  returns  from  his  digression 
(11.  22-30)  to  the  topic  in  hand;  igitur  refers  back  to  1.  18, 
Num  negare  audes  ?  Quid  taces  ?  implying  that  Catiline's  silence 
indicates  his  assent.  32.   quo  :   '  to  which   part,'   '  to  which 

division.1  statuisti :   refers  to   the  process   of  deliberation, 

while  placeret  (tibi)  suggests  the  decision. 

Page  65.  1.  ad  incendia:  modern  anarchists  have  an  ad- 
vantage over  the  ancient  in  that  they  understand  the  use  of 
violent  explosives.  Had  Catiline  and  his  followers  been  familiar 
with  dynamite,  —  the  last  resort  of  the   coward  and  the  despe- 


216      FIRST   ORATION   AGAINST   CATILINE      [Page  65. 

rado,  —  the  conspiracy  might  not  so  easily  have  been  sup- 
pressed, confirmasti  :  B.  1 16,  I  ;  A.  181,  a  ;  H.  238.  2.  pau- 
lum  .  .  .  morae :  in  dir.  disc,  est  mihi  etiam  nunc  ftaulum 
morae  (idiomatically,  '  I  am  even  now  suffering  a  little  delay ')  ; 
hence  in  the  indir.  form  we  find  nunc  instead  of  turn,  which 
might  have  been  expected  from  the  tense  of  dixisti.  3.  vi- 
verem :  why  not  indie.  ?  duo  equites  :  according  to  Sallust 
(Cat.  xxviii.  1),  C.  Cornelius,  a  knight,  and  L.  Vargunteius,  a 
senator.  4.  cura :  B.  214,  i,a;  A.  401;  H.  464.  liberarent : 
subj.  of  characteristic,  with  qui  =  tales,  ut.  ilia  .  .  .  lucem : 
i.  e.  early  in  the  morning  of  Nov.  7 ;  see  N.  to  p.  81,  10. 

5.  lectulo :  the  diminutive,  suggestive  of  home-life  and  retire- 
ment, heightens  the  impression  of  wickedness  associated  with  the 
intended  crime.  9.  salutatum :    <  in  order  to  pay  their  re- 

spects.' B.  340,  1  ;  A.  509;  H.  633.  Roman  gentlemen  received 
their  clients  and  friends  early  in  the  morning;  the  earlier  the  visit, 
the  greater  the  respect  implied.  cum  :  i  since.'  10.  iam  : 
i  already,'  i.  e.  after  the  meeting  at  Laeca's  and  before  the  early 
morning  call  of  the  would-be  assassins.  By  means  of  his  nu- 
merous slaves  and  special  guards  (cf.  p.  91,  8-1 1)$  Cicero  was 
able  to  keep  in  constant  communication  with  his  friends  and 
supporters,  day  and  night.  id  temporis  :  see  Idioms.     B.  185, 

2 ;  A.  346,  a,  3,  and  397,  a ;  H.  416,  2. 

V.  12.  Quae  .  .  .  sint :  see  Idioms.  B.  286,  2 ;  251,6;  A. 
308,  f\  H.  510.  For  the  outline  of  the  following  argument,  see  p. 
42.         13.  aliquando  :  for  tandem  aliquando.  14.    Manliana 

castra:  the  camp  at  Faesulae.  B.  354,  4;  A.  343,  a\  H.  353, 
1.  15.    Educ,  etc.:  i.  e.  Educ  etiam  omnes  tuos  ('your  as- 

sociates') tecum,  si  fieri  potest ;  si  minus  (trans,  as  if  si  non),  at 
tamen  educ  quant  filurwios.  16.  quam  plurimos  :  see  Idioms. 
18.    intersit:    B.  310,  11.;    A.  528;  H.  587.  versari :   here 

'abide.'  19.  non  .  .  .  sin  am  :  cf.  p.  64,  10  and  N.  Magna: 
i.  e.  magna  gratia  habenda  est  dis  immortalibus,  etc.  B.  348, 
349;  A.  598,  <? ;  H.  665,  1.  20.  huic  ipsi  Iovi  Statori:  with 
a  gesture  toward  the  statue  of  the  divinity  in  whose  temple 
they  were.  21.    antiquissimo  custodi:  see  N.  to  p.  74,  32. 

23.  pestem  :  abstract  for  concrete.  24.  in  uno  nomine  :  i.  e. 

in  te  uno,  as  shown  by  what  follows;  the  existence  of  the 
state  ought  not  too  often  to  be  endangered  by  the  conduct  of 
one  man. 


Page  66.]  NOTES  217 

26.  mihi,  consuli  designato :  i.  e.  during  the  latter  part  of 
the  year  64.  That  Cicero  was  Catiline's  main  object  of  attack 
is  evident  from  the  statement  of  Sallust,  Cat.  xxvi.  1.  27.  pri- 
vata  diligentia :  {Cicero)  circum  se  praesidia  amicorum  atque 
clientium  occulte  habebat.     Sail.  Cat.  xxvi.  4.  28.  proximis 

comitiis :  held  for  the  election  of  consuls  for  the  year  62 ;  see 
PP-  37>  38.  29.  in  campo  •.  i.  e.  in  ca?npo  Martio,  where  the 

comitia  centuriata  (see.  p.  59)  were  held.  competitores  tuos: 
D.  Junius  Silanus  and  L.  Licinius  Murena,  who  received  the 
election,  and  Servius  Sulpicius.  31.   nullo  tumultu  publice 

concitato  :  i.  e.  without  calling  out  the  troops,  =  '  without  any 
official  summons  to  arms.'  32.  me  :   for  me  unutn.  per 

me  :    i.  e.   meis  copiis,  instead  of  publicis  copiis.  33.   perni- 

ciem  meam  .  .  .  coniunctam  :  i.  e.  si  perirem,  etiam  rem  pub- 
licam  magna  cala?nitate  adfectum  iri.  34.  rei  publicae :  kind 
of  gen.  ? 

Page  66.  5-  Qua  re  :  '  And  for  this  reason,'  ±=  '  Wherefore.' 
id :    the   putting  of   Catiline   to   death.  primum  :  '  the   first 

thing '  to  be  done,  as  we  say.  6.  huius  imperi" :  i.  e.  nostri 

imperi,  the  power  given  to  the  consuls  by  the  Senate's  decree 
of  Oct.  21;  see  p.  62,  8-1 1.  B.  204,  2 -T  A.  349;  H.  450.  dis- 
ciplinae  maiorum  proprium :  shown  by  the  precedents  cited, 
p.  62.         7.    ad:  ' with  respect  to.' 

10.  quod:  for  id  (referring  to  the  clause  sin  tu  exieris) 
quod;  trans,  quod  .  .  .  hortor  idiomatically,  i  as  I  have  long 
been  urging  you.'  B.  178,  */;  A.  390,  c\  H.  409,  1.  12.  sen- 
tina  rei  publicae :  treated  as  expressing  one  concept,  hence 
followed  by  the  gen.  (tuorum)  comitum,  —  *  consisting  of  your  as- 
sociates.' Cf.  Sail.  Cat.  xxxvii.  5 :  Omnes,  quos  flagitium  aut 
facifius  domo  expiderat  ei  Romam  sicut  in  sentinam  confiuxe- 
rant,  where  sentina  by  metonymy  is  used  of  the  receptacle 
(=  *  cess-pool')    rather  than   the   l  sewage.'  Quid   est:   like 

our  'How  now?'  '  How  is  that?'  13.  me  imperante :  see 
Idioms.  14.  faciebas  :  '  you  were  trying  to  do.'  B.  260,  3  ; 
A.  471,  c;  H.  530.  consul  liostem :  more  dignified  and 
more  forcible  than  ego  te.  15.  num :  "still,  not;'  fuller,  "you 
don't  mean  into  exile,  do  you?' 

VI.  17.  Quid  est  enim :  rhetorical  question,  much  more 
effective  than  the  simple  form  of  statement,  Nihil  est  enim. 
The   very  thought    of   his    career  of   crime,    and    the    fear    and 


218    FIRST  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE      [Page  67. 

hatred  with  which  he  is  regarded,  ought  to  make  Catiline  flee  the 
city,  19.  coniurationem  :  concrete, '  sworn  band.'  20.  do- 
mesticae  :  arising  from  his  family  relations  (see  1.  28  et  seq.), 
while  privatarum  rerum  (1.  21)  refers  to  his  private  life  in  gen- 
eral, as  distinguished  from  his  public  career.  21.  inusta: 
'branded  upon,'  as  on  the  forehead  of  a  runaway  slave. 
23.  facinus  :  '  wicked  deed '  affecting  others,  while  flagitium  is 
a  'burning  shame1  touching  more  directly  the  agent  himself. 
26.  facem  praetulisti :  as  slaves  were  wont  to  do  for  their 
masters  when  going  about  the  streets  by  night.  The  fascinating 
but  baneful  influence  which  Catiline  gained  over  the  young  is 
described  by  Sallust,  Cat.  xiv.  5-7. 

28.  Quid  vero :  introduces  still  stronger  evidence  of  Catiline's 
wickedness.  morte :   for  nece.      This  murder  is  mentioned 

nowhere  else.  29.  alio  scelere :  i.  e.  the  murder  of  a  son  by 
the  first  marriage,  from  fear  that  he  might  become  a  source  of 
annoyance  to  the  new  wife,  whose  name  was  Aurelia  Orestilla. 
30.  quod:  'but  this.'  B.  251,6;  A.  308,/;  H.  510.  32.  non 
vindicata  esse :  =  '  to  have  been  left  unpunished ; '  sc.  si  exsti- 
terit.  B.  328,  2;  A.  458;  H.  612.  According  to  Roman  criminal 
procedure  (cf.  p.  60)  a  court  would  take  cognizance  of  a  crime 
only  when  some  one  formally  directed  attention  to  it  by  lodging 
a  complaint.  In  this  instance  the  fact  that  no  one  could  be  found 
who  would  bring  so  atrocious  and  well-known  a  crime  to  the  notice 
of  the  authorities  — the  orator  implies  —  bore  witness  to  the  shame- 
ful degeneracy  of  the  times. 

34.  omnes :  ace.  with  quas ;  trans,  as  if  omnium  fortuna- 
rumy  *  the  complete  downfall  of  all  your  fortunes,  which.''  pro- 
ximis  Idibus :  the  Ides  and  Kalends  (to  a  less  extent  the  Nones 
also)  were  the  customary  times  for  the  computation  of  interest 
and  the  payment  of  debts.  Cicero  hints  that  Catiline,  hopelessly 
in  debt  (cf.  p.  37),  is  nearing  a  financial  crisis,  and  will  realize 
the  failure  of  all  his  schemes  when  the  next  day  of  settlement 
comes,  as  his  creditors  are  losing  confidence  in  him. 

Page  67.  3.  difiicultatem  :  financial  '  straits.'  summam  : 
see  Idioms. 

7.  cum:  'seeing  that.'  B.  286,  2;  A.  549;  H.  598.  horum: 
cf.  p.  61,  7,  and  N.  8.    pridie  Kalendas  Ianuarias  :    i.  e.   the 

last  day  of  Dec.  b.  c.  66 ;  on  the  following  day  it  was  proposed  to 
murder  the   in-coming   consuls,  Cotta  and  Torquatus ;  see  p.  36. 


Page  68.]  NOTES  219 

B.  144,  I,  2;  A.  432,  a;  H.  420,  5.  10.  manum  .  .  .  para- 

visse :  in  preparation  for  the  attempt  on  Feb.  5,  B.C.  65. 
12.  mentem  aliquam:  '  any  reflection/  'any  (change  of)  pur- 
pose.1 fortunam:  Catiline  accidentally  gave  the  signal  pre- 
maturely ;  see  p.  37. 

14.  ilia:  ' those  (earlier  attempts).'  neque  .  .  .  postea:  = 
nam  et  nota  sunt  et  multa  alia  postea  a  te  commissa  sunt',  the 
negative  force  of  neque  affects  the  whole  sentence,  while  that 
of  non  is  confined  to  multa,  17.  petitiones  ita  coniectas : 
*  thrusts  so  directed:'  this  phrase,  as  that  in  the  next  line,  is 
borrowed  from  the  speech  of  fencers  or  gladiators.  ut  .  .  . 
viderentur :  render  idiomatically,  '  that  it  did  not  seem  possible 
to  avoid  them.'  How  lit.  ?  In  cases  like  this  the  Latin  prefers 
the  personal  construction,  the  English  the  impersonal.     B.  332,  b ; 

A.  582;  H.  611,  1.  18.  declinatione  et  corpore:  hendiadys; 
'by  a  mere  twist  of  the  body.' 

19.   neque  tamen :  trans,  as  if  et  tamen  .  .  .  non.     20.   tibi: 

B.  188,  2,  d  ;  A.  381 ;  H.  427.  21.  excidit:  i.  e.  e  manibus 
tuis.        22.   Quae  .  .  .  defigere  :  i.  e.  Et  qui- 

dem  quibus  sacris  ea  {ska)  abs  te  initiata 
ac  devota  sit,  quod  ('for  the  reason  that1) 
putas  necesse  esse  earn  in  corpore  consulis 
defigere,  nescio  ('  I'm  sure  I  don't  know,' 
i.e.  'I  don't  care  to  say').  A  weapon  with 
which  a  violent  deed  had  been  committed 
was  often  consecrated  to  a  divinity.  SiCA. 

VII.    26.    odio :    '  enmity.'  permotus 

esse:  why  not  permoveri?  27.    quae  tibi  nulla  debetur: 

idiomatically,  'which  you  do  not  at  all  deserve;'  nulla  is  much 
stronger  here  than  non.  Cf.  B.  239;  A.  290;  H.  497.  30.  con- 
tigit :    used  generally   of  favorable   occurrences.  31.   vocis, 

taciturnitatis :  explanatory  genitives. 

33.  Quid,  quod:  'What  of  this,  that;'  cf.  N.  to  p.  64,  6. 
quod  .  .  .  sunt :  explained  by  the  following  clause.  34.  tibi : 
trans,  as  if  abs  te,  Cf.  N.  to  p.  159,  23..  B.  189,  2;  A.  375; 
H.  43*>  2. 

Page  68.  1.  constituti  fuerunt :  more  forcible  than  constituti 
sunt,  as  implying  that  Catiline's  attempts  are  all  and  altogether 
in  the  past.  3.  quo  animo :   see  Idioms.         4.  isto  pacto, 

ut:  'in  such  a  way,  as,'  =  'as.'        5.  omnes  cives :  Cicero  does 


220     FIRST  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE      [Page  69. 

not  regard  the  followers  of  Catiline  as  citizens.  domum  .  .  . 
arbitraris :  i.  e.  domum  meam  mihi  relinquendam  esse  puta- 
rem  j  tu  tibi  urbem  relinquendam  esse  non  arbitraris?  Notice 
the  conditional  statements  in  this  paragraph,  which  lead  up  to  a 
climax  ('  slaves '  —  '  citizens  '  —  '  parents  '),  and  present  the  ora- 
tor's thought  far  more  effectively  than  the  simple  direct  asser- 
tion of  the  same  points. 

7.  iniuria  :  '  undeservedly.'  suspectum  :  here  an  adj.,  but 
trans.    •  an    object   of    suspicion.'  9.    omnium  :  we   should 

say  *  by  all.'  cum :  cf .  p.  67,  7  and  n.  10.   odium  :   sc. 

esse.  14.  tui  :  B.  348,  349 ;  A.  598,  e ;  H.  665,  4.  16.  Nunc  : 
=  vvv  Be,  '  But  as  it  is.'  17.  nihil  .  .  .  cogitare :  te  cogitare 
nihil  (for  de  nulla  re)  nisi  de,  etc.  18.  parricidio  :  for  exitio, 
or  interitu,  carrying  out  the  personification  of  patria  as  com- 
munis parens.  huius  ;  \  her.'  19.  iudicium  sequere  :  i.  e. 
iudicio,  quod  de  te  facit,  obtemperabis. 

21.  Quae  :  \  Now  she.'  22.  tacita  :  '  (though)  silent ; '  oxy- 
moron in  tacita  loquitur,  the  force  of  which  is  somewhat  les- 
sened by  quodam  modo,  'in  a  way.'     B.  375,  2;  H.  752,  12. 

23.  annis :  abl.  as  indicating  the  period  in  which  (not  through 
which)  the  statement  in  exstitit  was  true.  per  te  :  why  not 
abs  te  f  25.  neces :  in  connection  with  the  proscriptions  of 
Sulla;  see  p.  36.  The  pi.  of  nex  is  rare.  sociorum :  i.e. 
provincialium.  Previous  to  89  b.  c.  only  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Italian  cities  in  league  with  Rome  were  called  socii;  but  as 
these  were  then  admitted  to  the  Roman  citizenship  (p.  148,  1-5), 
the  term  was  afterwards  extended  to  the  natives  of  the  prov- 
inces. The  reference  here  is  to  Catiline's  governorship  in 
Africa,  which  was  characterized  by  rapacity  and  brutality. 
27.  quaestiones :  'judicial  investigations.'  Catiline  had  been 
accused  of  provincial  extortion,  but  had   purchased  an  acquittal. 

28.  ferenda  :  see  Idioms.  30.  totam :  i.  e.  not  now  merely 
in  regard  to  individuals  or  provinces,  but  as  a  whole.  quic- 
quid  increpuerit :  =  '  at  every  sound  ; '  how  lit.  ?  31.  vi- 
deri  :  we  should  say  '  apparently.'  32.  quod  a  tuo  scelere : 
trans,  as  if  a  quo  tuum  scelus. 

Page  69-  VIII.  3.  loquatur,  debeat :  the  condition  is  in 
fact  impossible;  but  consistently  with  the  personification  of 
patria  it  is  conceived  as  possible,  and  hence  put  in  the  pres. 
subj.        4.  possit:  concessive.    B.  309,  2,  a\  A.  527,  c\  H.  585. 


Page  70.]  NOTES  221 

5.    Quid,  quod :   cf.  p.  67,  33,  and  N.        in  custodiam :   i.  e. 

in  custodiam  liber  am.  In  cases  where  a  Roman  citizen  was 
charged  with  a  crime  against  the  state,  if  a  person  of  rank  he 
was  not  imprisoned  but  put  under  surveillance,  either  in  his  own 
house  or  in  the  house  of  some  magistrate  who  became  respon- 
sible for  his  appearance  when  wanted  for  trial.  In  this  in- 
stance Catiline  had  been  accused  of  inciting  to  riot  (sedition) 
by  Lucius  Paulus;  see  p.  38.  Nothing  better  illustrates  the  au- 
dacity of  the  man  than  the  attempt  to  get  Lepidus,  Metellus, 
and  even  Cicero,  to  take  charge  of  him.  Owing  to  the  rapid 
culmination  of  events  the  trial  did  not  take  place. 

6.   ad:   in  the  sense  of  apud.  8.   domi :    B.    232,   2; 

A.   427,  a\    H.  484,  2.  10.    nullo   modo :    'by  no   means.' 

parietibus  :  abl.  of  means,  but  trans,  with  'within.''  12.  con- 

tineremur :   why   not   indie.  ?  13.   virum    optimum :    bitter 

irony.  14.  videlicet :  sarcastic.  17.  carcere,  vincu- 

lis :  contrasted  with  custodia  in  the  sense  of  custodia  libera. 
19.  iudicarit:  B.  283  ;  A.  535  ;  H.  591,  1.  Full  form  ?  Quae 
.   .    .   sint :   see   Idioms.  20.    aequo   animo :    *  with  resig- 

nation.' You  deserve  physical  death,  by  your  own  hand  or  by 
that  of  the  executioner;  if  you  cannot  be  brought  to  this,  at 
least  favor  us  with  your  political  death  by  going  into  exile. 

23.  Refer:  sc.  rem,  'the  matter.'  See  Idioms.  postulas : 
perhaps  referring  to  previous  utterances  of  Catiline.  25.  re- 
feram  :     i.   e.     rem    ad    senatutn.  id  .  .  .  moribus  :  =  '  a 

course  inconsistent  with  my  character*  as  a  mild  man  opposed 
to  severe  measures.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  the  right  to 
pronounce  a  sentence  of  exile  belonged  to  the  courts  alone, 
and  was  outside  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Senate. 

27.  hi:  cf.  horum,  p.  61,  7,  and  n.  Egredere  .  .  .  profi- 
ciscere:  probably  spoken  with  deliberation  and  great  distinct- 
ness. 29.  Quid  est:  spoken  after  a  pause,  giving  opportunity 
for  dissent;  cf.  p.  66,  12,  and  N.  There  were  friends  of  Catiline 
present  (see  p.  73,  17  et  seq.),  but  after  the  orator's  vigorous 
reference  to  them  (p.  64,  20-30)  they  did  not  dare  to  come  to 
the  rescue  of  their  leader.  31.  auctoritatem :  'the  express 
request.'  34.  M.  Marcello :  see  Vocab.  under  Marcellus  (2), 
and  pp.  49,  50. 

Page  70.  1.  hoc'  ipso  in  templo:  heightens  the  rhetorical 
effect ;  a  temple  was  considered  a  place  of  refuge,  its  sacredness 


222      FIRST   ORATION   AGAINST   CATILINE      [Page  71. 

being    a    protection    against    violence.  vim    et    manus :  = 

*  violent  hands  ; '  hendiadys. 

3.  cum  quiescunt  probant :  =  '  by  their  stillness,  they  ap- 
prove ; '  coincident  action,  hence  indie,  with  cum.  Notice  the 
oxymoron  and  climax  in  the  three  cum-dauses.  4.  neque  hi 
solum:    trans,  as  if  et  non  solum  hi.  5.    auctoritas,   etc.: 

refers  back  to  p.  69,  24.  6.  illi:  with  a  gesture;  the  knights 
were  gathered  in  front  of  the  temple,  in  view  of  the  speaker. 
Cf.  N.  to  p.  61,  6.  7.  ceteri  cives :  below  the  rank  of  sena- 
tor and  knight.  9.  paulo  ante:  i.  e.  as  Catiline  was  entering 
the  temple  to  meet  with  the  Senate.  exaudire :  here  i  plainly 
hear,' i  hear  distinctly.' 

11.  haec :  i.  e.  the  city  Rome  and  the  Roman  power ;  doubt- 
less spoken  with  a  wide  gesture.  12.  iam  pridem  :  see  Idioms. 
13.  ad  portas :  it  was  customary  for  the  friends  and  relatives 
of  those  who  were  going  into  exile  to  escort  them  as  far  as 
the  city  gate ;  Catiline  will  have  a  large  escort  of  those  eager 
to  see  him  depart,  who  will  also  protect  him. 

IX.     14.    Quamquam  :  i  And  yet.'  Te  ut,  etc. :  idiomatic, 

'  You  —  anything  break  your  resolution  ?  You  —  ever  reform 
yourself?'  B.  277,  a\  A.  462,  a\  H.  559,  5.  17.  duint :  == 
dent;  archaic  form,  apparently  from  stem  du-,  with  subj.  ending 
same  as  in  velint,  possint;  appropriate  in  prayers  and  wishes, 
just  as  our  so-called  tt  solemn  "  style,  as  in  English,  "  Thy  King- 
dom come,  Thy  will  be  done."  B.  1 16,  4,  d,  and  279  ;  A.  183,  2,  and 
442;    H.   244,   3,   and   558,   2.  18.    animum :    see   Idioms. 

19.  nobis :  refers  to  Cicero  alone,  as  shown  by  the  use  of  mea  in 
1.  18.  B.  187,  II.,  a;  A.  143,  <z;  H.  500,  2.  21.  in  posterita- 
tem :  =  in  posterum  tempus.  That  Cicero's  fear  was  not  ground- 
less, his  subsequent  persecution  and  sufferings  plainly  enough 
showed.      See  pp.  7-9.  est  tanti :    <it  is   worth  while,'  i.e. 

invidiam  islam  mihi  itnpendere.  B.  203,  3;  A.  417;  H.  448,  1. 
22.  privata:  '  personal,'  not  extending  beyond  the  person  of  the 
speaker.  24.  temporibus  :  '  to  the  exigencies,'  —  that  Catiline 
subordinate  his  personal  convenience  to  the  good  of  the  state. 
26.  is :  <  such  a  man.' 

29.  inimico,  ut  praedicas :  Catiline  interpreted  the  acts  of 
the  consul  as  those  of  a  *  personal  enemy.'  Cf.  N.  to  p.  65,  26. 
30.  Vix  feram  :  see  Idioms. 

Page  71.      2.  latrocinio:    '  brigandage,'  as  against  law   and 


Page  71.]  NOTES  223 

order;  called  impio  because  against  the  Fatherland  —  communis 
parens.        3.   ad  alienos  :   sc.  isse. 

5.  Quamquam  :  asp.  70,  14.  quid:  adverbial  ace,  =  ' why.' 
invitem:  B.  277,  and  a ;  A.  444;  H.  557.  6.  esse  praemissos: 
'(men)  have  been  sent  forward,'  in  the  night  of  Nov.  7.  qui 
.  .  .  praestolarentur  :  trans,  by  '  to '  with  the  infin.  8.  aqui- 
lam  illam  argenteam :  in  Marius's  time  a  silver  eagle  with  out- 
stretched wings  was  adopted  as  the  ensign  of  the  legion ;  later 
eagles  were  sometimes  of  gold.  The  one  mentioned  here  had 
been  carried  in  the  army  of  Marius,  in  the  campaign  against 
the  Cimbri  (Sail.  Cat.  lix.  3). 

10.  cui  :  refers  to  aquilam.  sacrarium  :  the  eagle  of  a 
legion  was  considered  sacred,  and  intimately  associated  with 
the  fortunes  of  the  host.  When  in  camp  it  was  kept  in  a  con- 
secrated place  near  the  commander's  tent.  So  Catiline  is  here 
represented  as  having  the  eagle  in  a  *  sanctuary'  or  *  shrine'  in 
his  house,  and  as  making  it  an  object  of  veneration.  11.  sce- 
lerum  tuorum :  characterizes  sacrarium ;  freely,  *  sacred  to  your 
crimes.'        12.  tu  —  possis ;   cf.  p.  70,  14,  and  N. 

X.  18.  haec  res :  departure  to  join  Manlius  in  war  against 
the  state.  20-  voluntas:  'inclination.'  fortuna  servavit : 
Catiline  had  thus  far  escaped  punishment  for  his  misdeeds. 
21.  non  modo :  trans,  as  if  non  modo  non.  In  expressions 
like  this  the  Latin  omits  the  negative  after  modo,  because  a 
negative  is  understood  with  the  verb  (in  this  case  concupisti) 
from  the  following  clause;  but  as  English  idiom  requires  the 
verb  in  the  first  clause,  the  negative  must  be  supplied  in  trans- 
lating. B.  343,  2,  a\  A.  217,  e\  H.  656,  3.  22.  nefarium: 
i.  e.  civile.  ex  perditis :  i.  e.  ex  {hominibus)  perditis  atque 

derelictis  non  modo  ab  omni  fortuna  verum  etiaiti  {ab  omni)  spe. 
B.  216,  1 ;  A.  405,  n.  3 ;  H.  468,  1. 

28.   huius    vitae:   the   life   of  a  bandit.  meditati    sunt: 

here  passive.  29.   feruntur  :   here  =  praedicantur,  *  are  (so 

much)  talked  about,'  '  are  matter  of  current  report.'  labores : 
•  exertions.'  iacere,    vigilare  :     in    apposition    with    labores. 

30.   obsidendum  :     here  =  speculandum.  32.    otiosorum  : 

peaceably  disposed  citizens,  who  would  go  to  bed  with  no 
thought  of  danger  from  burglars  or  brigands.  Habes*,  ubi 
ostentes :  *  You  have  an  opportunity  to  display ; '  ubi  with 
the  sense  of  {locum)  in  quo  is  used  with  the  subj.  of  charac- 
teristic. 


224    FIRST  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE      [Page  72. 

Page  72.  2.  a  consulatu  reppuli:  at  the  last  consular 
election ;  cf.  p.  6$,  28-30,  and  n.  exsul,  consul :  play  upon 
words;  so  below  (1.  18),  emissus,  immissus.  5.  latrocinium : 
cf.  p.  71,  2,  and  N. 

B.    Addressed  to  the  Senate,    xi.-xiii.,  1.  27. 

XI.  7.  detester  ac  deprecer :  '  I  may  beg  to  avert  and 
plead  against/  The  following  justification  of  the  orator's  course 
is  a  kind  of  refutation  it  seems  too  elaborate  to  have  been 
altogether  extempore,  and  was  very  likely  inserted,  or  at  least  ex- 
panded, when  the  speech  was  revised.  11.  est :  why  not  sit  f 
Cf.  B.  324,  1  ;  A.  593,  a,  N.  i  ;  H.  652,  1.  12.  loquatur :  the 
apodosis  is  omitted,  on  account  of  the  length  of  the  address  which 
follows;  for  the  mood,  cf.  p.  69,  3,  and  n.  Notice  the  climax  in 
patria  —  cuncta  Italia  —  omnis  res  fiublica. 

13.  Tune  .  .  .  patiere :  cf.  B.  351,  5;  A.  601,  a,  b\ 
H.  685.  16.  evocatorem   servorum :     according   to    Sallust 

(Cat.  lvi.  5),  Catiline  refused  the  help  of  slaves,  thinking  that  it 
would  be  to  his  disadvantage  if  he  should  appear  to  have 
made  common  cause  with  them;  yet  Lentulus  urged  their  em- 
ployment, and  there  were  uprisings  of  slaves  at  Capua  and  in 
Apulia  at  this  time. 

22.  persaepe  .  .  .  multarunt :  rhetorical  exaggeration  ;  the 
orator  has  cited  only  one  case  of  the  kind  (p.  61,  21  et  seq.). 
23.  leges  :  the  laws  guarding  the  right  of  appeal  to  the  people 
from  the  decision  of  a  magistrate.  The  earliest  was  one  of  the 
Valerian  Laws  (508  b.  a),  which  enacted:  ne  quis  magistrates 
civem  Romanum  adversus  provocationem  ('  against  an  appeal ' 
to  the  people  assembled  in  comitia)  necaret  neve  verberaret. 
There  was  also  a  Lex  Porcia  (probably  of  197  b.  a),  which 
seems  to  have  made  it  possible  for  a  Roman  citizen  to  save 
himself  from  the  death  penalty,  or  from  scourging,  by  volun- 
tarily going  into  exile;  and  the  right  of  appeal,  in  accordance 
with  which  a  Roman  could  not  be  put  to  death  or  flogged 
without  the  assent  of  the  people,  was  reaffirmed  by  one  of  the 
laws  proposed  by  Gaius  Gracchus,  B.  c.  123.  Cicero's  position 
is,  that  citizens  who  have  taken  up  arms  against  the  state  have 
forfeited  their  civil  rights,  and  are  no  longer  entitled  to  the 
protection  afforded  by  the  laws.  On  this  question,  see  N.  to 
p.  108,  3. 


Page  74.]  NOTES  225 

27.  refers :    see  Idioms.  28.  hominem  .  .  .  maiorum : 

Cicero  was  a  novus  homo.  commendatione :  B.  224;  A.  415; 
H.  473,  2.  29.  tam  mature  —  extulit :  Cicero  was  elected  to 

each. office  suo  anno,  i.  e.  in  each  case  as  soon  as  he  had  reached 
the  age  required  by  law.  Usually  *  new  men '  were  not  able  to  se- 
cure the  consulship  till  some  years  after  they  had  reached  the  legal 
age.  30.  honorum  :  =  '  of  public    office.'  33.  severi- 

tatis  :  '  arising  from  strictness.1  inertiae  :  cf.  p.  62,  30,  and  N. 

Page  73.  XII.  3.  vocibus:  <  utterances,'  as  contrasted  with 
the  '  thoughts '  (mentibus)  of  those  who  keep  their  opinions  to 
themselves.  4.  idem:    B.   176,  2,  a ;    A.  390,  c;  H.  409,  1. 

5.  factu :    B.  340,  2;    A.  510;    H.  635,  1.  iudicarem :  why 

not  plup.  ?  6.  Catilinam  multari :    in   apposition  with  hoc. 

8.  summi  viri :  magistrates,  as  L.  Opimius ;  while  clarissimi 
cives  refers  to  private  citizens,  as  P.  Scipio  (p.  61,  1.  21  et  seq.). 

9.  Flacci  :  M.  Fulvius  Flaccus ;  see  p.  62,  16.  12.  quid 
invidiae  :  here  *  any  enmity.'  13.  in  posteritatem  :  cf.  p. 
70,  21,  and  N.  redundaret:  l  should  overwhelm  me,'  as  a 
flood  which  has  burst  over  the  banks  of  a  stream.  Quod: 
1  But.'     B.  185,  2  ;  251,  6 ;  A.  397,  a ;  H.  510,  9. 

17.  Quamquam :  i  But ; '  introduces  a  more  immediate  reason 
for  apprehension   than   that  mentioned  above.  non  nulli :  = 

*  some.'  hoc  ordine  :  =  senatu.  qui  :  why  with  subj.,  while 
quae  —  quae  (1.  18)  are  with  the  indie?  19.  sententiis  : 
i  expressions  of  opinion.'  21.  multi:  i.  e.  multi  alii,  extra 
hunc  ordinem.  22.  improbi :  i.  e.  ei  qui  ea,  quae  vident, 
dis simulant ;  while  imperiti  refers  to  those  qui  ea,  quae  im- 
minent, non  vident.  23.  regie :  =  ru/oavviKcos,  tyrannice,  i.  e. 
more  after  the  manner  of  a  tyrant  than  of  a  Roman  magistrate. 
factum  esse :  '  (the  deed)  had  been  done.'  dicerent :  notice 
the  force  of  the  impf.,  i  would  be  saying.'  30.  eiecerit :  i.  e. 
ex  urbe.  31.  naufragos  :  implies  financial  wreck  ;  while  per- 
ditus  usually  refers  to  moral  ruin. 

Page  74.    XIII.     2.    nescio  quo  pacto :  =  nescio  quo  modo, 

*  somehow.'  B.  253,  6;  A.  575,  d;  H.  651,  2.  5.  latro- 
cinio:  concrete,  '  band  of  brigands.'  8.  venis  atque 
visceribus :  a  parallel  to  our  "  flesh  and  blood."  9.  Ut, 
etc.:  B.  351,  5;  A.  601,  b\  H.  685.  10.  aestu  febrique : 
=  '  in  the  burning  heat  of  fever.'  What  figure  ?  13.  rele- 
vatus:  =  sirelevatus  erit.     B.  305,  1  ;  A.  521,  a\  H.  575,  9. 


226      FIRST   ORATION   AGAINST   CATILINE      [Page  75. 

17.  insidiari  .  .   .  consuli  :  see  p.  65,  2-1 1.  18.  circum- 

stare  tribunal:  for  the  purpose  of  intimidation,  thus  interfering 
with  the  administration  of  justice.  The  tribunal  of  the  'city 
praetor'  (cf.  p.  60)  was  in  the  Comitium.  19.  cum  gladiis: 
for  armatu  curiam :  the  curia  Hostilia,  where  the  Senate 
usually  met;  see  Vocab.  under  curia  (1).  malleolos  :  *  fire- 
darts,'  used  principally  in  siege  operations.  They  were  shaped 
like  a  mallet,  the  head  being  filled  with  tow  and  pitch,  which 
were  ignited  before  the  missile  was  thrown.  25.  omnibus 
bonis:  'all  patriotic  citizens,'  exclusive  of  the  senators  and 
knights  just  mentioned.  27.  videatis  :  *  you  shall  see.'  Why 
is  the  pres.  subj.  in  Latin  often  used  with  reference  to  future 
time? 

Conclusion. 

28.  Hisce  ominibus :  *With  these  prophetic  words.'  cum 
.  .  .  exitio :  in  our  idiom,  4  to  the  highest  welfare  of  the  state, 
to.  the  plague  and  destruction  of  yourself,'  etc.  31.  impium: 
cf.  p.  71,  1.  2,  and  N. 

32.  Tu,  Iuppiter:  the  orator  addresses  the  statue  of  Jupiter 
Stator  in  the  temple,  and  through  it  the  divinity  represented 
by  it.  eisdem  quibus  auspiciis  :  =  eisdem  auspiciis  quibus. 
The  statement  is  not  literally  true ;  for  though  there  was  a  tra- 
dition that  Romulus  in  a  battle  with  the  Sabines  vowed  a 
temple  to  Jupiter  Stator  on  this  site,  the  temple  was  not  actu- 
ally built  till  294  b.  c.  (Liv.  I.  xil.  5,  X.  xxxvu.  15).  33.  Stato- 
rem:  here  *  Established  *  Protector;'  in  the  vow  as  given  by 
Livy,  the  word  means  rather  *  stayer  of  flight.* 

Page  75-     5.   aeternis  suppliciis :  cf.  p.  107,  8-13,  and  N. 


Page  76.]  NOTES  227 


THE   SECOND    ORATION   AGAINST   CATILINE. 

Page  76.  In  L.  Catilinam:  see  n.  on  p.  209.  In 
some  of  the  oldest  mss.  the  following  argument  o£  this  oration 
is  found  :  Superiore  libro  (here  =  oratione)  Catilina  circumven- 
tus  eloqiientia  Ciceranis  spontaneum  elegit  exsilium,  unde  ora- 
tori  maxima  venisse  videbatur  invidia.  Sed  postero  die  timore 
dissimulate)  processit  ad  populum  fingens  se  timer e  quod  emiserit 
Catilinam,  ut  minus  sit  invidiosum,  quod  eum  in  exsilium 
expulerit.  Prooetniwn  sumptum  ab  exsultatione  dicentis  ver- 
bis paene  triumphantibus ■,  qui  sine  damno  rei  publicae  superare 
bellum  potuerit. 

Habita  ad  Populum:  speeches  addressed  ' to  the 
people '  were  delivered  from  the  Rostra,  an  elevated  speaker's 
platform,  to  the  front  of  which  were  fastened  the  bronze  beaks 
of  the  ships  captured  in  the  famous  sea-fight  off  Antium,  in 
338  b.  c. ;  hence  the  name.  The  original  location  of  the  Ros- 
tra was  in  the  Comitium,  at  the  ed£e  of  the  Forum ;  see  Plan 
opposite  p.  76.  The  speaker  faced  the  people  assembled  in 
the  Forum ;  directly  behind  them  were  the  Old  Shops  {Tabernae 
Veieres),  low  stores  or  booths  along  the  southwestern  side.  If 
he  glanced  to  the  left  he  saw  the  Temple  of  Castor  and  Pol- 
lux and  perhaps  the  round  Temple  of  Vesta,  behind  which  rose 
the  northern  slope  of  the  Palatine  Hill;  if  he  turned  toward 
the  right,  his  eye  fell  on  the  Temple  of  Saturn,  or  the  Temple 
of  Concord,  or,  high  above  these,  the  southern  part  of  the  Capi- 
toline  Hill  crowned  with  the  splendid  and  imposing  Temple  of 
Jupiter  Optimus  Maximus. 

From  the  old  Rostra  were  delivered  many  of  the  greatest 
speeches  of  ancient  Rome ;  among  them  that  of  Cicero  for  the  Bill 
of  Manilius,  and  the  Second  and  Third  against  Catiline.  Here 
probably  Julius  Caesar  refused  the  crown  offered  him  by  Antony ; 
here  also  his  bleeding  form  was  exposed  to  public  gaze,  and  Antony's 
funeral  address  stirred  the  populace  to  fury.  Here  Cicero  delivered 
several  of  the  Philippics;  and  to  the  Rostra  above  the  beaks  his 


228     SECOND  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE   [Page  76. 

head  and  hands  were  nailed  (Plut.  Cic.  xlix  ;  cf.  p.  n).  Julius 
Caesar  planned  to  move  the  Rostra  into  the  Forum,  bringing 
thither  the  beaks  and  many  statues  that  had  adorned  the  old  Rostra, 
but  according  to  present  evidence  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  project 
was  carried  out  in  his  lifetime.  The  foundations  of  the  later  struc- 
ture have  been  discovered.  It  was  about  seventy  feet  long  and 
ten  feet  high.  On  the  front  apparently  were  thirty-nine  beaks, 
arranged  in  two  tiers.  For  a  description  of  the  remains,  with  res- 
torations, see  Platner's  "Topography  and  Monuments  of  Ancient 
Rome,"  pp.  214-216,  with  references  there  cited. 

Introduction,    i.,  ii. 

I.  1.  Tandem  aliquando  :  *  Now  at  last.'  For  the  circum- 
stances of  delivery,  and  an  outline  of  the  argument,  see  pp.  39, 
42,  43.  Quirites  :  not  Romani,  because  addressed  as  voters 
rather  than  as  soldiers.  2.  scelus  anhelantem :  cf.  Acts  ix.  1, 
'breathing  out  threatenings  and  slaughter.'  4.  vel  .  .  .  vel 

.  .  .  vel :  gives  the  hearers  a  choice  among  three  alternatives ; 
apparently  the  orator  did  not  dare  to  say  outright  that  he  had 
driven  Catiline  forth  (cf.  p.  90,  9-14).  This  whole  chapter,  as 
Halm  justly  remarks,  appears  to  our  modern  taste  somewhat 
inflated,  from  the  accumulation  of  synonyms  and  striking  ex- 
pressions ;  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  speech  was 
addressed  to  the  people,  with  whom  this  style  of  speaking  was 
more  effective,  and  more  in  place,  than  it  would  have  been 
in  the  Senate. 

5.  ipsum  egredientem :  trans,  as  if  eum  sua  sponte  egredien- 
tem.  verbis    prosecuti    sumus  :    just    as   we    accompany 

departing  friends  with  "  Bon  voyage ! "  "  Good  luck  to  you ! '? 
and  similar  expressions ;  ironical,  but  cf.  p.  70,  13  and  n. 
Abiit  .  .  .  erupit :  difference  in  meaning  between  these  four 
words  ?  6.  monstro  :  suggests  something  unnatural,  a  physical 
or  moral  'monstrosity;'  while  prodigio  implies  influence  of* the 
supernatural,  something  uncanny  or  of  ill  omen,  a  'portent/ 
7.  moenibus  ipsis  :  i.  e.  urbi  ipsi  et  eius  aedificiis. 

10.  controversia :  see  Idioms.  11.  latera :  we  should  say 
'  breast ; '  cf.  p.  67,  20-24.  versabitur  :  '  will  ply  its  task.' 
in  campo :  cf.  p.  65,  28-32  and  N.  12.  in  curia  .  .  .  parie- 

tes :   cf.  p.  74,  17-20,  and  69,  9-12.  13.  Loco  motus  est: 


Page  77.J  NOTES  229 

*  was  forced  from  his  vantage-ground,'  an  expression  drawn  from 
the  language  of  wrestlers   and  gladiators. 

14.  nullo  :  see  Idioms.  16.  hominem :  ■  the  fellow ; '  used 
instead  of  ilium  or  eum,  with  implied  contempt.  cum :  •  in 
that.'  occultis  :  introduced  in  contrast  with  apertum  (1.  1 7) ; 
for  insidiis  itself  involves  the  idea  of  concealment.  17.   la- 

trocinium:   cf.  p.  71,  2  and  N.  18.    extulit:    i.  e.  ex  urbe. 

19.   vivis    nobis :    '  while   we   were    (yet)    living.'     Why  abl.  ? 

22.  Iacet:  as  a  gladiator  who  has  lost  in  his  fight  and  been 
struck  down. 

Page  77*  2.  retorquet  .  .  .  faucibus  :  as  some  monstrous 
and   blood  thirsty  wild   beast,   cheated   of  its  prey.  4.    qui- 

dem :   adversative;  with  quae,  'but  it' 

II,  7.  in  hoc  ipso  :  *  in  this  very  matter ; '  explained  by  quod 
.  .  .  emiserim.  9.  comprehenderim :  B.  286,  1 ;  A.  592,  3;  H. 
588,  11.  10.  non  .  .  .  culpa :  in  full,  istius  rei  culpa  non  est 
mea  culpa.  sed   temporum :    '  but   (that)    of  circumstances.' 

11.  Interfectum  esse:    cf.  p.  61,  19  and  n.  13.  huius  im- 

peri :  cf.   p.   66,  6,  and  n.  14.  res  publica :    for   salus  rei 

publicae,  '  the  welfare  of  the  state.'  fuisse :  i.  e.  among  the 
senators;   cf.  p.  73,  17  et  seq.  16,  defenderent :    'tried  to 

justify  (it).' 

17.  Ac  :  =  '  And  yet,'  in  spite  of  the  scepticism  and  opposi- 
tion in  the  Senate.  illo  sublato :  '  by  putting  him  out  of  the 
way.'  B.  227,  2  ;  A.  420,  5,  n.  ;  H.  489,  1 .  18.  iudicarem  .  .  . 
sustulissem  :  cf.  p.  73,  5-8,  and  N.  19.  invidiae  meae  peri- 

culo :  i.  e.  periculo  ut  in  invidiam  venirem ;  trans.  '  at  the  risk 
of  personal  enmity.'  20.  ne  .  .  .  probata  :  = '  as  the  matter 

had  not  yet  been  made  clear  to  all  even  of  your  number,'  not 
to  mention  the  senators  who  professed  ignorance  or  openly 
sympathized  with  Catiline  (quam  multos,  11.  14,  16).  22.  fore 
ut  —  possem :  a  round-about  form  of  expression,  made  necessary 
by  the  lack  of  a  fut.  infin.  (participle)  of  posse ;  in  dir.  disc, 
si  multavero,  non  potero.     B.  319;    270,  3;  A.  569,  a\  H.  619,  2. 

23.  hue:  'to  this  point;'   cf .  %  76,  15-17. 

25.  Quern  .  .  .  putem  :  trans,  as  if  Et  quam  vehementer 
ilium  quidem  /tosiem,  etc.  The  irony  increases  in  intensity  to 
the  end  of  the  chapter.  26.  nine,  quod  :  '  from  this,  that.' 

28.  comitatus  :  here  pass.  ;  with  paru/n,  =  '  with  too  small  a 
retinue ; '  node  intempesta  (cf.  n.  to  p.  64,  18)  cu?n  paucis  in 


230   SECOND  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE  [Page  7a 

Manliana  castra  profectus  est  (Sail.  Cat.  xxxn.  i).  exjerit: 
why  not  same  mood  as  fero  (1.  27)? 

29.  Tongilium,  Publicium,  Minucium :  mentioned  apparently 
as    typical   reprobates   of   the  Catilinarian  contingent.  mini : 

ethical  dat. ;  *  He  has  taken  forth  my  Tongilius,'  '  He  has,  I 
see,  taken  Tongilius  out'  B.  188,  2,  b\  A.  380;  H.  432.  30.  in 
praetexta :  =praetextatum,  i.  e.  'when  a  youth.'  The  toga  of 
the  ordinary  Roman  citizen  was  white,  retaining  the  color  of 
the  undyed  wool ;  but  sons  of  freeborn  parents  were  allowed 
to  wear  a  toga  with  a  red  border  (see  Vocab.  under  purpura), 
until  they  became  of  age.  The  plain  garment  (in  this  connec- 
tion called  toga  virilis)  was  placed  upon  the  youth,  with  appro- 
priate ceremonies,  at  the  Feast  of  the  Liberalia  (March  17),  when 
he  was  between  fourteen  and  sixteen  years  old.  31.  popina  : 
a  low  place  where  wines  and  articles  of  food  were  sold;  fre- 
quented largely  by  slaves.        33.  aere  :  why  abl.  ? 


Discussion,    iii.-xi. 

Page  78-  III.  1-  ilium  exercitum  :  of  Catiline ;  explained 
by  collectum  (1.  4)  et  seq.  Gallicanis  legionibus :  the  regular 
troops  stationed  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  which  could  easily  be 
brought  down  to  Faesulae  from  the  north ;  cf.  N.  to  p.  62,  32. 
2.  dilectu :  a  fresh  '  levy '  of  soldiers  drafted  in  the  coast 
regions  east  of  Faesulae ;  also  within  easy  reach.  3.  Gallico 
[agro]:  'the  Gallic  country,'  so  called  because  formerly  settled 
by  the  Senones,  a  Gallic  tribe.  It  lay  south  of  the,  Rubicon 
(hence  in  Italy,  not  in  Cisalpine  Gaul),  and  extended  along  the 
coast  as  far  south  as  Picenum,  including  the  cities  Ariminum, 
Pisaurum,  Fanum,  and  Sena  Gallica.  Q.  Metellus  :  he  had 
been  sent  north  to  draft  troops  immediately  after  the  senate 
learned  of  the  operations  of  Manlius  at  Faesulae.  Cf.  Vocab., 
Metellus,  (4). 

5.  senibus  desperatis :  veterans  from  the  army  of  Sulla ; 
non  nullos  ex  Sullanis  coloniis,  quibus  lubido  atque  luxuria 
ex  magnis  rapinis  nihil  reliqui  fecerat  (Sail.  Cat.  xxviii.  4). 
Cf.  p.  84,  22,  et  seq.  agresti  luxuria :  abstract  for  concrete. 
6.  decoctoribus :  the  Romans-  viewed  extravagance  in  living, 
and  resulting  bankruptcy,  with  the  sternest  disapproval.  va- 
dimonia    deserere :    '  to    forsake    their  legal    obligations ;    i.  e. 


Page  78.]  NOTES  231 

having  given  security  to  appear  in  court  when  summoned,  they 
preferred  to  run  away  and  let  judgment  go  against  them  by 
default,  which  in  this  case  would  be  satisfied  by  the  confiscation 
and  sale  of  any  property  they  might  leave  behind.  7.  qui- 
bus  si :  =  hi,  si  eis. 

9.  edictum  praetoris :  particularly  that  part  in  which  the 
penalties  for  forsaking  one's  legal  obligations  were  given.  Each 
praetor,  on  entering  upon  the  duties  of  his  office,  issued  a 
'  proclamation '  of  the  principles  and  penalties  in  accordance 
with  which  —  apart  from  the  established  rules  of  the  Civil  Law 
—  he  purposed  to  administer  justice  during  his  term.  Cf.  p.  6o. 
concident :  '  they  will  fall  powerless,'  very  like  our  colloquial 
expression,  "  fall  all  in  a  heap."  Hos  :    « these '  conspirators 

who  dare  yet  to  remain  in  the  city;  in  sharp  contrast  with  the 
wretches  just  characterized. 

11.  unguentis  :  fragrant  oils,  which  were  thoroughly  rubbed 
into  the  skin  after  a  bath.  12.  purpura  :  not  on  the  toga, 
but  on  the  under-garment,  the  tunica,  on  which  senators  and 
knights  were  allowed  to  have  one  or  two  perpendicular  brilliant 
red  stripes.  The  stripe  distinguishing  the  senator  was  broad 
(latus  clavus) ;  those  of  the  knight  were  narrow  {angustus 
clavus),  a  stripe  -running  down  from  each  shoulder  on  the 
front,  and  probably  also  on  the  baGk,  of  the  tunic.  milites  : 
*  as  soldiers ; '  most  editions  read  suos  milites,  •  his  own  force,' 
i.e.   'his    body-guard. '  eduxisset :    B.   296,   1,  a;   A.    565; 

H.  565,  2.         13.    qui  si  :  *  but  if  they.' 

17.  neque  tamen :  trans,  as  if  et  tamen  non  ;  their  audacious 
confidence  implies  that  there  must  be  behind  them  some  secret 
and  dangerous  force.  18.  Apulia,  et  seq. :  cf.  p.  64,  32,  et 
seq.,  and  Sail.  Cat.  xxvu.  1  :  Septimium  quendam  Camertem  in 
agrum  Picenum,  C.  lulium  in  Aftuliam  (Catilina)  dimisit,  prae- 
terea  alium  alio,  quern  ubique  opportunum.  sibi  fore  credebat. 
19.  Gallicum  [agrum]  :  cf.  1.  2  above,  and  N.  20.  urbanas : 
=  in  urbe.  caedis :  trans,  with  'for.'  21.  superioris  noc- 
tis :  cf.  p.  64,  13,  et  seq.  If  the  chronology  given  on  p.  45  is 
correct  (cf.  p.  81,  10,  and  n.),  the  expression  here  is  inexact,  as 
two  nights  had  passed  since  the  meeting  at  Laeca's.  24.  Ne : 
here  not  negative. 

IV.  28.  nisi  si:  '  unless  perhaps,'  nisi  having  an  adverbial 
force.     B\  306,  5  ;  A.  52J,  3  ;  H.  575,  7.  29.   similis  :  ace. ; 


232     SECOND  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE    [Page  79. 

*  (men)  like  Catiline.'  32.  miserum  :  i  wretchedly,'  '  in  wretch- 
edness.' B.  239;  A.  290;  H.  497.  33.  via:  B.  218,  9; 
A.  429,  a ;  H.  476.  The  report  was  circulated  that  Catiline  was 
going  to  Marseilles,  into  exile.  34.  volent :  fut.,  where  our 
idiom  requires  the  pres. 

Page  79.  1.  rem  publicam  :  why  ace.  ?  sentinam  :  cf. 
p.  66,  10-12,  and  n.  2.  exhausto :  carries  out  the  idea  of 
sentinam.  5.    Italia:    B.  228,    1,   b\    A.    429,   2;    H.    485,  2. 

7.  circumscriptor :  '  confidence-man,'  who  makes  it  his  business 
to  defraud  the  inexperienced,  particularly  the  young.  10.    per- 

ditus  :  here  a  subst.,  '  reprobate.' 

15.  iuventutis  illecebra :  cf.  p.  66,  26,  and  N.,  and  Cic.  pro 
Caek'o,v.  12,  et  seq.  17.  fructum  :  '  gratification.'  18.  im- 
pellendo,  adiuvando  :  almost  =  impel/ens,  adiuvans.  21.  non 
modo  :  i.  e.  non  modo  non  fuit ;  cf.  p.  71,  21,  and  n. 

V.  25.  Atque  .  .  .  possitis :  introductory  purpose  clause, 
loosely  connected  with  the  main  idea.  B.  282,  4 ;  A.  533,  a ; 
H.  568,  2.  diversa  .  .  .  ratione :  'different  pursuits  in  an 
altogether   different  sphere  '  (of  life).  26.    ludo  gladiatorio  : 

in  the  gladiatorial  schools,  or  barracks,  captives,  slaves,  and 
condemned  malefactors  forced  to  serve  as  gladiators,  received 
a   merciless   training.  27.    audacior :    i.  e.-  than    his    fellows. 

intimum :  '  bosom-friend,'  while  sodalis  (1.  29)  is  a  '  fraternity 
friend,'  or  '  society  brother,'  as  we  say,  —  one  bound  by  the  same 
vows  to  mutual  obligations.  28.  levior,  nequior :  i.  e.  than 
the  average.  Actors  in  Rome  were  generally  slaves  or  freedmen, 
their  occupation  being  considered  degrading.  31.  frigore  .  .  . 
perferendis :  the  gerundive  construction  used  as  abl.  of  specifica- 
tion instead  of  dat.  with  adsuefactus  (  =  '  hardened ') .         32.  cum  : 

*  although.'  33.  instrumenta  virtutis  :  i.e.  the  mental  quali- 
ties and  physical  traits  which  render  the  practice  of  virtue 
possible. 

Page  80.  1.  Hunc,  et  seq. :  stands  as  a  climax  to  p.  79,  1-3. 
sui:  instead  of  eius.  Cf.  B.  244,  11.,  4;  A.  301,  a.  4.  laudem 
consulates  mei :    cf.    p.    74,    1-4.  5.    mediocres :    i.  e.  quae 

modum  {*  limit ')  quendam  habeant.  libidines,  audaciae  :  *  lust 
for  pleasures,'  \  deeds  of  boldness.'  B.  55,  4,  c ;  A.  100,  c  ;  H.  138,  2. 
humanae  :  '  consistent  with  human  nature.' 

8.  fortunas :  refers  particularly  to  landed  property.  res : 
i.  e.     res   familiaris,     'means,'     'property,'    as     contrasted    with 


fAGE  81.]  NOTES  233 

/ides,  'credit.'  9.  nuper:  after  Catiline's  last  candidacy  for 
the  consulship,  the  failure  of  which  had  frustrated  their  plans 
and  hopes,  and  caused  their  creditors  to  become  impatient.  Cf. 
p.  66,  34,  and  N.  11.  alea :  gambling  was  one  of  the  most 
prevalent    and    pernicious    vices    of    Roman    life.  comissa- 

tiones  :  a  Roman  banquet  was  followed  by  a  drinking-bout. 
This  was  sometimes  held  in  a  different  place  from  that  in 
which  the  dinner  was  served,  and  the  merry  revellers  would 
proceed  thither  through  the  streets  with  torches  and  music. 

13.  inertes  :  referring  to  their  dislike  of  exertion.  15.  dor- 
mientes :  with  the  force  of  an  adjective,  '  the  sleepy.1  mini : 
cf.  p.  77,  29,  and  n.  17.  sertis :  of  ivy  or  myrtle,  entwined 
with  roses  or  other  flowers ;  worn  not  only  because  agreeable, 
but  also  because  such  'garlands'  were  thought  to  ward  off  or 
delay  intoxication.  unguentis :  see  N.  to  p.  78,  11.  obliti : 
not  obliti. 

20.    Quibus:    B.    251,   6;    A.  308,/;    H.  510.  24.   breve 

nescio  quod:  i.e.  breve  quoddam.  B.  253,  6;  A.  575,  d\ 
H.  512,  7.  25.  propagarit  rei  publicae :  'it  will  have  se- 
cured to  the  state  the  continuance  of,'  i.  e.  '  it  will  have  pro- 
longed the  existence  of  the  state  for ; '  the  ordinary  form  of 
expression  would  have  been,  non  in  breve  nescio  quod  tempus, 
sed  in  multa  saecula  propagarit  re?n  publicam.  28.  unius : 
i.  e.  of  Pompey,  who  was  now  at  the  zenith  of  his  fame,  having 
finished  the  wars  with  Sertorius,  with  the  Pirates,  and  with 
Mithridates.      Cf.  p.   127,    13-15,  and  notes.  29.   intus  .  .  . 

hostis  :  climax,  anaphora,  asyndeton,  as  also  in  Cum  .  .  .  est. 

32.   suscipio  inimicitias:    cf.  p.   70,   21,  and  N.  34.   qua- 

cumque  ratione :   sc.  potero,  or  sanari  poterunt. 

Page  81.  3.  permanent-  taken  literally  with  urbe,  figura- 
tively with  me?ite,  as  when  we  say,  "  He  missed  his  train  and 
his  opportunity ;  "   trans,  by  two  verbs. 

VI.  4.  At:  often  used  to  introduce  an  objection  which  the 
speaker  wishes  to  meet.  Chapters  VI.  and  vn.  are  a  kind  of 
refutatio  (cf.  p.  15).  5.  Quod:  cf.  p.  73,  13,  and  N.  verbo: 
'  by  a  word  (merely) '   '  by  a  (single)  word.'  7.   Homo  :   cf. 

p.  76,  16,  and  n.  ;  notice  the  irony  of  the  sentence,  which 
sounds  as  if  the  orator  were  quoting  or  parodying  a  statement 
of  one    of  Catiline's   defenders.  9.    paruit,  ivit :    the   rhetor- 

ical effect  is  heightened  by  the  asyndeton.  B.  346;  A.  601.  c\ 
H.  657,  6. 


234  SECOND  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE  [Page  81. 

10.  hesterno  die:  if  the  attempt  on  Cicero's  life  was  made 
on  the  morning  of  Nov.  7,  and  this  speech  was  delivered  on 
Nov.  9,  hesterno  die  can  be  taken  only  with  the  principal  clause, 
senatum  .  .  .  convocavi,  not  with  cum  .  .  .  interfectus  essem.  To 
many  this  interpretation  has  seemed  somewhat  forced;  and  it 
has  also  been  thought  strange  that  the  orator  was  able  to  get 
word  of  the  proposed  murder  to  so  many  friends  in  the  brief 
interval  between  the  midnight  gathering  at  Laeca's  and  day- 
break of  the  following  morning  (see  p.  65,  10,  and  n.).  On  the 
supposition  that  hesterno  die  is  to  be  taken  with  cu?n  .  .  .  in- 
terfectus essem,  two  explanations  have  been  offered.  The  first 
is,  that  the  First  Oration  was  delivered  on  the  7th  of  Novem- 
ber, and  the  Second  on  the  8th.  Much  may  be  said  in  favor 
of  this  view  from  other  evidence,  and  until  recently  it  has  been 
held  by  a  good  many  scholars.  The  other  explanation,  pro- 
posed by  Mommsen  (Hermes,  Vol.  I.,  p.  435),  is,  that  while 
Cornelius  and  Vargunteius  offered  and  expected  to  kill  the 
consul  on  the  morning  after  the  meeting,  it  was  so  late  when 
the  assembly  at  Laeca's  broke  up  that  they  were  obliged  to 
postpone  their  action  for  twenty-four  hours.  To  this  the  reply 
may  be  made,  that  Cicero's  own  words  seem  decisive  for  the 
morning  after  the  meeting,  and  that  the  two  men  assigned  to 
the  deed,  knowing  Catiline's  impatience  (p.  65,  2,  3),  would  no 
doubt  have  excused  themselves,  if  the  meeting  continued  too 
long,  in  order  to  make  the  attempt  as  they  had  promised.  On 
the  whole,  —  though  there  are  many  points  of  obscurity  and 
difficulty,  —  the  chrdnology  given  on  p.  45  seems  best  to  repre- 
sent the  course  of  events,  and  is  that  accepted  by  the  majority 
of  scholars;  cf.  Stern,  "  Catilina,"  pp.  166-174;  but  particularly 
John  in  "  Philologus "  for  1888  (Vol.  XLVL,  p.  650,  et  seq.). 
The  clause  cum  .  .  .  interfectus  essem  may  be  taken  as  paren- 
thetical, and  unemphatic. 

11.  aedem  Iovis  Statoris :  see  p.  6r,  6,  and  N.  13.  quo 
.  .  .  reliquerunt:  cf.  p.  67,  28,  et  seq.  14.  ita,  ut :  in  our 
idiom,  '  as  ; '  here  =  '  merely  as.' 

20.   quaesivi,  et  seq. :    see   Or.  I.,  chap.  iv.  21o  necne  : 

B.  300,  4,  a;  A.  335,  a\  H.  650,  2.  22.  conscientia :  <by  his 

guilty  knowledge,'  '  by  his  sense  of  guilt.'  24.  in  proximam 
[noctem]  :  the  night  of  Nov.  7.  We  are  not  told  what  Cati- 
line's plans  for  that   night  (cf.  p.  61,  10)  were;   but  probably  if 


Page  83.]  NOTES  235 

the  attempt  on  Cicero's  life  had  been  successful,  it  would  have 
been  immediately  followed  by  similar  deeds  of  violence  already 
planned  and  only  awaiting  a  favorable  opportunity.  25.  ratio 
totius  belli:   'the  plan  of  the  entire  campaign.' 

26.  quaesivi:  cf.  p.  6s,  12-25;  p.  71,  5-15.  27.  pararet : 
i.  e.  firqficisci.  secures,  fasces :  ensigns  of  magisterial  author- 
ity, the  assumption  of  which  by  Catiline  was  unlawful,  even  though 
he  had  been  entitled  to  the  use  of  them  when  a  praetor;  cum 
fascibus  atque  aliis  imperi  insignibus  in  castra  ad  Manlium 
contendit  (Sail.  Cat.  xxxvi.  1).  28.  aquilam,  sacrarium :  see 
p.    71,    8-10,    and    notes.  30.   eiciebam :     why    not    eieci? 

32.  credo :  cf.  p.  63,  4,  and  n.  in  agro  Faesulano :  cf. 
p.  62,  32,  and  N.  33.   suo:    with   emphasis;    'on  his  own 

account.' 

Page  82.  2.  haec  castra :  not  ilia  castra,  as  in  the  preced- 
ing clause,  because  contrasted  with  the  more  distant  Massilia. 

VIL  3.  condicionem  :  here  '  lot,'  '  task,'  '  vocation,'  refer- 
ring to  the  peculiar  difficulties  surrounding  the  office  of  consul. 
6.  debilitatus  :  '  crippled.'  12.  vi  et  minis  :  '  by  threats  of 
violence ; '  hendiadys.         15.   tyrannum :   cf.  p.  73,  23,  and  n. 

16.   Est  mini:    see  Idioms,  and  n.  to  p.  70,  21.  falsae: 

'misdirected,'   as  based   upon  ungrounded   charges.  18.  de- 

pellatur  :   cf.  p.  70,  23.  20.   non  est  iturus :    '  he  does  not 

intend   to  go ; '    more   forcible   than  no7i   ibit.  24.   illud :   in 

our  idiom  'this,'  as  referring  to  what  follows.  B.  246,  2;  A. 
297,  b. 

29.  Quamquam:  'And  yet.'  31.  tam  misericors :  Cati- 

line's true  friends  ought  to  rejoice  to  hear  that  he  has  gone  to 
Marseilles  and  avoided  war  with  the  state,  thus  to  escape  sure 
destruction;  but  in  fact  those  who  are  posing  as  his  friends  are 
merely  his  associates  in  crime,  who  would  be  grievously  disap- 
pointed if  he  did  not  go  to  Faesulae ;  for  that  would  mean  the 
frustrating  of  all  their  evil  plans   and   hopes.  33.  me:    B. 

l83?    A.  397,  d\    H.  421,  and  p.   147,  foot-note  4.  34.  la- 

trocinantem :  i.  e.  '  in  the  midst  of  brigandage.' 

Page  83.      1.  Nunc:  '  But  as  it  is.'  2.  nisi  quod:  intro- 

duces an  exception  ;  '  except  that.'  3.  vivis  nobis  :  cf.  p.  76, 

19,  and  N.  4.  quam  queramur  :  we  certainly  have  no  reason 

to  complain  that  he  has  left  us,  no  matter  with  what  aim  in  view. 
B.  284,4;  A.  571,0;  H.  570,  1. 


236   SECOND  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE  [Page  83 

VIII.  5-  Sed :  the  orator  passes  from  Catiline's  case  to  that 
of  his  associates.  7.  quod:   cf.  p.  66,  io,  and  N.        murus : 

why  not  paries?  cf.  p.  69,  9-13.  8.  de  eis  :  in  contrast  with 
the  absent  Catiline.  qui  dissimulant :    i.  e.   se  hostes  esse. 

10.  ulcisci :  here  =zpunire,  persequi.  11.  sanare  sibi  ipsos  : 
'  to  restore  (them)  to  themselves,'  i.  e.  *  to  restore  them  to  their 
right  minds ; '  like  our  colloquial  phrase,  '  to  bring  him  to  his 
senses.' 

13.  ex  .  .  .  comparentur :  the  following  characterizations  (cf. 
p.  43)  seem  to  have  been  introduced  for  two  reasons :  to  dis- 
abuse the  people  of  any  ungrounded  apprehensions  regarding 
the  extent  and  strength  of  the  conspiracy,  and  to  overawe  the 
conspirators  themselves  by  revealing  an  intimate  acquaintance 
with  the  character  and  condition  of  their  constituency. 

17.  in  :  '  (although)  in.'  18.  possessiones  :  particularly  lands 
and  buildings.  19.  dissolvi :  =  *  to  clear  themselves,'  by  sell- 
ing out  and  paying  up  their  indebtedness.  20.  species : 
'outward  appearance.'  voluntas,  causa:  'inclination'  or 
'intentions,'  'attitude'  toward  the  government.  21.  Tu,  etc.: 
addressed  to  an  imaginary  representative  of  this  class,  '  You  — 
to  be  abundantly  supplied  .  .  .  and  (yet)  to  hesitate  .  .  .'  Cf. 
p.  70,  14,  and  n.  22.  argento  :  ■  with  silver  ware,'  '  with  plate,' 
chased  and  ornamented  with  artistic  designs.  Much  beautiful  sil- 
ver ware  of  the  Roman  period  has  been  discovered.  familia: 
'establishment,'  comprising  slaves  and  freedmen,  particularly  the 
former. 

24.  adquirere  ad  fidem :  i.  e.  by  the  cancellation  of  indebted- 
ness, on  the  principle  that  a  man's  credit  is  better  if  he  have 
even  a  small  property  free  from  debt  than  if  he  have  a  great 
estate  mortgaged  to  nearly  or  quite  its  full  value.  26.  sacro- 
sanctas  :  i.  e.  exempt  from  the  general  destruction.  tabulas 
novas :  '  new  accounts,'  following  the  repudiation  of  all  out- 
standing debts.  This  was  an  important  part  of  Catiline's  pro- 
gram :  Turn  Catilina  polliceri  tabulas  novas,  proscriptionem 
locupletium,  magistratus,  sacerdotia,  rapinas,  alia  omnia,  quae 
bellum  atque  lubido  victorum  fert  (Sail.  Cat.  xxi.  2). 

27.  meo  beneficio  :  =  ' thanks  to  me.'  28.  auctionariae  : 

'  (those)  of  the  auctioneers ; '  the  consul  will  interfere,  and  will 
clear  off  these  debts  by  confiscating  the  mortgaged  property 
and   selling   it   at   auction.      It  seems   that  Cicero  when   consul 


Page  84.]  NOTES  237 

actually  made  an  attempt  to  improve  the  general  credit  by  drastic 
measures  of  some  sort;  see  Cic.  de  Off.  II.  xxiv.  84;  cf.  pro 
Sulla,  xx.  56.  30.   salvi:   financially  'sound.'         32.  fructi- 

bus  praediorum :  *  by  the  income  of  their  estates ;  "  as  this  was 
less  than  the  interest  they  had  to  pay,  the  contest  between  in- 
come and  outgo  was  a  losing  one.  his  —  uteremur :  '  we 
should  find  them'  (or  'in  them').  33.  minime :  as  compared 
with  the  following  classes. 

Page  84.  IX.  3.  premuntur  aere  alieno :  i.  e.  are  hope- 
lessly  in  debt,  not  having  property  to  offset  their  indebtedness, 
and  thus  being  worse  off  than  those  in  the  first  class.  5.  re- 
rum :  B.  212,  2;  218,  I,  a;  A.  357,  a;  H.  458,  3.  honores : 
'  the  public  offices.'  6.  perturbata :  sc.  ea.  7.  unum 
et  idem  :  much  stronger  than  idem  alone.  scilicet :  '  that  is 
to  say,'  '  as  I  hardly  need  say.'  8.  quod  reliquis  omni- 
bus :  sc.  praecipiendum  videtur* 

9.   primum  :    adj.  or  adv.  ?  me  .  .  .  laturos  :   gives   the 

ground  for  ut  desperent ;  '(from  the  thought)  that  I,'  etc. 
11.  animos  :  *  spirit.'  15.  praesentis  :  '  with  immediate  pres- 

ence.' Cf.  p.  88,  28.  16.  Quod  si  —  adepti  sint :  *  But  sup- 
posing they  have  once  obtained.'  21.  fugitivo  alicui :  '  to 
some  runaway  (slave) ; '  an  allusion  not  only  to  the  fact  of 
human  experience  that  if  free  reign  be  given  to  violence  the 
most  violent  and  lawless  will  prevail,  but  also  to  the  terrible 
experiences  of  the  wars  with  Spartacus  and  the  slaves.  Cf.  p. 
72,  16,  and  n.           concedi :   see  Idioms. 

22.  Tertium  genus  :  cf.  p.  43,  and  Sail.  Cat.  XVI.  4 :  Plerique 
Sullani  milites,  largius  suo  usi,  rapinarum  et  victoriae  veteris 
viemores,  civile   bellum   exoptabant.  25.  eis  coloniis  :  Sulla 

rewarded  120,000  of  his  troops  (so  Appian,  Bel.  Civ.  1.  104)  with 
lands,  dispossessing  the  previous  owners.  A  large  number  of 
these  'colonies'  were  planted  in  Etruria,  the  inhabitants  of 
which  had  been  staunch  supporters  of  the  party  of  Marius. 
universas :  '  on  the  whole,'  '  in  general ; '  the  orator  softens 
his  sweeping  statement  in  order  not  to  give  offence. 

29.  beati:  'well  off,'  'well-to-do.'  To  a  soldier  who  had  been 
serving  for  about  six  cents  a  day  the  possession  of  even  a  small 
landed  property  naturally  seemed  great  wealth.  30.  appara- 

tus :  '  splendid,'  in  the  decoration  and  furniture  of  the  dining- 
room,  as  well  as  in  the  table  service  and  viands.  31.  iD 
tantum  aes :   see  Idioms  under  aes.        salvi:  as  p.  83,  30. 


238    SECOND  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE    [Page 85. 

33.  agrestes :  in  many  cases  no  doubt  the  previous  posses- 
sors of  the  farms  taken  by  Sulla's  soldiers;  cf.  Sail.  Cat. 
xxvin.  4:  Inter ea  Manlius  in  Etruria  plebem  sollicitare,  egestate 
simid  ac  dolore  iniuriae  novarum  rerum  cupidam,  quod  Sullae 
dominatione  agros  bonaque  omnia   amis er at. 

Page  85.  1.  Quos,  etc. :  \  Now  I  put  both  of  these  classes 
in  the  same  category.'  2.    eos  hoc:    see  p.  361.      B.  178, 

d\     A.    390,    c\    H.    412.  4.   illorum  temporum :    of  the 

dictatorship   and   proscriptions   of  Sulla.  5.  non   modo :    cf. 

p.  71,    21,  and   n.  6.  videantur:    for  trans,  cf.  p.   67,   17, 

and  N. 

X.  8.  qui:  i.  e.  eorum  qui.  premuntur:  i.  e.  aere  alieno ; 
.cf.  p.  84,  3,  and  n.  9.  emergunt :   'get  their  heads  above 

water,'  as  we  say.  11.  iudiciis :   by  vadi?noniis  (cf.  p.  78,  6 

and  n.),  iudiciis,  and  firoscriptione  bonorum,  the  three  steps 
in  an  action  for  debt  are  indicated:  (a)  The  summons,  in  re- 
sponse to  which  the  debtor  must  give  '  bail '  to  present  himself 
at  the  specified  time  for  trial,  (b)  The  '  trial,'  followed  by  a  sen- 
tence, (c)  The  execution,  which  comprised  a  taking  possession 
of  the  property  and  the  sale  of  it  at  auction,  in  case  the  judg- 
ment was    not  satisfied  in  full  within  a  certain    fixed    period. 

16.  non  modo  civitas  :  i.  e.  non  sentiat.  20.  soli :  '  by 
themselves.' 

24.  pereant:  '(I  pray)  they  may  perish.'  25.  career:  see 
n.  to  p.  88,  7. 

26.  est :  sc.  postremum,  in  the  sense  of  both  *  last '  and 
'lowest.'  27.  proprium  Catilinae    .    .    .   sinu  :  =  ' Catiline's 

own,  of  his  special  choice,  —  no,  rather  his  dearest  bosom 
friends.'  29.  imberbes :    i.  e.  with  smooth,  womanish   faces. 

30.  bene  barbatos:  a  sign  of  dissolute  life;  for  in  this  period 
it  was  not  customary  to  let  the  beard  grow  except  in  times  of 
mourning.  manicatis  .  .  .  tunicis  :  at  this  time  it  was  con- 
sidered in  good  taste  to  wear  the  tunic  sleeveless  and  extend- 
ing just  below  the  knees;  sleeved  tunics  were  looked  upon  as 
a  badge  of  effeminacy.  31.  velis  :  t  with   sails,'  spoken  con- 

temptuously of  the  breadth  of  the  fop's  toga.  33.  gregibus: 
scornfully,  'gangs.' 

Page  86.  1-  neque  :  '  and  not  (only).'  2.  spargere  venena : 
i.  e.  in  wine  or  other  drinks.  6.  mulierculas :    dim.  here  to 

express  contempt. 


Page  87.J  NOTES  239 

XL  16.  praesidia:  'garrisons'  of  troops  stationed  in  the 
cities  for  defence,  as  distinguished  from  exercitus,  the  'hosts'' 
under  training  in  the  field. 

18.  confecto  et  saucio  :  cf.  p.  76,  22  et  seq.  20.  naufra- 
gorum:  see  n.  to  p.  73,  31.  eiectam :  carrying  out  the  idea 
of  naufragorum,  '  stranded.'  21.  coloniarum,  municipiorum : 
partitive  gen.,  dividing  the  concept  urdes,  both  of  these  classes 
of  towns  possessing  fortifications.  22.  respondebunt :  in 
ordinary  prose  pares  erunt.  23.  tumulis  silvestribus :  the 
natural  resort  of  brigands.  24.  inopia,  egestate  :  Catiline 
had  two  legions,  but  according  to  Sallust  (Cat.  lvi.  3)  only 
about  one-fourth  of  his  men  were  properly  armed. 

29.   causas:    the  parties  and  the  principles.  30.   conten- 

dere :   here  =  conferre.  31.    intellegere  possumus  :    instead 

of  intellegamus.  Ex  hac  parte:  'on  this  side.'  34.  pie- 
tas :   i.  e.  erga  patriam. 

Page  87.     1.   honestas  :    not   '  honesty.'  2.    aequitas  .  .  . 

prudentia:  the  four  so-called  cardinal  virtues  of  Plato  and  the 
Stoics  were  '  justice '  {biKaioa-vvrj,  =  iustitia,  represented  here  by 
aequitas),  '  self-mastery '  (o-oxppoo-vvr],  =  temperantia),  '  courage ' 
(dvbpeia,  =  fortitudd),  and  '  wisdom '  ((ppovrjaris,  =  prudentia). 
3.  omnes:    in   our  idiom   'all  (other).'  5.  bona  ratio:    in  a 

political  sense,  '  an  upright  principle ; '  conservatism  against  an- 
archy. 6.  cum  omnium  rerum  desperatione  :  =  '  with  utter 
despair.' 

Conclusion,    xii.,  xiii. 

XII.  12.  dixi:  omitted  by  some  editors,  because  the  speech 
as  it  now  stands  contains  no  other  passage  corresponding  with 
this.  13.   mihi  —  consultum  atque    provisum    est :  =  *  on 

me  rests  the  responsibility,  which  has  been  fully  met,  of  seeing 
to  it  that,'   etc.  urbi,  etc.:   see  Idioms.  14.    sine   ullo 

tumultu :   cf.  p.  6$,  31,   and  N.  16.    hac   nocturna   excur- 

sione  :   see  N.  to  p.   JJ,  28.  17.    Gladiatores  :   a  particular 

source  of  fear  to  the  Romans  after  the  war  with  Spartacus. 
In  this  instance  the  Senate  had  made  special  provision  for 
keeping  the  gladiators  under  control;   see  Sail.  Cat.  xxx.  7. 

19.  quamquam  .  .  .  patriciorum :  a  side-thrust  at  Catiline's 
adherents  among  the  aristocracy.  20.  Q.  Metellus,  et  seq. : 
see  p.  78,  1-4,  and  notes.        22.  hominem :  cf.  p.  76,  16,  and  n. 


240   SECOND  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE  [Page  88. 

25.  vocari :  i.  e.  per  praecones  (cf.  p.  59) ;  apparently  a  meet- 
ing of  the  Senate  followed  soon  after  the  close  of  this  speech. 

28.   hostes:    see  n.   to  p.    108,  3.  30.    hoc    exspectavit: 

'it  has  held  this  in  view.'         31.   Quod  reliquum:    see  Idioms. 

Page  88.  I-  portis  :  in  our  idiom,  «  at  the  gates.'  2.  qui : 
'  if  any  one.'  3.  cuius  :  almost  =  si  illius.  7.  carcerem : 
now  known  as  the  Mamertine  Prison ;  properly  called  '  an 
avenger,'  because  never  used  as  a  place  of  confinement  for  life 
sentences,  but  only  for  the  detention  of  prisoners  who  gave  no 
bail  pending  trial,  or  for  the  execution  of  those  condemned.  In 
the  lower  Dungeon,  or  Tullianum,  many  notable  men  perished; 
among  them  Jugurtha,  and  the  Gallic  general  Vercingetorix. 
See  illustration  on  p.  115,  and  n.  to  p.  115,  15. 

XIII.    10.   nullo  tumultu  :   cf.  p.  65,  31,  and  n.  13.   to- 

gato  :  i.  e.  as  a  civil  magistrate  ;  in  war  the  sagum  for  the 
soldier  and  the  paludamentum  for  the  commander  took  the 
place  of  the  toga.  Cicero  prided  himself  on  the  fact  that  his 
victory  over  Catiline  was  won  without  an  appeal  to  the  military. 
20.  neque  —  -que  :  rare  for  neque  —  etj  '  on  the  one  hand  not 
—  and  on  the  other  hand.' 

24.  significationibus :  explained  p.  97,  15,  et  seq.  26.  ut 
quondam  :  as  at  the  battle  of  Lake  Regillus,  the  legend  of 
which  is  given,  in  a  spirited  form,  in  Macaulay's  "  Lays  of  An- 
cient Rome."        28.   suo  numine :   'with  their  divine  will.' 


Page  90.]  NOTES  241 


THE   THIRD   ORATION  AGAINST   CATILINE. 

Page  89.  In  L.  Catilinam:  see  n.  on  p.  209.  Habita 
ad  Populum  :  see  n.  on  p.  227. 

Introduction,  i.  to  p.  90,  3. 

I.  1.  Quirites :  see  n.  to  p.  76,  1 .  For  the  date  and  cir- 
cumstances of  delivery,  and  an  outline  of  the  matter,  see  pp. 
39,  40,  43,  45.  3.  imperi:  B.  25,  2;  A.  49,  b\  H.  83,  6. 
6.  flamma  atque  ferro  :  cf.  p.  76,  3.  Which  did  Cicero  con- 
sider worse,  flamma  or  ferrum?  B.  341,  I,  c\  A.  324,  b\  H. 
657,  1.  7.  ex  faucibus  f ati :  like  our  expression,  i  from 
the  jaws  of  death.'  8.  restitutam  videtis :  sc.  esse.  The 
news  of  the  arrest  at  the  Mulvian  bridge  had  spread  like  wild- 
fire, so  that  many  already  knew  something  at  least  of  what  the 
orator  was  about  to  say  to  them. 

II.  nascendi  condicio  :  '  (our)  lot  at  birth,1  the  position  or 
surroundings  into  which  we  are  born.  13.  ilium :  the  belief 
in  the  deification  of  Romulus,  under  the  name  Quirinus,  was 
kept  alive  by  an  annual  festival,  the  Quirinalia.  This  was  held 
on  the  17th  of  February,  in  commemoration  of  the  day  on  which 
he  was  said  to  have  been  taken  up  into  heaven.  14.  bene- 
volentia  famaque :  e  with  affection  and  praise.1  17.  delu- 
bris  :  the  lesser  sanctuaries.  20.  rettudimus :  i  we  have 
struck  back.'  21.  Quae  quoniam :  =  i  And  since  all  this.1 
22.  per  me:  '(and  that  too)  through  my  agency.1  A.  405,  £; 
H.  468,  3. 

Page  90.     1.    quanta  :  =  quantae  res.  3.    exspectatis : 

the  people  had  a  right  to  look  to  the  consul  for  an  official 
report. 

Discussion,  i.  (p.  90,  4)  -x. 

4.  ut :   here   '  ever  since.'  paucis    ante   diebus  :   iiu  fact 

almost  four  weeks  before;  for  Catiline  left  Rome  on  the  night 
of  Nov.  8  (cf.  p.  45).  The  orator  makes  as  little  as  possible  of 
the  interval,   in   order  not    to    direct    attention   to   the   fact  that 

16 


242     THIRD  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE    [Page  91. 

during  so  long  a  time  nothing  was  accomplished  in  the  way  of 
checking   the    conspiracy.  erupit :    cf.   p.   76,  5-6.         5.  sce- 

leris  sui  socios :  their  nefarious  plans  for  the  destruction  of 
the  city  are  given  by  Sallust,  Cat.  xliii. 

11,  9.  eiciebam  \  why  impf.  ?  10.  non  .  .  .  invidiam  : 
cf.  p.  70,  17  et  seq.,  and  N.  to  p.  77,  19.  12.  exterminari  : 
not  .  .  .  4  exterminated/  13*  eos  .  .  .  putabam  :  cf.  p.  87,  26, 
et  seq.  20.  fidem  faceret  :  see  Idioms.  rem  ita  compre- 
henderem  :  '  I  might  get  the  matter  so  in  my  grasp ; '  the 
consul  bent  all  his  energies  toward  securing  tangible  and  con- 
victing evidence. 

23.  ut  comperi:  through  Quintus  Fabius  Sanga  ;  see  pp. 
39,  40.  24.    tumultus:   when    applied    to    political    matters, 

used  only  of  disturbances  in  Italy  and  Cisalpine  Gaul  ;  cf. 
Cicero's  explanation  (Phil.  VIII.  i.  3):  Quid  est  enim  aliud  iu~ 
multus  nisi  perturbatio  tanta,  ut  maior  timer  oriatur  ?  .  .  . 
Hague  maiores  nostri  Utmultum  Italicum,  quod  erat  domes  ti 
cus  (hence  liable  to  cause  a  panic  on  account  of  its  nearness), 
tumuttum  Gallicum,  quod  erat  Italiae  Jinitimus,  praeterea  nul- 
lum nominabant. 

25.  eodem  itinere  :  their  road  lay  through  Etruria.  26.  ad : 
'(addressed)  to.'  28.   facultatem  oblatam :    see  Idioms. 

33.  hesterno  die  :  Dec.  2.  L.  Flaccum:  see  Vocab.  under 
Flaccutn  (3).         34.   amantissimos  j   see  Idioms. 

Page  91.  JL  rem :  •  the  plan '  for  intercepting  the  deputies 
of    the    Allobroges.  placeret :    see   Idioms.  2.   qui  .  .  . 

sentirent  :  in  our  idiom,  '  being  men  of  sound  and  excellent 
political  sentiments  in  all  respects ; '  subj.  on  account  of  the 
causal  force  of  qui.  5.   pontem  Mulvium :    the  foundations 

at  least  still  remain  in  the  Ponte  Molle,  two  Roman  miles  north 
of  Rome;  see  Illustration  facing  p.  90.  Across  this  bridge  ran 
the  Via  Flaminia,  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  roads  lead- 
ing to  the  north  of  Italy ;  and  here  Constantine  defeated  Max- 
entius  in  the  memorable  battle  of  312  A.  d. 

9.  ex  praefectmra  Reatina  :  Cicero  was  patron  of  Reate, 
i.  e.  he  was  the  legal  representative  of  the  inhabitants  of  Reate 
at  Rome;  he  could  therefore  count  on  their  loyalty  to  him. 
10.   in  re  publica :   i.  e.  '  for  public  business.' 

12.  tertia  fere  vigilia  exacta  i  about  3  a.m.;  the  night  was 
divided    up    into    four   watches   of   equal   length.      See    Idioms. 


Page  91.]  NOTES  243 

13.  magno  comitatu :  B.  222,  1;  A.  413,  a;  H.  474,  2,  N. 
1.  15.    Res    praetoribus    .    .    .    solis :    the    soldiers    with 

the  praetors  did  not  know  for  what  purpose  they  had  been 
sent  out;  and  the  deputies  of  the  Allobroges,  though  they  no 
doubt  understood  in  a  general  way  that  they  would  be  asked  to 
give  up  the  documents  received  from  the  conspirators,  had  ap- 
parently not  been  informed  when  or  how  the  demand  would 
be  made  upon  them,  so  that  the  attack  at  first  surprised  them. 
Cf.  Sail.  Cat.  xlv. 

III.  17.  Turn  interventu,  et  seq. :  i.  e.  the  praetors  ex- 
plained that  they  represented  the  consul,  to  whom  the  docu- 
ments were  to  be  delivered.  Sallust  says  that  the  Gauls,  as 
soon  as  they  understood  matters,  placed  themselves  in  charge 
of  the  praetors ;  but  that  Volturcius  made  a  valiant  resistance 
until  he  saw  that  he  was  deserted  by  the  rest,  whereupon  he 
surrendered,    begging  that    his  life   be  spared.  19.   integris 

signis :   'with    the   seals    unbroken;'    see   p.    55.  ipsi  •.   the 

Gallic  deputies  and  Volturcius.  20.  cum  iam  dilucesceret : 
early  in  the  morning  of  Dec.  3. 

23.  vocavi:  as  chief  executive  the  consul  had  the  right  to 
summon  citizens  into  his  presence,  and  even  to  have  them 
brought  by  force  if  they  offered  resistance.  In  this  case  the 
deputies  and  the  conspirators  were  no  doubt  kept  at  the  orator's 
house,  which  stood  on  the  northwest  slope  of  the  Palatine  hill, 
until  they  were  taken  before  the  Senate ;  cf.  Plan  facing  p.  76. 
25.  credo  :  scornful,  alluding  to  the  '  sleepiness '  of  Lentulus  (see 
p.  96,  to);  the  letter  (see  p.  94,  8-1 1),  in  the  preparation  of  which 
he  is  represented  as  having  "burned  the  midnight  oil,"  contains 
less  than  forty  words  !  26.  vigilarat :  •  he  had  been  up  late.' 

27.  viris  :  many  of  them  had  no  doubt  been  sent  for  by  the 
consul   himself,   to  be   his   witnesses   arid   advisers.  28.   fre- 

quentes :  *  in  great  numbers.'  29.  quam  deferri  :  quam  de- 
ferrem  or  quam  deferrentur  might  have  been  expected.  Cf. 
A.   583,   c.  30.  nihil :    i.  e.   nothing   incriminating.  te- 

mere:    'rashly,'   without   sufficient    reason.  31.  esse  factu- 

rum,  ut  —  deferrem:  periphrasis,  more  emphatic  than  the  simple 
delaturum  esse;  with  negavi '  *(=  dixi  non),  'I  said  that  in  a 
matter  fraught  with  danger  to  the  state  I  could  not  but  lay 
the  facts  unprejudiced  before  the  state's  council.'  Cf.  B.  297, 
1;   A.  568,  n.  1 ;    H.  566,  1.  33.   si:  =  etiam  si,  * even  if,' 


244    THIRD  ORATION  AGAINST    CATILINE     [Page  92 

Page  92.  3.  frequentem :  'with  full  attendance.'  The  Senate 
met  in  the  Temple  of  Concord,  in  the  Forum;  see  Plan  facing 
p.    76.  coegi  :   the   term    regularly   used    of    convening   the 

Senate.  6.   quid ;   see  Idioms. 

IV.     8.   Introduxi  :    i.  e.    before  the  Senate.  fidem  publi- 

cam  dedi :  '  I  gave  him  a  pledge  in  the  name  of  the  state,' 
i.  e.  a  pledge  of  pardon  if  he  would  turn  state's  evidence ;  fol- 
lowed by  iussu  senatus  because  the  Senate  alone  had  authority 
to  grant  or  promise  amnesty.  12.   ad :   as  p.  90,  26.  ut : 

*(to  the  effect)  that.' 

14.   id :    i.   e.    ut    id  faceret.  ex :    in    our    idiom,    *  in.' 

15.  omnibus  partibus :  according  to  Sallust  (Cat.  xliii.  2) 
the  city  was  to  be  fired  in  twelve  places  at  once,  under  the  di- 
rection of  Statilius  and  Gabinius  ;  but  Plutarch  (Cic.  xvin.)  says 
in  a  hundred  places.  quern  .  .  .  erat:  parenthetical  explana- 
tion   of  the    speaker;    hence   with    the    indie.      Cf.    p.    64,    34. 

16.  caedem  infinitam :  cf.  Plut.  Cic.  xvm. :  '  There  was  noth- 
ing small  or  mean  about  the  designs  of  Lentulus;  for  he  had 
resolved  to  kill  the  entire  Senate,  and  as  many  of  the  other  citi- 
zens as  he  could.'         17.    ille :    Catiline. 

21.  dixerunt :  followed  by  indirect  discourse  in  two  degrees 
of  subordination,  —  as  a  wheel  within  a  wheel,  —  thus:  (1)  by 
esse  praescriptum,  which  in  turn  is  followed  by  pedestres  .  .  . 
defuturas  in  indir.  disc,  subordinate  to  itself;  (2)  by  Lentulum 
,  .  .  confir masse,  similarly  followed  by  se  .  .  .  fuisse ;  (3)  by 
eundem  dixisse,  to  which  annum  .  .  .  vicesimus  is  subordinate. 
The  reflexive  in  each  case  refers  to  the  chief  agent  or  subject 
of  the  clause  to  which  its  own  clause  is  subordinate;  thus  sibi 
(1.  21)  refers  to  Galli  (1.  19),  but  sibi  (1.  23)  to  his  et  L.  Cassio 
0.  21). 

24.  ex  fatis  Sibyllinis  :  = .« from  the  Sibylline  prophecies.' 
The  original  Sibylline  Books,  purchased  by  King  Tarquin,  per- 
ished when  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  on  the  Capitoline  hill  was 
burned,  in  83  B.  C.  After  that  a  new  collection  of  Sibylline 
prophecies  was  made  with  great  care  at  the  different  places 
where  oracles  were  given  through  sibyls,  and  placed  in  the  new 
Temple  (cf.  N.  to  1.  30).  Here  they  were  guarded  by  a  special 
college  of  priests,  the  Quindecimviri,  who  consulted  them,  how- 
ever, only  upon  request  of  the  Senate.  In  addition  to  these, 
there  appear  to  have  been  smaller  private  collections,  of  a  simi- 


Page  93.]  NOTES  245 

lar  character  ;  and  to  one  of  these  latter,  in  the  possession  of 
some  family  of  the  Cornelian  gens,  Lentulus  probably  referred. 
27.  necesse  ;  see  Idioms.  28.  fatalem  annum :  really  no 
more  'decreed  by  fate'  than  that  year  in  the  famous  prophecy 
of  Mother  Shipton,  — 

"  The  world  unto  an  end  shall  come 
In  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-one." 

30.  virginum :  for  virginum  Vestalium.  The  trial  of  a  Vestal 
on  the  charge  of  breaking  her  vows  was  considered  in  a  high 
degree  portentous,  even  though  her  innocence  might  be  proved 
and  the  trial  followed  by  acquittal.  Capitoli  incensionem : 

in  83  b.  c. ;  immediately  afterwards  Sulla  commenced  to  rebuild 
the  temple  on  a  much  grander  scale,  but  the  edifice  was  not 
completed  till  some  years  later,  by  Quintus  Lutatius  Catulus. 
According  to  Sallust,  the  soothsayers  were  quoted  as  affirming 
that  the  twentieth  year  after  the  burning  of  the  Capitol  would 
be  one  of  bloody  civil  war. 

33.  Saturnalibus  :  Dec.  19,  the  chief  day  of  the  festival;  a 
favorable  time  for  a  bold  stroke,  on  account  of  the  cessation  of 
business  and  the  merriment  and  freedom  of  restraint  character- 
istic of  the  festival  of  Saturn,  during  which  the  Romans  "kept 
open  house  "  to  friends  and  clients.  34.  nimium  longum  : 

'too  far  off,'  'too  remote  (a  date).' 

Page  93.  V.  1.  ne  longum :  see  Idioms.  tabellas :  con- 
taining the  litter ae  of  p.  92,  19.  2.  datae  :  sc.  esse.  Cf.  B. 
332,  c;  328,  2;  A.  458;  H.  612.  3.  cognovit:  'he  ac- 
knowledged (it)  '  as  his  own.  For  the  seal,  the  thread,  and  other 
matters  connected  with  the  form  of  the  letters,  see  pp.  54-57. 
Cicero  had  done  well  to  leave  the  letters  untouched  until  they 
could  be  opened  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate.  7.  sibi  — 
recepissent :   *  had  undertaken  for  him,'  i.  e.  had  promised  him. 

8.  aliquid  :    see  Idioms.      Kind  of  ace.  ?  tamen  :  'never- 

theless,' though    appearances   were    all   against   him.  quae: 

why   neuter?      B.  250,  2;    A.  305,  a;    H.  398,  1.  10.   bo- 

norum  f erramentorum  studiosum  :  i  a  fancier  of  good  tools  ;  ' 
avoiding  the  use  of  telorum  and  implying  that  he  was  a  col- 
lector, a  connoisseur,  of  steel  implements  in  general.  11.  con- 
scientia  :  as  p.  81,  22. 

14.  in  eandem  sententiam  :  i.  e.  scriptae.     See  Idioms. 

18.  avitui:  see  Vocab.  under  Lentulus,  (1).     It  was  customary 


246     THIRD  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE    [Page  94. 

to  place  upon  seals  the  likenesses  of  distinguished  ancestors. 
20.  etiam  muta :  '  even  though  speechless ; '  with  revocare,  oxy- 
moron, eadem  ratione :  ■  of  the  same  tenor,'  *  to  the  same 
effect.'  21.  Si:  'In  case.'  23.  negavit:  'said,  No,'  i.e. 
that  he  did  not  care  to  say  anything. 

24.  exposito  atque  edito :  in  our  court  phrase,  '  given  and 
taken  down,'  i.  e.  taken  down  in  writing  by  the  senators  who 
were    keeping    the    record.  25.    quid,    etc.  :    see    Idioms. 

27.  per  quem:  i.  e.  a.  quo  perducti,  referring  to  Umbrenus. 
30.  scelere  demens :  i.  e.  conscientia  sceleris  demens  f actus. 
33.  exercitatio :  '  readiness.'  Of  the  oratory  of  this  Lentulus 
Cicero  elsewhere  says  (Brut.  lxvi.  235) :  '  His  slowness  of 
thought  and  delivery  was  lost  sight  of  by  reason  of  the  impres- 
siveness  of  his  person,  his  gesticulation  alike  skilful  and  full  of 
grace,  and  the  sweetness  and  power  of  his  voice.' 

page  94.  1*  superabat :  '  endeavored  to  surpass.'  B.  260,  3  j 
A.  471,  *'i  H.  530. 

7.  sine  nomine :  without  address  or  signature,  we  should  say. 
sed  ita :  *  but  as  follows,'  the  contents  indicating  the  person- 
ality of  sender  and  receiver.  The  same  letter  is  thus  given  by 
Sallust  (Cat.  xliv.  5;   text  of  Eussner): 

Qui  sim,  ex  eoy  quem  ad  te  misi,  cognosces.  Fac  co~ 
gites,  in  quanta  calamitate  sis,  et  memineris  te  virum 
esse.  Consideres,  quid  tuae  ratione s  postulent.  Auxi- 
lium  petas  ab  omnibus,  etiam  ab  infimis. 

This  version  of  the  letter  differs  from  that  given  by  Cicero 
only  in  greater  refinement  of  expression.  The  latter  shows  traces 
of  the  haste  in  which  the  letter  was  no  doubt  written,  and  may 
be  accepted  as  unquestionably  the  original  form. 

11.  infimorum :  =  servorum  j  cf.  p.  92,  12,  and  N.  to  p.  72,  16. 

12.  cum  primo :  'although  at  first.'  13.  ex  eis :  B.  201, 
U.a\  A.  346,  c\  H.  444. 

15.   certissima  :  force  of  the  superlative?     Cf.  certiora  in  1.  18. 

VI.  22.  expositis  atque  editis:  cf.  p.  93,  24,  and  N.  Why 
is  Indiciis  pi.  ?  23.   de   summa   re   publica :   i.  e.  de  salute 

rei  publicae.  24.    Dictae  .  .  .  sententiae  :   on   the   method 

of  procedure,  see  n.  to  p.  64,  28.  a   principibus :   'by  the 

leaders'  of  the  Senate,  comprising  the  consuls-elect,  who  voted 
first;   after  them  the  ex-consuls  voted. 


Page  95.]  NOTES  247 

29.  gratiae :  see  p.  362.        verbis :  see  Idioms.        30.  quod : 

'because  (as  they  said).'  B.  285;  286,  1  ;  A.  592,  3;  H.  588,  11. 
virtute  :  '  by  my  resolution.'  32.  opera  :  we  say  '  services.' 

34.  collegae  meo :  in  the  consulship ;  i.  e.  Gaius  Antonius  Hy- 
brida,  who  had  been  a  supporter  of  Catiline  until  Cicero  won 
him  over;   cf.  p.  38. 

Page  95.  1.  eos  .  .  .  removisset:  i.  e.  he  had  refused  to 
have  anything  more  to  do  with  them,  either  as  a  public  officer 
or  as  an  individual. 

3.  cum  .  .  .  abdicasset:  no  action  could  be  brought  against 
a  Roman  magistrate  so  long  as  he  remained  in  office,  his  per- 
son and  office  being  considered  inviolable  {sacrosanctus).  4.  in 
custodiam  :  see  N.  to  p.  69,  5.  7.  L.  Cassium :  Cassius,  Fu- 
rius,  Annius  Chilo,  and  Umbrenus  escaped;  Ceparius  had  left 
the  city,  but  was  arrested  and  brought  back.  11.  colonis : 
see  N.  to  p.  84,  25.  18.   novem   hominum  :   of  these   only 

five  actually  suffered  the  penalty  imposed ;  see  N.  to  p.  1 1 5,  1 5. 

21.  supplicatio :  here  refers  to  a  period  of  public  thanks- 
giving, in  this  case  probably  of  five  days'  duration.  '  The  chief 
religious  observance  on  such  occasions  was  the  banquet  for  the 
gods  (leclistemium).  Couches,  on  which  images  of  the  gods  re- 
clined, were  placed  in  front  of  the  temples  and  shrines,  and 
offerings  of  food  and  wine  were  set  before  them. 

22.  meo  nomine  :  =  honoris  mei  causa,  'in  my  honor.' 
quod  :  '  (an  experience)  which.'  23.  primum  :  '  for  the  first 
time.'  togato :  cf.  p.  88,  13,  and  N. ;  in  previous  cases  a 
thanksgiving  had  been  appointed  only  in  recognition  of  military 
successes.  24.  quod:  cf.  p.  94,  30,  and  N.  25.  Italiam 
bello :     rhetorical    exaggeration.           Quae    si  :    '  And    if    this.' 

26.  hoc  interest:  'there  is  this  difference;'  more  forcible  than 
hoc  interesse  videatur,  the  indie,  implying  that  the  difference 
certainly    exists,    whether    the    comparison     be    made    or    not. 

27.  ceterae  bene  gesta  :  i.  e.  ceterae  supplication.es  bene  gesta 
re  ftublica  constitutae  sunt. 

29.  factum  atque  transactum  est :  originally  a  legal  formula. 
33.  magistratu  se  abdicavit :  of  course  under  compulsion ;  but 
the  form  of  voluntary  resignation  must  be  kept  up  (cf.  1.  4, 
above).  Plutarch  says  (Cic.  xix.):  *  Lentulus,  having  been  con- 
victed, resigned  his  office  (for  he  happened  to  be  praetor),  and 
laying  aside  his  purple-bordered  toga  in  the  Senate,  assumed  a 


248     THIRD  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE    [Page  9& 

garb  in  ■  keeping  with  his  misfortune.'  The  last  clause  may 
mean  that  he  put  on  the  white  toga  of  the  ordinary  citizen  (see 
N.  to  p.  77,  30),  but  more  likely  that  he  secured  one  of  dark 
color,  as  the  Romans  were  wont  to  do,  as  a  sign  of  mourning 
in  times  of  trouble.  ut,  et  seq. :  '  that  we  might  be  free  from 
religious  scruple,  .  .  .  though  such  scruples  had  not  prevented 
Gaius  Marius  from,'  etc. ;  referring  to  the  sacredness  of  the  per- 
son of  a  magistrate.  Marius,  however,  was  only  indirectly  re- 
sponsible for  the  death  of  Glaucia,  whp  was  pelted  to  death 
by  a  mob. 

Page  96.    1.  nihil :   see  Idioms. 

VfL  10-  somnum,  adipes :  cf.  n.  to  p.  91,  25.  Shakespeare 
(following  a  hint  of  Plutarch's)  represents  Caesar  as  saying: 

"  Let  me  have  men  about  me  that  are  fat; 
Sleek-headed  men,  and  such  as  sleep  o'  nights: 
Yond'  Cassius  has  a  lean  and  hungry   look; 
He  thinks  too  much :   such  men  are  dangerous." 

11.  C.  Cethegi  furiosam  temeritatem :  according  to  Sallust 
(Cat.  xliii.  3),  '  Cethegus  kept  making  complaint  about  the  inac- 
tivity of  his  associates.  He  said  that  they  were  losing  great 
opportunities  by  their  hesitation  and  procrastination  ;  that  at 
such  a  critical  time  they  needed  action,  not  deliberation  ;  and 
that  if  he  could  get  a  few  to  help  him,  even  if  the  rest  should 
hang  back,  he  would  make  an  attack  on  the  Senate.' 

13.  tam  diu,  dum  :  *  (only)  so  long  as.'  B.  293,  11. ;  A.  556,  a. 
14.  omnium  aditus  tenebat :  <he  understood  how  to  get  at 
every   one.1  16.    consilium,   etc. :    he   could   not  only  plan 

crime,   but    also    carry   out    his   wicked    plans.  18.    certas, 

certos  :    « particular,'  '  special.'  19.    descriptos  :    «  assigned ' 

to  the  part  they  were  to  take,  '  detailed.'  20.    quod  :   prop- 

erly with  obiret  only;  'which  he  did  not  undertake,  did  not 
meet;   on  which  he  did  not  bestow  watchfulness,  effort.' 

24.   paratum :    «  ready   (to   strike).'  25.   in    perditis  :   see 

Idioms.  28.  Saturnalia  :  see  p.  92,  33,  and  n.  It  yet  lacked 
more  than  two  weeks  to  the  Saturnalia  j  Catiline  would  have 
set  the  day  of  destruction  earlier.  30.  neque  commisisset : 
'and  would  not  have  made  the  mistake  of  allowing  his  seal 
...  to  be  secured  as,'  etc. ;  i.  e.  if  he  had  remained  in  the 
city. 


Page  97.]  NOTES  249 

Page   97.     4.  ut  levissime:  Idioms.     B.  282,4;  H.  568,4. 

VIII.      8.  Quamquam:  *  And  yet.1  10.  cum:  <  not  only.1 

11.  vix  videtur  .  .  .  esse  potuisse :  'it  seems  hardly  possi- 
ble that  human  wisdom  can  have  directed  matters  of  so  great 
moment.'  Cf.  N.  to  p.  67,  17.  B.  203,  5;  A.  343,  b\  H.  447. 
13.   praesentes  :    cf .  p.  84,    1 5,  and  N.  15.   ilia :   those  that 

had  been  noticed  some  time  previously;  contrasted  with  haec 
in  1.  18.  How  far  Cicero  himself  believed  in  portents  is  doubt- 
ful; but,  as  other  Roman  statesmen,  he  was  ready  to  make  the 
most  of  them  in  dealing  with  a  superstitious  populace.  These 
unusual  phenomena  were  treated  at  length  in  his  poem  '  On  his 
Consulship;'  cf.  his  De  Div.,  I.,  XL,  XII.,  xiil,  and  Plin.  Nat. 
Hist.,  II.,  §  137.  omittam  —  omittam :  an  example  of  prae- 
teritio;    cf.  p.   135,  13,  and  N.  ab  occidente :   a  quarter  of 

ill  omen.     See  Idioms. 

16.  faces,  etc.:  cf.  Dio  Cass.,  XXXVII.,  xxv.,  2  (referring  to 
this  time):  'Many  thunderbolts  fell  from  a  cloudless  sky,  and 
the  earth  shook  violently;  spectral  forms  also  were  seen  in 
many  places,  and  torches  shot  up  into  the  sky  above  the  sun- 
set.' For  the  portents  preceding  the  murder  of  Caesar,  see  the 
editor's  "Selections  from  Ovid,"  pp.  156,  157,  and  notes. 
17.  quae  tam  multa :  either  '  so  many  of  which,'  or  '  which  in 
so  great  number.'     B.  201,  I,  b\  A.  346,  e.  21.  relinquen- 

dum :  '  left  out  of  consideration ; '  how  different  from  xpraeter- 
mittendum  f 

22.  Cotta  et  Torquato  consulibus :  the  year  65  B.  C. 
23.  de  caelo  :  see  Idioms.  24.  depulsa  :  from  their  pedes- 
tals. 25.  veterum  hominum  :  'of  men  of  the  olden  time;' 
in  and  about  the  Capitol  stood  a  host  of  statues.  aera :  '  the 
bronzes,'  i.  e.  bronze  pillars  or  tablets;  see  Dio  Cass.,  XXXVI I., 
ix. :  'The  writing  of  the  pillars,  on  which  the  laws  were  graven, 
ran  together  and  became  illegible.'  Such  copies  of  laws  were 
set  up  in  and  around  temples;  but  this  passage  does  not  refer 
to  the  Laws  of  the  Twelve  Tables,  which  were  placed  in  the 
Forum,  in  the  earlier  period  at  least  on  the  Rostra. 

28.  fuisse  :  i.  e.  it  was  at  that  time  on  the  Capitoline  hill, 
but  has  since  been  removed.  A  bronze  group  similar  to  that 
here  described  (the  twins  Romulus  and  Remus  being  modern) 
is  now  in  a  museum  on  the  Capitoline  hill  at  Rome:  The  wolf, 
undoubtedly  of  very  ancient  workmanship,  is  perhaps  the  same 


250     THIRD   ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE     [Page  98. 

as  that  referred  to  here,  for"  it  shows  a  fracture  which  may 
possibly  have    been   caused   by  lightning.  32.  nisi:  i.  e.  and 

would  be  upon  us  'unless.1 

Page  98.    1.  responsis  :  why  abl.  ?  ludi :    all  the  Roman 

public  games  (including  the  various  spectacles  of  the  circus,  am- 
phitheatre, and  theatre)  were  religious  in  their  origin.  4.  fa- 
cere  :  the  subject-acc,  referring  to  those  seeking  advice,  is 
omitted.  in  excels  o  :  'on  a  high  (pedestal);'  cf.  Cic.  de  Div., 
I.,  XII.,  20,  21.  5.  contra,  atque  antea  fuerat :  'opposite  to 
what  it  had  previously  been.'  According  to  the  ancient  Roman 
custom,  the  worshipper  faced  the  east,  so  that  statues  of  divini- 
ties would  naturally  look  toward  the  west,  unless  there  were 
some  reason  to  the  contrary. 

6.  illud  signum,  quod  videtis  :  spoken  with  a  gesture  on 
the  right  toward  the  height  of  the  Capitoline  hill,  where  the 
new  statue  on  its  column  was  plainly  visible  from  the  Rostra 
and  the  Forum ;  see  N.  to  Habita  ad  Populum,  on  p.  227,  and 
tlan  facing  p.  76.  10.   collocandum  locaverunt :    'let  the 

contract  for  erecting.'  The  charge  of  such  contracts  properly 
belonged  to  the  censors ;  but  the  censors  for  b.  c.  65,  Quintus 
Lutatius  Catulus  and  Marcus  Licinius  Crassus,  disagreed  and 
resigned,  so  that  the  function  in  this  case  devolved  upon  the 
consuls.  12.    superioribus  consulibus :   i.  e.  consuls  for  the 

two  preceding  years.  The  consuls  for  64  were  Lucius  Julius 
Caesar  and    Gaius    Figulus.  nobis :      sc.     consulibus  j    see 

Idioms. 

IX.    14.   aversus,  mente  captus :    see  Idioms.  15,   qui 

neget :    '  as   to   say   that  —  not.'  haec   omnia  :    the   visible 

universe ;    spoken   with   a  wide   gesture.  19.    et  ea :    '  and 

that  too.'  B.  247,  4;  A.  298,  #;  H.  508,  2.  quae:  '  (prophe- 
cies) which.'  23.  praesens:  'immediate,' 'evident.'  24.  per 
forum  :  as  Cicero's  house  was  on  the  Palatine  hill  and  the 
conspirators  had  come  to  him  there  (see  p.  91,  23,  and  N.),  he 
was  obliged  to  conduct  them  through  the  Forum  in  order  to 
reach  the  Temple  of  Concord,  where  the  Senate  met;  see  Plan 
facing  p.  76. 

30.  Quo  :  '  And  on  this  account.'  34.  ille :  with  a  gesture 
on  the  right  toward  the  statue,  the  divinity  being  associated 
with  the  image ;  cf.  p.  74,  32,  and  N.  Notice  the  forceful  anaph- 
ora, with  asyndeta  and  climax. 


Page  100.]  NOTES  251 


9.  1.  haec  templa  :  about  the  Forum;  spoken  with  a 
gesture.  3.   hanc   mentem  voluntatemque  :   *  this   purpose 

and  determination.' 

9.   audaciae  :   why  dat.  ?  consilium  esset  ereptum  :    on 

the  theory  of  the  proverb,  quos  deus  perdere  vult,  dementat 
10.  homines  Galli :  'men  from  Gaul;'  more  forcible  than 
.Galli  alone,  suggesting  the  bravery  and  fickleness  of  the  Gal- 
lic character.  quae  gens  una:  'the  only  people  which.' 
12.  non  nolle :  '  to  be  not  indisposed ; '  in  66  B.  c.  Piso  had 
put  down  an  uprising  among  the  Allobroges:  but  in  6i  they 
rebelled  again.  13.  ultro  :  'without  their  seeking  (it).' 
16.   qui  —  potuerint :    '  as  they  had  it  in  their  power.' 

X.  18.  ad  omnia  pulvinaria :  i.  e.  omnibus  dis  quorum  pul- 
vinaria  Romae  erant,  referring  to  the  lectisterniwn  j  see  N.  to 
p.  95,  21.  25.    togato  :    cf.  p.  88,  9-13,  and  N. 

27.  sed  eas,  et  seq. :  for  the  events  referred  to  in  this  para- 
graph (all  of  which  had  happened  within  the  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury preceding  b.  c.  63),  consult  the  Vocab.  under  each  name, 
and  the  Roman  histories.  29.    custodem  hums  urbis :   so 

characterized   from   his  victories  over  the  Teutons   and  Cimbri. 

32.  collegam :    Cornelius    Cinna.  hie    locus:    the    Forum. 

33.  redundavit  :  construed  by  zeugma  with  acervis  j  trans, 
with     acervis,     'was     choked;'     with     sanguine,     'overflowed.' 

34.  lumina  civitatis :  members  of  the  aristocratic  party,  as 
the  consuls  Gnaeus  Octavius  and  Lucius  Merula,  Quintus  Catu- 
lus,  the  orator  Marcus  Antonius,  the  Pontifex  Quintus  Scaevola, 
and  others. 

Page  100.  1.  Ultus  est  .  .  .  Sulla :  in  82  B.  C.  2.  quanta 
deminutione  civium :  according  to  Mommsen  ("History  of 
Rome,"  Vol.  III.,  p.  423),  the  proscription  lists  of  Sulla  con- 
tained the  names  of  at  least  4,700  citizens,  including  40  sena- 
tors and  1,600  knights.  6.  ceterorum  :  i.  e.  who  perished 
with  him. 

8.  quae  :  =  ut  eae.  16.  uno  :  strengthens  the  superlative. 
post :  see  Idioms.  17.  quale  bellum,  quo  in  bello  :  '  a  war 
such  as,'  'a  war  in  which.'  barbaria :  abstract  for  concrete, 
= 'horde  of  savages.'  20.  salvi  :  i.  e.  financially  'safe,'  who 
had  property  enough  to  make  it  worth  while  to  murder  them ; 
different  force  in  salva  and  in  salvi  of  1.  21.  22.   tantum 

civium:  '(only)  so  many  citizens.'     B.  201,2;  A.  346,^,3;  H. 


252    THIRD  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE    [Page  102. 

442,   5.  23.    quantum    .    .    .   restitisset  :'  as  had  remained 

over  from  unlimited  slaughter ; '  i.  e.  'as  had  escaped  unchecked 
bloodshed.' 

Conclusion,    xi. 

XI.  27.  Quibus  pro  tantis  rebus  :  *  Now  in  return  for  these 
so  great  services  (of  mine).*  33.   Nihil  mutum :  as  a  statue. 

Pa°*e  101.  2.  res :  '  achievements.'  4.  diem  :  '  period ; '  in- 
eandemque  diem  propagatam  esse  et  salutem  urbis  et  memo- 
riam  consulatus  mei  might  have  been  expected.  Cicero  be- 
lieved that  the  memory  of  his  consulship  would  endure  as  long 
as  RoJhe's  sovereignty,  which  would  last  forever.  Cf.  Bryce's 
"Holy  Roman  Empire."  7.  alter  .  .  .  terminaret :   Pompey; 

rhetorical  exaggeration,  yet  not  without  some  basis;  for  Pompey 
had  fought  with  Sertorius  in  the  extreme  west,  and  with  Mithri- 
dates  in  the  extreme  east. 

XII.  11.  condicio  :  '  lot.'  quae  illorum  :  *  as  of  those.' 
14.  vestrum  est :  '  it  is  your  (duty).'  15.  recte  :  =  merito, 
'(and)  deservedly.'  20.  nihil:  see  Idioms.  B.  187,  11.,  3;  A. 
372  ;  H.  426,  3.  23.  tacita  :  'though  silent,'  i.  e.  by  silent  influ- 
ence, conscientiae :  '  of  inner  knowledge '  that  Cicero  had 
really  saved  the  state.  24.  quam  .  .  .  indicabunt :  i.  e.  si 
qui,  ea  (conscientid)  neglecta,  me  violare  volent,  se  ipsi  indica- 
bunt ('they  will  betray  themselves'  by  their  very  appearance). 

27.   nullius :   for  the  gen.  of  nemo.  28.    Quod  si,  et  seq. : 

cf.  p.  70,   19-21,  and  N.  33.   fructum:    'gains.'  34.   in 

honore  vestro  :  i.  e.  *  in  the  honors  you  have  it  in  your  power 
to  bestow.' 

Page  102.  1.  virtutis  :  « won  by  valor.'  Kind  of  gen.  ? 
quicquam  altius  :    ■  any  greater  height.'  4.   ornem  :    '  make 

even  more  splendid.'  ut:   final. 

7.  me  tractabo  :  =  versabor,  «  I  shall  conduct  myself.' 
10.  est  nox:  the  meeting  of  the  Senate  preceding  this  address 
lasted  till  late  in  the   day.  ilium  :    cf.   p.   98,   34,   and  n. 

12.  aeque  ac :  *  just  the  same  as.'  priore  nocte  :  after  the 
second  oration;  cf.  p.  87,  11-13.  15.  providebo :  a  hint  at 
the  fate  of  the  conspirators  in  custody. 


Page  103.]  NOTES  253 


THE   FOURTH   ORATION   AGAINST   CATILINE. 

Page  103.    In  L.  Catilinam:   see  n.  on  p.  209. 
Habita  in  Senatu  :    Dec.  5,  b.  c.  63,  the  Senate  being  as- 
sembled in  the  Temple  of  Concord;  cf.  Plan  facing  p.  76. 

Introduction,    i.-iii. 

I.  1.  Video  —  in  me,  etc. :  for  the  circumstances  of  delivery, 
and  an  outline  of  the  thought,  see  pp.  41,  44.  At  what  point 
in  the  debate  Cicero  spoke  is  not  clear;  but  evidently  the  dis- 
cussion regarding  the  punishment  of  the  conspirators  was  be- 
coming involved  with  the  question  of  his  own  safety.  That  the 
debate  should  for  the  moment  take  this  direction  is  not  strange, 
for  the  consul  was  yet  the  hope  of  all  patriots  in  the  contest 
with  the  conspiracy,  which  had  been  shown  to  be  so  dangerous ; 
while  in  view  of  the  desperate  character  of  the  leaders,  and  his 
efforts  to  bring  them  to  justice,  every  one  knew  that  he  would 
be  the  first  object  of  attack.  At  this  point,  when  the  senators 
were  looking  toward  him  to  divine  his  feeling  in  the  matter,  the 
orator  took  advantage  of  his  position  as  presiding  officer  (see  p. 
113,  12-13)  to  urge  them  to  make  all  personal  considerations  sec- 
ondary to  the  true  interests  of  the  state,  and  presented  clearly 
the  two  views  before  the  house  regarding  the  disposition  of  the 
conspirators,  delicately  but  distinctly  revealing  his  own  prefer- 
ence for  the  extreme  penalty.  The  exordium,  which  under  other 
circumstances  might  have  appeared  unwarrantably  egotistical,  is 
thus  seen  to  be  entirely  in  keeping  with  the  occasion,  whether 
it  was  spoken  as  it  stands,  or  the  present  form  is  a  fuller  state- 
ment  of  what  was  said  at  the  time. 

5.  in  dolore  :  i.  e.  animi.  voluntas :  =  *  kindly  regard ;  •  it 
is  not  their  good-will  but  their  anxiety  for  his  welfare  that  the 
orator  begs  them  to  lay  one  side. 

14.  aequitas:  for  iustitia;  cf.  p.  87,  2,  and  N.  continetur: 
*is  centred;'  the  law  courts  were  about  the  Forum.  15.  au- 
spiciis :  abl. ;   an  election  of  consuls  was  held  only  after  certain 


254  FOURTH  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE  [Page  104. 

auspices,  taken  in  the  Campus  Martius,  had  been  declared 
favorable.  curia:  there  is  no  record  of  any  attempt  on  the 

orator's  life  in  the  Senate-house;  but  cf.  p.  74,  19.  16.  aux- 
ilium  omnium  gentium  :  refers  to  the  Senate's  adjustment  of 
foreign  relations;  cf.  p.  58.  17.  commune  perfugium:  sug- 

gestive of  that  maxim  of  English  law,  "  Every  man's  house  is 
his  castle."  datus :  to  be  taken  closely  with  lectus. 

18.  haec  sedes  honoris :  the  curule  chair,  the  official  seat  of 
the  higher  Roman  magistrates.     It  had  a  square   seat,  with   no 

back  or  arms,  and  was  so  made  that 
it  would  fold  up  as  a  camp-stooL 
This  arrangement  appears  to  have 
been  originally  a  matter  of  conven- 
ience, that  the  chair  might  readily 
be  moved  about,  implying  magiste- 
rial jurisdiction  wherever  it  was 
placed ;  possibly  in  the  earliest 
times  it  was  carried  in  the  chariot 
with  the  magistrate  (hence  curulis,  from  currus,  ■  carriage-chair '). 
See  Illustration. 

20.  multa  tacui:  a  hint  at  the  revelations  he  might  have 
made  —  had  he  thought  it  expedient  —  involving  prominent 
men  in  the  conspiracy;  such,  perhaps,  as  Caesar  and  Crassus. 
21.  meo  .  .  .  timore :  i.  e.  yours  the  fear  merely,  but  mine  the 
pain  ('with  some  pain  to  myself). 

Page  104.  2.  virgines  Vestales :  cf.  n.  to  p.  92,  30.  4.  delu- 
bra:  cf.  p.  89,  17,  and  N.  5.  totam  Italiam  :    cf.  p.  95,  25, 

and  n.  8.  fatale,  etc.:  see  p.  92,  23-31.  10.  prope :  'I 

might  almost  say,'  ■  as  it  were ;  *  softens  fatalem  exstitisse, 
which  otherwise  would  have  seemed  arrogant.  Notice  the 
chiasmus  in  fatale  ad  perniciem —  ad  salutem  fatalem.  B. 
350,  II,  c,  j  A.  598,  /. ;  H.  666,  2. 

II.    11.  consulite:    cf.   Idioms.  16.   praesident :  in  the 

sense  of  tuentur.  pro  eo,  ac:  see  Idioms.  17.  si  quid 

obtigerit:  euphemistic,  as  shown  by  mortar.  19.  consulari: 
'to  him  who  has  been  consul,'  because  he  has  reached  the 
highest  goal  of  human  ambition,  the  highest  honor  men  can 
bestow.  sapienti:  'to  the  philosopher;'  cf.  p.  106,  25.  The 
ancient  systems  of  philosophy,  but  more  particularly  the  Stoic 
and  the   Epicurean,  inculcated  disregard   of  death. 


Page  105]  NOTES  255 

20.  ille  ferreus :  *  a  man  so  made  of  iron,'  '  a  man  so  devoid 
of   feeling.'  fratris  :    now  praetor-elect ;   see   Vocab.   under 

Cicero  (2).  21.  horum  omnium :  senators,  the  orator's  special 
friends,  who  were  disturbed  at  the  thought  of  danger  to  him. 
The  Greeks  and  the  Romans  gave  vent  to  their  feelings  much 
more  freely  than  would  be  considered  in  good  form  among  us. 
24.  exanimata:  from  anxiety.  uxor,  filia,  filius:  see  Vocab. 
under  Terentia,  Tullia,  and  Cicero  (3)  j  Marcus,  the  son,  was 
now  only  two   years  old.  26.   ille  —  gener  :    see   Vocab., 

under  Pisa.  As  Piso  was  not  yet  admitted  to  the  Senate,  he 
stood  with  the  throng  before  the  open  door  of  the  tem- 
ple. 28.  in  earn  partem :  =  ■  (only)  to  this  determination.' 
30.  quam:  for  quam  ut.  B.  284,  4;  A.  571,  a\  H.  570,  1. 
una:  =communi.  31.  peste :  instrumental  abl.,  where  we 
should    use  '  in.' 

32.  incumbite  :  nautical  term  ;  cf.  procellas,  1.  33.  34.  Non 
Ti.  Gracchus:  'Not  a' Tiberius  Gracchus,'  or  *  No  Tiberius 
Gracchus.'  iterum:  in  the  time  of  the  Gracchi  it  was  not 
lawful  to  hold  the  office  of  tribune  of  the  people  for  two  years 
in  succession. 

Page  105.  2.  agrarios :  those  who  favored  a  more  equable 
division   and   management   of   the   public   lands.  5.  vestram 

omnium :    trans,    as   if   vestri   omnium.     Why  ?  6.   Romae 

restiterunt :  i.  e.  instead  of  going  forth  with  Catiline.  7.  lit 
terae,  signa,  manus :  i.  e.  the  letters  with  each  one's  seal  and 
hand-writing;  see  p.  93,  1  et  seq.  8.  servitia:  abstract  for  con- 
crete, =  servij  see  p.  94,  9- n.  9.  id  est:  sums  up  ;  'in  short, 
the  design  was  formed,  that.'  10.  nemo  ne  —  quidem :  B.  347, 
2;   A.  327,  1;    H.  656,  2.  12.  relinquatur:  present  because 

consilmm  (1.  9),  summing  up  the  preceding  present  tenses,  looks 
toward  the  future;   our  idiom  here  requires  the  impf. 

III.  14.  multis  .  .  .  iudicavistis :  'you  have  already,  by 
many  (previous)  decisions,  settled;'  a  very  clever  turn,  imply- 
ing that  the  Senate  had  already  committed  itself  regarding  the 
guilt  of  the  conspirators  and  its  own  jurisdiction  in  the  case. 
15.  gratias  .  .  .  decrevistis:  see  p.  94,  29-31.  17.  P.  Lentu- 
lum  .  .  .  coegistis :  see  p.  95,  33,  and  n.  19.  in  custodiam : 
see  p.  95,  3-15.         20.  meo  nomine.-  see  p.  95,  21-25,  and  n. 

22.  praemia  —  amplissima  :  what  these  were  is  not  known ; 
probably  they  were  gifts  of  money.     Reason  for  the  position  of 


256  FOURTH  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE  [Page  106. 

amplissima  ?  24.  nominatim  dati  sunt :  i.  e.  each  prisoner 
was  placed  in  charge  of  a  different  person ;  see  n.  to  p.  69,  5. 
According  to  Sallust  (Cat.  xlvii.  4),  Lentulus  was  turned  over 
to  the  aedile  P.  Lentulus  Spinther,  Cethegus  to  Quintus  Corni- 
ficius,  Statilius  to  Gaius  Caesar,  Gabinius  to  Marcus  Crassus, 
and  Ceparius,  after  he  was  caught,  to  the  senator  Gnaeus 
Terentius. 

27.  institui :  here  =  coepi.  referre  :   object  ?  28.  tain- 

quam  integrum :  '  as  still  an  open  question,'  notwithstanding  the 
fact  that  you  have  virtually  passed  a  sentence  of  condemnation 
already.  30.  consulis ;   as   chief   executive   of  the  state   and 

presiding  officer  of  the  Senate;  cf.  N.  to  p.  61,  14.  31.  mis- 
ceri:  idiomatically,  •  were  brewing.'  32  haberi  :  stronger  than 
factam  esse;  habere  is  used  of  holding  meetings  of  political 
bodies,  as  the   Senate.  33.  putavi  :   forcible ;    so  we  some- 

times say,  '  I  never  thought  it  of  him,'  when  we  mean  '  I  never 
should  have  thought  it  of  him.' 

Page  106.  1.  statuendum  ...  est :  '  you  must  reach  a 
decision  before  nightfall ; '  because  a  decree  of  the  Senate 
passed  after  sunset  was  not  valid,  and  because  the  emergency 
was  such  as  to  admit  of  no  postponement  of  action.  3.  vehe- 
menter:  see  Idioms.         4.  Latius :  see  Idioms.  6.  multas 

provincias  occupavit  :  rhetorical  exaggeration ;  yet  Catiline 
had  reckoned  on  receiving  armies  from  Spain  and  Mauretania 
(Sail.  Cat.  xxi.  3). 

Discussion,    iv.-xi.,  1.  9. 

IV.     10.  duas  sententias:    cf.  pp.   41,  44.  D.    Silani:  as 

consul-elect  he  was  the  first  one  called  on  to  give  his  opinion 
and  vote.     Cf.  n.  to  p.  64,  28.  11.  haec:  cf.  p.  70,  II,  and  n. 

12.  C.  Caesaris:  he  was  now  praetor-elect,  and  therefore  one  of 
the  first  to  be  called  on  after  the  consuls-elect  and  ex-consuls. 
His  speech  is  given  at  length  by  Sallust,  Cat.  Li.  13.  re 
niovet :  brief  for  removendum  esse  censet.  15.  in  —  versatur  : 
'insists  upon.* 

24.  laborum  ac  miseriarum  :  like  our  phrase,  '  toils  and 
troubles.'  Caesar's  argument  is,  that  life  sentence  is  a  severer 
punishment  than  the  death  penalty  ;  he  thinks  that  death  ends 
all.  Sallust  reports  his  words  thus  (Cat.  li.  20) :  De  poena  pos- 
sum   equidem    dicer e  —  id   quod   res    habet  —  in    luctu    atqui 


Page  107]  NOTES  257 

miseriis  mortem  aerumnarum  requiem,  non  cruciatum  esse  j  earn 
cuncta  mortalium  mala  dissolvere  j  ultra  neque  curae  neque  gaU' 
dio  locum  esse. 

25.  inviti  :    trans,  by  an  adv.         B.   239 ;    A.   290 ;     H.  497. 

26.  Vincula:    in  a  general  sense.  et  ea:  cf.  98,  19,  and  N. 

27.  singularem  poenam :  as  in  the  case  of  a  certain  Vettienus, 
who  had  cut  off  the  fingers  of  his  left  hand  in  order  to  make 
himself  unfit  for  military  service  ;  he  was  condemned  to  im- 
prisonment for  life,  with  the  confiscation  of  his  property.  Still, 
sentence  to  perpetual  imprisonment  or  death  was  much  rarer  in 
Rome  than  with  us,  for  the  reason  that  citizens  could  escape 
sentence  by  going  into  exile.     Cf.  N.  to  p.  72,  23. 

28.  dispertiri:   sc.  eos,  the   conspirators.  29.  iniquitatem : 

*  unfairness,'  because  imposing  a  heavy  and  unnecessary  burden 
on  the  municipalities;  *  difficulty,'  because  if  not  obliged  to  re- 
ceive the  charge  they  would  be  disinclined  voluntarily  to  accept 
it.        30.  placet:  see  Idioms.        33.  Adiungit:  sc.  Caesar. 

Page  107.  1.  custodias:  *  prison  regulations.'  7.  quam  si: 
'but  if  —  this.'  9.  in  vita;  i.e.  while  yet  on  earth.  10.  illi 
antiqui:  *  those  men  of  the  olden  time,'  particularly  the  poets, 
as  Homer.  11.  voluerunt :  *  wished  '  to  have  it  believed,  s= 
'  made  out ; '  the  language  implies  that  Cicero  himself  did  not 
believe  in  future  punishment.  The  orator  is  now  addressing 
the  Senate,  the  members  of  which  in  the  main  were  sceptical 
in  regard  to  the  teachings  of  the  national  religion;  when  talk- 
ing to  the  people  his  attitude  toward  current  beliefs  is  different. 
See  p.  75,  5 ;  cf.  n.  to  p.  97,  15. 

V.     14-    Nunc  :  = *  Under   these    conditions.'  intersit :  cf. 

p.  363.      B.  210;    211,  I,  a,  3,  c\    A.  355,  a-,  H.  449,  1.  18. 

populares  impetus  :  '  attacks  of  the  people.'  Caesar  was  allied 
with  the  popular  or  democratic  party,  which  was  constantly  mak- 
ing efforts  to  break  the  power  of  the  Senate  and  the  aristocracy 
19.  illam  alteram  :  of  Silanus.  nescio  an  :  here  =  *  probably.' 
amplius  negoti :  '  a  larger  measure  of  difficulty.'  20.   Sed 

tamen:  'But  (even  if  this  be  the  case),  nevertheless/ 

22.  enim:  'then;'  the  orator  enters  upon  a  closer  examina- 
tion of  Caesar's  proposition.  23.  maiorum :  referring  not 
only  to  the  prominence  of  the  Caesar  family  for  a  century  pre- 
vious to  this  time,  but  also  to  the  alleged  descent  of  the  Iulii 
from  lulus,  Aeneas's  son.        24.  obsidem :  '  pledge.'         25.  In- 

17 


258  FOURTH  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE  [Page  108. 

tellectum  est,  quid  interesset  :  *  we  understood  (when  Caesai 
spoke)  what  a  difference   there  is.' 

28.  non  neminem  :  =  '  more   than   one.'  de  capite :   *  re- 

garding the  life ; '  they  absented  themselves  with  the  pretext 
that  only  the  people  assembled  in  the  comitia  had  the  right  to 
pass  a  sentence  of  death  upon  a  Roman  citizen,  and  that  the 
Senate  in  dealing  with  the  conspirators  was  going  beyond  its 
jurisdiction.  29.  is:  refers  to  7ion  nemo j   'but  those  men.' 

midius  tertius :  i.  e.  at  the  meeting  of  the  Senate  on  Dec.  3  ; 
there  these  pretended  friends  of  the  people  joined  with  the  rest 
of  the  Senate  in  acts  which  virtually  condemned  the  conspir- 
ators (cf.  p.  105,  25),  thus  tacitly  admitting  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Senate  in  the  case.  To  judge  from  this  the  decrees  of  the 
Senate  on  Dec.  3  must  have  been  carried  unanimously. 

32.  adfecit :    cf.  p.  361.  hoc,  etc.  :    hoc,  quid  {Me),  qui .  .  . 

decrevit,  de  tota  re  et  causa  ( '  the  whole  matter  of  fact  and 
question  at  issue  \  iudidarit,  nemini  dubium  est.  33.  quaesi- 
tori:  refers  to  Cicero  as  having  conducted  the  investigation: 
the  term  is  technically  applied  to  the  presiding  officer  of  a  quaes- 
tio,    or   court    for    criminal   cases.  gratulationem  :   here  = 

supplicationem. 

Page  108.  1.  At:  introduces  the  orator's  reply  to  Caesar's 
argument.  intellegit :  as  shown  by  Caesar's  not  refusing  to 
vote  on  the  matters  before  the  Senate,  Dec.  3 ;  by  voting  then, 
as  Cicero  clearly  enough  indicates,  he  admitted  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  Senate  in  dealing  with  the  conspirators  as  *  enemies,' 
not    as    ■  citizens.'  legem    Semproniam  :     proposed     by 

Gaius  Sempronius  Gracchus  b.  c.  123,  enacting  ne  de  capite 
civiu?n  Romanorum  iniussu  fiopuli  iudicaretur j  see  N.  to  p. 
72,  23.  Cicero  cites  this  enactment  particularly  because  he 
wishes  to  point  his  argument  with  an  allusion  to  the  death  of 
Gracchus  without  a  trial  by  the  people  or  an  appeal,  as  show- 
ing that  immediately  after  the  passage  of  the  law  it  was  so 
construed  that  those  considered  enemies  of  their  country  were 
not  protected  by  it. 

3.  hostis,  eum  civem  nullo  modo:  i.  e.  granted  that  a 
Roman  citizen  can  only  be  tried  before  a  regular  court,  and 
cannot  be  put  to  death  without  an  opportunity  to  appeal  his 
case  to  the  Roman  people  gathered  in  assembly  (see  N.  to  p.  72, 
23);   yet  if  he   makes  an  attempt  against  his  country,  by  thai 


Page  108.]  NOTES  259 

very  act  he  becomes  a  *  public  enemy,'  is  no  longer  entitled  to 
the  protection  afforded  by  laws  guarding  the  rights  of  citizens, 
and  as  an  enemy  may  properly  be  tried  and  sentenced  by  the 
Senate.  To  us  the  argument  here  seems  like  begging  the  ques- 
tion. For,  first  of  all,  the  question  whether  a  man  is  a  *  public 
enemy*  or  not  is  one  of  fact,  which  can  properly  be  determined 
only  after  due  deliberation  by  a  judicial  body  having  jurisdic- 
tion in  such  matters ;  and  at  Rome  there  were  two  courts  for 
two  different  kinds  of  crimes  against  the  state,  the  quaestio 
perpetua  for  cases  of  treason  {de  maiestate\  and  that  for  cases 
of  violence  or  riot  (de  vi).  But  even  in  cases  of  treason  the  pre- 
cedents at  least  of  the  earlier  time  guarded  sacredly  the  right  of 
appeal  to  the  people.  Certainly  according  to  the  letter  of  the 
Roman  constitution,  the  Senate  had  not  the  jurisdiction  to  try 
and  condemn  the  conspirators,  at  any  rate  without  an  opportu- 
nity to   appeal   from  its  decision. 

Again,  in  the  first  oration  Cicero  had  earnestly  maintained 
the  position  that  the  supreme  power  vested  in  the  consuls  by 
the  Senate  (tiltimum  decretum)  was  sufficient  to  warrant  putting 
a  disturber  of  the  peace  to  death  at  once,  without  the  formal- 
ity of  a  trial  or  appeal;  but  when  the  Catilinarian  conspirators 
were  actually  in  his  power,  he  shifted  the  responsibility  by  re- 
ferring their  fate  to  the  Senate.  As  a  matter  of  fact  this  right 
of  the  consul,  when  invested  with  the  supreme  power,  had  been 
conceded  by  the  aristocracy,  but  never  admitted  by  the  popular 
party ;  only  this  year  the  aged  Rabirius  4iad  been  called  to  ac- 
count for  his  part  in  the  killing  of  Saturninus  (see  p.  6). 

But  if  there  was  no  warrant  on  strictly  constitutional  grounds 
for  the  attitude  of  the  consul  or  of  the  Senate  in  this  case,  and 
for  the  execution  of  the  conspirators  without  a  formal  trial, 
on  other  grounds  there  was  justification  most  ample.  Through- 
out the  speeches  the  orator  is  constantly  reminding  his  hearers 
of  the  peril  which  is  threatening  the  state,  the  city  Rome,  their 
own  lives.  Human  society  as  an  organism,  as  represented  by 
states  and  communities,  has  a  right  to  protect  itself  to  maintain 
its  own  existence.  At  Rome  the  constitution  had  literally 
broken  down;  it  had  shown  itself  incapable  of  adjustment  to 
the  wide  expansion  of  political  boundaries  and  to  the  rapid  de- 
velopment of  new  conditions  in  the  last  centuries  of  the  repub- 
lic.    This  plot  of   Catiline  was  anarchistic,   contemplating   not 


260  FOURTH  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE  [Page  109. 

merely  a  redistribution  of  political  emoluments,  but  the  over- 
throw of  existing  institutions  amid  riot  and  bloodshed.  Where 
the  orator  urges  the  public  safety  as  ground  for  decisive  action 
against  the  enemies  of  society,  his  argument  must  stand  as  long 
as  society  itself  shall  endure ;  it  is  just  as  applicable  now  as  it 
was  then.  If  it  is  ever  justifiable  for  a  governmental  body  to  vio- 
late the  letter  of  a  constitution  in  obedience  to  the  higher  law 
of  the  self-preservation  of  society  itself,  the  Roman  Senate  was 
fully  justified  in  taking  cognizance  of  the  case  of  the  Catilina- 
nan  conspirators,  and  dealing  with  them  summarily. 

8.    popularem :    *  a  friend   of    the   people.'  13.    publica- 

tionem  bonorum  :  confiscation  of  property  usually  accompa- 
nied severe  sentences;  still  Caesar's  attitude  in  this  matter  is 
difficult  to  understand.  He  probably  believed  that  the  Senate 
had  no  right  to  condemn  the  conspirators;  yet  his  motion  itself 
recognized  the  Senate's  jurisdiction.  It  may  be  that  he  pro- 
posed the  life  sentence  simply  to  save  the  lives  of  the  prisoners 
temporarily,  trusting  to  the  future  to  restore  either  their  free- 
dom or  their  property,  or  both,  if  after  sufficient  time  the  sen- 
tence seemed  too  severe. 

VL  17.  comitem  :  Caesar,  who,  if  his  motion  prevailed, 
would  according  to  custom  accompany  the  consul  when  formal 
announcement  of  it  should  be  made  to  the  people.  20.  earn : 
i.  e.  Silani  sententiam.  24.  ita  —  ut :  'so  may  it  be  my  lot 
to  enjoy  .  .  .  as.' 

28.  Videor,  etc.  :  a  striking  example  of  vision,  a  figure 
known  to  the  Roman  rhetoricians  as  subiectio  in  oculos. 
30.  sepulta  in  patria :  we  should  say,  «  on  the  grave  of  my 
country.'  31.  miseros,  insepultos  :  trans,  as  if  with  civium. 
acervos  :  i.  e.  acervos  corporum.  32.  aspectus  :  *  the  (ferocious) 
appearance.'  33.   regnantem  :    more  graphic  than  regnare. 

Cf.  B.  337,  3,  a;  A.  497,  d\  H.  613,  4.  34.  fatis :  cf.  p.  92, 
24,  and  N. 

Page  109.  1.  purpuratum :  suggesting  oriental  luxury  and 
despotism;  for  in  the  eastern  monarchies  the  ministers  and 
courtiers  nearest  the  king  were  dressed  in  royal  purple.  3.  fa- 
milias  :  B.  21,  %  a\  A.  43,  b ;  H.  79,  2.  9.   supplicium  :  see 

Idioms.  11.    an:    for   an   potius.  12.    qui :  =  si   is.     B. 

312,  2;  A.  519;  H.  593,  1.  Owing  to  the  immense  numbers 
of  slaves  owned  by  the*  Romans,  recourse  was  had  to  the  sever- 


Page  110.]  NOTES  261 

est  measures  to  keep  them  submissive.  If  a  master  was  killed 
by  a  slave,  all  the  slaves  under  his  roof  at  the  time  were  put  to 
death,  on  the  pretext  that  they  ought  to  have  prevented  the 
crime. 

15.    in:     'in    the    case    of.'  19.  vestigiis :     *  remains.' 

23.  fama :  in  the  sense  of  infamia.  24.  Nisi  vero :  intro- 
duces an  exception  ironically.  B.  306,  5 ;  A.  525,  b.  L. 
Caesar :  see  Vocab.  under  Caesar  (2).  He  made  these  remarks 
probably  at  the  meeting  of  the  Senate,  Dec.  3,  when  called  upon 
to  give  his  vote.  26.  virum  :  '  husband  ;  '  the  conspirator 
Lentulus,  who  had  married  Lucius  Caesar's  sister  Julia. 

28.  avum  :  M.  Fulvius  Flaccus,  put  to  death  by  the  consul 
Opimius ;  see  p.  62,  16.  Lucius  Caesar  introduced  this  prece- 
dent from  his  family  history  in  order  to  justify  the  severity  of 
his  judgment  on  Lentulus.  29.  legatum :  the  boy,  eighteen 
years  of  age,  had  been  sent  by  his  father  to  treat  with  Opimius, 
who  would  listen  to  no  offer  of  reconciliation.  As  he  was  sent 
a  second  time,  Opimius  placed  him  in  custody,  and  then  sud- 
denly directing  a  vigorous  attack  slew  among  others  both  the 
father  and  the  elder  brother.  Afterwards  the  younger  son  was 
killed  in  prison.  30.  Quorum  :  =  Atque  horum.  simile  : 
i.  e.  to  what  the  Catilinarian  conspirators  proposed ;   sc.  fuit. 

32.   versata  est :    '  prevailed,'  '  was  prevalent.'  34.   avus  : 

see  Vocab.  under  Lentulus  (1);   cf.  p.  93,  18. 

Page  110.  2.  quid  .  .  .  deminueretur  :  =  '  that  the  welfare 
of  the  state  might  not  suffer  in  any  degree.'  hie :  i.  e.  hie 
Lentulus ;  but  hie  does  not  imply  that  Lentulus  was  now 
present.  Probably  the  conspirators  were  kept  closely  guarded 
during  this  meeting  of  the  Senate,  in  the  various  houses  to 
which  they  had  been  assigned.  4.   servitia :   cf.  p.  105,  8, 

and  n.,  and  n.  to  p.  72,  16.  7.  Vereamini,  censeo :  'Of  course 
you  may  well  be  afraid;'  ironical;  potential  subj. 

VII.  13.  ea,  quae  exaudio :  refers  to  whispered  remarks 
among  the  senators,  as  shown  by  what  follows.  15.  vereri  — 
ut:  cf.  est  verendu?n,  ne  (1.  10);  difference  in  force?  17.  trans- 
igunda:  B.  116,  2;  A.  p.  89,  foot-note  1  ;  H.  243.  Omnia  .  .  . 
sunt :  strong  guards  had  been  placed  about  the  Forum  and  the  adja- 
cent parts.  19.  multo  maiore  —  voluntate  :  why  separated? 
B.  350,  11,  a\  A.  598,  e;  H.  665,  4.  20.  summum  imperium  : 
'  (their)  full  sovereignty,1  threatened  by  Catiline ;   perhaps  also  a 


262  FOURTH  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE  [Page  111. 

hint  at  the  designs  of  Lentulus.  23.  circum  forum :  attribu- 
tive to  templa.  24.  huius  templi  ac  loci  :  the  temple  of 
Concord;   redundant  expression. 

25.  Causa  —  haec  —  sola  :    reason  for  position  ?  post : 

see   Idioms.  26.   o nines :    omnes  cives,   several    classes    of 

whom  are  mentioned  below.  28.  soli :  cf.  p.  85,  20,  and  n. 

34.  Quid  —  commemorem :  notice  the  difference  between 
this  and  quid —  commemoro  (p.  Ill,  26). 

Page  111.    1.   ita  —  ut  :  =  *  only  so  far  that.'  summam 

ordinis  consilique  :  *  the  first  place  in  rank  and  counsel.' 
2.   de :  we  should  say  *  in.' 

3.  huius  ordinis:  =  'with  this  body,'  the  Senate.  The  strife 
between  the  Senate  and  the  body  of  knights  arose  over  the 
right  to  sit  as  jurors  for  criminal  trials,  in  the  quaestiones  per- 
petuae  (cf.  p.  60).  Originally  this  right  belonged  exclusively  to 
members  of  the  Senate ;  but  most  of  the  greater  trials  arose 
from  the  misgovernment  of  provinces,  and  as  the  governors  in 
all  cases  were  senators,  miscarriage  of  justice  was  alarmingly 
frequent.  To  remedy  this  evil,  Gaius  Gracchus  in  122  b.  c.  had 
a  law  passed  which  took  away  from  the  senators  the  right  to 
serve  in  such  trials,  and  conferred  it  upon  the  knights  exclu- 
sively. This  arrangement  proved  to  be  hardly  better  than  the 
other;  for  the  knights,  as  the  capitalist  body,  controlled  the 
farming  of  revenues,  having  their  financial  agents  (publicani)  in 
every  province;  and  they  were  influenced  in  their  judgment  of 
questions  of  misgovernment  very  largely  by  the  consideration 
whether  the  governor  on  trial  had  been  favorable  or  unfavor- 
able to  the  men  of  their  class  engaged  in  collecting  the  revenue 
in  the  territory  under  his  administration.  Sulla  restored  the 
earlier  arrangement;  but  the  feeling  between  the  orders  was 
more  bitter  than  ever.  Finally  in  70  b.  c.  the  Lex  Aurelia 
brought  about  at  least  a  surface  reconciliation,  by  providing  for 
a  division  of  judicial  functions  equally  among  the  Senate,  the 
body  of  knights,  and  the  paymasters  {tribuni  aerarii),  a  class 
recognized  now  for  the  first  time. 

3.  societatem  concordiamque  :  '  harmonious  fellowship ; ' 
hendiadys.  4.  revocatos  :  by  the  Lex  Aurelia,  passed  seven 
years  before ;  but  previous  to  this  day  no  emergency  had  arisen 
of  such  a  character  as  to  bring  this  harmony  to  the  surface  and 
make  it  manifest  to  all. 


Page  112.]  NOTES  263 

11.  tribunos  aerarios  :  the  position  and  functions  of  these 
officials  are  not  clearly  understood,  apart  from  the  fact  that 
they  were  plebeians,  and  that  in  earlier  times  at  least  they  were 
especially  concerned  with  the  collecting  and  disbursement  of 
moneys  for  military  purposes.  scribas  :  sc.  publicos.  As  at 
Rome  the  principal  officers  of  government  changed  every  year, 
the  permanent  'clerks'  or  'secretaries'  naturally  came  to  be  in- 
dispensable by  reason  of  their  experience,  and  reached  a  degree 
of  importance  entitling  them  to  recognition  as  a  distinct  class. 
The  most  prominent  among  them  were  those  under  the  quaes- 
tors {scribae  quaestorii);  for  the  management  of  the  public 
finances  in  large  measure  rested  in  their  hands. 

12.  quos  casu,  etc. :  on  the  nones  of  December  the  new 
quaestors  came  to  the  Treasury  (in  the  Temple  of  Saturn,  near 
the  Temple  of  Concord ;  see  Plan  facing  p.  76),  in  order  to  settle 
by  lot  in  what  provinces  they  would  spend  their  year  of  office. 
The  clerks  gathered  at  the  same  place  to  determine  (probably 
also  by  lot)  under  what  quaestors  they  were  to  serve.  13.  fre- 
quentasset :  '  had  gathered  in  throngs ; '  plup.  on  account  of 
esse  conversos. 

15.  ingenuorum :  'free-born  citizens,'  as  contrasted  with  those 
that  had  come  up  from  slavery,  the  'freedmen'  (libertini) ; 
cf.  1.  20. 

VIII.  20.  Operae :  see  Idioms.  21.  sua  virtute :  i.  e.  by 
their  exertions  they  had  obtained  their  liberty  and  secured  the 
boon  of  citizenship.     Cf.  p.  58,  and  Acts  xxii.  27,  28. 

26.   commemoro ;    why   not  commemorem?  29.    Servus 

est  nemo  :   more  emphatic  than  nullus  servus  est.  30.   qui 

modo  —  sit :  ■  provided  only  he  be,'  or  *  none  at  least  who  is ; ' 
close  limitation  of  servus  nemo,  while  the  following  relative 
clauses  deal  with  broader  characteristics.  32.  haec :  cf.  p.  70, 
11,  and  N.  non  quantum,  etc.:   i.e.  non  tantum  voluntatis 

conferat,  quantum  conferre  audet ;  referring  to  slaves  of  the 
conspirators.     Reason  for  the  position  of  voluntatis? 

Page  112.    2.    lenonem :    a  term  of  contempt.  3.   pretio : 

'for  money.'     Whyabl.?  7.   ilium  —  locum  :   referring  par- 

ticularly to  the  Forum,  on  two  sides  of  which  at  this  time  there 
were  rows  of  shops  (tabemae)',  see  Plan.  8.   lectulum  .°   cf. 

p.  6$,  5,  and  n.  9.   otiosum :    'quiet,'  'peaceful,'  as  undis- 

turbed by  war's  alarms.  13.  instrumentum :   'appliance  (of 


264  FOURTH  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE    [Page  113. 

industry) .»        14.   frequentia  civium  sustentatur,  alitur  otio  : 

what  is  this  arrangement  of  words  called?  B.  350,  1 1,  c\  A.  598,/; 
H.  666,  2.  16.  quid,  etc. :  more  forcible  than  quid  tandem  fuis- 
set,  si  incensae  essent  ?     B.  305,  1  ;  A.  521,  a  ;  H.  580,  2. 

IXo    20.   ex  media  morte :   see  Idioms.  27.   arcem:   on 

the  northern  summit  of  the  Capitoline  hill,  while  the  Capitoliu?n 
occupied  the  southern;  these  elevations  were  separated  at  the 
middle   of  the   hill  by  a  depression.  aras   Penatium  :   i.  e. 

aras  Penatium  publicorum,  in  the  Temple  of  Vesta.  28.  il- 

ium: with  a  gesture  toward  the  small  round  Temple  of  Vesta, 
over  the  centre  of  whose  conical  roof  perhaps  a  thread  of 
smoke  was  seen  curling  upwards;  cf.  Plan  facing  p.  76.  No- 
tice the  rhetorical  effect  of  the  anaphora  and  asyndeta. 

32.  omnium :  sc.  vestri.  33.  hodierno  die :  see  p.  106,  I, 
and  n. 

Page  113.  1.  quae  —  faoultaa  :  '  an  advantage  which.' 
habetis  :    » you  have  (on  your  side).'  3.   in  civili  causa :    '  in 

a  political   issue.'  4.    quantis  .  .  .  delerit :    condensed    for 

quantis  labor  ibus  fundatum  sit  imperium  ('the  sovereignty'  of 
our  state),  quanta  virtute  stabilita  sit  libertas,  .  .  .  quae  una 
nox  paene  delerit.     Why  subj.  ? 

7.  una  nox  :  the  night  of  the  arrest  of  the  Aljobroges,  as 
indicated  by  a  passage  in  the  oration  for  Flaccus  (xl.  102): 
O  nox  ilia,  quae  paene  aeternas  huic  urbi  tenebras  attulisti, 
cum  Galli  ad  bellum,  Catilina  ad  urbem,  coniurati  ad  ferrum 
et  flammam  vocabantur  j  some,  however,  think  that  the  night  of 
the  meeting  at  Laeca's,  or  that  of  the  19th  of  December,  is 
referred  to.  8.  non  modo  non :  the  second  non  is  omitted 
in  some  of  the  mss.,  and  may  possibly  have  been  inserted  by 
some  copyist.  Cf.  p.  71,  21,  and  N.  13.  officio  consulari: 
cf.  N.  to  p.  103,  1. 

X.  14.  ad  sententiam:  sc.  rogandam  j  cf.  N.  to  p.  64,  28. 
20.  dignitas  :  here  =  auctoritas.  22.  paenitebit :  cf .  Vocab. 
mors,  quam  —  minitantur :  so  modern  anarchists  are  constantly 
threatening  death  to  those  who  enforce  the  laws.  26.  gratu- 
lationem  :  =  supplicationem.     Cf.  p.  95,  21-28,  and  N. 

28.  ille:  force?  B.  246,  3;  A.  297,  b\  H.  507,  4.  29.  in 
A-fricam  redire,  Italia  decedere  :  hysteron  proteron.  B.  374,  7; 
A.  640.  30.  Africanus  :  see  Vocab.  under  Scipio  (2).  33 
quondam  :  belongs  with  the  superlatives. 


Page  115.]  NOTES  265 

Page  114.  1.  bis :  by  conquering  the  Teutones  at  Aquae 
Sextiae  in  102  b.  C,  the  Cimbri  at  Vercellae  in  101.  3.  isdem 
.  .  .  continentur :  cf.  p.  101,  7-9,  and  N.  5.  nisi  forte:  like 
nisi  vero  "(cf.  p.  109,  24),  used  to  introduce  an  exception  ironically. 
B.  306,  5  ;  A.  525,  b\  H.  575,  8.  8.  habeant,  quo:  i.  e.  habeant 
locum,  quo. 

9.  uno  loco  :   '  in  one  respect.'  14.   cum :  =  "  although,' 

*  even  though ; '  here,  as  not  infrequently,  with  the  indefinite 
second   person   singular.  16.   possis  :    '  you  cannot  hope   to 

be   able.'      Why  subj.  ?  23.    coniunctionem  .  .  .  Romano- 

rum:  so  soon  as  the  common  danger  was  past,  the  old  strife 
between  the  two  orders  broke  out  again;   cf.  N.  to  p.  Ill,  3. 

XL    26.   pro  :   '  in  place  of.'  imperio  :   the  military  com- 

mand associated  with  the  governorship  of  a  province.  exer- 
citu  :  which  he  might  have  as  provincial  governor.  27.  pro- 
vincia :  the  provinces  set  aside  for  the  consuls  of  63  on  the 
expiration  of  their  term  of  office  were  Cisalpine  Gaul  and 
Macedonia,  of  which  the  latter  fell  by  lot  to  Cicero,  the  former 
to  Antonius.  But  the  orator  made  an  exchange,  in  order  to 
give  Macedonia,  which  of  the  two  was  far  preferable,  to  his 
colleague  (see  p.  38);  and  afterwards  gave  up  Cisalpine  Gaul 
also,  in  order  to  remain  at  Rome.  triumpho  :  which  might 
be  secured  by  an  aggressive  governorship. 

29.  clientelis  :  provincial  communities  often  retained  a  gov- 
ernor after  his  term  as  their  legal  and  business  representative 
at  Rome,  —  a  relation  considered  both  honorable  and  lucrative 
for  the  Roman.  30.    quae  :    '  relations  which.'  urbanis 

opibus  :  •  by  my  influence  in  the  city.'  31.  tueor  :  refers  to 
the  old,  comparo  to  the  new,  relations.  pro  :  here  '  in  return 
for.' 

Page  115.    1.  memoriam :   cf.  p.  100,  27,  et  seq.  4.  meam 

.  .  .  superaverit:  Ms  destined  to  frustrate  my  hopes  and  to 
prevail.'  5.  filium  ■  see  p.  104,  24,  and  N.  8.  suo  solius 
periculo  :   'with  danger  to  himself  alone.' B.  243,  3,  a\  H.  446,3. 

Conclusion. 

15.  qui  .  .  .  possit :  Cicero  was  as  good  as  his  word.  After 
the  speech  of  Marcus  Cato  (Sail.  Cat.,  LII. ;  cf.  p.  41),  the  Senate 
voted  for  the  execution  of  the  conspirators.  The  consul  thought 
it  best  to  carry  out  the  decree  before  nightfall,  as  the  darkness 


266   FOURTH  ORATION  AGAINST  CATILINE  [Page  115. 

might  encourage  an  attempt  at  rescue  (cf.  Sail.  Cat.,  lv.).  Hav- 
ing distributed  an  armed  force  about  the  central  parts  of  the 
city,  he  himself  conducted  Lentulus  to  the  Mamertine  Prison; 
the  other  conspirators  were  brought  thither  by  the  praetors.  •  In 
the  prison,'  says  Sallust,  'there  is  a  place  called  the  Tullianum 
(see  Illustration  on  p.  115),  about  twelve  feet  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground.  It  is  built  with  strong  walls,  and  above  it 
there  is  a  room  constructed  with  stone  vaulting;  but  it  is  a  dis- 
gusting and  horrible  place,  on  account  of  the  filth,  the  darkness, 
and  the  stench.  After  Lentulus  had  been  let  down  into  this 
dungeon,  the  executioners  broke  his  neck  with  a  noose ;  so  that 
patrician,  of  the  most  noble  line  of  the  Cornelii,  a  man  who  had 
exercised  the  consular  authority  at  Rome,  met  an  end  suited  to 
his  character  and  his  deeds. '  Cethegus,  Statilius,  Gabinius,  and 
Ceparius  suffered  the  same  penalty.'  When  they  were  all  dead, 
it  is  said  that  Cicero,  who  had  waited  at  the  door  of  the  prison, 
proclaimed  the  outcome  to  the  silent  and  expectant  crowd  that 
filled  the  Forum,  with  the  single  word  Vixerunt,  '*  They  are  no 
more.'     (Plut.  Cic.  22,  "^E^o-ai/"  efoev.) 


Page  116.]  NOTES  267 


THE   SPEECH   ON   POMPEY'S   COMMISSION. 

Page  116-  Imperio  :  here  referring  to  a  military  command 
of  a  special  character  (see  p.  32) ;  = '  Commission.'  In  the  best 
mss.  the  title  is  given  as  de  imperio  Cn.  Pompei j  in  some 
others,  as  pro  lege  Manilla . 

Introduction,    l-ii.  (p.  118,  1.  3). 
Exordium  (see  p.  34). 

I.  1.  frequens  conspectus  vester :  refers  to  the  sea  of 
upturned  faces  over  which  the  orator  looked  as  he  came  forward 
on  the  Rostra ;  *  your  assembled  presence/  *  your  thronging 
presence.'  For  the  occasion  and  circumstances  of  delivery,  see 
p.  27  et  seq.  2.  hie  locus  :   see  n.  to  Hablta  ad  Populum^ 

on  p.  227.  ad  agendum:  i.  e.  ad  agendum  cum  populo,  'for 

addressing  the  people,'  an  expression  used  only  of  a  magistrate, 
and  applicable  to  Cicero,  as  praetor ;  but  ad  dicendum  (sc. 
apud  populu?n\  'for  public  speaking,'  has  reference  to  any 
one  not  a  magistrate  who  may  have  been  permitted  to  speak 
from  the  Rostra.  The  same  distinction  is  carried  out  in  the 
adjectives ;  for  what  was  '  most  dignified '  for  a  magistrate 
was  'most  honorable,'  'most  full  of  honor'  for  a  private 
citizen. 

4.  aditu  laudis :  '  pathway  to  fame.'  Kind  of  gen.  ?  5.  op- 
timo  cuique :  '  to  all  the  best '  in  a  political  sense  ;  outside 
of  the  magistrates  only  the  most  eminent  men  of  the  state 
were  allowed  to  speak  from  the  Rostra.  B.  252,  5,  c\  A.  313,  6; 
H.  515,  2.  mea  me:  cf.  p.  159,  20,  and  N.  6.  rationes : 
=  'plan.'  ab  ineunte   aetate:'  refers   to   the   beginning  of 

life  as  a  citizen,  when  the  boy  put  on  the  toga  virills  (see  n.  to 
P-  77 >  3°)  5  =t  fr°m  my  entrance  upon  civil  life,' '  when  I  became 
of  age.'  7.  per  aetatem  :  'by  reason  of  my  years.'  8.  huius 
auctoritatem   loci:  = 'this  place   of   dignity.'      B.   350,    11,  a. 


268      SPEECH  ON  POMPEY'S  COMMISSION    [Page  117 

9.  perfectum  ingenio :  i.  e.  finished  with  maturity  of  intel- 
lectual powers ;  referring  to  the  thought,  while  elaboratum  has 
reference  to  the  form.         11.  temporibus  :    '  demands.' 

12.  Ita:  belongs  with  the  clause  mens  labor  .  .  .  consecutus. 
In  trans,  make  the  first  clause  subordinate  ;  'So  while  this 
place,  .  .  .  my  efforts,'  etc.  The  co-ordinate  construction  was 
preferred  by  the  orator  for  the  sake  of  the  rhetorical  antithesis. 
13.  vestram  causam  :    i.  e.  causam  rei  publicae.  14.  peri- 

jculis :  often  used  of  criminal  trials ;  here  a  synonym  of  tetn- 
poribus  above.  caste  integreque  :    '  irreproachably,'   as   not 

having  accepted  presents  contrary  to  the  Cincian  Law,  passed 
in  204  b.  c,  which  made  it  unlawful  for  an  advocate  to  receive 
fees  ;  '  and  incorruptibly,'  as  never  having  taken  a  bribe  to 
handle  his  side  of  the  case  poorly  so  as  to  allow  an  opponent 
to  win  the  suit  over  his  client. 

16.  dilationem  comitiorum  :  many  circumstances  were  con- 
sidered of  enough  significance  to  warrant  the  interruption  and 
postponement  of  an  election.  Such  were  the  occurrence  of 
lightning,  thunder,  or  rain,  which  were  supposed  to  indicate  the 
disapproval  of  the  gods  ;  the  setting  of  the  sun  before  the  vot- 
ing was  all  done  ;  and  the  outbreak  of  a  disturbance  in  the 
city.  The  reasons  for  a  postponement  in  this  case  are  not 
known. 

17.  primus  —  renuntiatus  sum  :  '  I  had  been  the  first  to  be 
announced.'  There  were  eight  praetorships  to  be  filled  (cf. 
p.  59).  Cicero  each  time  received  the  first  choice  of  all  the 
centuries;  but  on  the  first  two  occasions  the  comitia  were  ad- 
journed before  the  other  seven  praetors  had  all  been  elected, 
and  the  election  had  to  be  held  over  again  as  if  nothing 
had  been  done.  18.  quid  aliis  praescriberetis  :  i.  e.  ut  ipsi 
quoque  caste  integreque  in   aliorum  periculis   versarentur. 

20.  auctoritatis  :  '  personal  influence.'  21.  honoribus  man- 
dandis  :  '  by  entrusting  official  positions '  to  me.  22.  vigilanti : 
'  energetic ; '   so  we  speak  of  a  '  wide-awake "  man. 

Page  117.  1.  forensi  :  =  '  in  the  courts  ; '  cf.  p.  103,  14, 
and  n.  3.    utar :    *  I    shall    make    use    (of  it).'  4.  in 

dicendo :  =  *  as  an  orator.'  5.  ei  rei :  'that  accomplishment.' 
fructum  :  in  the  way  of  a  longer  opportunity  to  speak,  and 
that  too  with  the  prestige  of  an  official  position.  6.  Atque : 
*And  further.'        7.  in  .  .  .  dicendi:  =  'while  I  have  not  had 


Page  117.]  NOTES  269 

practice  in  speaking  from   this   place.'  9.  oratio :  '  speech,* 

'language.'  10.    Cn.  :    Why    not    Gti.f      A.  1,0;    H.  5,  3. 

11.  virtute  :  i.  e.  virtute  imperatoria,  '  military  character,'  the 
combination  of  qualities  found  in  a  perfect  general.  orationis  : 

here  *  matter.' 

Narratio. 

II.  14.  Atque  :  '  And  so.'  The  narratio  is  brief,  because  the 
people  were  already  familiar  with  the  facts.  inde  —  unde  .  .  . 
ducitur :  '  with  that  in  which  this  entire  state  of  affairs  origi- 
nates.' 16.  vectigalibus  :  *  payers  of  tribute,'  'tributaries,' 
the  inhabitants  of  the  provinces  Asia  and  Bithynia  ;  while 
sociis  includes  not  only  the  provincials  (see  N.  to  p.  68,  25),  but 
also  the  rulers  and  inhabitants  of  associated  states,  as  Cappa- 
docia  and  Galatia.  17.  Mithridate:  the  original  form  of  the 
word  was  Mithradates.  18.  relictus  :  '  let  slip  '  by  Lucullus 
before  Cabira;  see  p.  31.  lacessitus  :  'provoked'  by  the 
haughty  demand  of  the  Roman  ambassador  Appius  Claudius 
for  the  surrender  of  Mithridates ;  for  the  excuse  which  Tigranes 
made  see  Memnon,  xlvi. 

20.  Equitibus:  the  capitalists;  cf.  N.  to  p.  Ill,  3.  21.  Asia: 
the  Roman  province,  comprising  Mysia,  Lydia,  Caria,  Lycia, 
and    Phrygia;   see    Map.  magnae  .  .  .  occupatae  :  'great 

fortunes  are  at  stake,  invested  in  farming  your  revenues ; '  see 
n.  to  p.  122,  2.  23.  necessitudine,   etc.  :    Cicero's    family 

belonged    to    the    order  of  knights;  see  p.  1. 

25.  Bithyniae  .  .  .  neminem  :  in  indir.  disc,  as  representing 
the  contents  of  the  letters.  nunc  :    Bithynia   had   been  left 

by  will  to  the  Roman  people  by  Nicomedes  III.  in  75  b.  c,  and 
organized  as  a  province   the   following   year.  26.  regnum 

Ariobarzanis :  Cappadocia.  27.  vestris  vectigalibus:  'the 

lands  tributary  to  you,'  'your  tithe-yielding  lands,'  the  taxes 
being  put  by  metonymy  for  the  regions  in  which  they  were 
raised. 

29.  ab  eo  bello  :  we  should  say  ■  from  the  seat  of  war.' 
huic   qui   successerit:    Glabrio.  30.    non    esse    paratum; 

sc.  eum ;  a  hint  at  the  notorious  incompetency  of  Glabrio. 
31.  unum :  i.  e.  Pompey.  civibus  :  Roman  citizens  in  Asia 
Minor,  as  indicated  by  the  position   after  sociis. 


270      SPEECH  ON  POMPEY'S  COMMISSION    [Page  lia 


Partitio. 

34.  Causa,  et  seq.:  a  short  but  clear  and  appropriate  transi- 
tion to  the  treatment  of  the  subject.  A  statement  of  the 
theme,  as  that  in  quid  agendum  sit,  considerate^  was  called  by 
the  rhetoricians  proposition 


Discussion. 
A.    The    Character   of   the    War.    n.  (p.  118, 1.  4) -vn. 

Page  118.  4.  quod  :  grammatically  refers  back  to  genus, 
logically  to  belli;  in  our  idiom,  '  The  war  is  of  such  a  character 
(i.  e.   being   defensive)  that  it  ought'  5.    ad    persequendi 

studium:  =  ad  id  {bellum)  studiose  persequendum.  6.  agitur; 
1  is  at  stake.'  In  the  enumeration  with  agitur,  aguntur  (notice  the 
forceful  anaphora),  an  outline  of  the  subsequent  argument  of 
this  division  is  "given  ;  first  come  the  considerations  involv- 
ing the    national    honor,    then    those    based    upon    expediency. 

9.  amicorum:  the  title  *  friend  of  the  Roman  People'  was 
often  conferred  upon  allied  princes.  11.  certissima :  the  wealth 
and  fertility  of  the  province  Asia  were  proverbial;  cf.  p.  121, 
1 7  et  seq.  12.    pacis   ornamenta,  subsidia  belli  :    chiastic 

order.  The  former  refers  particularly  to  the  sums  lavished  on 
the  erection  of  temples  and  public  buildings,  and  on  the  main- 
tenance, of  public  worship.  14.  a  vobis:  not  dat.,  to  avoid 
confusion  with  the  dat.  quibus ;  'for  whose  interests  you  must 
make  provision.' 

IH.  16.  Et:  'And  (indeed),'  'And  (to  be  sure).'  praeter 
ceteras :   in  our  idiom,  *  above  all  other.'  18.   bello   supe- 

riore  :  88-84  B-  C. ;  no  account  is  made  of  the  second  Mithri- 
datic  war,  83-81  ;  cf.  pp.  29,  30.  19.  insedit :  '  has  sunk  in.' 
21.  tota  in  Asia :  used  instead  of  tota  Asia,  so  as  to  cor- 
respond with  tot  in  civitatibus.  Cf.  B.  228,  1,  b\  A.  429,  2; 
H.  485,  2.  22.  una  significatione  litterarum  :  =  'by  a  single 
written  order,'  explaining  nuntio ;  like  our  phrase,  'by  a  stroke 
of  the  pen.'  So  Ahasuerus  (Xerxes)  sent  forth  an  order  to  destroy 
all  the  Jews  (Esther  iii.  12-15).  24-  suscepit :  'has  suffered.' 
26.    et   ita:  =  'yes,  and   so.1  28.  patrio   regno:    cf.    p.    27. 

vectigalibus  :  cf.  p.  117,  27,  and  N.         29.  in   Asiae   luce:  = 


Page  119.]  NOTES  271 

1  in  the  front  of  Asia,'  '  in  the  face  of  Asia,'  the  populous  and 
highly  civilized  regions  along  the  Aegean  Sea ;  contrasted  with 
Ponti  neque  Cappadociae  latebris. 

31.  insignia  victoriae  :  for  triumphos ;  preferred  for  the  sake 
of  contrast  with  victoriam.  32.  L.  Sulla :  his  triumph  was  in 
8 1  and  lasted  two  days,  presenting  a  magnificent  display  of 
spoils  and  captives ;  that  of  Murena  —  more  a  mockery  than  a 
triumph  —  was  celebrated  in  the  following  year.  34.  ita  :  i.  e. 
in  such  a  limited  way  —  after  the  manner  of  "the  play  of  Ham- 
let with  Hamlet  left  out." 

Page  119.  1.  ille  .  .  .  regnaret :  '  (though)  routed  and  van- 
quished, he  (yet)  remained  king.'  2.  quod  egerunt :  '  in  that 
they  were  energetic,'  '  in  that  they  did  something ; '  implied  re- 
flection upon  Glabrio,  who  is  doing  nothing.  3.  reliquerunt: 
1  left  (something)  undone.'  4.  res  publica  :  '  the  (condition  of) 
public  affairs,'  'the  public  interest.' 

IV.  7.  ad  oblivionem  veteris  belli :  i.  e.  ad  oblivionem  ve- 
teris  belli  faciendam  sibi  '  et  populo  Romano.  10.    Bospora- 

nis :  peoples  along  the  Cimmerian  Bosporus  {Bosporus  Cim- 
mericus\  in  the  modern  Crimea;   see  Map.  12.   legatos  ac 

litteras:  a  kind  of  hendiadys;  we  should  say,  *  envoys  with 
letters.'  duces  :  Sertorius  and  his  associates.  This  alliance 
was  brought  about  by  two  renegade  Romans,  Lucius  Magius 
and  Lucius  Fannius.  Sertorius  sent  Roman  officers  to  train  the 
forces  of  Mithridates ;  the  latter  agreed  to  send  ships  and  men 
to  Sertorius  (see  p.  124,  2-4).  14.  disiunctissimis :  'very 
widely  separated,  while  maxime  diversis  means  '  most  unlike,'  refer- 
ring to  the  differences  in  climate  and  surroundings.  15.  binis  : 
why  not  duo?  Cf.  B.  81,  4,  b\  A.  137,  b\  H.  164,  3.  16.  an- 
cipiti:  'on  two  sides.'  de  imperio :  'for  empire,1  'for  sov- 
ereignty.' 

19.  quae  .  .  .  habebat :  spoken  out  of  compliment  to  Pom- 
pey.  firraamenti  :  '  support,'  referring  to  external  resources, 
as  contrasted  with  roboris,  'strength,'  internal  power.  21.  vir- 
tute  :    cf.  p.   117,   11,  and  n.  res  —est  ad  minis  tr  ata  :   for 

bellum  est  administratum.  22.   initia  .  .  .  videantur  :  = '  it 

appears  that  those  great  and  brilliant  successes  at  the  begin- 
ning must  have  been  due,  not  to  good  fortune,  but  to  general- 
ship,' etc.  Cf.  n.  to  p.  67,  17.  24.  extrema  .  .  .  fortunae : 
see  p.  31  ;   the  defeat  of  Triarius  took  place  in  the  absence  of 


272     SPEECH  ON  POMPEY'S  COMMISSION     [Page  120, 

Lucullus.  27.   ut  —  videatur  :    '  that  it  will  be   seen  that.' 

Why  not  fut.  ?  30.  exorsus  :  '  first  part ; '  more  general  than 
exordium.  31.   putetis  :    Cicero    often    introduces    a  word 

meaning  'think,'  'consider,'  in  cases  like  this,  in  order  to  soften 
the  expression.  Trans,  freely,  'in  your  view,'  as  if  quern  .  .  . 
suscipiendum  followed  immediately  after  videte. 

V.  33.  nostris  :  '  of  ours.'  iniuriosius  :  '  (only)  somewhat 
unfairly;'  perhaps  the  orator  has  in  mind  the  wars  against  the 
piratical  peoples  of  Illyria.  Cf.  Cic.  in  Verr.  V.  lviii.  149 
Quot  bella  maiores  nostros  et  quanta  suscepisse  arbit?'amini 
quod  cives  Romani  iniuria  adfecti,  quod  navicularii  retenti 
quod  mercatores  spoliati  dicerentur? 

Page  120.  2.  appellati  superbius :  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Achaean  League,  at  Corinth.  Cicero  for  obvious  reasons  adopts 
the  mildest  form  of  the  tradition  regarding  the  treatment  of  the 
ambassadors ;  according  to  one  account  they  were  hooted  out  of 
the  meeting,  and    in  another  mention  is  made  of  violence. 

3.  totius  Graeciae  lumen :  there  is  a  similar  expression  in  a 
fugitive  Greek  verse,  K6piv6os  aa-rpov  ovk  acrrjpov  'EXXdbos,  '  Co- 
rinth, of  Greece  the  undimmed  star.'  So  Milton  (Par.  Regained, 
IV.  240)  speaks  of 

"Athens,  the  eye  of  Greece,  mother  of  arts." 

exstinctum  :  not  exstinctam,  on  account  of  the  influence  of  the 
nearer  appositive  lumen.     B.  254,  3,  a  ;  A.  316,  b\  H.  391. 

5.  legatum  consularem :  Manius  Aquillius,  who  had  been 
consul  in  101  B.  c.  with  Marius ;  see  p.  29.  6.  omni  suppli- 
cio:    'with    every  kind    of    torture.1  excruciatum   necavit : 

trans,  as  if  excruciavit  et  necavit.  B.  336,  3;  A.  496,  N.  2;  H. 
639.  8.  vitam  ereptam :  '  the  taking  of  life,1  i.  e.  civibus 
Romanis.  B.  337,  5;  A.  497 ;  H.  640,  1.  9.  verbo  :  '  by  a 
word  (merely).1  10.  relinquetis  :  for  inultum  esse  patiemini. 
Of  the  sacredness  of  the  right  of  embassy  Cicero  elsewhere  says 
(de  Har.  Res.  xvi.  34)  :  Sic  enim  sentio,  ins  legatorum,  cum 
hotninum  praesidio  munitum  sit,  turn  etiam  divino  iure  esse 
vallatum. 

14.  Quid,  quod:  cf.  p.  67,  33,  and  N.  summum  pericu- 
lum  ac  discrimem :  rhetorical  amplification,  as  if  we  should 
say    'the    greatest    and    extreme    danger.1  15.   animo:     see 

Idioms.  16.    Ariobarzanes :    see  pp.   29,   30.  17.  ami- 


Page  121.]  NOTES  273 

cus  :    see   N.   top.    118,   9.  duo    reges :   see  p.    117,   15-19. 

20.  cuncta  Asia  :  without  m,  after  the  analogy  of  tota  Asiaj 
cf.  p.  118,  21,  and  N.  24.   id  facere,  etc.:    Glabrio  or  Lucul- 

lus  might  make  life  a  burden  for  them  if  they  should  present 
such  a  request. 

25.   quod  vos :   i.  e.  videtis  et  sentitis.  26.    summa  sint 

omnia  :  '  all  qualities  exist  in  the  highest  degree.'  propter  : 
'close  at  hand,'  in  Cilicia,  settling  the  affairs  of  that  region 
after  the  campaign  against  the  pirates.  27.  quo  :  '  wherefore.' 
carent  aegrius  :  we  might  say,  '  feel  all  the  worse '  not  to  have 
his   help.  ipso  :  ===  '  merely.'  28.    maritimum   bellum  : 

see  p.  32.  29.   impetus  hostium  repressos  :    it  was  thought 

that  Mithridates  refrained  from  following  up  his  victory  over 
Triarius  and  pushing  again  to  the  west  of  Asia  on  account  of 
the  nearness  of  Pompey,  who  might  come  up  from  the  south 
coast  and  attack  him  in  the  rear. 

33.  dignos,  et  seq. :  *  to  consider  them  worthy  of  having 
their  welfare  entrusted  to  such  a  man.1  B.  282,  3;  A.  535,/*; 
H.  591,  7.  34.  hoc:  why  abl.  ?  ceteros  :  here  =  'in  other 
cases.' 

Page  121.  2.  defendant :  sc.  earn  (i.  e.  provinciam).  3.  ad- 
ventus :  pi.  because  more  than  one  instance  is  thought  of. 
4.  hostili  expugnatione  :  almost  =  hostium  expugnatione ;  see 
p.  131,  9,  et  seq.  5.    praesentem  :    cf.   p.    120,   26,  and  n. 

8.  commoratur :  the  indie,  shows  that  here  the  orator  is  pre- 
senting the  thought  as  his  own,  rather  than  that  of  the  pro- 
vincials. 

VI.  9.  propter  socios  :  unhappily  in  ancient  as  in  modern 
times,  the  rights  of  allies  only  too  often  have  been  made  merely 
a  pretext  to  crush  a  weaker  or  rival  power.  10.   cum  An- 

tiocho:  on  behalf  of  the  kings  Attalus  and  Eumenes  of  Perga- 
mus,  and  the  Rhodians;  192-188  B.  C.  cum  Philippo:  at  the 
request  of  Athens ;  201-196  B.  C.  11.   cum   Aetolis :    they 

had  become  involved  in  the  war  with  Antiochus,  191.  cum 

Poenis:  in  the  First  Punic  war,  at  the  request  of  the  Mamer- 
tini,  in  Messana;  in  the  Second,  for  Saguntum;  and  in  the 
Third,  for  Massinissa.  The  orator  presents  instances  of  wars 
for  allies  first  with  two  kings,  then  with  two  peoples,  making 
no  account  of  the  chronological  order. 

14.   de  .  .  .  agatur  :    trans,   as    if   maxima  vestra  vectigalia 

18 


274      SPEECH  ON  POMPEY'S  COMMISSION     [Page  122. 

aguntur ;    cf.  p.    118,   II.  16.   tanta  :    tantula,   i.  e.   '(only) 

great  enough.'  ad  —  tutandas  :  i.  e.  to  provide  for  the  troops 
stationed  in  those  provinces.  17.  Asia :  Sicily  and  Asia  were 
the  most  fertile  among  all  the  Roman  provinces.  18.   uber- 

tate,  etc. :  an  enumeration  of  the  three  great  sources  of  revenue, 
—  produce  of  the  soil,  pasturage,  and  exports  and  imports. 
19.  fructuum :'  '  of  products,'  including  not  only  the  different 
varieties  of  grain,  but  also  vegetables,  as  peas  and  beans,  and 
olive-oil  and  wine.  20.  quae  exportentur :  yielding  portoriaj 
cf.  11.  31-34  below,  and  Greenidge,  "  Roman  Public  Life,"  pp.  319-322. 

22.  et  belli  utilitatem  et  pacis  dignitatem:  rhetorical  ex- 
pression for  eas  res  (i.  e.  vectigalia)  quibus  et  belli  utilitas  et 
pacis  dignitas  continentur ;  cf.  p.  1 18,  12,  and  N.  25.  venit : 
i.  e.  venit.  26.  in  :  '  in  the   case   of.'  31.  ex  portu :  cor- 

responds to  mercatorum  navigatio.  Customs  duties  {portoria) 
were  collected  at  the  harbors.  32.  decumis  :  'tithes,'  i.e.  a 
tenth  of  all  the  produce  of  the  soil.  ex  scrip tura :  *  from 
(pasturage)  registration.'  The  herdsmen  and  shepherds  were 
obliged  to  state  in  writing  to  the  tax-collectors  the  number  of 
animals  they  purposed  to  keep  in  the  pastures  during  the  season ; 
the  lists  thus  obtained  were  made  the  basis  of  taxation  for  this 
source  of  revenue. 

Page  122.  2.  qui  —  pensitant :  the  natives  ;  Roman  citizens 
at  this  time  paid  no  taxes  anywhere.  qui  exercent :  'who 
farm  (them).'  The  revenues  of  a  province  at  this  time  were 
sold  to  the  highest  bidder,  that  is  to  the  corporation  or  indi- 
vidual who  would  agree  to  collect  and  pay  over  the  largest  sum 
to  the  state  treasury  each  year  for  a  specified  term,  keeping 
all  that  might  be  collected  over  and  above  that  sum  for  profit. 
Revenue  farmers  were  required  to  give  ample  security,  and  were  , 
bound  by  rigorous  contracts.  In  the  case  of  Asia  and  the 
other  large  provinces,  the  amounts  involved  were  so  enormous 
that  the  revenues  were  farmed  by  great  stock  companies,  which 
kept  their  headquarters  at  Rome,  where  all  payments  were 
made  into  the  treasury,  but  had  stockholders  or  other  repre- 
sentatives at  every  place  in  the  territory  in  which  they  made 
collections.  Ordinarily  each  company  undertook  to  handle  but 
one  kind  of  revenue.  So  wealthy  and  powerful  were  these 
revenue  corporations,  which  were  composed  of  members  of  the 
equestrian  order,  the   knights,  that  in   a   measure  they  took  the 


Page  122.]  NOTES  275 

place  of  government  banking  institutions.  3.  exigunt :  *  (who) 
collect  (them) ; '  refers  particularly  to  the  members  of  the  cor- 
poration on  the  ground,  who  in  the  actual  collecting  were  assisted 
by  paid  agents  and   slaves. 

6.  familias:    'troops  of  helpers,'  mainly  slaves.  in  salti- 

bus :  ■  on  the  pasture  lands,'  collecting  taxes  on  flocks  and  herds. 
7.  portubus:  cf.  B.  49,  3;  A.  92,  c\  H.  131,  2.  custodiis : 
'(at  the)  stations,'  guarding  frontiers  and  coasts  to  prevent 
smuggling.  8.    magno    periculo  :    '  (only)    at  great   risk.' 

Putatisne  :  might  Nicm  putatis  have  been  expected  ?  9.  vo- 

bis  fructui :  =  '  a  source  of  income  to  you.' 

VII.  12.  Ac  ne  illud  quidem  :  '  And  that  too  —  not.' 
13.  cum  essem  —  dicturus  :  '  as  I  set  out  to  speak.'  14.  ad 
—  pertinet :  '  it  (i.  e.  bellum)  affects.'  17.  et :  expects  a  cor- 
responding <?/,  the  place  of  which  is  taken  by  deinde  in  1.  23. 
18.  ornatissimi :  from  a  financial  point  of  view.  rationes  et 
copias :  '  enterprises   and  capital'  19.  ipsorum  per  se :  'in 

and  of  themselves'  as  a  class,  leaving  other  interests  out  of 
consideration. 

21.     nervos     rei     publicae  :     like    our    *  sinews    of    war.' 

22.  eum  ordinem :  i.  e.  publicanorum.  firmamentum,  etc. : 
i.  e.    because   holding   the   purse-strings;    see  N.  to  1.  2,  above. 

23.  ceterorum  ordinum :  comprising  (a)  the  senatorial  order ; 
(b)  those  members  of  the  equestrian  order  not  members  of  the 
revenue  corporations,  i.  e.  ordo  equestris  so  far  as  this  was  not 
included  in  the  ordo  {publicanorum)  of  1.  22 ;  and  (c)  the  third 
estate,  or  commons,  —  all  those  not  belonging  to  the  senatorial 
or  equestrian  orders. 

25.  ipsi :  '  in  person,'  referring  to  the  men  of  the  commons 
who  were  in  the  provinces,  especially  as  traders.  absenti- 

bus  :  'in  their  absence'  from  Italy;  cf.  p.  58  under  "  citizens." 
26.  consulere  :  cf.  p.  361.  partim  eorum  :  '(while)  part  of  them  ' 
(B.  201,  2;  A.  346,  a,  4;  H.  443),  i.  e.  ex  ceteris  ordinibus, 
having  especial  reference  to  members  of  the  Senate.  It  was 
considered  inconsistent  with  the  standing  of  senators  to  engage 
openly  in  commercial  enterprises ;  hence  they  often  made  invest- 
ments as  silent  partners  with  those  engaged  in  business  in  the 
provinces.  27.  pecunias :    'sums   of   money;1  hence   7nagnas 

instead  of  multas.  collocatas  habent :  '  have  placed '  in  a 
financial  sense,  'have  invested.1     B.  337,  6;  A.  497,  b\   H.  431,  3. 


276      SPEECH   ON   POMPEY'S   COMMISSION     [Page  123, 

28.  Est:  subject?  30.  a  re  publica :  i.  e.  a  calamitate  rei 
publicae.  31.  parvi  refert :  in  reply  to  a  possible  objection,  = 
'there  is  little  in  the  consideration  that.'  B.  203,  3;  A.  417; 
H.  448,  1.  32.  his:  sc.  vectigalibus.  33.  isdem,  etc.:  the 
present  revenue  farmers,  ruined,  will  not  have  the  'means,' 
others  will  not  dare,  to  undertake  the  farming  of  revenues  in 
these  regions  hereafter.  redimendi :  sc.  vectigalia ;  the  regu- 
lar term  used  of  bidding  off  the  right  to  collect  the  revenues 
of  a  particular  province  or  district. 

Page  123.  2.  iste :  the  orator  views  Mithridates  as  if  he 
were  an  opponent  present  before  them.  3.  certe  :  with  docti, 
1  at  any  rate  made  wiser.'  4.  res  :  '  property.'  5.  solutione 
impedita :  '  by  the  stopping  of  payments '  from  the  province. 
6.  fidem  :  '  credit'  7.   ut,  etc. :  trans,   by   '  without '   and   a 

participial  construction.  Is  the  economic  principle  stated  a  sound 
one  ? 

10.  haec  ratio  pecuniarum :  '  this  system  of  finance.'  11.  in 
foro  :  the  shops  of  the  money  changers  and  money  lenders 
[tabernae  argentariae)  were  about  the  Forum.  12.  implicata 

est  cum  —  et  cohaeret :  '  is  involved  and  intimately  connected 
with.'  13.  ilia:  'those  (interests).'  14.  eodem  motu :  'by 
the  same  shock.'  Qua  re  videte :  introduces  the  summing  up 
of  the  first  division  of  the  speech.  15.  studio  :  '  earnestness.' 
17.  fortunae  —  coniunctae  cum  re  publica  :  '  interests  involved 
with  those  of  the  state.' 

B.     The    Greatness    of    the    War.     viii.-ix. 

VIII.     2a  enim  :    '  Now  really.'  22.   ita  magnum  :  used 

instead  of  tantum,  to  correspond  with  ita  necessarium.  In 
quo :    '  And   in  this   regard.' 

26.  L.  Lucullo,  et  seq. :  the  laudation  of  Lucullus  is  intro- 
duced opportunely  at  this  point.  The  orator  thereby  forestalls 
the  possible  charge  of  slighting  the  services  of  this  general, 
arouses  the  interest  of  his  audience  by  suggesting  the  inquiry 
how,  if  Lucullus  accomplished  so  much,  the  war  can  now  be 
so  urgent,  and  prepares  the  way  for  the  commendation  of  Pom- 
pey,  who  is  to  be  made  out  so  much  greater. 

28.    dico :    emphatic,  '  I  affirm.'  eius  adventu  :  '  at  (the 

time  of)  his  arrival.'  29.  Mithridati :  B.  188,  1,  N. ;  A.  377; 
H.    425,   4,   N.         copias  :  see  p.  30.  30.   instructas  fuisse 


Page  124.J  NOTES  277 

—  obsessam  esse:  in  dir.  disc,  instructae  erant  —  obsidebatur. 
Why  ?  urbem,  et  seq. :    after  withdrawing   from   Chalcedon 

(see  p.  30)  Mithridates  besieged  Cyzicus,  which  held  out  against 
him  with  great  obstinacy.  After  a  time  Lucullus  cut  off  his 
supplies  and  fo'rced  him  to  give  up  the  siege  and  retreat. 

Page  124.  1.  liberavit :  parenthetical  statement,  hence  not 
liberatam  esse.  classem  :   consisting  of  fifty  ships  and  con- 

veying ten  thousand  men ;  it  was  defeated  near  the  island  of 
Lemnos  in  the  Aegean   Sea.     See  N.  to  p.  154,   15.  2.  stu- 

dio :  '  with  party  feeling.'  3.  raperetur  :  '  was  being  hurried 
along ; '  appropriately  spoken  of  a  fleet  of  war-ships  driven  by 
oars.  6.    Pontum  :   see  p.  27  and  Map.  qui :   concessive, 

=  cum   is.  7.   ex   omni   aditu :    i.  e.    ex    o?nni  parte,   ubi 

aditus  est.     Cf.  p.  154,  5,  et  seq.  8.   domicilia  regis:    i.  e. 

fiao-iXcia,  'royal  residences.'  10.    permultas  :   'in  very  great 

number.'  uno  aditu  :   rhetorical  exaggeration ;  several  of  the 

cities  offered  vigorous  resistance,  and  were  finally  taken  only 
after  a  siege. 

12.  alios  reges  :  Tigranes,  king  of  Armenia ;  M achates,  a 
son  of  Mithridates,  who  ruled  the  regions  about  the  Cimmerian 
Bosporus ;   and  Arsaces,  king  of  the  Parthians.  13.   salvis  : 

in  a  financial  sense,  as  often;  freely,  'without  taxing  the  allies 
of  the  Roman  people,  and  without  drawing  on  your  revenues,' 
the  booty  amounting  to  more  than  enough  to  pay  the  expenses 
of    the    war.  15.    atque    ita  :    'and    of    such    a    degree.' 

16.  huic  obtrectant  legi :  '  oppose  this  bill,'  on  the  ground  that 
Lucullus  is  able  to  bring  the  war  to  a  successful  termination. 

IX.  19.  Requiretur  fortasse  :  anticipating  a  possible  objec- 
tion ;  having  given  Lucullus  so  high  praise,  the  orator  proceeds 
to  show  why  he  is  no  longer  able  to  cope  with  Mithridates. 

24.  Ponto :  used  in  a  broad  sense,  also  with  anachronism ; 
for  the  myth  of  Medea  was  associated  with  Colchis,  which  was 
east  of  Pontus  proper,  and  could  be  reckoned  with  it  only  as 
forming  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Mithridates,  —  that,  too,  long 
after  the  time  to  which  the  myth  belonged.  ilia :  trans.  '  the 
famous.'     B.  246,  3;    A.  297,  b\    H.  507,4.  25.   quam,  etc.: 

as  Medea  was  fleeing  with  Jason  —  the  story  ran  —  and  wished 
to  impede  the  pursuit  of  her  father  Aeetes,  she  hacked  to  pieces 
her  small  brother  Absyrtus  and  scattered  the  fragments  of  his 
body  along  the  way.  27.   eorum  collectio   dispersa :   i.  e. 


278     SPEECH  ON  POMPEY'S  COMMISSION     [Page  125. 

collectio  eorum  dispersoru?n  ('in  different  places').  31.  bello 

.  .  .  congesserat :  see  p.  29.  direptas :  trans,  as  if  diripueral 
et.      B.  336,  3;    A.  496,   n.  2;    H.  639.  33.  omnia:  reason 

for  position  ?  diligentius :  put  mildly  for  avide.  34.  il 

lum :   Aeetes.         35.   hos  :   the  soldiers  of  Lucullus. 

Page  125.  2.  excepit:  not  immediately ;  see  p.  31.  rebus: 
dat.  after  diffidentem.  3.  recreavit :  as  we  say,  'put  new  life 
into  him.'  Cuius  in  regnum  —  venit :   in  69  B.C.;  see  p.  31. 

5.  gentes  :  peoples  along  the  Caspian  Sea  and  southwards  to 
the  Persian  Gulf;   cf.  Plut.  Lucullus,  xxvi. 

7.  quas  .  .  .  putavit :  implying  criticism  of  Lucullus.  Though 
there  had  been  no  lack  of  pretexts  for  interference,  the  Roman 
Senate  had  refrained  from  becoming  involved  in  hostilities  with 
Tigranes   and   other   rulers   in   the   interior.  8.    laeessendas 

bello :  =  '  provoked  by  (active)  hostilities,'  while  temptandas, 
'  exasperated,'  refers  to  the  taxing  of  patience  with  unreasonable 
demands   and  petty  meanness.  9.   gravis    atque    vehemens 

opinio  :    *  a  deep-seated  and  fanatical  conviction.'  10.   fani  : 

what  temple  is  referred  to  is  not  known;  according  to  Momm- 
sen  (Vol.  IV.,  p.  89),  probably  "the  temple  of  the  Persian 
Nanaea  or  Anaitis  in  Elymais  or  the  modern  Luristan,  the  most 
celebrated  and  the  richest  shrine  in  the  whole  region  of  the 
Euphrates." 

15.  urbem  :  Tigranocerta ;  see  Map.  ex  regno  :  instead 
of  regni ;  lends  prominence  to  the  fact  that  but  one  city  was 
taken,  and  indirectly  detracts  from  the  credit  of  Lucullus. 
16.  proeliis :  see  Idioms.  17.  tamen  .  .  .  commovebatur : 
a  euphemistic  way  of  alluding  to  the  mutiny,  which  was  the 
real  cause  of  the  retreat.  For  the  facts  cf.  p.  31.  18.  Hie: 
♦On  this  point.'  19.   illud  extremum :   'the  final  outcome.' 

25.  fortunae:  pi.  because  referring  to  more  than  one  instance. 
multorum  opes:  i.e.  7tiultos  potentes ;  we  should  say  'many 
men  of  resources.'  30.  regnum  suum :  Pontus.  31.  eo : 
explained  by  the  clause  ut  .  .  .  attingeret. 

Page  126.  !•  poetae  :  as  perhaps  Naevius,  who  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  the  First  Punic  War  in  Saturnian  metre  ;  or  Ennius 
(see  Vocab.)  in  his  Annales.  2.   calamitatem:   euphemistic 

for  cladem,  referring  to  the  defeat  of  Triarius  in  67  B.  C. 
4.  non  ex  proelio  nuntius :  i.  e.  Lucullus  first  learned  of 
the   defeat  from   the   natives,    before   messengers  from  Triarius 


Page  126.]  NOTES  279 

reached  him.  Some  understand  the  passage  to  imply  that  not 
a  Roman  of  that  corps  was  left  ajive  to  tell  the  tale  ;  this 
would  be  rhetorical  exaggeration,  for  Triarius  escaped,  as  well 
as  a  small  portion  of  his  troops. 

5.  in  illo  ipso  malo :  i.  e.  in  that  disaster  as  it  stood,  = 
'immediately  upon  that  disaster.'  6.   tamen  :   'nevertheless,' 

in  spite  of  the  seriousness  of  the  defeat.  aliqua  ex  parte  : 

'  in  some  measure.'  7.  potuisset :  i.  e.  if  he  had  retained  the 
command.     Why   subj.  ?  vestro  —  qui :   cf.   nostra  —  qui, 

p.  64,  5  and  n.  9.   vetere  exemplo :   '  in  accordance  with 

ancient  precedent.'  Lucullus  had  held  command  in  Asia  since 
74;  but  the  limitation  of  the  period  of  military  commissions  was 
being  observed  now  less  strictly  than  ever  before.  The  real 
reason  for  the  recall  of  Lucullus  lay  in  the  number  and  activity 
of  his  personal  enemies.  10.   qui  :    '  (those)  who.'     Lucullus 

remained  in  charge  of  a  part  of  his  troops  till  Pompey  assumed 
command  of  the  war  against  Mithridates. 

12.  ea  :  i.  e.  quae  praetereo  /  explained  by  quantum  .  .  . 
pulso.  13.   quantum :   i.  e.   quam  magnum  et  quam  pericu- 

losum.  putetis  :  'you  are  to  consider;'  cf.  N.  to  p.  119,  31. 

14.  coniungant :  =  *  unite  in  waging.'  Reason  for  the  order  of 
words  in  this  and  the  following  clauses  ?  15.  integrae :  with 
which  the  Romans  have  not  yet  waged  war.  novus :  hence 
inexperienced  ;    a  hint  at  Glabrio.  16.  noster  :    *  of   ours,' 

'sent  by  us.' 


C.     The    Choice    of    a    Commander,    x.-xxiii. 

A.    Affirmative  Argument  (see  p.  35). 

X.  17.  Satis  .  .  .  videor :  ».I  think  I  have  said  enough 
(to  show);'  followed  by  a  summary  of  the  preceding  parts. 
18.  esset:  trans,  as  if  present;  why  not  sit?  B.  268,  2;  A. 
485?/;  H.  545, 11. 1.  19.  restat  ut—  dicendum  esse  videatur  : 
= '  there  remains  only  the  apparent  necessity  of  speaking,'  « I 
have  yet  to  speak  only  of;'  restat  ut,  like  reliquum  est  ut,  is 
used  to  introduce  the  last  point  in  a  series;  here,  the  last  of 
the    three    main   divisions    of    the    speech.  21.   videatur  : 

used,  like  putetis  (cf.   p.    119,   31,   and  n.)  to   lend  an    air  of 
modesty  to  the  expression  and  round  out  the  sentence. 


280      SPEECH   ON   POMPEY'S   COMMISSION    [Page  127. 

22.  innocentium :  opposed  to  avaronnn;  see  p.  130,  24  et 
seq.  haberetis :    why .  not   habeatis?      B.    279,    2;    A.    441, 

442;     H.    558,    2.  23.     potissimum  \  —  <■  above    all    others.' 

25.  unus  :  ;  (only)  one.1  26.  sunt:  why  not  sintt  21.  an- 
tiquitatis :  abstract  for  concrete ;  '  the  men  of  the  past  cherished 
in  memory.'  virtute  :  cf.  p.  117,  11  and  N.  30.  summo  : 
'of  the   first  rank.'  res:    'qualities.'  31.    scientiam    rei 

militaris :  '  mastery  of  the  art  of  war.'  An  enumeration  such 
as  the  following  was  called  by  the  rhetoricians  a  thesis.  vir- 
tutem :  here  *  power  as  a  general.' 

33.  scientior:    sc.  rei  militaris.  34.   pueritiae  discipli- 

nis  :  '  the  training  of  childhood.' 

Page  127.  1-  bello  maximo :  the  Social  War.  In  89  b.  c. 
Pompey's  father,  then  consul,  took  Asculum  and  conquered  the 
people  of  Picenum.  The  next  year  as  proconsul  he  reduced 
the  Vestinians  and  Paelignians.  In  87,  at  the  request  of  the 
Senate,  he  went  to  Rome  to  prevent  Cinna  from  entering  the 
city ;  and  at  this  time  young  Pompey  rendered  him  important 
service  in  repressing  mutiny  and  thwarting  plots  to  take  his 
life.  4.  ineunte :  see  Idioms.  In  83  b.  c,  as  Sulla  came 
back  from  the  East,  Pompey  raised  three  legions  in  the  Picene 
country,  where  his  father  had  great  estates,  and  set  out  to  join 
that  champion  of  the  aristocracy.  On  the  way  he  gained  three 
victories  over  detachments  of  the  Marian  party.  When  he 
finally  joined  Sulla,  greeting  his  commander  with  the  salutation 
"Imperator,"  the  latter,  pleased  with  his  troops  and  his  victo- 
ries, hailed  him  "Imperator"  in  return. 

5.   hoste,  inimico  :    distinction  ?  7.    confecit :    *•  has   com- 

pletely reduced.'  9.  alienis  .  .  .  triumphis :  an  elaborate  but 
forceful  climax  of  antitheses. 

13.  Civile  [bellum]  :  between  Marius  and  Sulla ;  reference  in 
particular  to  Pompey's  brief  and  victorious  campaign  in  82  b.  c. 
against  Carbo  in  Sicily,  and  that  in  jj  against  M.  Aemilius  Lepi- 
dus,  who  endeavored  to  overthrow  the  constitution  as  established 
by  Sulla,  but  was  driven  out  of  Italy,  then  out  of  Cisalpine  Gaul. 
Africanum :  this  campaign,  also  in  82  b.  c,  was  against  Gnaeus 
Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  of  the  Marian  party,  and  Hiarbas,  king 
of  Numidia,  who  had  entered  into  an  alliance  with  him.  With 
six  legions  Pompey  destroyed  the  forces  of  both  commanders 
at  Utica,  and  captured  their  camp.      Domitius  was  killed.      Hiar- 


Page  128.]  NOTES  281 

bas     escaped     to    his     own    kingdom,    where    he    was    shortly 
afterwards   murdered,    being   succeeded    by    Hiempsal. 

14.  Transalpinum  :  a  series  of  engagements  with  tribes  of 
Transalpine  Gaul  that  had  been  induced  by  emissaries  of  Serto- 
rius  to  oppose  Pompey  on  his  march  to  Spain,  in  76  B.  c. 
Hispaniense  :  with  Sertorius  and  the  remnants  of  the  Sertorian 
party  in  Spain ;  this  war  came  to  an  end  shortly  after  the  death 
of  Sertorius  in  72  b.  c.  Between  Hispaniense  and  servile  the 
MSS.  insert  mixtum  ex  civitatibus  atque  ex  bellicosissimis  na- 
tionibus.  The  thought  of  the  inserted  clause  is  not  inappro- 
priate in  the  connection;  yet  it  is  not  good  Latin,  and  interrupts 
the  movement  of  the  sentence,  so  that  it  may  safely  be  rejected 
as  not  Ciceronian,  at  least  in  its  present  form.  servile:  on 
his  way  from  Spain  in  71,  Pompey  accidentally  fell  in  with  a 
troop  of  five  thousand  slaves,  from  the  army  of  Spartacus,  and 
easily  defeated  and  slew  them.  They  had  escaped  the  fate  of 
their  associates  in  the  battle  with  Crassus  in  Lucania,  and  were 
trying  to  cut  their  way  through  into  Gaul.  Elated  with  the  vic- 
tory, Pompey  sent  word  to  the  Senate  that  Crassus  had  beaten 
the  slaves  in  battle,  but  that  he  had  plucked  up  the  war  by  the 
roots.         navale  :   with  the  pirates ;  see  p.  32,  and  chap.  xn. 

15.  varia  .  .  .  hostium  :  i.  e.  '  different  kinds  of  wars  with 
enemies  in  far  different  places.'  17.  nullam  .  .  .  militari  : 
'that  there  is  no  point  arising  in  military  experience.' 

XI.  19.  virtuti:  here  'character,'  as  the  sum  of  the  traits 
mentioned  below.  22,  illae  sunt,  etc. :  illae  virtutes  impera- 
toriae  ('qualities  befitting  a  commander'),  quae  vulgo  existi- 
mantur  ('  are  generally  so  regarded '),  non  sunt  solae  virtutes 
imperatoriae.  The  'other  qualities'  are  not  discussed  till  chap. 
xiii.  (p.  130,  19  et  seq.). 

23.  labor  in  negotiis  :  i.  e.  '  power  of  application  in  matters 
of  routine.'  24.   industria   in    agendo:     'energy  in  action.' 

25.  consilium     in     providendo  :     'resource     in     calculation.' 

26.  quae  :    '  and  these  qualities.' 

29.   Italia,  etc.:   see   n.  to  1.   4,  above.     The   orator  touches 

lightly   on    this    point ;    for   Pompey's   service   under   Sulla  was 

against  the  leaders  of  that  party  to  representatives  of  which  he 

vas  speaking.         31.   Sicilia  —  Africa  :   see  N.  to  1.  13,  above. 

Page  128.     1.    Gallia  —  Hispania  —  Italia:  see  N.  to  p.  127, 

\.         7.   absente  :   in  Spain.     Crassus  requested  the  Senate  to 


282     SPEECH  ON  POMPEY'S  COMMISSION     [Page  12a 

recall  Pompey  from  Spain  and  Marcus  Lucullus  from  Thrace  to 
help  in  putting  down  the  war  with  Spartacus,  then  made  haste 
to  finish  the  war  himself  in  order  to  get  the  full  credit. 
9.«  iam:   'further.'        11.   universa :   'throughout  their  extent.' 

13.  Quis  locus,  etc.:  the  boldness  and  success  of  the  pirates 
at  the  time  referred  to  almost  transcend  belief.  In  the  words  of 
Mommsen  (Vol.  IV.,  p.  99) :  "  Almost  under  the  eyes  of  the  fleet 
of  Lucullus,  the  pirate  Athenodorus  surprised  in  685  (=  69  b.  c.) 
the  island  of  Delos,  destroyed  its  far-famed  shrines  and  temples, 
and  carried  off  the  whole  population  into  slavery.  The  island 
Lipara,  near  Sicily,  paid  to  the  pirates  a  fixed  tribute  annually 
to  remain  exempt  from  like  attacks.  Another  pirate  chief,  Hera- 
cleon,  destroyed  in  682  (72  B.  C.)  the  squadron  equipped  in  Sicily 
against  him,  and  ventured  with  no  more  than  four  open  boats 
to  sail  into  the  open  harbor  of  Syracuse.  .  .  .  But  even  the 
sacred  soil  of  Italy  was  no  longer  respected  by  the  shameless 
transgressors  :  from  Croton  they  carried  off  with  them  the  tem- 
ple treasures  of  the  Lacinian  Hera  ;  they  landed  in  Brundisium, 
Misenum,  and  Caieta,  in  the  Etruscan  ports,  and  even  in  Ostia 
itself;  they  seized  the  most  eminent  Roman  officers  as  captives, 
among  others  the  admiral  of  the  Cilician  army,  and  two  praetors 
with  their  whole  retinue,  with  the  dreaded  fasces  themselves  and 
all  the  insignia  of  their  dignity;  .  .  .  they  destroyed  in  the  port 
of  Ostia  the  Roman  war  fleet  equipped  against  them  and  com- 
manded by  a  consul.  The  Latin  husbandman,  the  traveller  on 
the  Appian  highway,  the  genteel  visitor  at  the  terrestrial  para- 
dise of  Baiae,  were  no  longer  secure  of  their  property  or  their 
life  for  a  single  moment ;  all  traffic  and  all  intercourse  were  sus- 
pended;  the  most  dreadful  scarcity  prevailed  in  Italy,  and  espe- 
cially in  the  capital,  which  subsisted  on  transmarine  grain." 

17.  hieme :  i.  e.  exposed  to  winter  storms ;  yet  even  these  (cf. 
Dio  Cass.,  XXXVI.,  rv.)  were  not  a  protection  against  the 
freebooters.  Navigation  on  the  Mediterranean  ordinarily  ceased 
from  about  the  middle  of  November  to  the  earlier  part  of 
March;  cf.  Acts  xxvii.  9,  12.  referto :  followed  by  the  gen. 
after  the  analogy  of  ftlenus,  Cf.  B.  204,  1;  A.  349,  a\  H.  451,  2. 
20.  omnibus  imperatoribus  :  i.  e.  living  at  that  time.  Notice 
the  chiastic  order  in  ab  omnibus  uno  anno  —  omnibus  annis  ab 
uno  imperatore.         omnibus  annis  :  i.  e.  of  his  life. 

XII.     28.  Fuit :  not  erat,  as  implying  that  what  has  been  no 


Page  129.]  NOTES  283 

longer  is  ;  cf.  p.  62,  5  and  n.  29.  proprium :  '  characteristic.1 

30.    propugnaculis  :     armies   and   fleets.  32.   dicam  :   why 

subj. ?  33.  vestri:  emphatic,  'your  own.'  According  to  Plu- 
tarch (Pomp,  xxiv.),  the  pirates  had  more  than  a  thousand  ships, 
and  had  captured   over    four    hundred    towns.  hieme :   see 

Idioms. 

Page  129.  1.  venirent:  to  Rome,  as  ambassadors.  2.  re- 
dempti  sint :  '  were  ransomed.'  There  is  a  story  that  a  certain 
Roman  ambassador  was  ransomed  by  his  wife  ;  as  no  other 
instance  of  the  kind  has  come  down  to  us,  possibly  the  pi. 
here  is  rhetorical.  3.  duodecim  secures :  i.  e.  two  praetors ; 
for  outside  of  Rome  a  praetor  was  allowed  to  have  six  lictors. 
Cf.  Plut.  Pomp.  xxiv. :  '  On  one  occasion  (the  pirates)  seized  two 
praetors,  Sextilius  and  Bellinus,  in  their  purple-bordered  robes 
of  office,  together  with  their  attendants  and  lictors,  and  carried 
them  all  off.' 

4.  Cnidum,  etc. :  all  formerly  great  commercial  centres.  See 
Map.  7.  eos  portus,  quibus,  etc. :    Caieta,   Misenum,    Ostia. 

Owing  to  the  decline  of  Italian  farming  and  the  enormous 
increase  of  population  at  Rome,  the  city  depended  for  its  sub- 
sistence on  the  supplies  of  grain  which  were  imported  from 
Sicily,  Sardinia,  Egypt,  and  Africa,  through  the  harbors  nearest 
the  city.  If  the  importation  of  grain  was  interfered  with,  there 
was  immediate  alarm ;  if  it  was  stopped,  distress  was  soon  felt. 

9.  An  vero  ignoratis:  in  ordinary  prose,  Nam  profecto  non 
ignoratis.  celeberrimum  :  *  much  frequented.'  10.  inspec- 
tante  praetore :  '  under  the  eyes  of  the  praetor '  who,  presum- 
ably, had  been  sent  to  protect  the  harbor.  12.  liberos: 
rhetorical  pi. ;  the  daughter  of  Marcus  Antonius  the  orator  was 
taken,  and  was  '  ransomed  for  a  great  sum  of  money '  (Plut. 
Pomp.  xxiv.).  For  the  efforts  of  this  Antonius  against  the 
pirates  in  102  B.C.,  see  Mommsen,  Vol.  III.,  p.  171;  for  those 
of  his   son,  see   n.  to  p.  143,  2. 

15.  cum :  i.  e.  quae  turn  accepta  est,  cum.  prope  inspec- 

tantibus  vobis :  Ostia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  was  only 
sixteen  miles  from  Rome;  yet  there  the  pirates  sailed  into  the 
harbor  '  and  burned  the  ships  and  plundered  everything '  (Dio 
Cass.  XXXVI.  v.).  16.  consul :  his  name,  omitted  by  Cicero 
no  doubt  to  spare  the  disgrace,  is  not  known.  20.  lucem : 
i.  e.  hope  of  safety.  adferre :   '  shed.'  22.  ei :    saves  the 


284     SPEECH  ON  POxMPEY'S  COMMISSION     [Page  130. 

repetition  of  vos  ;  in  our  idiom,  =  ' even  you.'  How  lit? 
Oceani  ostium :  i.  e.  /return  Gaditanum,  the  Straits  of  Gibral- 
tar;  contrasted  —  also  with  chiastic  arrangement  —  with  ostium 
Tiberinum.  The  contrast  was  more  forceful  to  the  ancient  than 
to  the  modern  mind,  because  of  the  primitive  but  current  con- 
ception of  the  ocean  as  a  stream  flowing  about  the  earth. 

24.  Atque:  'And  then.'  25.  praetereunda  non  sunt:  for 

praetereundum  non  est ;  attracted  to  agree  with  haec,  which  be- 
longs with  gesta  sint.  27.  tarn  brevi  tempore :  repeated  in 
celeriter  j  for  tarn  brevi  tempore-  quam  celeriter  is  simply  a 
fuller  expression  for  tarn  celeriter  qttam,  making  prominent  the 
great  rapidity  of  movement.  29.  tanti  belli  impetus  :  i.  e. 
1  an  attacking  fleet  of  so  great  force ; '  a  striking  metaphor,  per- 
haps chosen  to  provide  a  subject  parallel  with  quis j  in  simple 
prose,  quam  Cn.  Pompeius  dux  cum  tanta  classe  tanto  impetu 
navigavit.  31.  adiit,  exploravit,  venit  :  simultaneously, 
through  his  lieutenants.  32.  frumentaria  subsidia :  see  N. 
to  1.  7,  above. 

Page  130.  1.  duabus  Hispaniis:  Citeriore  et  Ulteriore ;  cf. 
p.  6o.  2.  Gallia  Transalpina :  i.  e.  Gallia  ATarbonensis,  along 
the  southern  coast.  4.  Achaiam :  when  coupled  with  Graecia 
refers  to  the  Peloponnesus  only;  the  province  of  Achaia  was 
not  organized  till  many  years  after  the  subjugation  of  Greece, 
in  146  b.  c.  Italiae  duo  maria :  the  Tuscan  and  the  Adriatic. 
6.    ut :    '  after.'  8.    Ciliciam  :    the    stronghold    of    piracy. 

10.  imperio  ac  potestati :  i.  e.  they  not  only  surrendered,  but 
surrendered  unconditionally.  According  to  Strabo  (XIV.  HI.  par. 
66s),  Pompey  burned  more  than  thirteen  hundred  ships  of  the 
pirates  (cf.  N.  to  p.  128,  33),  'and  utterly  destroyed  their  settle- 
ments. Of  those  who  survived  the  battles  he  carried  some  off 
to  Soli  (in  Cilicia ;  see  Map),  to  which  he  gave  the  name  Pom- 
peiopolis,  and  others  to  Dyme  (in  Thrace),  which  was  losing 
its  population,  but  is  now  a  Roman  colony.' 

11.  Cretensibus,  etc.:  the  task  of  subduing  the  Cretans  had 
been  assigned  in  68  B.  c.  to  Quintus  Metellus,  who  was  carrying  it 
out  with  the  greatest  cruelty.  Nominally  Crete  came  under  the 
provisions  of  the  Gabinian  bill  ;  and  Pompey,  in  the  face  of  all 
requirements  of  military  courtesy,  encouraged  the  inhabitants  to 
make  terms  with  him,  from  whom  they  would  no  doubt  receive 
better    treatment    than    from    Metellus.      The    latter,    however, 


Page  131.]  NOTES  285 

strenuously  resisted  this  interference  with  his  prerogatives,  and 
Pompey  wisely  let  the  matter  drop.  usque  in  Pamphyliam  : 
strong  expression,  appropriate  for  one  going  from  Rome;  but  it 
was  only  a  short  distance  from  Crete  to  Pamphylia.  Cicero's 
hearers  were  not  well  posted  on  nice  points  in  the  geography 
of  the  Orient.  12.  legatos  deprecatoresque  :  i.  e.  legatos  ad 
deprecandum.  13.  non  ademit ;  •  he  did  not  withhold.'  -que : 
=  '  but.'         15.  quo  bello  :  '  a  war  in  which.' 

Xm      18.    Est    haec:    'Such    is.'  19.    Quid:  =  *  But 

further.'  quas    paulo  ante,  etc. :    implied   rather  than   men- 

tioned, p.  127,  22-23.  21.  bellandi  virtus:  not  merely  'fighting 
quality,'  as  shown  by  what  follows;  rather  'military  character.' 
23.  artes  :  not  '  arts  ; '  used  as  a  synonym  of  virtutes.  huius 
.  .  .  virtutis  :  =  '  which  attend  and  wait  upon  this  trait ; '  cf. 
p.  35,  b.  27.    Quae  :    'Now  —  these.'     Why  neut.  ?  28. 

3umma,   etc.:    cf.   p.    120,   26,   and  N.  29.  aliorum:  'with 

others,'  we  should  say. 

32.  ullo  in  numero  :  i.  e.  imperatorum ;  =  '  of  any  standing.' 
34.  Quid,  etc. :  sc.  putare  possumus ;  '  What  exalted  or  worthy 
thought  for  the  welfare  of  the  state  can  we  suppose  that  this 
man  has,  who.'  B.  176,  2;  A.  390,  c\  H.  409,  1.  It  is 
not  known  to  whom  reference  is  made. 

Page  131.  3.  cupiditatem  provinciae  :  i.  e.  cupiditatem 
provinciae  retinendae  j  the  commander  mentioned  by  way  of 
illustration   was   supposed   to   be   already   in    charge.  4.    in 

quaestu :  i.  e.  on  interest.  So  Cicero  charges  Piso  (in  Pis. 
xxxv.  86),  among  other  dishonorable  transactions,  with  having 
placed  18,000,000  sesterces  (more  than  $725,000)  of  govern- 
ment money  at  interest  in  Rome.  5.  facit :  '  shows.'  7.  nisi 
qui :  '  unless  (some  one)  who ; '  on  the  principle  expressed  in 
our  proverb,  "  Whom  the  cap  fits,  let  him  put  it  on." 

11.  ferant  :  K  bring '  with  them.  12.  civium  Romanorum  : 
free  inhabitants  of  Italy  who  had  become  Roman  citizens  after 
89  b.  c. ;    cf.  p.  148,   1-5  and  N.  13.   fecerint:  why  not 

fecerunt?  15.  plures,  etc.:  plures  urbes  hostium  armis  mili- 
tum  vestroriwi  esse  deletas.  Reason  for  the  order  of  words  ? 
17.  hibernis :  provincial  cities  (with  the  exception  of  the  liberae 
civitates)  were  required  to  furnish  winter-quarters  for  the  Ro- 
man forces;  but  they  frequently  purchased  exemption  from  the 
intolerable  burden  with  great  sums  of  money. 


286 


SPEECH  ON  POMPEY'S  COMMISSION     [Page  132. 


18.  Neque  enim  :  «  And  (with  good  reason),  for  —  not.' 
19.  qui  .  .  .  continet :  perhaps  a  hint  at  the  self-indulgence 
of  the  luxury-loving  Lucullus.  21.  Hie :  '  Under  these  con* 
ditions.'  23.  non  modo :  trans,  as  if  non  modo  non  ;  cf.  p.  71, 
2 1 ,  and  n.  manus,  vestigium  :  the  former,  as  free  from  rob- 
bery and  extortion;  the  latter,  as  doing  no  damage  to  fields 
and  crops  along  the  line  of  march.  24.  cuiquam  pacato : 
freely,  '  a  single  friendly  native.'  26.  sermones  ac  litterae : 
we   should   say,  ■  verbal   and   written    reports.'  27.   militem : 

collective, 'soldiery.'  28.  Hiemis  :  'from  the  winter,'  objec- 
tive gen.;   but  avaritiae,  'for  avarice,'  is  subjective. 

XIV.  31.  Age  vero :  '  But  come,'  like  Age  nunc,  •  Come 
now,'  a  mark  of  vivid  transition  ;  used  in  the  singular  even 
when  the  following  verb,  as  here,  is  a  pi.  imp.  temperantia : 
one  of  the  four  cardinal  virtues ;  see  p.  87,  2,  and  n.  33.  incre- 
dibilem  cursum  :  '  inconceivable  (rapidity  of)  movement'  in^ 
ventum :   sc.  esse,  '  was  acquired,'  '  was  made  possible.' 

Page  132.  5.  amoenitas  :  i.  e.  amoenitas  locorum,  \  the 
charm  of  natural  scenery.'  6.  ad  cognitionem :  =  '  to  make 

its  acquaintance,'  '  to  visit  it.'  7.  signa  et  tabulas :  '  statues 
and  paintings,'  which  Roman  generals  systematically  appropriated 
and  carried  off,  as  Mummius  at  the  sacking  of  Corinth. 

13.  delapsum  :  we  should  say, '  sent  down,'  as  having  a  divinely 
appointed  mission.  14.    fuisse  .  .  .  quod  :    i.e.'  that  there 

really  were  men  of  Rome  in  the  olden  time  who  possessed  such 
self-mastery  as  this  (which  we  see  in  Pompey),  a  fact  which.' 
15.  falso  memoriae  proditum :  we  should  say,  *  based  upon 
unfounded  tradition.'  17.  adferre  :  cf .  p.  1 29,  20.  19.  ea : 

for  tanla. 

21.  aditus  ad :  in  our  idiom,  *  audiences  with.'  The  order  in 
which  the  remaining  artes  eximiae  are  treated  is  somewhat  dif- 
ferent from  that  given  at  the  beginning  (p.  130,  26-27),  and  is  as 
follows  :  facilitas  (11.  20-24)  5  ingenium  (25-28) ;  fides  (28-30) ;  hu- 
manitas  (30  et  seq.).  liberae  :  i.  e.  non  impeditae.  23.  par : 
'on  a  level  with.' 

25.  quantum  —  valeat :  '  how  great  power  he  possesses.' 
consilio  :    '  insight'  26.   in  quo  ipso  :    •  (a  talent)  in  which 

of  itself.'  27.  imperatoria  :  •  befitting  a  commander.'  hoc 
ipso  ex  loco :  put  briefly  for  cum  hoc  ipso  ex  loco  (i.  e.  the 
Rostra)  verba  faceret.     For  Cicero's  estimate  of   Pompey's  ora- 


Page  134.]  NOTES  287 

tory,  see  Brut.  Lxviil.  239.  33.  Et :  *  then ; '  Et  quisquam  in- 
troduces the  conclusion  of  the  preceding  line  of  argument. 
Notwithstanding  the  orator's  high  praise,  Pompey's  career  as  a 
whole  shows  that  he  was  a  cold-blooded  and  extremely  selfish 
man,  with  whom  his  own  advancement  was  ever  the  ruling  mo- 
tive. His  humaneness  is  praised  also  by  Dio  Cassius  (XXXVI. 
xx.);  but  the  fact  remains  that  he  could  be  cruel,  and  even 
treacherous,  when  his  own  interests  seemed  to  demand  it. 
34.  transmittendum :  i.  e.  from  the  hands  of  Glabrio ;  hence 
not    deferendum. 

Page  133.  1.  nostrae  memoriae  :  i.  e.  nostri  temporis  ; 
eius  temporis  cuius  meminimus. 

XV.     3.   auctoritas  :   '  standing.'  4.   multum,  plurimum  : 

see  Idioms.     B.  176,  2,  3,0;  A.  390,  c\  H.  416,  2.  5.   eare: 

*in  this  regard.'  6.  Vehementer  pertinere  ad:  'that  it  has 

a  very  important  bearing  on.'  8.  quis  :   cf.  p.  61,  11,  and  n. 

14.  De :  '  On.'  16.  iudicia :  in  the  offices  and  commands 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  people,  as  in  the  following  instance. 
17.  illius  diei:  when  the  bill  of  Gabinius  (see  p.  32)  was 
passed.  19.  templis :  i.  e.  the  steps  of  the  temples  about  the 
Forum. 

23.  ut  plura  non  dicam  neque :  i.  e.  '  to  leave  more  unsaid 
and  not  to ; '   stronger  than  ne  plura   dicam.  26.  qui  quo 

die  :  a  nam  eo  die  quo  is,  '  for  on  the  day  on  which  he.' 
27.  vilitas  annonae  :  Plutarch  says  (Pomp,  xxvi.)  that  'the 
immediate  fall  in  the  prices  of  market  goods  (tmv  avicov)  caused 
the  delighted  people  to  remark  that  the  very  name  of  Pompey 
had  ended  the  war.'  28.  ex  summa  inopia :  temporal,  while 
ex  summa  ubertate  is  causal.  29.  hominis :   objective  gen. 

with  spe  ('  in  such  a  man ')  and  subjective  with  nomine  (=  '  his '). 
31.  potuisset :  why  subj.  ? 

33.  invitus:  trans,  as  if  an  adv.  B.  239;  A.  290;  H.  497. 
admonui :  p.  126,  1  et  seq. 

Page  134.  2.  ad  ipsum  discrimen  eius  temporis:  cat  the 
decisive  moment  of  that  crisis.'  3.  ad :  not  in,  because  Pom- 
pey did  not  enter  the  regions  mentioned;  trans,  'into  the  vicin- 
ity of.'  7.  Et:  as  p.  132,  33.  perfecturus  sit:  'he  is 
going  to  accomplish;'  stronger  than  perficiat.  10.  rumore : 
i.  e.  eius  adventus. 

XVI.    12.  Age  vero:   cf.  p.   131,  31,   and  N.  16.  noster 


288      SPEECH    ON   POMPEY'S    COMMISSION     [Page  135 

imperator:  <a  commander  of  ours,1  i.  e.  Quintus  Metellus.  The 
orator  makes  the  most  of  a  proceeding  not  at  all  creditable  to 
Pompey;  see  n.  to  p.  130,  11.  17.  esset :  B.  309,  3;  A.  546; 
H.  600,  11.  1.  in  ultimas  prope  terras:  rhetorical  exaggera- 

tion; cf.  p.  130,  n,  and  N. 

19.   Quid:    cf.   p.   64,   6,   and   N.  20.   Mithridates,   etc.: 

Mithridates  conducted  negotiations  with  Sertorius  in  Spain  (cf. 
p.  119,  12,  and  N.);  but  of  this  incident  nothing  is  known  be- 
yond what  is  said  —  or  intimated  —  here.  The  construction  of 
eum  .  .  .  iudicavit  is  awkward  and  un-Ciceronian  ;  Eberhard 
bracketed  the  words  earn  —  Pompeius  legatum  semper  iudicavit 
as  spurious,  so  that  the  sentence  would  read  quern  ei,  quibus 
erat  moles  turn,  etc.  22.  quibus  erat  molestum  :  '  who  were 
vexed ; '  the  reference  is  probably  to  Metellus  Pius,  the  other 
commander  in  the  war  with  Sertorius.  23.  potissimum :  i.  e. 
rather  than  to  any  one  else.  Cf.  p.  126,  23,  and  n.  25.  hanc 
auctoritatem :  why  placed  here  rather  than  in  the  clause  quan- 
tum .  .  .  valituram  esse?        27.   iudiciis  :  cf.  p.  133,  16,  and  N. 

30.  Reliquum  est,  ut :  *  It  only  remains  to ; '  introduces  a 
transition  to  the  fourth  and  last  consideration  in  the  argument 
concerning  Pompey 's  military  character.  Cf.  p.  126,  19,  and  N. 
praestare  de  :    '  guarantee  for.'  31.   meminisse,  etc. :   asyn- 

deton ;    in  our  idiom,  '(but  which)  we,'  etc.  32.   sicut  .  .  . 

deorum:  sc.  dicere ;  'as  men  ought  to  speak  of  (that  which 
lies  within)  the  power  of  the  gods.'  33.   timide  et  pauca : 

=  'reverently  and  (with   only)  a  few  words.'  34.    sic    exi- 

stimo  :  =  '  hold  this  opinion.' 

Page  135.  3.  Fuit  enim  profecto  adiuncta :  e=  '  For  there 
has  certainly  been  at  the  side  of.'  4.  ad  .  .  .  gloriam  :  i.  e. 
ad  amplitudinem  augendam  et  ad  gloriam  adipiscendam. 
10.  videamur  :  trans.  '  that  we  (I)  may  be  seen.'  Why  ?  ih- 
visa :  '  offensive  '  on  account  of  arrogance  and  presumption,  the 
manifestation  of  which  on  the  part  of  mortal  man  was  thought 
to  call  down  the  jealous  vengeance  and  retribution  of  the  gods. 
The  story  of  Niobe  illustrates  this  belief;  see  the  editor's 
"  Selections  from  Ovid,"  pp.  132-137.  11.  ingrata:  'thank- 
less,' as  not  recognizing  in  past  blessings  the  hope  and  promise 
of  future  gifts. 

13.  non  sum  praedicaturus  :  it  would  be  difficult  to  present 
the  good  luck  of  Pompey  more  strongly  than  in  this  paragraph, 


Page  136.]  NOTES  289 

where  the  orator  professes  to  refrain  from  treating  the  topic,  — 
a  fine  example  of  the  rhetorical  figure  called  by  the  ancient 
grammarians  praeteritio.  17.  venti  tempos tatesque  :  in  our 
phrase,    *  wind    and    weather.'  18.     hoc  :      \  (only)    this.' 

20.  tacitus  :  '  (even)  in  silence,'  —  the  unuttered  prayers  of  the 
heart.  quot    et    quantas  :    in   our  idiom   simply   '  as ; '   the 

Latin  expression  is  more  forcible  than  the  English.  21.  Quod 
.  .  .  sit:  'And  that  this  (favor  of  fortune)  may  be  his  sure  and 
lasting  possession.'        24.   facitis  :    \  you  are  (actually)  doing.' 

25.  Qua  re :  introduces  a  summary  of  all  the  preceding  argu- 
ment as  a  preparation  for  that  which  is  to  follow.  Cf.  N.  to  p. 
66,  5.  29.    dubitatis  :    '  do  you  (still)  hesitate ; '  followed  by 

quin  .  .  .  conferatis  ('  to,'  etc.)  instead  of  conferre,  because  the 
interrogation  gives  the  principal  clause  a  negative  force.  B. 
298,  b;  A.  558;  H.  594,  11.  30.  hoc  tantum  boni :  'this  so 
great  blessing,'  '  this  so  great  advantage.' 

XVII.  34.  Quod  si:  B.  185,  2;  A.  397,  tf ;  H.  510,9.  pri- 
vatus  :  '  a  private  citizen.' 

Page  136.  1.  is  erat  deligendus :  'he  would  be  the  one  to 
be  chosen.'     B.  304,  3,  b;  A.  517,  c\  H.  583.  2.  nunc:  cf.  p. 

68,  16,  and  N.  3.  haec  opportunitas :  explained  by  the  follow- 
ing ^/'-clauses.  5.  qui  habent:  for  qui  exercitus  habe7it;  i.  e. 
Lucullus,  who  with  the  remnants  of  his  forces  was  on  the  upper 
Halys  (see  Map)  near  Pontus ;  Glabrio,  who  was  lingering  in 
the  west  of  Asia ;  and  Marcius  Rex,  who  had  three  legions  in 
Cilicia.  7.   cetera  summa  cum  salute  :    '  other  (trusts)  —  to 

the  highest  welfare '     Cf.  p.  74,  28,  and  N. 

B.     Refutation. 

10.  At  enim  :  '  But  (not  so) ;  for,'  '  But  indeed ; '  introduces 
an  objection.     Cf.  p.  35.  11.   adfectus :   'honored;'  he  had 

been  consul  in   78   b.  c.  12.    honoris,    fortunae,    virtutis, 

ingeni :  i.  e.  as  an  ex-consul,  as  a  man  of  wealth,  as  a  man  of 
character  (though  his  methods  of  acquiring  wealth  were  said 
not  to  be  above  reproach),  and  as  a  man  of  talent.  Hortensius 
was  Cicero's  chief  rival  in  oratory ;   cf.  p.  14.  13.   ratione : 

'  view.'  14.  Quorum  :  '  Now  of  those  men.'  auctoritatem  : 
here  '  weight  of  opinion.'  15.   multis  locis  :  '  on  many  occa- 

sions.' plurimum  valuisse :  see  Idioms.  17.  virorum  :  the 
supporters  of  Manilius;   see  p.  143,  13  et  seq.  18.   omissis 

19 


290      SPEECH   ON   POMPEY'S   COMMISSION     [Page  137. 

auctoritatibus  :  '  if  we  lay  aside  (the  weight  of)  opinions.''  ipsa 
re  ac  ratione  :  =  'the  actual  state  of  the  case.1  21.  isti :  the 
opponents  of  the  bill.  B.  246, 4  ;  A.  297,  c ;  H.  507, 3.  22.  summa, 
etc. :  cf.  p.  1 20,  26,  and  n. 

25.  ad  .  .  .  oportere  :  we  should  say,  '  that  all  powers  ought 
not  to  be  vested  in  a  single  individual.'  The  concentration  of 
power  authorized  by  the  bill  of  Gabinius  and  contemplated  by 
that  of  Manilius  was  inconsistent  with  both  the  spirit  and  the 
letter  of  the  Roman  constitution.  A  balance  of  authority  be- 
tween the  departments  of  government,  so  that,  except  in  the 
emergencies  provided  for  by  the  dictatorship,  one  person  might 
not  become  supreme,  had  been  the  aim  of  the  republican  or- 
ganization from  the  beginning.  For  this  principle  the  aristo- 
cratic party  had  earnestly  contended;  and  Cicero  at  heart  was 
thoroughly  in  sympathy  with  it.  He  could  not  return  any  answer 
to  the  argument  of  Hortensius  on  constitutional  grounds ;  and 
so  he  parried  it  skilfully  by  gliding  off  into  a  digression  on  the 
horrors  and  disgrace  of  the  supremacy  of  the  pirates,  and  Pom- 
pey's  success  in  ridding  the  Mediterranean  of  this  pest.  His 
sole  counter-argument  is,  if  Pompey  rescued  the  state  then,  why 
not  now  ?  In  fact  neither  Hortensius  nor  Cicero  nor  any  of 
their  contemporaries,  excepting  possibly  Caesar,  understood  that 
the  tendencies  of  the  Roman  government  were  no  longer  within 
the  channels  of  the  constitution,  or  within  the  control  of  any 
political  party.  These  had  long  since  set  toward  imperialism, 
toward  an  absolute  monarchy,  which  was  sure  to  come  sooner 
or  later.  The  bill  of  Manilius  was  passed,  not  so  much  because 
it  was  supported  by  the  eloquence  of  Cicero  as  for  the  reason 
that  it  was  directly  in  the  line  of  governmental  tendencies  at 
this  time,  another  advance  toward  the  permanent  supremacy  of 
an  individual. 

27.  ista  oratio:  'that  argument  of  yours.*  28.  Hortensi  : 
B.  25,  1 ;    A.  49,  c\    H.  83,  5.  30.  fortem:  as  sustaining  his 

position  against  the  strenuous  opposition  of  the  aristocracy.  Cf. 
p.  138,  26,  and  n.  32.  promulgasset :  'had  given  notice'  in 

accordance  with  the  rule  which  required  that  a  bill  be  announced 
publicly  at  least  seventeen  days  before  it  could  be  voted  on. 
The  interval  afforded  opportunity  for  the  discussion  of  a  measure 
in  the  Senate  as  well  as  among  the  people. 

Page  137.      2.  vera   causa  :  '  the  true  interest.'  4.  An : 


Page  137.]  NOTES  291 

B.  162,  4,  a\   A.  335,  b\   H.  380,  3.  5.  legati,  etc.:  see  p.  129, 

1  et  seq.  The  quaestors  were  probably  those  in  the  retinue  of 
the  captured  praetors.  6.  commeatu :    see   n.   to  p.    129,    7. 

8.  rem  —  obire  :  'to  transact  business.'     See  N.  to  p.  128,  13. 

XVIII.  10.  Quae  civitas,  etc. :  for  the  argument  see  N.  to 
p.  136,  25.  non  dico  Atheniensium :  =  '  I  do  not  mean  that 
of  Athens.'  The  sovereignty  of  Athens  as  a  maritime  power  in 
the  fourth  century  b.  c.  extended  over  the  islands  in  the  Aegean 
Sea,  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor  as  far  as  Pamphylia,  and  the 
Thracian  Bosporus  as  far  north  as  the  Euxine  Sea.  Cf.  Map. 
11.  mare:  i.  e.  imperium  maris.  12.  permultum:  see  Idioms. 
13.  Rhodiorum :  after  the  time  of  Alexander  Rhodes  became 
the  most  powerful  among  maritime  states,  and  also  a  centre  of 
art  and  culture.  Its  power  had  now  declined,  but  even  in 
Cicero's  day  men  went  to  Rhodes  to  study  oratory,  as  did 
Caesar  and  Cicero  himself. 

16.  quae  non  :  =  utea  —  non.  19.  legem  Gabiniam  :  see 
p.  32.  20.  cuius  nomen:  'although  its  name.'  B.  283,  3,  £; 
A.  535,  e ;  H.  593,  2.  21.  invictum  :  true  only  in  a  rhetorical 

sense.  22.  ac  :  =  *  and  in  fact'  23.  utilitatia  :  because  of 
inability  to  collect  revenues  and  protect  commerce.  dignitatis 
et  imperi:  because  unable  to  protect  its  allies  or  even  its  own 
officers. 

24.  Antiochum:  after  the  battle  at  Thermopylae,  in  191  b.  c, 
the  Romans  opened  a  way  to  Asia  across  the  Aegean  Sea  by 
defeating  two  fleets  of  Antiochus  near  the  Ionian  coast,  and 
also  an  allied  fleet,  commanded  by  Hannibal,  off  Aspendus. 
Persem:  after  the  battle  of  Pydna,  B.C.  168,  Perseus  fled  to 
Samothrace,  but  there  gave  himself  up  without  a  struggle  to  the 
Roman  admiral  Gnaeus  Octavius.  Octavius  afterwards  cele- 
brated a  triumph  in  honor  of  this  event,  a  triumph,  as  Livy  dryly 
remarks  (XLV.  xlii.),  'without  captives  and  without*  spoils.' 

25.  omnibus  navalibus  pugnis  :  rhetorical  overstatement ; 
witness  the  crushing  defeat  of  Marcus  Claudius  Pulcher  off 
Drepanum,  in  Sicily,  in  249  b.  c.  27.  ei :  saves  the  repetition 
of  nosy  =  'even  we.'  Cf.  p.  129,  22,  and  n.  28.  pares:  =  'a 
match  for.'  30.  salvos  praestare :  = '  to  guarantee  the  safety 
of.'  32.  quo  .  .  .  commeabant  :  Delos  was  a  convenient 
stopping-place  for  the  route  between  Greece  and  Asia,  and  was 
thought  to   be   secure  from  all  attack  on  account  of  the  sacred- 


292     SPEECH  ON  POMPEY'S  COMMISSION     [Page  138, 

ness  of  its  sanctuaries;  cf.  N.  to  p.  70,  1.  After  the  destruction 
of  Corinth,  b.  c.  146,  it  increased  rapidly  in  importance  as  a 
centre  of  traffic.  Already  in  the  First  Mithridatic  War  it  had 
suffered  at  the  hands  of  a  general  of  Mithridates,  Menophanes 
by  name,  who  murdered  the  inhabitants,  carried  away  the  offer- 
ings and  treasures  of  the  temples,  and  razed  the  city  Delos  to 
the  ground. 

33.  referta  .  .  .  muro  :  ■  although  filled,'  etc.  34.  eidem : 

as  ei,  in  1.  27. 

Page  138.  2  Appia  via,  etc. :  i.  e.  even  the  Appian  Way 
was  unsafe;  see  n.  to  p.  128,  13.  4.  hunc  ipsum  locum:  the 

Rostra,  as  adorned  with  the  spoils  of  naval  victories  (exuviis 
nanticis)',  see  n.  on  p.  227. 

XIX.  7.  Bono  animo:  here  *  with  good  intentions.'  10.  in 
salute  communi :  =  '  in  a  matter  affecting  the  public  safety.' 
dolori :    '  hurt.' 

16.  Quo,  et  seq. :  '  Wherefore  I  think  it  all  the  more  a  shame 
that  opposition  has  been  raised,'  etc.  The  rest  of  this  chapter 
is  devoted  to  a  digression  regarding  the  question  whether 
Gabinius  should  be  allowed  to  serve  under  Pompey  as  a  lieu- 
tenant. Provincial  lieutenants  were  nominated  by  the  Senate, 
which  ordinarily  consulted  the  wishes  of  the  governors.  There 
was  a  law  that  if  any  one  proposed  a  bill  granting  extraordinary 
powers  to  a  magistracy,  neither  he  nor  his  relatives  should  be 
eligible  to  the  position  ;  and  this  provision  was  construed  to 
apply  also  to  the  subordinate  officer  under  a  magistrate  with 
extraordinary  authority.  When  Pompey  undertook  the  command 
of  the  war  with  the  pirates,  Gabinius  was  a  tribune,  and  could 
not  leave  the  city.  Though  his  term  as  tribune  had  expired, 
he  was  still  ineligible  to  a  lieutenancy  so  long  as  Pompey  was 
holding  the  command  proposed  by  him.  Here  again  the  orator 
does  not  argue  the  case  on  legal  grounds,  and  touches  very 
lightly  on  the  point  at  issue. 

20.  idoneus  .  .  .  impetret :  =  *  is  not  fit  to  have  his  request 
granted.'     Reason   for  the   subjunctives?  26.    periculo  :    in 

the  confusion  and  strife  attending  the  passing  of  this  bill  Gabi- 
nius nearly  lost  his  life.  See  Mommsen,  Vol.  IV.  p.  135  et  seq. 
27.  An,  et  seq. :  trans,  the  clause  C.  Falcidius  .  .  .  ftotuerunt 
with  '  while,'  commencing  the  interrogation  with  in  nno  Gabinio. 
The    Latin   often  chooses   the  antithetical  or  co-ordinating  form 


Page  139.]  NOTES  293 

of  statement  where  the  English  prefers  the  arrangement  of 
principal  and  subordinate  clauses. 

28.  honoris  causa  nomino  :  '  I  mention  with  all  due 
respect;'  a  kind  of  apology  for  bringing  in  the  names  of  men 
still  living.  29.  anno  proximo:  apparently  there  was  a  pro- 
vision, or  at  least  a  custom,  that  tribunes  of  the  -  people  should 
not  go  out  as  lieutenants  the  next  year  after  their  term  of 
office.  31.  diligentes  :  '  scrupulous.'  32.   in  :  trans,  by 

1  under '  with  hoc  imperatore,   '  in  '   with   exercitu.  33.  prae- 

cipuo  iure  :  i.  e.  praeter  alios ;  with  esse  [legatus]  deberet, 
'ought  above  all  others  to  be  (a  lieutenaftt).'  Some,  however, 
think  that  legatus  need  not  be  supplied,  and  render  'ought  to 
have   the   first   claim.' 

Page  139.  2.  dubitabunt :  i.  e.  rem  ad  senatum  referre. 
ego  .  .  .  relaturum:  taking  advantage  of  the  right  he  had  as 
praetor  to   bring   business   before   the    Senate.  4.  inimicum 

edictum :  of  a  consul,  who  as  presiding  officer  mighj  endeavor 
to  head  off  the  threatened  proposal  by  issuing  a  '  decree  '  con- 
fining the  Senate  to  the  order  of  the  day.  vestrum  ius 
beneficiumque :  as  conferred  upon  Pompey  and  entitling  him  to 
have  whom  he  might  choose  as  lieutenants.  5.  neque,  etc.: 
=  'and  I  shall  heed  nothing  short  of  a  veto,'  pronounced  by  a 
consul  or  tribune.  The  orator  could  afford  to  threaten;  for  if 
the  bill  of  Manilius  failed  to  pass,  there  would  be  no  oppor- 
tunity for  Gabinius  to  go  as  lieutenant ;  if  it  passed,  so  soon 
as  Pompey  undertook  the  commission  established  by  it  the 
main  obstacle  to  Gabinius's  lieutenancy  ceased  (see  n.  to  p.  138, 
16).  In  fact  Gabinius  did  serve  with  Pompey  under  the  new 
commission,  and  took  advantage  of  his  position  to  amass  a 
fortune. 

6.  isti  .  .  .  considerabunt  :  i.  e.  it  is  very  doubtful  if  they 
will   dare   to   interpose    a   veto.  10.   socius    ascribitur :   '  is 

enrolled  as  an  associate.' 

XX.  13.  Reliquum  est  :  cf.  p.  126,  19^  and  N.  auctori- 
tate :  cf.  p.  136,  14,  and  n.  15.  quaereret :  i.e.  in  an  address 
to  the  people  on  the  bill  of  Gabinius.  omnia  poneretis  :  = 

'you  should  vest  all  authority;'  see  n.  to  p.  136,  25.  si  .  .  . 
factum  esset :  '  if  anything  should  happen  to  him,'  euphemistic ; 
cf.  p.  104,  17,  and  N.  eo:  B.  2) 
18.    cum  :  =  eo,  quod,  '  in  that.' 


294     SPEECH   ON   POMPEY'S   COMMISSION     [Page  140. 

19.  talis  est  vir,  etc. :  this  high  tribute  to  the  character  of 
Catulus  is  borne  out  by  all  that  is  known  of  him.  22.  in 
hoc  ipso:  'on  this  very  point,'  the  uncertainty  of  human  life; 
the  orator  very  neatly  turns  the  point  on  Catulus.  vehemen- 
tissime:    see   p.   359.  23.    quo   minus  —  hoc    magis :     'the 

less  —the  more.'  B.  223;  A.  414,  a;  H.  479,  I.  25.  viri  vita 
atque  virtute  :  notice  the  alliteration. 

27.  At  enim:  cf.  p.  136,  10,  and  N. ;  the  ellipsis  may  be  sup- 
plied thus, — At  imperium  Cn.  Pompeio  deferetidum  non  est;  est 
enim  cavendum  ne  quid,  etc.  Our  ancestors  did  not  concen- 
trate authority  in  the  hands  of  one  man  ;  therefore  we  ought 
not  to  do  so.  Cf.  N.  to  p.  136,  25.  28.  Non  dicam,  etc. :  cf. 
p.   135,   13,  and  N.  30.   ad  .  .  .  rationes :   freely,  'the   con- 

siderations of  new  measures  to  the  demands  of  new  conditions.' 
32.  ab  uno  imperatore :  Scipio  was  consul  in  147  B.  c,  and 
again  in  134,  in  spite  of  the  law  that  no  one  should  be  twice 
consul ;  and  in  both  consulships  he  won  glorious  victories. 
Marius  was  seven  times  consul. 

Page  140.     2.   nuper :   forty  years   previously.  7.   summa 

Q.  Catuli  voluntate  :  '  with  the  fullest  approval  of  Quintus 
Catulus,'  i.  e.  of  the  aristocratic  party  which  Catulus  repre- 
sented; it  is  not  necessary  to  suppose  that  Catulus  himself 
actually  voted  for  each  measure  mentioned. 

XXI.    9.  Quid :   sc.  fuit.  10.   difficili,  etc. :    see  Idioms. 

conficere :  '  raise.'  For  the  incident  referred  to,  see  N.  to  p. 
127,  4.  11.   Huic  praeesse  :   sc.  what?  Hem  —  gerere  : 

see  Idioms. 

14.  a  senatorio  gradu  :  when  Pompey  was  sent  to  Sicily 
(see  n.  to  p.  127,  13)  he  was  only  twenty-four  years  old.  In  this 
period  a  man  was  not  admitted  to  the  Senate  till  he  had  held 
the  office  of  quaestor,  and  one  could  not  become  quaestor  be- 
fore the  end  of  his  thirtieth  year.  19.  deportavit :  the  term 
regularly  used  of  bringing  anything  from  the  provinces  to  Rome. 

20.  equitem  Romanum  triumphare  :  ordinarily  only  consuls 
and  praetors  were  allowed  to  triumph ;  the  triumph  of  Pompey, 
in  celebration  of  his  victory  over  Hiarbas  (see  n.  to  p.  127,  13; 
triumphs  were^not  allowed  for  victories  over  Roman  citizens  in 
the  civil  wars),  was  the  first  exception  to  this  rule.  22.  vidit: 
\  has  witnessed,1  '  has  lived  to  see ; '  while  visere  means  '  to  go 
to  see '  out  of  curiosity,  and  concelebrare  '  to  join  in  celebrating ' 
with  festal  attire  and  shouts  of  joy.         studio:  'enthusiasm.' 


Page  141.]  NOTES  295 

24.   inusitatum  :   in  the  sense  of  contra  niorem.  duo  con- 

sules :  of  the  year  yy  b.  c,  Mam'ercus  Aemilius  Lepidus  and 
Decimus  Junius  Brutus,  both  of  whom  had  declined  to  assume 
command  of  the  war  with  Sertorius.  26.  bellum  :   see  n.  to 

Hispaniense,  p.  127,  14.  pro  consule  :  i.  e.  with  the  rank  and 
authority  of  a  proconsul  in  a  province.  28.  non  nemo:  we 
should  say,  'more  than  one.'  29.  L.  Philippus  :  famous  for 
his  sharp  wit.  31.   rei  .  .  .  gerendae  :    '  of  a  successful  han- 

dling of  the  state's  interest.' 

Page  141.  1.  ex  senatus  consulto :  well  introduced  here, 
as  pointing  out  the  favoring  of  Pompey  by  the  Senate,  the 
party  which  was  opposing  this  bill.  The  Senate  settled  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  triumphs ;  yet  in  setting  aside  the  restrictions 
referred  to,  it  assumed  a  prerogative  belonging  to  the  people. 
2.  legibus  solutus  :  '  released  from  the  restrictions '  which 
placed  the  earliest  legal  age  for  holding  the'  consulship  at  forty- 
three,  and  made  it  necessary  for  a  man  to  have  been  praetor 
before  consul,  and  quaestor  before  praetor.  Pompey  became 
consul  when  he  was  thirty-five.  ullum  alium  magistratum : 
Cicero  is  thinking  only  of  the  consular  offices;  for  the  quaestor- 
ship  could  have  been  held  after  the  age  of  thirty.  Mommsen, 
however,  thinks  that  the  legal  age  for  the  quaestorship  was 
thirty-seven,  though  men  were  for  various  reasons  admitted  to  it 
earlier. 

4.  iterum  eques :  i.  e.  not  yet  admitted  to  the  Senate  and  into 
the  senatorial  order;  cf.  N.  to  p.  122,  23.  This  triumph  was  over 
the  Spanish  tribes  in  alliance  with  Sertorius  (n.  to  p.  127,  14), 
and  was  celebrated  Dec.  31,  b.  c.  71,  the  day  before  Pompey  en- 
tered upon  the  duties  of  the  consulship.  5.  Quae  in  —  nova, 
ea :  = '  And  the  innovations  which  in  the  case  of.'  8.  Atque : 
'And  further;'  the  aristocracy  through  the  Senate  are  respon- 
sible for  all  these  innovations. 

XXII.     12.    non    ferendum :  =  intolerabile.  16.    cum: 

*  now    that.'  24.    plus  .  .  .  vidistis  :    *  have  had   a  deeper 

insight  in  regard   to   public   interests.'  26.    aliquando :   for 

tandem  aliquando.  isti  principes  :  Catulus  and  Hortensius 
as  leaders  of  the  aristocracy. 

29.  Atque,  etc. :  application  of  the  more  general  statement 
in  chapters  xiii.  and  xiv.  to  the  case  in  hand.  Asiatico  et 

regio :    the    epithets    suggest    the    luxury  of    surroundings    and 


296     SPEECH  ON  POMPEY'S  COMMISSION    [Page  142. 

wealth  of  plunder  against  the  seductions  of  which  few  Roman 
officers    were    proof.  33.    interiorum  :    '  further  inland.' 

34.  nostrum  imperatorem  :  '  a  general  of  ours.'  nihil  aliud : 
i.  e.  de  alia  re.     Kind  of  ace.  ? 

Page  142.  2.  pudore  ac  temperantia  moderatiores :  = 
'possessed  of  more  than  ordinary  conscientiousness  and  self- 
mastery.'  3.  cupidorum  :  i.  e.  pecuniae ;  for  avarorum. 
7.  libidines :  '  acts  of  lawlessness.'  11.  quibus  causa  belli 
.  .  .  inferatur :  ■  against  which  a  pretext  for  war  can  be  devised.' 

13.  coram :  as  we  say,  ■  between  ourselves,'  where  we  can 
talk    over    men    and    deeds    freely.  17.    hostium   simula- 

tione  :  =  '  making  the  enemy  a  pretext  (merely).'  19.  non 

modo :  may  be  translated  as  if  non  dicam,  '  I  will  not  say ' ;  the 
following  sed  is  for  sed  etiam.  20.    animos   ac   spiritus 

capere  :  'satisfy  the  arrogance  and  insolence.' 

XXIII.  22.  collatis  signis :  see  Idioms.  How  lit.  ?  24.  erit 
idem  :   l  shall  also  be  (one).'  26.   gaza  :    Persian  word,  gen- 

erally used   of   oriental    treasure.  27.   manus,    oculos,   ani- 

mum :  rhetorical  amplification  of  se.  29.  Ecquam  :  emphatic. 
pacatam  fuisse  :  'has  been  considered  tranquillized,'  i.e.  'has 
been  left  in  peace.'  31.   pacata  esse :   '  to  be  in  a  state  of 

tranquillity.'  The  only  alleviating  feature  of  the  Roman  pro- 
vincial government  of  this  period  is,  that  it  was  in  many  cases 
no  more  harsh  or  rapacious  than  the  government  which  pre- 
ceded it. 

Page  143-  1.  pecunia  publica :  see  p.  131,  1-4,  and  n. 
praeter  paucos  :  a  saving  phrase,  to  avoid  giving  offence  by  a 
sweeping  statement.  2.  neque  .  .  .  nomine :   '  and  that  they 

were  gaining  nothing  else  with  their  fleets  existing  only  in  name ' 
(how  lit?);  i.  e.  the  fleets  being  in  so  deplorable  a  state  because 
the  money  appropriated  for  them  had  been  embezzled.  A  noto- 
rious instance  was  that  of  Marcus  Antonius,  named  Creticus, 
son  of  the  orator,  who  in  74  b.  c.  held  a  command  against  the 
pirates  which  he  turned  to  his  own  advantage,  finally  losing  what 
fleet  he  had  in  a  battle  with  the  Cretans. 

4.  cupiditate:  for  money.  Men  ran  heavily  into  debt  with  a 
view  to  recouping  themselves  from  the  governorship  of  a  prov- 
ince. 5.  iacturis  :  '  outlays,'  expenditures  incurred  in  buying 
one's  way  to  power.  6.  condicionibus  :  '  terms '  with  cred- 
itors and  political  supporters.  7.   qui  .  .  .  arbitrantur  :   cl 


Page  144.]  NOTES  297 

p.  136,  25,  and  N.  10.  nolite  dubitare :  'do  not  hesitate.' 
B.  276,  c\  A.  450;  H.  561,  1.     For  the  constr.  with  quin,  cf.  p.  135, 

29.  and  n.        11.    unus  :  '  the  (only)  one.' 

14.  est  vobis  auctor :  'you  have  as  a  supporter'  of  the  bill. 
15.   P.  Servilius  :   see  Vocab.  under  Vatia.  18.    Curio :  see 

Vocab.  under  Curio  (1).  20.  ingenio  :   here,  as  often,  refers 

particularly  to  oratorical  talent.  21.  pro  :  « consistently  with.' 
22.  gravitatem :  when  censor  in  70  B.  C.  with  Lucius  Gellius, 
this  Lentulus  (no.  4  in  Vocab.)  removed  from  the  Senate  no 
fewer  than  sixty-four  members,  not  far  from  an  eighth  of  the 
whole  number.         24.  ut:   here  'how,'  'whether.' 

Conclusion,    xxiv. 

XXIV.  27.  Quae  .  .  .  sint :  here  used  to  introduce  the  con- 
clusion of  the  entire  speech;  cf.  p.  36.  28.  voluntatem  et 
sententiam  :    '  feeling  and  expressed  opinion,'  amplifying  legem. 

30.  auctore  populo  Romano  :  as  we  should  say  '  backed  by 
the    Roman    people,'    '  with    the    Roman    people    behind    you.' 

31.  vim  aut  minas :  perhaps  a  hint  at  the  unhappy  experience 
of  Gabinius  the  year  before;  cf.  p.  138,  26,  and  n.  33.  studio: 
as  p.  140,  22.  34.  iterum  nunc :  counting  the  passing  of 
Gabinius's  bill  as  the  first  time. 

Page  144.  1.  quid  est,  quod:  'what  reason  is  there,  that.' 
de  re  :  i.  e.  de  praeficiendo  Pompeio. 

4.  quicquid :  see  Idioms.  hoc  beneficio :  '  by  reason  of 

this  preferment,'  the  honor  of  the  praetorship,  as  explained  and 
amplified  by  the  following  clause.  9.  huic  loco  temploque : 

'this  place  and  consecrated  spot.'  The  original  idea  of  tern- 
plum  was  a  place  set  aside  for  worship  ;  after  that  either  a 
place  or  a  building  that  had  been  consecrated  by  certain  reli- 
gious acts.  The  Rostra  belonged  to  the  latter  category. 
12.   quo  :  =  quia,  'because.'  13.  quo  :  =  ut  eo,  'in    order 

that  by  this  means.'  17.  ab  uno  :  for  ab  ('  at  the  hands  of ') 
uno  homine,   referring    to    Pompey.  18.    ratione :    '  calling,' 

'profession,'  of  advocate. 

20.  mihi :  trans,  as  if  a  me ;  see  n.  to  p.  1 59,  23.  22.  tan- 

turn,  etc.:  see  Vocab.  under  absu?n.  B.  284,  1;  A.  571,  b\  H. 
570,  2.  25.  non  inutiles :  litotes.  B.  375,  1;  A.  326,  c; 
H.    752,    8.  27.    beneficiis :    praetorship,    curule    aedileship, 

quaestorship.  30.    rationibus  :  \  interests.1 


298  THE   ORATION   FOR  ARCHIAS       [Page  145. 


THE   ORATION    FOR  ARCHIAS. 

Page  145-  A.  Licinio  Archia  :  the  name  Archias  (Apxias] 
was  not  an  uncommon  one,  particularly  among  the  Dorian 
Greeks.  The  Latin  no?nen  and  praenomen  were  assumed  when 
the  poet  became  a  Roman  citizen,  Licinius  being  the  gens  name 
of  his  chief  patrons,  the  Luculli ;  but  why  he  chose  the  forename 
Aulus  instead  of  one  of  those  common  in  the  family  of  the 
Luculli  is  not  clear. 

Oratio:  delivered  before  a  court  (quaestio),  over  which  the 
orator's  brother,  Quintus  Cicero,  presided,  being  then  praetor. 
Whether  this  was  one  of  the  regular  courts  (cf.  p.  6o),  as  the 
quaestio  de  maiestate,  or  a  commission  established  by  the  statute 
under  which  the  poet  was  brought  to  trial,  is  not  known ;  it  is 
more  likely  to  have  been  the  latter.  For  an  outline  of  the 
thought,  see  p.  48. 

Introduction. 

Exordium  —  Partitio.    L,  II. 

I.  L  Si  quid,  etc. :  '  Whatever  talent  (i.  e.  for  public  speak- 
ing ;  see  N.  to  p.  143,  20),  .  .  .  whatever  readiness  of  speech,  .  .  . 
whatever  (acquaintance  with  the)  theory  of  this  art  (of  public 
speaking),  .  .  .  reside  in  me,  jurors.'  The  orator  mentions  the 
first  two  essentials  to  success  in  oratory  (natural  ability  and 
the  readiness  acquired  by  practice)  as  leading  up  to  the  third, 
in  which  lay  the  basis  of  his  obligation  to  Archias.  ingeni : 
why  not  ingenii?  quod:   subject  of  sit;  trans,  as  if  et  id. 

Self-depreciatory  beginnings  were  common  in  speeches  of  this 
kind,  being  intended  to  win  the  favorable  attention  of  the 
jurors.  2.  aut  —  aut :   for  et —  et,  as  more  modest. 

3.  non  infitior :  litotes.  B.  375,  1;  A.  326,  c\  H.  752,  8. 
Note  the  increase  in  positiveness,  sentio  —  non  infitior — co?ifiteor. 
4.  optimarum  .  .  .  disciplina  :  —  '  the  pursuit  and  training  of 
the  most  liberal  studies '  (cf.  p.  146,  29),  i.  e.  philology,  or  gram- 


Page  146.] 


NOTES  299 


mar  in  the  broad  sense,  rhetoric,  music,  and  philosophy.  Cicero 
was  a  firm  believer  in  general  culture  as  a  foundation  for  ora- 
tory. 5.  a  qua  .  .  .  abhorruisse :  '  to  which  .  .  .  has  been 
inattentive,'  or  '  of  which  .  .  .  has  been  neglectful ; '  the  ante- 
cedent of  qua  is  ratio.  Cicero,  as  a  practical  lawyer,  in  a  way 
apologizes  to  a  jury  of  practical  men  for  having  given  atten- 
tion to  the  theory  of  oratory.  6.  aetatis  :  =  vitae.  7.  vel : 
'  even.'  hie  :  not  necessarily  spoken  with  a  gesture ;  why  ? 
A.  Licinius :  the  orator  cleverly  assumes  the  citizenship  of  Ar- 
chias  by  using  his  Latin  name. 

8.  suo  iure :  '  by  an  indefeasible  right ; '  stronger  than  iure 
alone,  as  implying  that  the  right  is  fully  admitted  by  the 
speaker.     Cf.  B.  244,  4;    H.   503,  4.  9.    quoad  longissime : 

=  'just  as  far  as.'  10.  memoriam  ultimam  :  'the  earliest  rec- 
ollection.' 11.  inde  usque  repetens :  =  '  going  back  even 
to  that  time.1  How  lit.?  12.  suscipiendam :  'choosing.' 
13.    rationem :  'course.' 

14.  Quod:  'Now.'  B.  185,2;  A.  397,  a;  H.  510,  9.  prae- 
ceptis  :  not  institutione,  '  instruction,'  because  Archias  was  only 
an  intimate  adviser,  not  a  teacher,  of  Cicero.  15.  non  nullis 
aliquando  :   modest  expression.  a  quo :  the  apodosis  begins 

here.  16.  ceteris :  '  the  rest '  of  my  clients  in  general,  who 
have   availed  themselves  of  my  services.  alios  :    '(many) 

others '  than  Archias,  who  have  been  brought  to  trial  before 
a  criminal  court.  Both  ceteris  and  alios  are  proleptic,  and 
should  be  introduced  in  trans,  after  huic  ipsi.  17.  quantum, 
etc. :  see  Idioms. 

19.  ita :  '  so  (strongly).'  alia,  etc. :   strange  that  an  orator 

should  confess  obligation  to  a  poet.  20.  sit:  what  different 
force  would  est  have  here?  neque:  'and  not.'  21.  aut: 
instead  of  ac,  on  account  of  the  preceding  negative.  huic 

uni  studio :  of  oratory.  22.  penitus :  '  exclusively.'  dediti 
fuimus  :  'have  been  devoted ; '  fuimus  is  often  preferred  to 
sumus  when  the  accompanying  perfect  pass,  participle,  as  here, 
has  more  of  an  adjective  than  a  participial  force. 

Page  146-  2.  inter  se  continentur:  'stand  related  to  one 
another.'  Cf.  Cic.  de  Orat.  III.  vi.  21  :  Est  etiam  ilia  Platonis 
vera  .  .  .  vox  ( '  saying ' )  omnem  doctrinam  harum  ingenua- 
rum  et  humanarum  artium  uno  quodam  societatis  vinculo 
contineri. 


300 


THE    ORATION    FOR   ARCHIAS       [Page  146 


II.  4.  in  .  .  .  publico  :  in  our  phrase,  '  before  a  statute 
commission  and  state's  court;'  quaestio  legitima,  as  established 
under  a  statute  (lex)  and  not  as  a  special  commission  (quaestio 
extraordinarid),  such  as  were  sometimes  raised  for  criminal 
cases ;  indicium  publicum,  as  a  court  for  cases  affecting  the 
state,  not  for  the  trial  of  contentions  between  individuals.  res 
agatur :  '  the  case  is  being  tried.'  5.  praetorem :  see  n 
to  oratio,  on  p.  298. 

6.  conventu  hominum  ac  frequentia  :  in  phrases  like  this 
Cicero  usually  puts  the  gen.  after  the  first  noun.  Cf.  A.  598,^; 
H.  668,  2.  9.  ut  —  detis  veniam,  ut  patiamini :  forceful 
pleonasm.  11.   huic  reo  :    'to  this  (my)  client.'  13.  hoc  : 

'such.'  14.  hoc  praetore  :  the  commentators  interpret  this 
as  a  complimentary  reference  to  the  taste  and  achievements  of 
Quintus  Cicero  as  a  literary  man  and  poet.  His  poems  have  all 
perished  with  the  exception  of  a  few  verses,  among  which  are  a 
couple  of  cynical  epigrams. 

16.  liberius  :  i.  e.  liberius  quam  patitur  consuetudo  iudiciorum 
et  fori,  as  Cicero  himself  says  elsewhere  .(Brut.  xxxi.  120).  in 
eius  modi  persona:  '  in  (the  case  of)  a  character  such  as  this' 
of  Archias.  17.  otium  ac  studium  :  '  retirement  and  devotion 
to  study.'        in  —  tractata  est:  we  say  'has  been  drawn  into.' 

18.  periculis  :  =  '  legal   actions,'   referring   to    criminal    cases. 

19.  Quod  si  :  here  =  et  si  id.  20.  tribui  :  implies  that  a 
request  is  granted  freely ;  concedi,  not  without  opposition. 
21.  segregandum :  sc.  esse.  23.  asciscendum  fuisse  :  sc. 
in  numerum  civium ;   why  not  esse? 

Narratio.     iii.-iv.  (1.  8). 

III.  24.  ut  primum :  see  Idioms.  ex  pueris :  concrete  foi 
abstract ;  =  a  pueritia.  25.  ad  :  '  with  a  view  to.'  27.  An- 
tiochiae :  at  this  time  second  in  importance  only  to  Alexandria 
among  the  cities  of  the  East,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  it  had 
been  greatly  disturbed  by  the  dynastic  quarrels  which  had  rent  the 
kingdom  of  Syria,  and  by  the  inroads  of  the  Parthians. 

28.  loco:  'station,1  'rank.1  urbe :  B.  169,  4;  A.  282,  d\ 
H.  483,  2.  29.  studiis:  see  N.  to  p.  145,  4.  adfluenti : 
'=  abundanti.  30.    contigit :  used   with   the   infin.    by   Cicero 

only    here.  31.    cuncta    Graecia:     cf.   p.    120,   20,   and    N. 


Page  147.]  NOTES  301 

33.  ipsius  :  subjective  with  adventus,  objective  with  admiratio; 
'his  coming  (in  each  case)  and  the  admiration  for  him.'  It  was 
nothing  uncommon  for  poets,  particularly  such  as  extemporized, 
to  wander  from  place  to  place.     Cf.  p.  46. 

Page  147.  1.  Italia:  contrasted  with  Latio,  but  referring 
particularly  to  Southern  Italy,  the  region  of  the  Greek  cities. 
2.  Latio :  in  a  broad  sense,  meaning  all  that  part  of  Italy  where 
Latin  was  spoken;  cf.  p.  155,  2,  and  n.  3.   turn:  before  the 

Social  War.  4.  tranquillitatem :  between  the  death  of  Gaius 
Gracchus  (121  b.  c.)  and  the  outbreak  of  the  Social  War  (91) 
only  the  disturbance  caused  by  Saturninus  and  Glaucia  (100  B.  c.) 
broke  the   '  calm '   of  the   city.  5.   et  Tarentini :   the  et  is 

correlative  with  et  before  omnes,  1.  7.  A  man  might  be  a  citi- 
zen of  several  of  these  Greek  cities  at  the  same  time;  but  the 
citizenship  of  Rome  was  exclusive.  6.  praemiis :  garlands, 

gifts,  banquets,  etc. 

8.   dignum  :   sc.  esse,  9.   absentibus :   from  our  point  of 

view,  absens  might  have  been  expected.  10.  Mario  consule  et 
Catulo  :  102  b.  c. ;  perhaps  instead  of  the  usual  order,  Mario 
et  Catulo  consulibus,  because  Marius  was  much  the  more  promi- 
nent of  the  two.  11.  res  maximas,  res  gestas  :  sc.  suppedi- 
tare  from  adhibere,  which  governs  them  loosely  by  zeugma. 
12.  studium  atque  aures  :  =  '  literary  interest  and  taste.' 
Catulus  was  a  man  of  unusual  culture. 

14.  praetextatus  :  —  adulescentulus  j  see  n.  to  p.  J?,  30.  The 
orator  speaks  of  Archias  as  if  he  had  always  been  a  Roman. 
It  is  not  easy  to  understand  how  the  Greek  cities  could  have 
granted  their  franchise  so  readily  to  a  lad  of  sixteen  or  eighteen 
years;  perhaps  Cicero's  words  are  not  to  be  taken  literally  in 
regard  to  the  age  of  the  poet. 

15.  erat  hoc  :  '  this  was  (an  evidence).'  17.  naturae  atque 
virtutis  :  '  of  (his)  disposition  and  character.'  19.  tempori- 
bus  illis:  following  the  year  102  b.  c.  21.  vivebat  cum?  'he 
was  on  intimate  terms  with.'  24.  adficiebatur  summo  ho- 
nore  :  '  he  was  the  recipient  of  the  highest  honor,'  not  only  at 
the  hands  of  those  mentioned,  but  on  the  part  of  others  also. 
27.  si  qui  :  ■  whoever,'  •  any  who,'  A  taste  for  Greek  was  con- 
sidered the  proper  thing  ;  and  many  joined  in  lionizing  Archias 
merely  because  it  was  the  fashion.  simulabant :  sc.  se  stu- 
dere,  etc. 


,    THE   ORATION    FOR  ARCHIAS      [Page  148. 

IV.  28.  Interim  :  Rome  being  still  his  place  of  residence, 
satis :   '  tolerably.'  intervallo  :    probably  not  far  from    ten 

years.     Why  abl.  ?  29.   M.  Lucullo :    he    appears    to    have 

gone  to  Sicily  on  private  business.  ex  ea  provincia  dece- 

deret:  the  ordinary  expression  used  of  a  provincial  officer 
leaving  his  province ;  employed  here  apparently  to  lend  an  air 
of  dignity  and  formality  to  the  journey  of  Archias.  30.  Hera- 
cliam :  here  probably  the  father  of  Marcus  and  Lucius  Lucullus 
was  living  in  exile. 

31.  iure  :  '  standing '  in  the  eyes  of  Romans,  coupled  with 
foedere,  'treaty  relations'  with  Rome.  Since  278  B.  c.  Heraclea 
had  been  connected  with  Rome  by  a  treaty,  the  terms  of  which 
were  unusually  favorable.  33.  per  se :   here  'for  his  own 

sake,'  '  on  his  own  account.'  34.  auctoritate  :  influence  aris- 
ing from  high  standing,  as  distinguished  from  gratia,  influence 
due  to  private  acquaintance. 

Page  148-  1  civitas  :  civitas  Romana.  Silvani  lege  et 
Carbonis :  known  as  the  lex  Plautia  Papiria,  passed  89  B.  C. ; 
see    p.  46.  2.   Si  qui  :   trans,  as  if  eis,  qui.  ascripti :    as 

citizens.  3.  si  —  si :    introduce  the  conditions  subordinate  to 

the  clause  si  qui  .  .  .  fuissent.  ferebatur  :    B.  288,  I ;  A. 

593,  a\    H.   652,  1.  4.  domicilium:    'a   (legal)    residence.' 

sexaginta  diebus  :  'within  sixty  days.1     Why  abl.  ? 

5.  praetorem ;  in  89  B.  C.  there  were  six  praetors  (the  num- 
ber was  raised  to  eight  by  Sulla;  cf.  p.  59),  before  any  one  of 
whom  the  acknowledgment  contemplated  by  the  law  could  be 
made ;  cf.  t  32.  Three  of  the  six  are  mentioned  in  this  speech, 
Metellus  Pius  (no.  2  in  Vocab.),  Appius  Claudius  Pulcher  (1.  34, 
below),  and  Lucius  Lentulus.  essent  professi :  sc.  nomina. 

6.  haberet:  not  habtiisset,  in  order  to  emphasize  the  fact  that 
Archias  continued  to  reside  at   Rome.  7.   familiarissimum  : 

used  as  subst,  =  familiarissimum  amicum. 

Discussion. 
A.  Proof  that  Archias  is  a  Roman  citizen.  IV.  (1.  9)-x. 
9.  de  civitate  ac  lege :  i.  e.  de  civitate  Romana  lege  Plautia 
Papiria  data.  10.  causa  dicta  est:  'our  case  is  stated,'  in 
that  it  has  been  shown  that  my  client  fulfilled  the  three  condi- 
tions, enrolment  as  a  citizen  in  an  allied  state,  a  legal  residence 
in  Italy,  and  proper  acknowledgment  before  a  praetor. 


Page  149.]  NOTES  303 

11.  Grati:  curtly  addressed  without  his  forename;  cf.  Q.  Hor- 
tensi  (p.  136,  28,  and  p.  138,  7)  ;  C.  Manili  (p.  143.  27)  ;  C.  Caesar 
(p.  159,  21,  et  al.);  and  even  in  an  invective  we  find  M.  Antoni 
(p.  173,  11).      B.  25,  1 ;    A.  49,  C\    H.  83,  5.  Heracliae:   B. 

232,  1 ;    A.  427,  3 ;    H.  483.  12.   Adest :    as   witness   and 

supporter ;  sc.  nobis.  auctoritate :  here  '  weight,'  *  reliability ;  * 
but  religione,  'scrupulousness.'  14.   opinari :   i.e.  hunc  He- 

racliae  adscriptum  esse.  15.   egisse  :    •  was  instrumental '  in 

bringing  it  about.  17.   publico :   on  behalf  of  the  corpora- 

tion of  Heraclea. 

19.   Hie:   'At  this  point.'  tabulas :   'registers,'  'records' 

containing  the   names  of  the   citizens.  20.    Italico    bello  : 

probably  some  sacking  of  the  city  in  the  Social  War  caused  the 
conflagration  referred  to.  21.   ad :    'in  relation  to,'  ' in  reply 

to.'        22.   quaerere  :  =  requirere.  23.   hominum  memoria, 

litterarum  memoriam :  repetition  of  memoria  in  order  to 
heighten  the  contrast  between  the  depositions  of  the  witnesses 
and  the  missing  documentary  evidence.  Cf.  p.  118,  31,  32, 
and  n.  tacere  :  '  to  remain  silent ; '  like  our  phrase  '  to  keep 
still,'  implying  the  suppression  of  that  which  might  be  spoken. 
27.   corrumpi :   see  1.  34  et  seq. 

28^  Romae :  consistent  with  1.  6,  above ;  stronger  than  in 
Italia,  which  might  have  been  expected  from  the  wording  of 
the  statute  (1.  3).  29.   ante  civitatem  datam  :   i.  e.  to  in- 

habitants of  allied  cities.  See  Idioms.  B.  337,  5;  A.  497; 
H.  640,  I.  32.    ilia  professione  collegioque    praetorum : 

=  professione  apud  illud  collegium  praetorum  facta,  covering  the 
registration  of  the  six  praetors  of  89  b.  c.  ;  cf.  n.  to  1.  5. 

V.  34-  Appi :  thought  to  have  been  the  father  of  the  disso- 
lute Clodius,  Cicero's  enemy,  for  whom  see  pp.  7,  8. 

Page  149.  1.  Gabini:  asyndeton;  we  should  say  'and  of 
Gabinius.'  2.  calamitas :  mild  expression  for  the  loss  of  civil 
rights ;  Gabinius  Capito  had  been  condemned  for  provincial  extor- 
tion in  his  governorship  of  Achaia.  omnem  tabularum  fidem 
resignasset :  '  had  destroyed  all  confidence  in  his  records.'  For 
the  force  of  re-signare,  lit.  '  to  break  open  the  seal  oL'  cf.  p.  55. 
3.  sanctissimus  modestissimusque  :  '  the  most  conscientious 
and  law-observing.'  4.  diligentia :  'painstaking.'  5.  prae- 
torem,  iudices :  Metellus  was  probably  giving  testimony  in  a 
case  concerning  citizenship. 


304  THE   ORATION   FOR   ARCHIAS      [Page  149. 

7.  His  in  tabulis  :  of  Metellus.  A.  Licini :  not  A.  Licini 

Archiae,  because  the  poet  would  be  registered  only  by  his 
Latin  name.  8.  quid  est,  quod :  '  what   reason  is  there  to.' 

9.  eius :  instead  of  huius,  because  referring  to  Archias  as  reg- 
istered, as  A.  Licinius,  rather  than  as  present.  civitate  :  at 
Heraclea.  10.  fuerit :  not  sit,  because  the  registration  of 
citizens  in  these  places  had  ceased  after  89  b.  c,  when  the 
inhabitants  became  Roman  citizens.  Etenira,  etc.:  a  reductio 
ad  absurdum.  12.  Graecia  :  =  Magna  Graecia.  13.  credo  : 
cf.  p.  63,  4,  and  N.  Locrenses  :  the  people  of  Locri  Efiize- 
phyrii,  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  extreme  southwestern  part, 
the  toe,  of  Italy.  14.  scaenicis  artificibus  ;  cf.  n.  to 
p.  79,  28. 

17.    Quid :    cf.  p.  64,  6,  and  n.  post :   cf.    Idioms,   and 

p.  148,  29.  18.  legem  Papiam :   passed  in  65  B.  c,  enacting 

that  all  persons  not  possessing  a  legal  residence  in  Italy  must 
leave  Rome.  It  was  probably  under  this  law  that  Archias  was 
brought  to  trial.  20.  illis  [tabulis]:  the  records  of  Regium, 
Locri,  Naples,  Tarentum.  21.  Census:  including  each  census 
^ken  between  89  and  6$  B.  c. 

22.  Scilicet :  '  Certainly  ; '   sarcastic.  obscurum  [tibi]  :  = 

tibi  non  notu?n.  proximis  censoribus  :  =  '  at  the  last  taking 
of  the  census,'  in  70  B.  c,  by  Lucius  Gellius  Publicola  and 
Gnaeus  Lentulus  Clodianus.  Censors  had  been  chosen  for  65 
and  for  64  b.  c,  but  they  had  resigned  without  taking  the 
census.  24.  apud  exercitum :    not  in  exercitu,  for  Archias 

went  merely  as  a  companion,  or  attache,  of  the  commander. 
superioribus  [censoribus]:  'at  the  next  to  the  last  census,' 
taken  by  Lucius  Marcius  Philippus  and  Marcus  Perperna,  in 
86  B.  c.  eodem  quaestore  :  '  the   same  '  Lucullus,   who  was 

then  *  quaestor  '  under  Sulla.  25.  primis  [censoribus] :  ■  the 

first'  after  Archias  had  become  a  citizen,  in  89;  Julius  Caesar 
Strabo  and  Publicus  Licinius  Crassus,  the  censors  for  that  year, 
resigned  without  undertaking  the  work. 

29.  pro  :  '  as.'  eis  temporibus :  the  apodosis  begins  here. 
ne  ipsius  Jquidem  iudicio :  because  he  did  not  have  his  name 
placed  on  the  census  registers.  30.  in  —  esse  versatum  :  as 
•  had  (any)  share  in.'  31.  saepe :  perhaps  in  times  of  special 

danger,  in  his  travels  with  Lucullus.  The  Roman  law  recog- 
nized only  the  wills  of   Roman  citizens  as  valid.        32.  heredi- 


Page  150.]  NOTES  305 

tates  civium  Romanorum  :  in  general  only  Roman  citizens 
could   inherit  from   Roman   citizens.  33.  delatus  est :  ;  he 

was  reported,'  instead  of  nomen  delatum  est.  Proconsuls  and 
propraetors  were  obliged  to  deliver  their  accounts  to  the  Trea- 
sury within  thirty  days  after  they  came  back  to  Rome.  In 
connection  with  these  it  was  customary  to  hand  in  a  list  of 
those  men  on  the  staff  or  in  the  retinue  of  the  provincial  gov- 
ernor whose  services  were  deemed  worthy  of  compensation 
from  the   state. 

Page  150.  1.  hie  .  .  .  revincetur  :  i.  e.  Archias  and  his 
friends  have  always  acted  on  the  assumption  that  he  was  a 
citizen.  With  this  point  the  orator  closes  the  technical  side 
of  his  case.      Cf.   p.   48.  neque  —  neque  :    *  either  —  or.' 

B.  347,  2  ;  A.  327,  2  ;  H.  656,  2. 

B.    Proof  that  Archias  ought  to  be  a  citizen,    vi.-xii.  (1.  30). 

VI.  3.  Quaeres,  etc.  :  introduces  the  remarks  on  literature 
anticipated  in  chap.  II.  ;  technically  they  are  extra  causam. 
Cf.  p.  47.  4.   ubi  :    '  (that)  with   which ; '    with   the   subj.   of 

characteristic.         5.  ex:  'after.'         forensi:  cf.  p.  117,  1,  and 
6.   convicio :   i.  e.  convicio   litigantium,  ■  din '  of  voices   in  the 
court.  7.   suppetere  :  =  suppeditari.  nobis  :   '  us '   advo- 

cates and  orators  as  a  class.  Quintilian  (X.  i.  27)  recommends 
to  orators  the  reading  of  poetry,  and  alludes  to  this  passage. 

11.  his  studiis :    cf.  p.   145,  4,  and  n.  esse  deditum :  cf. 

p.   145,  22,  and  N.  12.  litteris :  perhaps   originally  written 

in  litteris ;  if  not,  must  be  construed  as  an  instrumental  abl. 
13.  neque  —  neque  :  as  in  1.  1  above  ;  ad  .  .  .  fructum  (=  utili- 
tatem)  refers  to  the  public  services  of  a  man  of  literary  culture, 
in  .  .  .  proferre  to  authorship.  14.  aspectum  lucemque :  = 
'the  light  of  publicity.'  quid:  as  p.  71,  5.  pudeat,  etc.: 

another  apology  to  the  Roman  jury  of  practical  men ;  cf.  N.  to 
p.  145,  5.  16.  tempore:  for  periculo  (cf.  p.  146,  18,  and  N.); 

contrasted  with  commodo,  referring  to  civil  cases. 

19.    Qua  re  :    cf.  p.  66,  5,  and  n.  20.  quantum  —  tem- 

porum :  why  so  far  separated  ?  21.  ludorum  :  celebrated  in 
connection  with  the  religious  festivals.  22.  ipsam  :  =  *  sim- 

ply,'   ■  merely.'  23.    temporum  :     pi.    as   referring  to   the 

portions  of  time  given  to  each  kind  of  recreation.  24.  tern- 
pestivis :  *  early,'  commencing  before  3  p.m.;  hence  ■  protracted,' 

ao 


306  THE   ORATION   FOR  ARCHIAS      (Page  151. 

25.  alveolo:  cf.  p.  8o,  ii,  and  n.  pilae :  why  put  after  con- 
viviis  and  alveolo  is  not  clear  ;  for  ball-playing  was  considered 
an  entirely  respectable  form  of  amusement. 

28.  oratio  et  facultas  :  hendiadys  for  facultas  oratorio,, 
'oratorical  power.'  29.  quantacumque  in  me  est:  'so  far 

as  it  resides  in  me,'  •  so  far  as  in  me  lies.'  amicorum  peri- 

culis:  cf.  p.  1 1 6,  II.  30.  ilia:  the  moral  principles  set  forth 
in  the  following  paragraph. 

33.  praeceptis :  the  teachings  of  the  philosophers.  multis 
litteris:  in  our  phrase,  'by  wide  reading/ 

Page  151.  !•  laudem  atque  honestatem :  i.  e.  '  glory  gained 
by  merit,'  hendiadys;  hence  the  sing,  ea  in  1.  2.  3.  mortis 
atque  exsili:  by  using  atque  the  orator  indicates  that  he  con- 
siders exile  worse  than  death.  parvi:  B.  203,3;  A.  417;  H. 
448,  1.  5.  profligatorum  bominum :  sympathizers  with  the 
Catilinarian  conspirators ;  they  finally  brought  about  the  exile  of 
Cicero. 

6.  pleni:  i.e.  talium  ftraeceptoruw.  7.  sapientium  voces  : 
the  utterances  of  the  philosophers.  8.  quae  omnia:    'all  of 

which,'  'and  (yet)  they  all.'  B.  201,  1,  b;  A.  346,  e\  H. 
442,   2.  10.    imagines  —  expressas :     'forms,'     'ideals'  — 

'finely  portrayed;'  exprimere  is  used  to  denote  the  sharp, 
clear  presentation  of  details  by  the  art  of  the  sculptor  or 
painter.  14.  hominum   excellentium  :   i.  e.   de  hominibus 

excellentibus. 

VII.  16.  Quaeret  quispiam:  introduces  an  objection,  which 
the  orator  wishes  to  meet;   cf.  p.  48. 

20.  est  certum :  sc.  mihi ;  '  I  am  decided  what  answer  to 
give.'  25.   naturam  sine  doctrina  —  sine  natura  doctri- 

nam :  forceful  chiasmus.  26.  Atque  idem  ego  contendo : 

'And  I  maintain  (this)  also.'  27.  ratio  quaedam  conforma- 
tioque  doctrinae :  quidam  is  often  inserted  by  Cicero  to  indi- 
cate that  he  is  using  a  word  in  an  unusual  sense,  or  is  not 
altogether  satisfied  with  it ;  '  what  I  may  call  the  systematic 
training  and  culture   afforded  by  learning.'  28.    illud  .  .  . 

singulare :    c  some   noble   and  unique  excellence.' 

30.  hunc  —  Africanum :  the  younger  Scipio ;  hie  is  used  to 
denote  that  which   is   nearer  in  time.  32.  moderatissimos 

et  continentissimos :  'men  of  the  greatest  self-command  and 
even  temper.'        34.  qui;  *and  these  men.' 


Page  153.]  NOTES  307 

Page  152.  1.  nihil:  as  p.  6 1,  4.  2.  adiuvarentur :  'were 
(continually)  aided,'  so  long  as  they  lived;  more  forcible  than 
the  plup. 

4.  non  —  ostenderetur :  *  were  not  shown  (clearly),'  i.  e. 
'were    not    assured.'  7.    ceterae :    sc.    animi   remissiones. 

8.  omnium:   with  temporum,  aetatum,  locorum.  9.  alunt: 

'  strengthen.'  10.    adversis  :  i.  e.  eis  qui  in  adversis  rebus 

sunt. 

VIII.      15.    etiam    cum  —  videremus :   i.  e.    etiam    videntes. 

16.  Rosci  :  his  chief  characteristic  as  an  actor  was  gracefulness. 

17.  commoveretur :  '  was  deeply  moved.'  20.  Ergo,  etc. : 
argument  from  less  to  greater.  motu  :  *  (simply)  by  the 
movement.'  22.  motus :  the  Latin  often  uses  the  pi.  where 
we  prefer  a  sing,  abstract  noun  ;  motus  animorum  rss  '  mental 
activity,'  developed  by  training,  as  distinguished  from  celeritatem 
ingenuorum,  '  natural   quickness.' 

23.    utar :    ■  I    shall    take    advantage    of.'  26.   nullam : 

emphatic,  'not  a.'  28.  agerentur:  B.  324,  2;  A.  593;  H.  652. 
29.   revocatum  :  for  an  encore.  eandem    rem :  for  de 

eade?n  re. 

31.  veterum  scriptorum :  i.  e.  Graecorum.  All  the  writings 
of  Archias  have  perished  with  the  exception  of  eighteen  epi- 
grams (cf.  Reinach,  De  Archia,  p.  28,  et  seq.),  which  are  assigned 
to  him  with  a  strong  probability  that  they  are  genuine.  To 
judge  from  these,  his  success  as  an  extemporizer  consisted 
chiefly  in  the  ability  to  patch  together,  on  the  spur  of  the 
moment,  phrases,  lines,  and  passages  from  the  older  poets  which 
had  previously  been  committed  to  memory.  The  same  explana- 
tion would  account  also  for  the  resemblance  of  his  more  elab- 
orate productions  to  the  writings  of  the  classic  Greek  writers. 
By  having  a  memory  stored  with  original  and  selected  passages 
appropriate  to  many  subjects  and  occasions,  a  good  ear  for 
metres,  and  constant  practice,  a  professional  extemporizer  was 
able  to  perform  feats  that  appeared  little  short  of  the  marvel- 
lous,—  and  that,  too,  without  being  a  great  poet. 

Page  153.  1  ex  —  constare  :  ■  are  based  on.'  2.  natura 
ipsa  valere  :  '  derives  his  power  from  nature  herself.'  3.  men- 
tis viribus  excitari :  i.  e.  independently  of  outside  influences, 
or  of  education.  4.  suo  iure :  see  p.  145,  8,  and  n.  ;  cf.  the 

editor's   "Selections   from   Ovid,"  pp.   62,   179.  noster:  'of 


308  THE   ORATION   FOR  ARCHIAS       [Page  154. 

ours '   as   a  Latin  poet,  in  contrast  with  the   Greek  poets  just 
referred  to. 

10.  barbaria,  etc. :  there  was  never  a  people  so  sunk  in  sav- 
agery that  it  did  not  respect  the  poet.  Saxa  . . .  consistunt : 
a  reference  to  the  mythical  musicians,  as  Amphion,  Arion,  and 
Orpheus;  cf.  "Selections  from  Ovid,"  p.  278,  N.  to  1.  40,  and 
p.  52.  12.  rebus :  for  artibus.  13.  Homerum :  according 
to  the  well-known  Greek  couplet,  seven  cities  claimed  to  be  the 
birthplace  of  Homer:  — 

'EtttA   irdXeis    dieplfrovaiv   irepl   f>lfav  xOp.i)pov, 

"Z/xijpva,  *P65os,    Ko\o<pd)vt   2a\afiLs,   X£os,  "Apyos,  *A0TJvai, 

In  a  Latin  hexameter  line,  ■— 

Smyrna,  Rhodos,  Colophon,  Salamis,  Chios,  Argos,  Athenae. 

14.  Salaminii  :  the  inhabitants  of  Salamis  in  Cyprus. 
16.  delubrum  :  at  Smyrna  there  was  a  square  portico  with  a 
temple  and  statue  of  Homer  (Strabo,  XIV.  1.  37).  17.  pugnant : 
over  the  same  thing.  For  the  nativity  of  the  Homeric  poems, 
see  Miss  Clerke's  "  Familiar  Studies  in  Homer,"  p.  10  et  seq. 

IX.  19.  alienum:  i.e.  Homer  was  a  *  foreigner'  to  all  the 
cities  excepting  the  one  in  which  he  was  born.  What  would 
they  have  said  to  the  assertion  that  Homer  never  lived  ? 
21.  praesertim  cum  olim  :  ■  and  that  although  long  ago.' 
24.  Cimbricas  res :  =  •  the  war  with  the  Cimbri,'  of  which 
Marius  was   naturally   the  hero.  25.  attigit:    implies  that 

the  poem  was  not  completed.  durior  ad  haec :  '  too  rough 

for  such.'  26.  Neque  enim  quisquam  est:  -And  (yet  not 

strange),  for  there  is  no  one.'  27.  aversus  a :  =  '  unfriendly 

to ; '  difference   between  the   Latin    and    the    English    point  of 
view  ?  28.  aeternum  —  praeconium  :  i.  e.  praeconium  quod 

aeternum  sit.  30.  ex  eo  :    see    Idioms.  31.   cuius 

vocem :  i.  e.  cuius  cantantis  vocem.  34.  ea,  quae  gesserat : 

res  a  se  gestas. 

Page  154.  1.  Mithridaticum  bellum  :  no  doubt  chiefly  that 
part  of  the  war  with  Mithridates  which  reflected  most  credit 
on  the  name  of  Lucullus,  whom  the  poet  accompanied  in  the 
Asiatic  campaigns.  Reinach  (De  Archia,  pp.  46-54)  has  made 
it  appear  at  least  probable  that  this  poem  consisted  of  four 
books,  and  that  it  was  freely  used  by  Plutarch  in  writing  the 
life  of  Lucullus. 


Page  154.]  NOTES  309 

3.  expressum  est:   'has  been  treated.'  6.  aperuit  Pon- 

tum :  cf.  p.   1 24,  5-7.  7.   regiis  opibus  :    including   strong- 

holds,  troops,   financial    resources,   etc.  regione  :  *  by  its 

situation.' 

9.  innumerabiles  Armeniorum  copias  :  at  the  battle  near 
Tigranocerta,  in  69  b.  c.  (cf.  p.  31  and  Map).  According  to  the 
figures  given  by  Plutarch  (Luc.  xxvi.,  xxvu.),  the  Armenians 
outnumbered  the  Romans  twenty  to  one,  mustering  more  than 
200,000  men,  of  whom  150,000  were  infantry,  against  a  Roman 
force    of  only    11,000.  10.  urbem  Cyzicenorum  .  .  .  serva- 

tam  :  in  73  B.C.;  cf.  p.  123,  30-34,  and  N.  In  enumerating  the 
victories  of  Lucullus  Cicero  does  not  confine  himself  to  the 
chronological  order.  12.    ore    ac   faucibus :   we  might  say 

1  the  open  jaws.'     Cf.  p.  89,  7,  and  N. 

14.  interfectis  ducibus :  trans,  as  if  duces  interfecti  sunt  et. 
15.  apud  Tenedum  pugna  ilia  navalis :  in  73  b.  c.  The  Ro- 
man fleet  sunk  a  part  of  the  enemy's  ships  between  the  Trojan 
coast  and  Tenedos  (see  Map) ;  but  the  main  engagement  took 
place  near  the  island  of  Lemnos.  The  two  victories  are  here 
spoken  of  as  one.     Cf.  p.  124,  1-4. 

19.   noster  :   cf.  p.  153,  4,  and   N.  20.   in  sepulcro  Sci- 

pionum :  the  disposition  of  the  dead  by  burial  was  kept  up  in 
the  Scipio  family  long  after  cremation  became  the  prevalent 
method  at  Rome.  The  tomb  of  the  Scipios  was  opened  in 
1780.  It  lies  on  the  left  side  of  the  Appian  Way,  a  short 
distance  outside  of  the  Servian  wall.  It  consists  of  a  number 
of  narrow,  winding  passages  excavated  in  the  soft  rock,  in  the 
sides  of  which  places  were  cut  out  for  the  bodies  of  the  dead.  At 
the  entrance  in  Cicero's  time  (see  Liv.  XXXVIII.  lvi.  4),  there 
were  three  statues,  of  which  one  was  thought  to  be  that  of  Ennius. 
Cf.  Platner,  u  Topography  of  Ancient  Rome,"  pp.  414-415. 

21.  eis  laudibus :  '  by  such  praises '  as  those  which  Ennius 
bestowed  on  Scipio.  23.  huius  :   huius  Catonis,  4  the  present 

Cato,'  i.  e.  Cato  Uticensis  ;  cf.  hu?ic  Africanum,  p.  151,  30,  and  N. 
Cato  the  Censor  found  Ennius  in  Sardinia,  serving  in  the  Roman 
army,  and  brought  him  to  Rome. 

X.  28.  haec  fecerat :  i.  e.  haec  car?nina  fecerat  ( ■  had 
composed ') ;  original  meaning  of  "  poet,"  fioeta,  ttovr\rr)s  ?  29.  in 
civitatem  receperunt :  the  Roman  franchise  was  bestowed  on 
Ennius    by  the   son    of    Marcus   Fulvius   Nobilior  (cf.   p.    156, 


310  THE    ORATION    FOR   ARCHIAS         [Page  155. 

18-20),  in  184  B.  c.  The  poet  says  of  himself  (Cic.  de  Orat 
III.  xlii.  168):  — 

Nos  sumus  Romani,  qui  fuvimus  ante  Rudini. 

30.  Heracliensem  :  sharply  contrasted  with  Rudinum,  because 
Heraclea  was  so  much  more  important  a  place  than  Rudiae  and 
possessed  special  treaty  relations  with  Rome.  Cf.  p.  147,  31-33, 
and  n. 

33.  Nam :  introduces  an  answer  to  an  assumed,  or  suppressed, 
objection ;  the  ellipsis  may  be  supplied  thus,  *  (But  Archias 
writes  in  Greek.  That  is  no  objection),  for '  .  .  .  34.  vehe- 
menter :  see  Idioms. 

Page  155.  1.  G-raeca  :  neut.  pi. ;  we  say  *  Greek,'  with  a 
sing.  verb.  2.   suis  finibus :    even   in   Cicero's  time    Latin 

was  spoken  very  little  outside  of  Latium  and  the  Roman  and 
Latin  colonies.  The  Greek  language  had  been  carried  by  Greek 
commerce  and  settlements  —  in  the  East  also  by  the  conquests 
and  colonies  of  Alexander  —  over  the  whole  ancient  world.  Latin 
made  little  progress  in  superseding  the  native  dialects  of  western 
Europe  till  the  time  of  the  Empire. 

4.  regionibus :  =  terminis.     Cf.  p.  101,  7,  8.  7.  ampla:  = 

1  full  of  honor,'  '  glorious.'  It  was  an  honor  to  any  nation  to  be 
conquered  by  Rome !  8.    de  vita :    \  at   the    risk    of   life.' 

9.  periculorum  :   i.  e.  ad pericula  subeunda.     Kind  of  gen.? 

11.  scriptores  rerum  suarum :  among  them  are  mentioned 
Anaximenes,  Aristobulus,  Callisthenes,  the  poet  Choerilus,  One- 
sicritus,   and   Ptolemaeus.  13.    Achillis  tumulum :    in   the 

Troad,  near  the  entrance  of  the  Hellespont,  there  are  several 
great  prehistoric  mounds,  or  tumuli,  to  which  the  names  of  he- 
roes of  the  Trojan  war  were  given  at  a  very  early  date.  At  the 
mound  said  to  mark  the  burial-place  of  Achilles  there  was  a 
temple  erected  in  his  honor  (Strabo,  XIII.  i.  32).  See  Illus- 
tration, p.  158.         15.    Et  vere  :   sc.  dixit. 

18.  noster  hie  Magnus  :  Pompey  was  no  doubt  pleased  at 
this  implied  comparison  of  himself  with  Alexander.  20.  civi- 
tate  donavit:  after  the  war  with  Sertorius  a  special  enactment 
confirmed  the  grants  of  citizenship  previously  made  by  Pompey 
(Cic.  Pro  Balbo,  viii.  19).  23.  eiusdem  laudis  :  as  that  which 
Theophanes  had  bestowed  on  Pompey.  24.  credo :  cf.  p.  63, 
4,  and  N. 


Page  156.]  NOTES  311 

27.  petentem  :  =  si  fietisset.  28.  quern  :    (  and   (yet)  we 

saw   him,1   Sulla.  in  contione :    here  in  contione  civium  (cf. 

I.  20),  in  the  Forum,  where  he  was  superintending  the  sale  of 
the  possessions  of  the  proscribed  at  auction.  ei  subiecisset: 
1  had  thrust  up  to  him  (from  below)  '  as  he  sat  on  the  tribunal. 
29.  libellum:  we  should  say  *a  manuscript.'  de  populo : 
i.  e.  common,  vulgar.  quod  e  pi  gram  ma :  explains  libellum, 
'an  epigram  which/  B.  324,  i ;  A.  593 ;  H.  652.  30.  tan- 
tum  .  .  .  longiusculis :  i.  e.  it  had  no  merit  except  that  every 
other  line  was  longer  than  its  mate,  being  written  apparently  in 
elegiac  stanzas,  or  distichs.  Cf.  B.  369,  1,  2 ;  A.  616;  H.  739,  1. 
33.   sedulitatem  :  '  persistency,1  '  officiousness.1 

Page  156.  3.  donavit :  when  proconsul  in  Spain,  engaged 
in  the  war  with  Sertorius.  4.    per   Lucullos  :    Lucius  and 

Marcus  Lucullus  were  kinsmen  of  Metellus  Pius,  perhaps  cousins, 
impetravisset :    sc.  civitatem.  qui  :    *  since    he,'   Metellus 

Pius.  6.  Cordubae :  a  number  of  Roman  veterans  had  been 
settled  about  Corduba,  which  was  one  of  the  first  provincial 
cities  to  become  Romanized.         pingue :   see  Idioms. 

XL  10.  optimus  quisque:  here  'all  the  best,*  in  a  moral 
sense;   the  nobler  a  man,  the  more   ardent  his  love  of  glory. 

II.  illi  philosophi :  the  Stoics  and  Epicureans  especially 
claimed  to  be  indifferent  to  fame.  Cicero  wrote  a  treatise  De 
Gloria,  which  is  now  lost.  13.  in  eo  ipso:  ■  in  regard  to 
that  very  matter.'  14.  nominari :  for  se  nominari,  in  the 
sense  of  nobilitaru 

16.  amicissimi  sui :  =  *  of  his  most  intimate  friend.'  Cf. 
p.  148,  7,  and  N.  tempi orum,  monumentorum  :  built  with 

the  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  booty  secured  in  the  conquest  of 
Further  Spain.  One  of  the  temples  was  dedicated  to  Mars,  and 
contained  a  colossal  statue  of  the  god  by  Scopas  (Plin.  Nat 
Hist.,  XXXVI.  v.  26). 

19.  Fulviua  :  see  Nobilior  in  Vocab.  He  was  severely  cen- 
sured by  Cato  the  Censor  for  taking  Ennius  with  him.  Musis : 
Fulvius  built  a  temple  in  honor  of  Hercules  and  the  Muses,  and 
adorned  it  richly  with  works  of  art  taken  from  Ambracia  in  Epi- 
rus;  cf.  N.  to  p.  132,  7.  20.  prope  armati:  'almost  in  military 
attire;1  i.  e.  before  they  had  assumed  the  garb  suitable  to  the 
City  and  to  civil  life.  22.   a  —  abhorrere:   *be  insensible 

to,1  *be  inattentive  to.' 


312  THE   ORATION    FOR   ARCHIAS       [Page  157. 

28.  vobis :  i.  e.  vobis  iudicibus,  taken  as  representatives  of 
your  respective  classes;  for  the  jurors  at  this  time  were  drawn 
from  the  ranks  of  the  senators,  knights,  and  tribunes  of  the 
treasury.  These  classes  as  a  whole  had  supported  Cicero  heart- 
ily in  the  suppression  of  the  Catilinarian  conspiracy.  Cf,  p. 
no,  Chap,  vii.,  and  N.  to  p.  in,  3. 

30.  incohavit :  a  year  later  the  poem  was  not  yet  finished, 
greatly  to  the  disappointment  of  Cicero  (cf.  ad  Att.  I.  xvi.  15); 
probably  it  was  never  completed.  Quibus  auditis  :  De  eis 
{yersibus)  cum  audissem.        31.   res  :    •  the  theme.' 

34.    hanc :    hanc    mercedem.  laudis  :    explanatory    gen., 

'which   consists   in   praise.' 

Page  157.     1.   quid  est,  quod  :    cf.  p.  149,  8,  and  n. 

4.  nihil  —  praesentiret :  '  cherished  no  anticipation.'  5.  re- 
gionibus  :  as  p.  155,  4.  8.  angeretur  :  'would  torment  itself.' 
B.  256,  1;  A.  156,  a\  H.  407.  de  ipsa  vita  :  =  etiam  de  vita. 
9.   Nunc:    'But  as  it  is.'  quoque :    i.  e.  quoque.         virtus: 

'  noble    impulse,'    '  noble    instinct.'  11.   non,  etc. :    well    ex- 

pressed by  Reid,  '  that  the  story  of  our  fame  must  not  be  given 
up  to  oblivion  when  the  term  of  life  ends,  but  that  it  must  be 
made  coextensive  with  all  future  time.' 

XII.  14.  videamur  :  '  are  we  to  let  ourselves  appear. ' 
19.  statuas  :  '  statues  ;  '  imagines,  '  portraits  '  moulded  or 
carved  in  any  material;  simulacra,  'likenesses'  whether  carved, 
drawn,  or  painted  ;  contrasted  with  effigiem,  '  representation,' 
here  used  of  the  ideal.  animorum,  corporum :  we  say  '  of 

the  soul,'  'of  the  body,'  preferring  to  use  the  generic  sing,  in 
many  cases  where  the  Latin  has  the  pi.     Cf.  n.  to  p.  152,  22. 

23.   summis  ingeniis  :    i.  e.   a   viris  summo   ingenio.  ex- 

pressam  :  see  N.  to  p.  151,  10.  27.  sapientissimi  homines: 
philosophers  who  taught  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  as  Pytha- 
goras, Socrates.  28.  ad  .  .  .  pertinebit:  'it  shall  continue 
in  relation  to  some  part  of  my  soul,'  i.  e.  '  my  soul  shall  remain 
conscious  of  it.'        30.   spe :   i.  e.  of  an  immortality  of  fame. 

Conclusion. 

31.  pudore  eo :   'of  so  fine  a  sense  of  honor.' 

Page  158.     1.   eius  modi :  =r  tali.  2.   testimonio  muni- 

cipi:   see  p.  148,  15-18.  10.   ex  eo  numero,  qui:  =  ex  ilia 


Page  158.]  NOTES  313 

rum  numero^  qui.        11.    sancti  :   see  p.  1 53,  5.  12.   itaque  : 

=  et  ita. 

15.  de  causa :  *  in  regard  to  the  case,'  referring  to  the  earlier, 
technical  portion  of  the  speech.  20.  qui  iudicium  exercet ; 
cf.  p.  146,  u 


314     THE  SPEECH  FOR  MARCELLUS   [Page  159. 


THE  SPEECH  FOR  MARCELLUS. 

Page  159.  Pro  M.  Marcello  Oratio  :  i.  e.  oratio  in  qua 
Caesari  gratias  egit  pro  M.  Marcelli  restitutione  ('  restoration ' 
to  standing  as  a  citizen,  'pardon');  the  title  as  it  stands  is  in- 
exact. The  speech  was  delivered  in  the  course  of  a  meeting 
of  the  Senate,  in  the  Senate-house  (cf.  p.  162,  10);  but  it  was 
addressed  to  Caesar,  who  as  consul  presided.  After  Caesar, 
yielding  to  the  urgent  request  of  Gaius  Marcellus  and  indi- 
vidual senators,  declared  that  he  would  pardon  Marcus  Mar- 
cellus if  the  Senate  so  desired  (see  pp.  49,  50),  the  senators 
gave  their  votes  in  the  usual  order,  nearly  all  expressing  their 
thanks  also  (cf.  N.  to  p.  64,  28);  when  it  came  to  Cicero's  turn  to 
speak,  he  responded  with  this  address  (ad  Fam.  IV.  IV.  4:  plu- 
ribus  verbis  egi  Caesari).  The  speeches  for  Ligarius  and  Dei- 
otarus,  likewise  addressed  to  Caesar,  were  grouped  with  this  by 
the  early  grammarians  under  the  title  orationes  Caesarianae.  In 
view  of  the  circumstances  of  delivery,  as  well  as  the  character 
of  the  subject-matter,  the  pro  Marcello  is  seen  to  lie  on  the 
border  line  between  the  political  speeches  and  those  in  criminal 
cases;  but  on  the  whole  it  may  more  appropriately  be  classed 
—  as  also  the  other  Caesarianae  —  with  the  latter.  Rhetorically 
it  is  an  example  of  the  demonstrative  order  (see  p.  15). 

Introduction,    i.  1 

I.  1.  Diuturni  silenti :  lasting  almost  six  years.  In  51  B.C. 
Cicero  was  in  Cilicia.  He  returned  to  Rome  in  49  only  to  find 
the  outbreak  of  hostilities  between  Caesar  and  Pompey  inev- 
itable :  from  that  time  to  the  present  occasion  he  had  had 
neither  opportunity  nor  inclination  to  exercise  his  oratorical 
gifts,  having  firmly  resolved  never  to  let  his  voice  be  heard  in 
public  again  (ad  Fam.  IV.  iv.  4 :  Statuera?n,  non  me  hercule 
inertia,  sed  desiderio  pristinae  dignitatis,  in  perpetuum  tacere). 
patres  conscripti  :  see  n.  to  p.  62,  28.  After  the  first  para- 
graph, the  address  changes  to  Caesar,  but  returns  to  the  Senate 


Page  159.] 


NOTES  315 


for  a  few  sentences  in  Chap.  v.  eram  usus :  •  I  had  (have) 
maintained;'  the  Latin  often  uses  the  plup.  of  that  which  has 
just  occurred,  where  our  idiom  prefers  the  perfect  his  tem- 

poribus :  of  civil  war. 

2.  dolore  :  explained  by  Dolebam  .  .  .  for  tuna,  11.  13-15. 
3.  verecundia :  *  fear '  of  doing  wrong,  as  indicated  by  nee  fas 
esse,  et  seq.,  11.  16-19.  hodiernus  dies :  Cicero  gives  no  clue 
by  which  the  exact  date  can  be  determined;  but  he  writes  of 
'this  day'  to  Sulpicius  (ad  Fam.  IV.  IV.  3):  Ita  mihi  pulcher 
hie  dies  visus  est,  ut  specie m  aliquant  viderer  videre  quasi  re- 
viviscentis  rei  publicae.  4.  initium :  notice  the  forceful  order 
in  Diuturni  silenti  — finem,  initium  —  dicendi. 

6.  in  summa  potestate :  Caesar  had  been  made  dictator  for 
ten  years,  and  censor  under  the  title  praefectus  morum  for 
three;  he  was  now  also  consul  for  the  third  time  (cf.  N.  to  p. 
J39>  32)*  Thus  under  the  forms  of  the  republican  constitution 
he  was  in  reality  an  absolute  monarch.  Cf.  N.  to  p.  136,  25. 
7.  rerum  omnium  raodum :  =  in  rebus  omnibus  moderationem 
('  self-command '). 

10.  vobis:  Marcellus  had  been  a  member  of  the  Senate. 
11.  illius:  i.e.  vocem  et  auctoritatem  ('influence');  hendiadys? 
14.  in  eadem  causa:  as  having  been  a  partisan  of  Pompey's. 
in  qua  ego  :   sc.  what  ?  15.  in  eadem  fortuna  :  as  having 

received  pardon  from   Caesar.  17.   aemulo :   here  a  subst. 

18.  quasi  .  .  .  distracto :  '(my)  associate  and  travelling  com- 
panion, as  it  were,  torn  away  from  me.' 

20.  mihi  meae:  the  Latins  liked  to  put  words  of  kindred 
meaning,  or  different  forms  of  the  same  word,  in  juxtaposition. 
B.  350,  5,  d;  H.  667.  21.  interclusam  aperuisti:  an  expres- 
sion appropriate  -to  the  implied  comparison  of  life  to  a  journey  in 
the  last  sentence.  22.  signum —  sustulisti:  'you  have  put 
up  a  flag,  as  it  were,1  in  somewhat  the  same  way  that  a  flag 
\vexillmn)  was  raised  over  the  general's  tent  in  camp  as  a  sign 
that  the  force  must  make  ready  for  battle.  Cf.  Caes.  de  Bell. 
Gall.  11.  20.  23.  mihi :  may  be  translated  as  if  a  me ;  but 
the  dat.  in  such  cases  is  by  no  means  equivalent  to  an  expression 
of  agency,  indicating  rather  the  person  who  is  concerned  in.  the 
action,  on  whom  consequent  results  may  rest.  24.  in  multis : 
'in  the  case  of  many  (others)'  that  Caesar  had  pardoned.,  in  me 
ipso  :  '  in  my  own  case.' 


316  THE  SPEECH   FOR   MARCELLUS     [Page  160 

Page    160.     2.   commemoratis  praesertim  offensionlbus :  =a 

'that  too  although  his  acts  of  hostility  have  been  brought  to 
mind ; '  Caesar  had  just  mentioned  the  '  bitter  hatred '  of  Mar- 
cellus  for  him  {accusata  acerbitate  Marcelli,  ad  Fam.  IV.  IV.  3). 

3.  auctoritatem  .  .  .  anteferre  :    see  p.  50,  and  N.   on  p.  314. 

4.  doloribus  :  personal  feelings.  suspicionibus  :  Caesar  had 
spoken  to  the  effect  that  if  his  enemies  were  all  allowed  to 
come  back  his  life  would  not  be  safe ;   cf.  p.  165,  16,  and  N. 

5.  ante,  etc.:  see  Idioms.  6.   consensu:  shown  by  the 

unanimity  with  which  the  senators  had  urged  the  recall  of  Mar- 
cellus.  iudicio  tuo :  which  was  a  recognition  of  Marcellus's 
worth.  11.   ventura  sit:   as  Marcellus  was  at   Mytilene,  it 

would  take  nearly  a  month  for  the  news  of  his  pardon  to  reach 
him.  12.    optimo  iure :  see  Idioms.  13.    optimarum 

artium  studio :  cf.  p.  145,  4,  and  n.  ;  a  reference  to  Marcellus's 
interest  in  philosophy  and  oratory.  14.   innocentia:   as  op- 

posed to  avaritiaj  cf.  p.  130,  24,  et  seq. 

Discussion. 

A.     The  Deeds  of  Caesar,    n.-vi. 

II.  15.  Nullius  :  for  the  gen.  of  nemo;  not  with  ingeni* 
16.  non  dicam:  cf.  p.  137,  10,  and  n.  17.  sed:  'but  (even).' 
18.  Tamen:  we  should  have  expected  Et  tamen.  pace  tua: 
see  Idioms.  19.  quam  earn,  quam :  it  is  surprising  that  the 
orator  did  not  avoid  the  disagreeable  assonance  by  saying  ea 
quam. 

25.  numero  proeliorum :  Pliny  the  Elder  (Nat.  Hist,  VIL 
xxv.  §  92)  says  that  Caesar  fought  in  fifty  pitched  battles,  being 
the  only  commander  that  surpassed  the  number  of  Marcus  Mar- 
cellus (the  conqueror  of  Syracuse),  who  fought  in  thirty-nine. 
regionum :  in  Gaul,  Italy,  Epirus,  Thessaly,  Asia  Minor,  Egypt, 
Africa. 

26.  celeritate  conficiendi :  cf.  the  editor's  "  Caesar's  Gallic 
War,"  pp.  10,  11.  27  disiunctissimas  terras  citius  :  in  the 
campaigns  of  the  Civil  War,  49-46  B.  c. 

30.    ea  —  capere  :  in  our  phrase,  'take  them  in.'  32.  bel- 

licas  laudes :    introduced  in  contrast  with  the  glory  gained  by 

showing  mercy  to  the  conquered  (p.  161,  5  et  seq.).  34.  mul- 
tis:   subordinate  officers  and  soldiers. 


Page  162.]  NOTES  317 

Page  161.  1.  in  armis  :  'in  the  pursuit  of  arms,'  =  ■  in  war.' 
3.  suo  iure :  cf.  p.  145,  8,  and  n.  4.  Fortuna:  for  the  im- 
portant part  good  luck  was  supposed  to  play  in  the  victories 
and  reverses  of  war,  see  p.  134,  30  et  seq.  Caesar  himself  often 
attributed  his  successes  to  the  kindness  of  fortune ;  cf.  De  Bell. 
Gall.  vi.  42  et  al.  6.  es  paulo  ante  adeptus  :  by  conquering 
all  personal  feeling  and  granting  pardon  to  a  political  enemy; 
cf.  p.  159,  23  et  seq.  Cicero's  praise  of  Caesar's  magnanimous 
treatment  of  the  partisans  of  Pompey  is  hardly  too  great.  See 
Mommsen's  "  History  of  Rome,"  Vol.  IV.,  p.  550  et  seq. 

7.  quantumcumque  est:  'great  as  it  is.'  9.  ista  laude : 
i.  e.  ista  tua  laude..  12.  tuam  esse  totam  :  i.  e.  istam  glo- 
riam  totatn  esse  tuam.  13.  temeritas,  casus:  characteristic 
of  Fortune. 

III.  16.  gentes,  etc.  :  referring  to  the  Gallic  campaigns. 
17.  copiarum  :  here  '  of  resources.'  19.  condicionem  :  '  en- 
vironment.' 21.  Animum  :  asyndeton,,  where  an  English 
writer  would  use  an  adversative  conj.  vincere,  etc.:  the 
infinitives  have  a  loose  dependence  on  iudico  (1.  26),  but  are 
gathered  up  by  haec,  the  form  of  the  sentence  having  been 
changed  after  it  was  started;  anacoluthon.  B.  374,  6;  A.  640. 
iracundiam  cohibere :  "  He  that  is  slow  to  anger  is  better 
than  the  mighty;  and  he  that  ruleth  his  spirit  than  he  that 
taketh  a  city"  (Prov.  xvi.  32).  26.  deo :  might  dei  have 
been  used? 

27.  bellicae,  etc. :  has  this  prophecy  been  realized  ?  28.  sed : 
*  but  (also).'  31.  nescio  :  see  Idioms.  obstrepi :  as  we  say, 
'to  be  drowned  out.'  clamore  militum  —  tubarum  sono  : 

suggesting  scenes  of  battle,  siege,  sacking,  and  carnage.  Notice 
the  chiastic  order. 

Page  162.  I-  insolens  :  especially  in  civil  war.  ' And  in 
one  respect  particularly,'  Cicero  wrote  to  Sulpicius  shortly  after 
this  speech  was  delivered  (ad  Fam.  IV.  iv.  2),  'your  lot  is  bet- 
ter than  mine,  because  you  can  freely  write  what  gives  you 
pain,  but  I  cannot  do  even  this  with  safety;  and  that  too  not 
the  fault  of  our  conqueror,  —  whose  self-command  is  simply  won- 
derful,—  but  because  victory  in  a  civil  war  is  always  arrogant.' 

4.  fictis  [rebus] :  in  the  drama  and  in  epic  poetry.  Cicero 
wrote  later  (Lael.  VIII.  28):  'There  is  nothing  more  attractive 
than  a  noble  character,  nothing  which  more  draws  out  our  affec« 


318  THE   SPEECH    FOR  MARCELLUS     [Page  163. 

tion;  we  even  in  a  way  conceive  an  affection  for  those  whom 
we  have  never  seen,  on  account  of  their  lofty  character  and 
uprightness/ 

5.  Te  .  .  .  efferemus  :  B.  351,  5  ;  A.  601 ;  H.  685.  6.  mentem 
sensusque  et  os  :  i.  e.  '  thoughts  and  feelings  expressed  in  his 
countenance;'  cf.  p.  61,  7,  and  N.  quicquid  reliquum  fece- 

rit :  =  quicquid  reliquerit.  9.   Parietes,  etc. :  spirited  hyper- 

bole, 10.  me  dius  Fidius  :  see  Fidius  in  Vocab.  11.  futura 
sit:  not  futura  est;  Cicero  repeats  the  reason  which  the  walls 
give.  ilia  auctoritas  :   for  vir  ilia  auctoritate,  or  vir  tanta 

auctoritate,  i.  e.  Marcellus. 

IV.  13.  C.  Marcelli :  the  brother  of  Marcus  (cf.  p.  169, 
31,  32).  There  was  another  Gaius  Marcellus,  consul  B.  c.  50,  who 
was  probably  a  cousin  of  Gaius  and  Marcus;  some  have  thought 
that  he  was  the  one  mentioned  here.  14.  lacrimis  .  .  .  vide- 
rem :  as  he  cast  himself  at  Caesar's  feet ;  see  p.  49,  and  cf.  n. 
to  p.  104,  21.  16.  .M.  Marcello  conservator  trans,  with  'by' 
and   a  participial  phrase.  17.   nobilissimam  familiam  :   sc. 

quorum  from  quibus  (1.  16).  18.    ad  paucos :   only  the  three 

Marcelli  mentioned  in  n.  to  1.  13  are  spoken  of  as  living  at  this 
time.         19.   Hunc  diem :   i.  e.  huius  diei  gratulationem. 

23.   multo  magnoque  :  =  *  a  very  large.'  comitatu  :   why 

abl.  ?  24.   quae  quidem  :   '  and  (yet)  in  fact  this.'         tanta 

est :  followed  by  a  consecutive  clause,  ut  .  .  .  sit  aetas,  where 
a  concessive  clause  ('  although  time,'  etc.)  might  have  been 
expected;  after  the  parenthesis  the  sentence  is  resumed  not 
with  a  parallel  consecutive  clause,  but  with  a  principal  state- 
ment co-ordinate  with  tanta  est;  anacoluthon.  Cf.  p.  161, 
21  et  seq. 

26.  opere  et  manu :  hendiadys;  *  wrought  by  the  work  of 
(men's)  hands.'         28.  magis :   *  more  (and  more).'  33.  per- 

inde  atque  :  *  exactly  as ; '  the  orator  cannot  find  words  ade- 
quate to  express  his  thought.  34.  victoriam  vicisse  videris : 
notice  the  alliteration;   cf.  p.  139,  25. 

Page  163.  1.  videris:  'you  are  seen.'  ilia:  ilia  victoria. 
victis :   used  as  subst. 

2.  ipsius  victoriae  condicione,  etc.:  the  meaning  is  made 
clear  by  a  passage  in  a  letter  to  Marcellus  (ad  Fam.  IV.  ix.  3) : 
•  All  the  conditions  of  civil  war  are  wretched ;  .  .  .  but  nothing 
is  more   wretched  than  victory  itself.      Even  if  this  has  come 


Page  163.]  NOTES  319 

into  the  hands  of  the  better  sort  of  men,  yet  it  makes  them 
savage  and  violent,  that  even  though  they  may  not  be  so  by 
nature,  they  are  forced  to  become  so  by  necessity.  You  see, 
the  conqueror  is  obliged,  even  against  his  will,  to  do  many 
things  at  the  beck  of  those  with  the  help  of  whom  he  has 
conquered.* 

V.  6.  hoc  .  .  .  pateat :  '  how  wide  a  bearing  this  decision 
of  Gaius  Caesar  has.*  7.  Omnes,  qui:   'all  (of  us)  who.' 

8.  ilia  arma :  the  side  of  Pompey  in  the  late  war.  10.  sce- 
lere,  etc.:  in  civil  war  each  side  considers  the  other  an  enemy 
of  the  state ;  Caesar's  generous  attitude  relieves  those  who  joined 
Pompey  from  the  position  of  men  charged  with  the  'crime'  of 
taking  up  arms  against  their  country. 

12.  me :  sc.  reddidit;  for  me  mihi  and  sibi  iftsos  (for  ipsis\ 
see  N.  to  p.   159,  20.  14.    quorum    et    frequentiam    et 

dignitatem  :  abstract  for  concrete,  =  quos  et  frequentes  et 
summa  dignitate  (praeditos).  15.  ille  induxit :   first  prin- 

cipal clause;  Caesar  allowed  his  opponents  to  come  back  not 
as  enemies,  but  as  those  against  whom  the  charge  of  having 
been  rebels,  or  traitors,  would  not  be  raised.  After  the  battles 
of  Pharsalus  and  Thapsus,  he  caused  the  correspondence  dis- 
covered at  the  headquarters  of  the  enemy  to  be  burned. 

16.  ignoratione :  i.  e.  of  the  facts  or  merits  of  the  case. 
17.  metu :  as  in  the  case  of  Metellus,  who  had  done  so  much 
to  offend  Caesar  that  he  feared  Caesar's  resentment. 

19.  Quo  in  bello,  et  seq. :  Cicero  improves  this  first  oppor- 
tunity to  offer  a  public  explanation  of  his  reasons  for  having 
gone  over  to  Pompey,  and  of  his  real  attitude  in  the  late  war. 
He  had  previously  made  similar  explanations  to  his  friends,  as 
indicated  by  a  letter  to  Marius  (ad  Fam.  VII.  in.  6),  in  which 
he  says :  '  I  should  have  preferred  to  talk  this  over  with  you 
by  ourselves ;  but  as  it  would  be  some  time  before  I  could 
see  you,  I  wanted  to  lay  the  matter  before  you  in  a  letter,  in 
order  that,  if  you  should  chance  to  fall  in  with  any  of  my  critics 
you  might  know  what  to  say  to  them.  For  there  are  some 
people  who,  though  my  taking  off  would  have  brought  no  ad- 
vantage to  the  state,  yet  think  it  a  downright  sin  that  I  am 
alive ;  •  i.  e.  not  having  laid  down  my  life  at  Pharsalus  or 
Thapsus.  de  pace   audiendum  :    we  say    '  that  the  voico 

of  peace  should  be  heard.' 


320  THE   SPEECH    FOR   MARCELLUS    I^age  164. 

21.  civium  pacem  flagitantium :  among  them  Cicero  himself, 
as  the  following  sentence  implies.  Neque  enim :  '  And  (with 
consistency)  for  I  did  not,'  etc.  22.  ilia  [arma] :  as  in  1.  8. 

ulla :  *  any  (other).'  Cicero  sympathized  with  the  political  affil- 
iations of  Sulla,  but  did  not  come  forward  as  an  active  par- 
tisan. 23.  civilia :  =  *  in  civil  war.'  Cicero  did  not  take 
part  in  the  battle  of  Pharsalus.  24.  Hominem :  Pompey. 
25.  privato  consilio :  i.  e.  as  a  matter  of  personal  obligation. 
The  statements  here  are  borne  out  by  Cicero's  letters  to  Atticus, 
and  to  Pompey  himself,  in  49  b.  c. 

26.  grati  .  .  .  memoria :  « the  faithful  recollection  of  a  thank- 
ful heart,'  remembering  Pompey's  kindnesses.  27.  non  modo : 
see  N.  to  p.  71,  21.  prudens  et  sciens  :   a  stereotyped  phrase, 

borrowed  originally  from  the  law ;  like  our  expression,  "  with  my 
eyes  wide  open."  30.   integra  re:   before  the  outbreak  of 

hostilities  between   Caesar  and   Pompey.  31.   eadem  .  .  . 

sensi:  'I  retained  the  same  opinions,  even  at  the  risk  of  my 
life.'  After  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  Cicero  refused  the  com- 
mand offered  him  by  Cato  and  counselled  peace,  whereupon  he 
was  assailed  by  Pompey's  son  Gnaeus,  and  would  have  lost  his 
life  had  not  Cato  interfered  (Plut.  Cic.  xxxix.). 

Page  164.  1.  ceteris  fuerit  iratior:  trans,  as  a  subordinate 
clause  with  *  while.'  Why  ?  id :  i.  e.  Caesarem  pads  auctores 
conservandos  esse  censere. 

VI.  5.  huius  rei,  etc. :  Marcellus  also  was  in  favor  of  peace. 
8.  certorum  hominum:  the  language  implies  that  their  names 
were  known  to  Caesar  and  the  Senate.  The  leaders  on  the 
side  of  Pompey  had  indulged  in  the  most  extravagant  plans  of 
proscription  and  confiscation  :  Tanta  erat  in  tilts  crudelitas,  tanta 
cum  barbaris  gentibus  coniunctio,  ut  non  nominatim,  sed  gene- 
rati7n  ('by  classes')  proscriptio  esset  informata ;  ut  iam  om- 
nimn  iudicio  constitutum  esset  o?nnium  vestru?n  ('  of  you '  who 
had  not  joined  the  party  of  Pompey,  even  though  remaining 
neutral)  bona  praedatn  esse  illius  victoriae  (ad  Att.  XI.  vi.  2). 
Cf.  11.  21-23  below. 

13.  proeliorum  exitu  terminatam :  i.  e.  scenes  of  bloodshed 
were   not  continued   in  proscriptions.  vagina  vacuum:  for 

e  vagina   eductum.  17.    ex    eadem   acie :   i.  e.    in   eodem 

exercitu. 

19.  Alterius  partis :   the  side  of  Pompey.        23.  ubi  fuisset; 


Page  166.]  NOTES  321 

plup.  because  the  war  was  now  wholly  in  the  past.  Only  those 
who  had  actually  followed  Pompey  to  Greece  were  to  be 
spared.  25.  poenas :  see  Idioms.  26.  qui  :  =  eo,  quod. 

28.  omnem  spem  ad  —  contulisse :  ■  to  have  rested  all  hope 
on,'  'to  have  placed  all  hope  in/ 

32.  ex  quo:  =  */  ex  eo  {bond).  33.  sapienti:  Caesar  was 
a  believer  in  the  Epicurean  philosophy.  Cetera  tua:  'your 
other  (deeds).' 

Page  165.  1.  de  nobis:  i.  e.  of  your  pardoning  of  us. 
5.  summa  bona :  among  the  philosophers  summum  bonum  was 
the  term  for   '  the  highest  good.'  7.   Virtute  :   personified. 

9.  Noli,  etc. :  the  orator  pleads  for  the  others  situated  as  Mar- 
cellus  was.      B.  276,  c\    A.  450;    H.  561,  1.  11.  opinione 

stulta :  as  we  say,  '  by  a  wrong  idea,'  '  by  a  mistaken  notion.* 
12.    tua  ulla  culpa:  cf.  p.  77,  10,  and  N.  13.   -que:  'but.* 

B.     Caesar's  Danger,    vn.-x. 

VII.  16.  suspicionem  :  that  there  was  danger  of  a  plot 
against  his   life.  18.   providenda :   milder  word  for  prae- 

cavenda.  20.  cautio :  'safety.'  As  Drumann  aptly  remarks 
("  Geschichte  Roms,"  Vol.  VI.,  p.  264),  "  So  far  as  human  calcu- 
lations can  determine,  if  Caesar  had  not  been  murdered  in  44 
Cicero  would  not  have  been  killed  in  43." 

22.  tam  demens  :  i.  e.  tarn  demens  ut  tibi  insidietur. 
23.  quam  quibus :  quam  (ei),  quibus.  24.  ex  hoc  numero, 
qui  :  =  ex  horum  numero,  qui.  26.  summa  :  '  in  the  highest 
degree,'  '  to  the  fullest  extent'  28.  nihil  cogitant  sceleris : 

*  are  plotting  no  crime.'         29.  inimici :  sc.  what  ?  fuerunt : 

sc.  inimici.  pertinacia:  as  in  the  recent  struggle  in  Africa. 
31.    de   inimicis:    B.  201,   I,  a;    A.  346,  c\     H.   444.  qui 

fuerunt :  i.  e.  qui  fuerunt  inimici  et  supersunt. 

33.  in  animis  hominum:  =  'in  the  heart  of  man;'  cf.  N.  to 
p.  157,  19.        latebrae  :  =  '  depths.' 

Page  166.  3.  nihil  —  cogitans :  '  unreflecting,'  '  thoughtless.' 
nee  —  nee:  cf.  p.  150,  1,  and  n.  5.  ex,  etc.:  (vitam)  omnium 
ex  vita  tui  unius  pendere.     Reason  for  the  order  ?  7.  dum- 

taxat  humanos  :  =  '  yet  only  those  common  to  humanity ; '  con- 
trasted with  sceleris  .  .  .  consensio.  9.  debeat:  'is  bound  to 
be;'  cf.  N.  to  p.   101,  4.  11.  incertos  motus  :  =  '  the  varia- 

bility,' '  the  uncertainty ; '  with  the  same  underlying  idea  as  thaf 


322  THE   SPEECH   FOR   MARCELLUS     [Page  166. 

of  our  colloquial  expression,  "  Oh,  he  has  his  ups  and  downs." 
Cf.  p.  152,  22,  and  n. 

12.  quern  deum :  owing  to  the  association  of  each  divinity 
with  a  particular  sphere  of  activity,  and  the  subordination  of 
all  to  Fate,  the  gods  of  the  ancient  mythology  were  not  looked 
upon  as  omnipotent.  The  expression  here,  however,  is  highly 
rhetorical.  si    cupiat:  =  etiam    si   rei  publicae   opitulari 

cupiat. 

VIII.  14-  sunt  excitanda  :  *  must  be  lifted  up,*  *  raised  up ; ' 
in  contrast  with  iacere,  etc.  Measures  looking  toward  all  the 
reforms  suggested  —  and  many  besides  —  had  already  been  sanc- 
tioned, or  were  under  consideration.  See  Mommsen's  "  History 
of  Rome,"  Vol.  IV.,  p.  586  et  seq.  16.    iudicia :   regulated 

by  a  lex  Iulia  iudiciaria,  which  took  away  from  the  tribunes  of 
the  treasury  the  privilege  of  sitting  on  juries;  cf.  N.  to  p.  11 1,  3 
and  11. 

17.  fides :  the  lex  Iulia  de  fenore  (passed  B.  c.  49)  ordered 
an  assessment  of  mortgaged  property  at  the  valuation  held 
before  the  depreciation  caused  by  the  civil  wars,  and  obliged 
creditors  to  accept  it  at  this  valuation  in  satisfying  their  claims, 
without  the  payment  of  any  arrears  of  interest  that  might  be 
due.  In  this  way  burdensome  debts  were  cancelled,  with  a  loss 
to  creditors  of  only  about  one  fourth  their  original  investment 
(Caes.  de  Bell.  Civ.  in.  I ;  Suet.  Iul.  Caes.  xlii.).  libidines : 
here  refers  particularly  to  extravagance  in  living.  Caesar  car- 
ried the  enforcement  of  sumptuary  laws  so  far  as  to  place 
guards  about  the  market  to  confiscate  forbidden  luxuries ;  in 
some  cases  even  dishes  were  taken  from  the  table  in  private 
houses  (Suet  Iul.  Caes.  xliil).  18.  suboles :  Caesar  "pro- 
posed extraordinary  rewards  for  the  fathers  of  numerous  fami- 
lies, while  he  at  the  same  time  as  supreme  judge  of  the  nation 
treated  divorce  and  adultery  with  a  rigor  according  to  Roman 
ideas  unparalleled."     Mommsen,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  623. 

20.  ardore:  for  the  order  cf.  p.  146,  6,  and  n.  22.  orna- 
menta  dignitatis :  cf.  p.  1 18, 12,  and  n.  praesidia  stabilitatis : 
cf.  p.  122,  20,  21.         23.   armatus,  togatus :   cf.  p.  156,  21-23. 

28.    vocem  :    *  utterance.'  Satis    diu  :  =  *  long  enough.' 

According  to  Suetonius  (Iul.  Caes.  lxxxvi.)  Caesar  declared 
neque  voluisse  se  diutius  vivere,  neque  curasse,  quod  valetudine 
minus  prospera  utereturj  .  .  .  non  tarn  sua  quam  rei  publicae 


Page  167.]  NOTES  323 

inter  esse,  uti  salvus  esset ;  se  {am  pridem  potentiae  gloriaeque 
abunde  adeptum  (esse)  ;  rem  publicam,  si  quid  sibi  eveniret, 
neque  quietam  fore  et  aliquanto  deteriore  condicione  civilia 
bella  subituram. 

29.  naturae:  i.  e.  for  the  space  of  life  allotted  by  nature. 
How  old  was  Caesar  at  this  time  ?  31.  parum :  =  '  not  long 
enough.'  32.   doctorum  hominum :    the  philosophers;    cf. 

p.  106,  22,  et  seq.  34.    enim :   i.  e.   And   1   have  reason  for 

saying  this;  'for'  .  .  . 

Page  167.     1-   Credo  :    i.  e.  credo  te  ita  sentire.  turn  — 

si :  =  '  (only)  in  case.'  id  audirem  :  '  I  would  listen  to  it,' 

in  the  sense  of  id  probarem,  'I  would  approve  of  it.'  5.  fun- 
damenta,  quae:  i.  e.  fundamenta  eorum  (openwi),  quae ;  ref- 
erence not  only  to  the  great  plans  Caesar  had  formed  for  the 
reorganization  of  the  state  (see  n.  to  p.  166,  14),  but  also  to  a 
series  of  magnificent  public  buildings  on  which  work  had 
already  been  commenced.  7.  aequitate  animi :  '  by  the  even 
balance  of  your  mind,'  the  philosophic  calm  which  even  the 
thought  of  death  cannot  disturb. 

11.  Parum  —  magna:  '  (works)  not  great  enough.'  12.  satis: 
i.e.  satis  magna.  15.   futurus  fuit:    'was  destined   to  be.' 

17.    vide:     'see    to    it.'  18.     virtus:     here    'character.' 

19.  magnorum  .  .  .  meritorum :  i.  e.  fama  magnorum  meri- 
torum  vel  in  suos  cives  ('towards  one's  fellow-citizens1),  etc. 
Reason  for  the  order  ?  Cicero  gives  also  a  similar  definition 
of  gloria  (Phil.  I.  xii.  29) :  Est  autem  gloria  laus  recte  fac- 
torum  magnorumque  in  rem  publicam  meritorum,  quae  cum 
optimi  cuiusque  turn  etiam  multituditiis  testitnonio  co?nprobatur. 

IX.  22.  pars:  'part;'  implied  comparison  of  life  to  a 
drama.  hie  actus :  '  (only)  this  act,'  the  last  act.  24.  in 
primis  :=<  above  all  others.'  26.  solveris  :  'you  shall  have 
paid  (the  debt).'  satietate  vivendi :   cf.  Cic.  Cato  Mai.  xx. 

76:  Satietas  vitae  tempus  maturum  mortis  adfert.  28.  hoc 
ipsum :    i.  e.   vivere  diu  or  vixisse  diu.  extremum :    in  the 

sense  of  finis ;  'And  yet,'  says  Cicero  (Cato  Mai.  xix.  69),  'ye 
beneficent  gods !  what  is  there  long  in  the  life  of  man  ? ' 
29.    pro  nihilo:    'as  nothing'  at  all.  30.    Quamquam :    as 

p.  70,  14.  31.    his  angustiis :    'by  these  narrow  bounds.' 

32.  fuit,  semper:  asyndeton,  where  we  should  say  'but.'  im- 
mortalitatis :  cf.  p.  156,  9-1 1,  and  N. 


324  THE   SPEECH   FOR   MARCELLUS      [Page  168. 

34.  Nee  .  .  .  est :  '  And  in  truth  this  ought  not  to  be  con- 
sidered your  (real)  life.' 

Page  168.  1.  spiritu:  <  breath,'  as  the  necessary  condition  of 
the  body's  existence.  ilia,  ilia :  cf.  p.  62,  5,  and  N. ;  p.  98,  34 
et   seq.  4.     inservias :    B.   295,   6,   8 ;    A.    565,   with   n.    i  ; 

H.  564,11.  1.  te  ostentes :  'acquit  yourself  before;'  ostentart 
is  used  in  the  sense  of  our  phrase,  "  to  place  one's  self  in  the 
right    light"   before    another.  5.    miretur :     for    admiretur. 

7.  provincias,  etc. :  i.  e.  the  conquering  of  provinces,  the  cross- 
ing of  the  Rhine,  the  advance  to  the  ocean,  the  victory  by  the 
Nile ;  condensed  and  vivid  statement.  8.  pugnas  :  cf.  p.  160, 
25,  and  n.  9.  triumphos :  Caesar  had  just  celebrated  a  four- 
fold triumph  for  his  victories  in  Gaul,  Egypt,  Asia  Minor  (veni, 
vidi,  vici),  and  over  the  allies  of  the  Pompeian  leaders  in 
Africa.  12.   sedem  .  .  .  habebit :   the   orator  avoids  saying 

outright  that  Rome  will  be  destroyed;  cf.  p.  101,  4,  and  n. 

14.  magna  dissensio  :  one  has  only  to  read  the  opinions 
passed  on  Caesar  in  recent  times  by  Arnold  and  Mommsen, 
Froude  and  Trollope,  to  bear  witness  to  the  remarkable  fore- 
sight revealed  in  this  passage.  16.  idque  vel  maximum :  = 
*  and  this  most   of  all.'  salute :   sc.  restituta,  '  by  restoring 

the  safety.'  17.  illud :  the  flames.  hoc :  the  extinguishing 
of  the  flames. 

18.    Servi  :    *  look    to.'  19.    haud    scio    an  :  ' '  probably.' 

22.  ad  te,  etc.:  cf.  p.  157,  28-30,  and  n.  quidam :  the  Epi- 
cureans; cf.  p.  106,  22-24,  and  n.  falso:  as  Cicero  knew  that 
Caesar  was  an  Epicurean,  and  was  not  accustomed  to  express 
his  own  belief  in  the  immortality  of  the  soul  so  unreservedly,  it 
seems  hardly  possible  that  he  could  have  used  the  word  falso 
as  it  stands  here.  Very  likely  it  was  inserted  by  some  pious 
copyist  of  the  Christian  epoch.  23.   nunc  certe :   while  you 

are  still  living. 

X.  26.  Diversae,  etc. :  referring  again  to  the  period  of  civil 
war  through  which  they  had  just  passed.  28.    obscuritas: 

=  •  uncertainty,'  '  wavering,'  among  those  at  Rome  ;  explained 
by  what  follows.  30.    quid  optimum  esset :   whether  to  re- 

main   neutral,    or    to    join    Caesar    or    Pompey.  32.    quid 

liceret:  i.  e.  how  far  they  would  be  allowed  to  take  advantage 
of  the  undisturbed  condition  of  affairs  to  their  own  interest. 
34.   neque  omnes,   etc. :   in   implied   contrast   with   the   position 


Page  170.]  NOTES  325 

assumed  by  Pompey.  who  had  declared  that  he  would  treat  as 
public  enemies  all  who  failed  in  their  allegiance.  Cf.  N.  to  p. 
164,  8. 

Page  169.  2.  posita  [sunt]:  after  the  battle  at  Pharsalus. 
erepta  sunt  :   as   in  the   struggle   in   Africa.  5.  ille  :   ante- 

cedent to  the  following  qui;  he  who  gave  up  his  life  in  battle 
rather  than  yield  is  a  better  man  than  he  who  submits  to  be 
pardoned  and  yet  remains  hostile.  6.    Quae  —  eadem  :  \  the 

same  (trait)  which.' 

10.   aliquid:    'any  (measure).'  13.    omnes :   'all  (of  us).' 

14.    haec  :    cf.   p.   70,    II,    and   n.  17.    subesse :  =  latere. 

18.  excubias :  '  watches '  stationed  outside  of  a  camp  or  build- 
ing, as  distinguished  from  custodiae,  'guards'  set  to  protect  a 
given  point  or  place,  and  vigiliae,  'patrol-men.'  The  following 
year  the  Senate  voted  Caesar  a  select  body-guard,  but  he 
refused  to  accept  it. 

Conclusion,    xi. 

XI.  21.  maximas  gratias :  see  Idioms.  With  tnaximas  — 
maiores  cf.  certissima — certiora,  p.  94,  15-18.  22.  maiores 

[gratias]  :  '  greater  '  than  can  be  expressed.  idem  sentiunt : 
'  have  the  same  feeling.'  24.  stantibus  —  dicere  :    trans,  as 

if  stare  et  dicere.  25.  cui  necesse  est  [dicere]:  i.e.  as  an 

ex-consul  (cf.  n.  to  p.  106,  10-12)  and  prominent  member  of  the 
Senate,  and  as  the  most  intimate  friend  of   Marcellus. 

30.  Quod  :  refers  as  antecedent  not  only  to  id,  1.  33,  but  also 
loosely  to  id  understood  as  object  of  praestare,  p.  1 70,  2 ;  hav- 
ing performed  the  duty  imposed  by  my  affection  in  pleading 
for  Marcellus,  I  ought  now  to  perform  the  gracious  duty  of 
returning  thanks.  mea  :   '  on  my  part.'  34.  tarn  diu  — 

quam  diu :  —  '  so  long  as.' 

Page  170.  3.  omnibus  rebus :  c  in  all  respects ; '  not  in  re- 
gard to  life  merely,  but  also  as  regards  property,  civil  rights, 
and  standing.  me  —  conservato  :   trans,  by  a  clause  with 

'although.'  6.    maximus  .  .  .  accesserit :   trans,  as  if  hoc 

tuo  facto  maximum  cumulum  accessisse  confitear. 


326     FOURTH   SPEECH   AGAINST  ANTONY    [Page  171. 


THE  FOURTH   SPEECH   AGAINST  ANTONY. 

Page  171.  Oratio  Philippica  Quarta:  delivered 
from  the  Rostra  (see  N.  on  p.  227),  Dec.  20,  b.  c.  44;  for  the  occa- 
sion, and  an  outline  of  the  matter,  see  pp.  51-53.  Plutarch  says 
(Cic.  xxiv.)  that  the  orator  himself  called  the  speeches  against 
Antony  <  Philippics ; '  whether  that  be  true  or  not,  the  term  was 
applied  to  them  not  long  afterwards  (cf.  Juv.  x.  123-126),  and  is 
found  in  the  oldest  MS. 

Introduction,    i.    (11.  1-19.) 

I.  1.  Frequentia  vestrum:  cf.  p.  116,  1,  and  N.  incredi- 
bilis:  great  or  numerous  beyond  the  belief  of  any  one  who 
had  not  actually  seen  it.  2.  videor :  sc.  mihi.  5.  tem- 

pora :  immediately  preceding  {he  death  of  Caesar,  but  more 
particularly   since.  quae    simul   ac  :  =  et   simul   aique   ea. 

6.  princeps  —  fui  :  'I  took  the  lead  in.'  8.  Hodierno  enim 
die :  i.  e.  You  will  see  that  this  is  true  ;  '  for  to-day  (first).' 
9.  rem  actam  :  sc.  esse.  10.  reliquarum:  'of  all  remaining;' 
with  actionum,  '  of  all  that  remains  to  be  done.'  14.  tanto 

.  .  .  approbavistis :  indicates  that  the  statement  Nam  .  .  . 
Antonius  had  been  vociferously  applauded.  16.  impii :   cf. 

p.  71,  2,  and  N.  17.  ille  hostis :  sc.  sit. 

Discussion. 
A.     Antony  has  been  judged  an  enemy.     I.  (I.  20)  -IV. 

20.    C.  Caesar:   Octavianus;  cf.  p.  51.  23.  Laudo,  etc.: 

the  audience  had  again  applauded,  at  the  mention  of  Octavianus. 
24.  vel  pueri  potius  :   he  was  in  his  twentieth  year. 

Page  172.  1.  sunt  .  .  .  aetatis  :  =  « for  his  deeds  are  im- 
mortal ;  (only)  his  name  (i.  e.  '  age ')  is  that  of  youth.'  4.  tale 
—  qui:  'like  (the  deed  of  him)  who.'  6.  a  Brundisio  .  .  . 

reditum :  "Antony  had,  with  the  permission  of  the  Senate,  re- 
called four  legions  from   Macedonia,   the   Second,   Fourth,  and 


Page  173.]  NOTES  327 

Thirty-fifth,  and  the  Mars  legion;  on  the  9th  of  October  he 
had  gone  to  Brundisium  to  assume  command  of  them.  The 
allegiance  of  the  Fourth  and  Mars  legions  being  doubtful  (see 
n.  to  1.  16),  he  sent  the  other  two  north  by  detachments,  with 
the  design  of  concentrating  a  powerful  force  at  Ariminum  in 
Cisalpine  Gaul.  In  the  meantime,  by  the  offer  of  a  bounty  of 
500  denarii  ( =  about  $80)  to  each  of  the  veterans  who  would 
enlist  under  him,  Octavianus  quickly  raised  an  efficient  corps, 
which  after  no  long  time  comprised  five  legions. 

8.  exercitum  invictum,  etc.:  cf.  Phil.  III.  11.  3:  C.  Caesar 
adulescens,  fiaene  potius  puer,  incredibili  ac  divina  quadam 
mente  atque  virtu te,  cum  maxime  furor  arderet  Antoni  cum> 
que  eius  a  Brundisio  crudelis  et  pestifer  reditus  timeretur^  nee 
postulantibus  nee  cogitantibus,  ne  optantibus  quidem  nobis,  quia 
non  posse  fieri  videbatur,  firmissimum  exercitum  ex  inviclo 
genere  veteranoru?n  militum  comparavit  patrimoniumque  suum 
effudit ;  quamquam  non  sum  usus  eo  verbo,  quo  debui  —  non 
enim  effudit;  in  rei  publicae  salute  collocavit. 

II.  16.  Suessae  :  i.  e.  Suessa  Aurunca,  in  the  southern  part 
of  Latium.  On  the  way  to  or  from  Brundisium,  probably  on 
the  journey  thither,  Antony  had  put  to  death  some  soldiers  at 
Suessa  (Phil.  III.  iv.  10,  XIII.  vni.  18).  Brundisi:  here 

he  had  put  to  death  chosen  centurions  of  the  Mars  legion,  and 
other  citizens  (about  300  in  all),  on  account  of  their  lack  of  alle- 
giance to  him  personally.  17.  nihil  —  cogitaret:  cf.  p.  68, 
17,  and  N.  18.  erat :  why  not  esset,  or  fuisset  ?  19.  mi- 
litum :  '  (composed)  of  soldiers.'  22.  mini  adsensus  :  in 
our  parliamentary  phrase,  *  on  my  motion.'  23.  ut  —  refer- 
retur  :  i.e.  ad  senatum, for  final  action.  primo,  etc.:  see 
Idioms. 

25.  Quern :  we  say  '  what.'  26.   contra  .  .  .  eis :  freely, 

'for  whose  antagonists  in  war;1  referring  particularly  to  Octa- 
vianus. 29.  a  ,  .  .  generatum:  i.  e.  through  Romulus. 
30.  suia  decretis :  in  deciding  to  desert  the  side  of  Antony ; 
see  p.  173,  1-3.  32.  consulem:  Antony  was  still  consul; 
see  p.  51.  33.  loco:  'in  place/  i.e.  'opportunely.'  re- 
clamatione  :  at  the  words  hos  .  .  .  hostes  .  .  .  iudicemus  the 
audience  had  shouted  'No!  No!' 

Page  173.  3.  parricidam  patriae :  cf.  parricidioy  p.  68,  18, 
and  n.  5.  Albae  •  Alba  (2)  in  Vocab. 


328     FOURTH  SPEECH  AGAINST  ANTONY    [Page  174. 

III.  11.  M.  Antoni:  cf.  N.  to  p.  148,  II.  As  Antony  was  not 
present,  the  direct  address  here  is  introduced  simply  to  make 
the  arraignment  more  vivid.  14.  arcessitae  sunt  :  from 
Macedonia:  see  n.  to  p.  172,  6.  18.  nisi  forte:  used  as  nisi 
vero ;  cf.  p.  109,  24,  and  N. 

20.  ut  ostenditis :  the  irony  of  the  preceding  sentence  had 
stirred  the  audience  to  another  demonstration  of  feeling.  The 
Roman  populace  were  as  wax  in  the  hands  of  the  orator. 
23.  haec:   as  p.  70,  II.  25.   hodierno  eius  edicto  :    Deci- 

mus  Brutus  as  governor  of  Cisalpine  Gaul  had  issued  a  pro- 
clamation that  he  would  hold  this  province  'in  the  power  of  the 
Senate  and  of  the  Roman  people,'  thus  shutting  Antony  out 
and  thwarting  his  plan  of  making  Ariminum  a  centre  of  mili- 
tary operations.  Cf.  N.  to  p.  172,  6.  26.  num  .  .  .  videtur : 
followed  by  cries  of  'No!  No  ! '  shown  by  Recte  .  .  .  negatis. 
29.  Brutorum  genus :  i.  e.  in  the  expulsion  of  the  last  of  the 
early  Kings,  Tarquin  (ad  libertatem  constituendam),  as  well  as 
in  the  overthrow  of  these  later  rulers,  Caesar  and  Antony  (ad 
libertatem  recipiendam).  32.  Galliam :  Cisalpina7n. 

Page  174.  1.  Num  .  .  ,  possumus  :  again  shouts  of  'No. 
No ! '  see  1.  3,  una  mente,  etc. 

IV.  5.  optime  :  see  Idioms.  10.  resistat :  why  not 
resistit  f  11.  neque  enm  reciperet :  =  '  and  should  not 
receive  him  as  such.'  12.  in  consulis  iure :  only  in  a  general 
way,  in  showing  the  respect  appropriate  to  the  representative 
of  the  highest  authority  of  the  nation,  unless,  as  sometimes 
happened,  the  consul  received  an  extraordinary  provincial  com- 
mission;  for  each  province  had  its  own  governor  and  staff  of 
administration  independent  of  the  consular  office  (cf.  p.  60). 
14.  rei  publicae  :  dat.  15.  negat  .  .  .  vos  :  climax  and 
anaphora,  heightened  by  the  asyndeta. 

17.   latrones :   i.  e.  Antony's  followers.  putant :  why  not 

putat  ?  22.   quos,  etc. :   veterans  of  Caesar,  who   had  been 

rewarded  with  lands  and  other  gifts,  and  had  quickly  wasted 
all  they  had  received.  Cf.  p.  84,  24-34,  and  notes.  23.  hasta  : 
i.  e.  auction  sale  of  confiscated  property.  The  place  of  auction, 
particularly  of  booty  or  of  confiscated  goods,  was  denoted  by  a 
spear  placed  upright  in  the  ground.  28.  hoc  omen :  •  this 
prophetic  word.' 

29.  Ita  .  .  .  precamini :  the  people  had  responded,  with  simi 


Page  176.]  NOTES  329 

lar  invocations,  to  the  prayer  just  uttered  (11.  27,  28).  33.  pro- 
digiis,  portentis :  referring  perhaps  to  the  unusual  phenomena 
noticed  about  the  time  of  Caesar's  death,  and  afterwards.  Cf. 
nn.  to  p.  97,  15  and  16. 

B.     Remain  in  your  judgment  of  Antony  as  an  enemy, 
v.,  vi.  (1.  15). 

Page  175.  V.  5.  Reliquum  est:  cf.  p.  126,  19,  and  N. 
8.  videant:  B.  324;  A.  593;  H.  652.  ut:  i.  e.  solent  (facere) 
ut.     B.  297,  1 ;  A.  568,  n.  1  ;  H.  566,  1. 

17.  cum  .  .  .  belua :  cf.  p.  77,  2-4,  and  N.  20.  erit  recu- 
sanda  [nobis] :  i.  e.  we  may  expect  to  suffer  everything. 
tenetur  :  =  deprehenditur.  21.     mox    eis  :     sc.    what  ? 

22.  novi  consulea  :  Gaius  Vibius  Pansa  and  Aulus  Hirtius, 
who  immediately  upon  their  entry  into  office,  eleven  days  after 
this  time,  were  to  take  measures  to  head  off  Antony;  so  the 
Senate  had  decreed.        26.   agitur  :   '  the  matter  at  issue  is.' 

29.  crudelitatem  mortis  et  dedecus :  we  should  say,  '  a 
cruel  and  shameful  death.'     Cf.  n.  to  p.  146,  6.  33.   virtus  : 

of  virtus  Cicero  had  written,  early  in  this  same  year  (Lael. 
xxvii.  100) :  In  ea  est  enim  convenientia  rerum,  in  ea  stabili- 
fas,   in  ea  constantia.  35.   demoveri  loco :    cf.  p.  j6,  13, 

and  n. 

Page  176.  3.  reges:  as  Perseus  and  Antiochus;  cf.  p.  137, 
24  et  seq. 

VI.  5.  cum  —  res  erat :  =  '  had  to  meet.1  7.  rationem  : 
=  * basis.'  10.    orbis    ter*ae    consilium  :    cf.    p.    64,    25. 

13.  qui:   'how.* 

Conclusion. 

17.   omne  certamen :   ■  a  contest  throughout.'  18.   Spar 

taco  :  Cicero  elsewhere  intimates  (Phil.  III.  VIII.  21)  that  Antony 
in  his  proclamations  had  alluded  to  Octavianus  as  '  a  Spartacus.' 
19.   scelere,  industria :   see  p.  79.  20.   Ille  .  .  .  conflavit : 

cf.  N.  to  p.  86,  24.  21.  quern  acccpit :  a  senatu,  referring  to 
the  four  legions  from  Macedonia,  of  which  two  had  deserted 
him. 

30.  id  :  i.  e.  ut  quicquam  praetermittam,  understood  from 
the  preceding  sentence.  pro   .    .    .    beneficiis  :   cf.  p.   114, 


330     FOURTH  SPEECH  AGAINST  ANTONY     [Page  176. 

26  et  seq.  32.   referente  :   i.  e.  ad  senatum.     In  the  absence 

of  the  consuls  the  meeting  of  the  Senate  had  been  called  by 
the  tribunes,  among  whom  Servilius  took  the  lead.  33.  hoc 
M.  Servilio  :  Servilius  was  probably  on  the  Rostra,  near  the 
orator;   cf.  p.  108,  17,  and  N.  34.  longo  interval! o  :   at  the 

time  of  Caesar's  death,  more  than  nine  months  before,  it  seemed 
as  if  their  liberties  would  be  at  once  restored. 


Page  177.]  NOTES  331 


NOTES  TO  THE   LETTERS. 

Page  177.  Epistolae:  a  letter  was  called  epistola  (  =  «ri- 
otoAtJ,  from  C7rio-TeAA(o,  '  send  by  a  messenger'),  as  having  the 
nature  of  a  message,  sent  by  one  person  to  another;  litterae, 
from  the  characters  of  the  writing;  or  tabellae,  from  the  sur- 
faces on  which  the  writing  was  placed ;  with  us,  "  despatch," 
"  line,"  "  card,"  etc.  For  the  form  and  address  of  Roman  letters, 
see  pp.  54-56. 

I.    TO  ATTICUS,  at  Athens  (ad  Att.  I.  vn.). 
Rome;  b.  c.  68. 

Cicero  Attico  sal. :  the  usual  heading  of  the  letters  to  Atticus, 
sal.  being  put  briefly  for  salutem  dicit.  This  heading  is  prob- 
ably not  genuine,  at  least  for  the  earlier  letters;  for  in  the  let- 
ters themselves  prior  to  50  b.  c.  Atticus  is  addressed  ordinarily 
as  mi  Pomponi.  He  owed  his  last  name  to  a  residence  of 
twenty  years  at  Athens ;  so  Cicero  playfully  says  to  him  (Cato 
Mai.  1.  1)  :  'You  brought  back  from  Athens  not  only  a  surname, 
but  also  culture  and  practical  wisdom.' 

1.  Apud  .  .  .  est:  'All's  well  at  your  mother's,'  or  'Every- 
thing is  all  right  at  your  mother's,  and  I  am  looking  after  her.' 
2.  HS.  xxcd.  :  i  20,400  sesterces/  =  about  $840.  This  sum 
would  ordinarily  be  written  xxcd  ;  cf.  A.  635;  H.  170,  4.  But  in 
familiar  correspondence,  or  in  speaking  of  a  sum  previously  men- 
tioned, the  denomination  might  be  omitted;  by  a  similar  ellipsis 
we  say  "  I  gave  twenty-four  hundred  for  a  lot,"  meaning  twenty- 
four  hundred  dollars.  Atticus  had  probably  expended  this  money 
in  buying  works  of  art  in  Athens  for  Cicero's  villa  at  Tusculum ; 
cf.  ad  Att.  I.  VI.  2.  curaturum  [esse]  :  'that  I  would  see  to 
the  payment  of.'  Idibus :  see  N.  to  p.  66,  34.     What  date  ? 

B.  371,  372;  A.  631,  £;  H.  754,  3- 

3.  Tu  velim  —  des  operam:  'I  should  like  to  have  you  see 
'  to  it,'  = « Will  you  please  to  see  to  it ; '  velim  is  often  used 
thus  to  soften  a  request.  B.  280,  2,  a\  A,  442>  b\  H.  565,  2. 
6.   conficere:    either  by  purchase   or  by  having  copies    made; 


332  TO   GNAEUS   POMPEY  [Page  178. 

for  among  his  slaves  Atticus  kept  a  number  of  copyists. 
7.  cum  in  otium  venerimus :  =  '  when  I  shall  take  a  vaca- 
tion.' How  lit.?  8.  tpositam  habemus  :  B.  337,  6;  A.  497,  b; 
H.  43i>  3- 

II.    TO   GNAEUS  POMPEY,  in  Asia  (ad  Fam.  V.  vn.). 
Rome;  B.C.  62. 

M.  Tullius,  etc.:  i.  e.  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  Marci filius,  sa- 
lutem  dicit  Gnaeo  Pompeio,  Gnaei  filio,  Magno,  Imperatori.  In 
less  formal  correspondence  forenames  and  titles  were  usually 
omitted. 

10.  S  .  .  .  E. :  a  stately  greeting,  appropriate  to  a  commander 
with   his   army ;    not  common.      See   Vocab.  litteris     tuis : 

despatches  to  the  Senate  announcing  the  finishing  of  the 
Mithridatic  war.  12.  oti :  for  pacts.  13.  pollicebar:  par- 
ticularly in  the  speech  'On  Pompey's  Commission,'  four  years 
before.  14.  veteres  hostes,    novos  amicos :    a  reference  to 

certain  persons  who  were  then  wishing  to  be  on  good  terms 
with  Pompey;  perhaps  Caesar  and  other  members  of  the  popu- 
lar party  are  meant.  15.  ex  magna  spe,  etc. :  because 
Pompey's  unparalleled  successes  would  render  him  less  disposed 
to  effect  a  reconciliation  with  former  enemies,  and  because  the 
finishing  of  the  war  would  make  it  possible  for  him  to  come 
back  to  Rome  in  the  near  future. 

16.  Ad  me  litteras :  in  answer  to  a  letter  of  Cicero  giving  a 
full  account  of  his  consulship  and  of  his  services  to  the  state 
in  the  suppression  of  the  Catilinarian  conspiracy.  Pompey's 
letter  in  reply  was  cold  and  formal,  containing  slight  evidence 
of  any  appreciation  of  the  orator's  achievements. 

Page  178.  2.  meorum  officiorum  :  *  of  my  services '  to 
others,  particularly  to  you.  3.   quibus  .  .  .  patior :    'and  if 

no  adequate  return  is  made  to  these,  I  am  entirely  satisfied 
to  let  the  balance  of  service  rendered  remain  on  my  side.' 
5.  mea  .  .  .  studia  :  '  my  most  enthusiastic  efforts  on  your 
behalf.'  Cicero  had  not  only  urged  the  passing  of  the  bill  of 
Manilius,  giving  Pompey  the  command  under  which  he  was 
still  exercising  authority  as  imperator,  but  had  also  as  consul 
in  the  latter  part  of  63  b.  c.  proposed  a  ten  days'  supplicatio 
(see  n.  to  p.  95,  21 ;   de  Prov.  cons.  xi.  27)  in  recognition  of  his 


Page  179]  NOTES  333 

public  services   in   the   Mithridatic  war.  6.   inter  nos :   here 

'  to  each  other.1 

10.  Res  eas,  etc. :  i.  e.  the  crushing  of  the  Catilinarian  conspi- 
racy ;  Cicero  had  supposed  that  Pompey  would  make  reference 
to  this  in  his  despatches  to  the  Senate.  13.    cuius :   some 

of  Pompey's  supporters,  who  happened  to  be  ill-disposed  toward 
Cicero  at   that  time.  16.    quae:=^  ea.  consilio : 

'  discretion.'  18.    Africanus :   the  intimacy  of  the  younger 

Scipio  with  Laelius  was  proverbial ;  Cicero  afterwards  made  it 
the  text  of  his  treatise  '  On  Friendship.'  It  is  not  improbable 
that  the  ex-consul  had  looked  forward  to  a  kind  of  copartner- 
ship in  public  esteem  and  influence  between  himself  and  Pom- 
pey; cf.  p.  ioi,  6-9. 


III.    TO  ATTICUS,  at  Rome  (ad  Att.  II.  iv.). 
Tusculan  Villa  ;  b.  c.  59. 

21.  Fecisti  .  .  .  misisti :  *  You  did  me  a  very  great  favor  in 
sending,'  etc.  24.  praesentem  :  '  at  once.'  25.  ex- 

pensum  :  sc.  eum  (i.  e.  librum) ;  '  that  you  may  (why  not 
1  might '  ?)  not  have  to  carry  it  (in  your  accounts)  as  an  expen- 
diture under  the  head  of  gifts.'  26.  amabo  te,  cura  ut  — 
transigas:  'will  you  be  so  kind  as  to  make  a  settlement;' 
amabo  te,  '  I  shall  be  obliged  to  you,'  a '  I  request,'  '  be  so 
kind.'  28.  mini,  etc.:  'I  should  be  most  pleased  to  have 
those  articles  sent  back.'  male .  =  '  at  too  high  a  price,' 
'too  dear.' 

Page  179.  1.  Pomponiae:  Quintus  Cicero,  or  his  wife,  had 
been  interested  in  the  purchase  referred  to.  2.  nummi,  etc. : 
pay  an  exorbitant  price  rather  than  have  any  trouble.  3.  velim  : 
cf.  N.  to  p.  177,  3. 

5.  Clodius  ad  Tigranem  :   as  an   ambassador.  Syrpiae : 

from  ms.  readings  syrpie,  Sirpiae ;  unintelligible  as  it  stands. 
The  most  probable  explanation  is  that  of  Gronov,  who  reads 
the  passage  velim  Scepsii  condicione,  '  I  hope  with  the  fate  of 
the  Scepsian;'  for  Metrodorus  of  Scepsis  (see  Map)  went  to 
Tigranes  as  ambassador  for  Mithridates,  and  was  put  to  death 
by  his  king  on  account  of  his  imprudent  speech.     Boot   emends 


334  TO   ATTICUS,   AT   ROME  [Page  180. 

the  passage  to  read  thus :  Clodius  ergo,  ut  ais,  ad  Tigranem  vel 
in  Cyprum :  opimae  condicionesj  sed facile  patior. 

6.  facile  patior :  *  I  am  quite  reconciled '  to  it,  having  no 
time  for  such  a  mission  myself  at  present.  %  7.  liberam  lega- 
tionem  :  '  a  free  embassy ; '  sometimes  a  senator  was  allowed 
to  travel  with  the  rights  and  privileges  of  an  ambassador,  but 
'  free '  from  any  responsibility  as  a  government  representative. 
8.  in  otio :  '  in  private  life ; '  Quintus  Cicero  was  now  governor 
of  Asia.  9.   sacerdos    Bonae    Deae  :    playful    irony ;    see 

pp.  6,  7.  12.  mini  .  .  .  mentem :  see  Idioms.  Crasso : 

i.  e.  for  his  coalition  with  Pompey  and  Caesar  in  the  so-called 
first  triumvirate.  13.  quod  .  .  .  desciverim :    '  that  I  have 

not  proved  false  to  myself.' 

14.  De  geographia,  etc. :  Cicero  evidently  thought  of  writing 
a  treatise  on  geography ;  Attic  us  was  anxious  to  have  him 
finish  the  work.  dabo  operam,  ut :  *  I  '11  try  to.'  16.  pere- 
grinationis :  in  the  southern  part  of  Latium ;  the  outing  will 
do  me  so  much  good  that  I  '11  get  the  book  done  all  the  sooner 
in  consequence.  18.  facito,  etc.:  see  Idioms.  20.  nihil: 

see  Idioms. 

21.  saltum  :  no  doubt  a  part  of  Terentia's  dowry.  22.  quer- 
cum  Dodonaeam :  the  famous  oak  at  Dodona,  at  which  oracles 
were  received.  23.  Epirum:   the   appearance   of  Terentia's 

*  woodlands'  was  very  like  that  of  Epirus,  where  Atticus  had 
extensive  estates. 

28.  muro  :  Marcus  and  Quintus  Cicero  had  adjoining  resi- 
dences on  the  Palatine  hill.  A  wall  between  the  orator's  gym- 
nasium and  his  brother's  premises  seemed  to  be  unsafe  ;  he 
does  not  wish  to  have  it  taken  down,  but  refers  the  whole  mat- 
ter to  Atticus,  who  naturally  looked  after  the  affairs  of  Pomponia 
in  the  absence  of  her  husband. 

30.  adhibeas:  *  consult.'  dubia  vita:  B.  227,  1  ;  A.  419,  a- 
H.  489.  31.  optimi  cuiusque :  cf.  p.  116,  5,  and  N.  magni 
.  .  .  fructum:  <I  consider  a  single  summer's  enjoyment  —  of 
great  account.'        32.   ita?  ut :  <  (only)  on  condition  that.' 

IV.    TO   ATTICUS,  at  Rome  (ad  Att.  II.  xiii.). 

Formian  Villa  ;  B.  C.  59. 

Page  180.     1.   Facihus  indignum  :  '  Too  bad ! ,        epistolam 
.  .  reddidisse :  the   infin.  is  sometimes  used  with  the  ace.   in 


Page  181.]  NOTES  335 

exclamations.  B.  334  ;  A.  462  ;  H.  616,  3.  av0wp«C:  '  the  very 
hour'  that  yours  was  received.  See  p.  368.  2.  ad:  'in  answer 
to.'  4.  domum  :  to  Cicero's  house  on  the  Palatine.  6.  tuam : 
'to  you.'    For  tibi  tuam  cf.  p.  159,  20,  and  N.  referri:  'be 

carried  back'  to  Rome  again. 

8.  sileri :  =  '  that  nothing  is  said,'  i.  e.  about  the  course 
Caesar  is  taking.  9.    regnum  vestrum :    'your  lordship,' 

i.  e.  the  lordship  of  the  triumvirs,  to  which  Atticus  and  men 
like    him    submitted  without   remonstrance.  10.    Tt]\€irv\ov 

Acuo-Tpiryovdiv :  '  Laestrygonian  Telepylus,'  a  city  of  the  fabulous 
Laestrygonians  (Od.  x.  81)  ;  applied  to  Formiae,  which  was  ^aid 
to  have  been  founded  by  a  colony  of  Laestrygonians.  11.  dico  : 
'  I  mean.'  13.   cuius  cognomen,  etc. :   i.  e.   Pompey  is  no 

longer  spoken  of  as  'Great,'  nor  Crassus  Dives  as  'Rich.' 
The  Crassus  mentioned  is  probably  not  .the  triumvir,  but  some 
wealthy  member  of  the  family  who  had  become  poor.  14.  Cre- 
das  mihi  velim :  'I  hope  you'll  believe  me.'  15.   offendi: 

'  I  have  come  across.' 

17.  4>i\o<ro<{>«|Mv :  'let  us  be  philosophers,1  'let  us  take  refuge 
in  philosophy.'  iuratus  :  'on  my  oath.'  18.   nihil  esse 

tanti :  '  nothing  is  of  so  great  value,'  '  there  is  nothing  like  (phi- 
losophy),' in  these  troubled  times.  Sicyonios:  they  were 
in  debt  to  Atticus,  who  seems  to  have  hoped  to  get  a  letter 
from  the  Senate  or  consuls  advising  them  to  pay  him  what 
they  owed.         19.  unde  nos :  sc.  what  ? 

V.    TO  ATTICUS,  at  Rome  (ad  Att.  II.  x.). 
Forum  of  Appius,  b.  c  59 ;  written  before  Ep.  iv. 

21.  Volo,  etc. :  'I  want  you  to  admire  my  grit.  I  am  resolved 
not  to  attend  the  games  at  Antium.  For  it  would  be  in  bad 
form  (vtto<t6\oikov),  when  I  wish  to  avoid  all  appearance  of  enjoy- 
ing myself,  suddenly  to  let  myself  be  seen  (a.va<f>OLLV€vdai)  travelling 
not  merely  for  amusement  but  even  for  foolish  amusement.'  He 
had  previously  written  that  he  was  going  with  Tullia  to  see  the 
games  at  Antium  (ad  Att.  II.  vm.  2).  Antium  was  a  resort  of 
pleasure-seekers;  but  attending  the  games  there  would  be  'fool- 
ish amusement'  for  one  accustomed  to  the  games  at  Rome. 

Page  181.  3«  fac :  see  Idioms.     4.  Dederam :  B.  265  ;  A.  479; 


336  TO   ATTICUS,    IN   EPIRUS  [Page  182. 

H.  539,  i.  5.  aliam  [epistolam]  :  the  letter  which  went  wrong; 
see  Ep.  iv. 

VI.    TO   ATTICUS,  in  Epirus  (ad  Att.  II.  xxiii.). 

Rome;  B.  c.  59. 

6,   meam:    'of  mine.'  8.    cum  .  .  .  haberem :  'as  I  have 

no  leisure.'  B.  265  ;  A.  479;  H.  539,  1.  9.  recreandae  vocu- 
lae :  '  of  strengthening  my  poor  voice,'  worn  out  with  speaking 
in  the  courts  (1.  22). 

11.  Sampsiceramum  :  '  the  Emir,'  i.  e.  Pompey.  Sampsi- 
ceramus  was  an  obscure  Syrian  prince,  conquered  by  Pompey, 
whose  boastful  references  to  eastern  victories  led  to  the  appli- 
cation of  several  sonorous  oriental  names  to  himself.  Cicero 
calls  him  also  Arabarckes,  'the  Sheikh'  (ad  Att.  II.  xvn.  3), 
and  Hierosoly mar ius,  'the  Jerusalemite,'  (ad  Att.  II.  ix.  1). 

12.  sui  status  :  his  relation  with  Caesar  and  Crassus,  and  his 
loss  of  popularity.  16.  illius  partis  :  the  party  of  the  trium- 
virate, which  Cicero  represents  as  losing  all  influence,  with  no 
one  to  come  to  the  rescue.  In  this  he  did  not  read  aright 
the  signs  of  the  times,  and  was  sadly  mistaken.  18.  maiorem : 
'greater*  against  any  party. 

21.   totos   nos:    'myself    wholly.'  22.  forensem :   see  N. 

to  p.  117,  1.  23.  in  .  .  .  versamur :   freely,  'I  live  amid 

frequent  recounting  of  my  former  deeds,  and  am  aware  of  a 
sense  of  loss '  which  others  feel.  25.  poumSos  nostrae :  '  of 

our  dear  Cow-eyes ; '  ironical  reference  to  Clodia,  sister  of  Cicero's 
bitter  enemy  Clodius.  See  p.  368.  consanguineus :  Clodius. 
26.   terrores  :   '  threats '   against  me.     Cf.  pp.  6,  7.  Samp- 

siceramo  .  .  .  ostentat :  '  he  denies  (all  hostile  intentions  re- 
garding me)  to  the  Emir,  (but)  he  makes  open  assertion  of  them 
and  displays  them  to  others.' 

Page  182.     3,  in  —  ponam  :   '  I  rely  on.'  8.    Permagni 

nostra :  see  Idioms.  B.  210  ;  211,  1,  a,  3,  a  ;  A.  355,  a ;  H.  449,  1. 
comitiis  :    for  the  election  of  tribunes  for   58.  9.    potueris : 

sc.  esse  Romae.  illo  declarato :  'when  he  (i.e.  Clodius)  is 
declared  elected ; '  for  Cicero  looks  upon  the  election  of  Clodius 
as  settled.  The  tribunes  were  chosen  in  July,  but  did  not  qualify 
till  the  following  December. 


Page  183.] 


NOTES  337 


VII.    TO  ATTICUS,  at  Rome  (ad  Att.  III.  m.). 

En  route ;  b.  c.  58.' 

11.  TJtinam  —  vide  am :  *  May  I  live  to  see ; '  Cicero  had 
fled  from  Rome,  and  was  on  his  way  into  exile.  He  writes  as  if 
only  the  exhortation  of  Atticus  had  kept  him  from  making  away 
with  himself.  14.  multis  de  causis :  his  friend  Sicca  would 
entertain  him  at  Vibo,  from  which  he  thought  of  crossing  over 
into  Sicily. 

VIII.    TO   HIS   FAMILY,  at  Rome  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  iv.). 
Brindisi ;   B.  c.  58. 

18.  Ego,  etc. :  Terentia  had  asked  why  he  did  not  write 
oftener;  he  answers  '(Yes),  I  send  letters  less  often  than  I 
might.'  19.  cum  :  *  while.'  22.  fuissemus  :  '  that  I  had 
been ; '  he  regrets  not  having  committed  suicide.  nihil :  nihil 
mali. 

Page  183.    2.    minus :    see   Idioms.  3.   fixa  sunt :   ■  are 

permanently  fixed.'  5.   di,  quos  tu,  etc. :   the  implication  is, 

a  woman  may  well  busy  herself  with  the  worship  of  the  gods; 
a  man's  business  is  with  men.     Cf.  notes  to  p.  97,  15,  and  107,  11. 

9.  periculum  :  he  who  harbored  an  exile  ran  the  risk  of 
losing  his  citizenship  and  one  third  of  his  property.  10.  legis  : 
the  enactment  carried  by  Clodius,  which  forbade  Cicero  to  live 
within  four  hundred  miles  of  Rome  (ad  Att.  III.  iv.).  13.  ha- 
bebimus  :   sc.  gratiam.  14.   profecti    sumus,    petebamus : 

we  say  *  I  am  on  the  point  of  leaving,' '  I  am  setting  out  for.'  B.  265 ; 
A.  479  ;  H.  539,  1.     prid.  K.  Mai. :  B.  144,  2  ;  A.  432,  a  ;  H.  420,  5. 

19.  sic  agam  :  (I  shall  put  (it)  this  way.'  20.  transactum 
est:  *  all  is  over  (with  me),1  if  there   is   no   hope   of  a   change. 

X21.  venias:  sc.  what  ?  23.  Tulliola  mea :  abl. ;  'what  will 

become  of  my  dear  Tullia?'  B.  218,  6;  A.  403,  2,  c\  H. 
468,  2.  vos :    Terentia   and    Piso.         25.  res   habebit :    cf. 

Idioms.  matrimonio  .  .  .  est :    '  we   must    look  out   for  the 

poor  child's  married  estate  and  good  name ; '  seemingly  her 
dowry  had  not  been  paid,  though  she  had  been  married  five 
years.  27.  sit,  etc. :    Tullia  may  remain  with  you  and  Piso, 

but  my  son  should  be  with  me.  29.  aliquid  teneas :  Cicero's 
property  is  to  be  confiscated;    he  fears  that  the  private   fortune 

22 


X 


* 


338  TO  HIS  FAMILY,  AT   ROME  [Page  184. 

of  Terentia  may  share  the  same  fate.  31.    nostrifm:   *  faith- 

ful to  my  interests.'  Piso  made  most  earnest  efforts  for  the 
recall  of  Cicero;  cf.  p."  185,  32. 

32.  familia  liberata :  knowing  that  his  property  would  be 
confiscated,  Cicero  had  given  his  own  slaves  their  freedom  sub- 
ject to  two  conditions :  first,  that  in  case  they  should  be  able 
to  maintain  their  manumission  as  valid  (i.  e.  against  the  claim 
that  his  giving  them  their  freedom  under  the  circumstances  was 
not  lawful),  and  his  property  should  be  permanently  alienated, 
they  should  be  his  freedmen  (p.  184,  1,  2)  ;  secondly,  that  if  his 
property  should  again  come  into  his  hands,  they  should  again 
be  his  slaves,  '  excepting  a  very  few,1  to  whom  freedom  had  been 
given  outright  (p.  184,  2,  3).  Terentia  had  heard  that  he  had 
promised  freedom  to  her  slaves  also,  but  he  assures  her  that  he 
had  left  their  case  entirely  in  her  hands. 

34.  in  officio:  'in  (meritorious)  service,'  'serviceable;'  Or- 
pheus was  with  Cicero.  35.  magno  opere :  '  especially  (ser- 
viceable),' *  especially  (deserving).' 

Page  184.  3L  ea  causa  est:  'the  case  stands  thus.'  res: 
res  familiaris  ;  '  my  property.'  2.  essent :  used  after  est  as 
applied  to  an  agreement  made  in  the  past  and  still  valid. 
obtinere:    'to   make   (their  manumission)   good.'  3.  perti- 

neret :  i.  e.  maneret  nostra ;  when  his  property  should  be  put 
up  at  auction,  he  would  have  his  friends  bid  it  in  for  him,  if 
possible,  so  that  it  should  not  go  out  of  his  hands.  oppido : 
adv. 

4.  quod  hortaris:  B.  299,  2;  A.  572,  a;  H.  588,  3,  N. 
ut  .  .  .  magno :  '  that  I  keep  my  courage  up.'  9.  tempesta- 
tem:  here  'favorable  weather,'  or  'favorable  wind,'  for  sailing. 
11.  viximus:  '  I  have  lived.'  14.  ornamentis  :  '  (my)  digni- 
ties.' 17.  ipse  .  .  .  possum:  i.  e.  me  ipsum  confirmare 
('  encourage ')  non  possum. 

20.   officio:   'in  kindness.'        27.   Brundisio :  why  abl.? 

IX.    TO   HIS   FAMILY,  at  Rome  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  1.). 

Dyrrachium  ;    B.  c.  58. 

28.  perfertur  ad  me :  '  report  is  brought  to  me,'  =  '  I  learn.' 
29.  virtutem  et  fortitudinem :  'pluck  and  endurance.'  Teren- 
tia possessed  much  force  of  character. 


Page  186.]  NOTES  339 

Page  185.  2.  te  .  .  .  incidisse:  cf.  N.  to  p.  180,  I.  4.  ex 
quo  patre  —  exeo:  =  ^  eo  fiatre,  ex  quo.  B.  25 1,  4 ;  A.  307,  b ; 
H.   399,  3.  6.     cum  .  .  .  coepit:    *  ever  since   he   began   to 

think  for  himself ;  ■  Marcus  was  now  seven  years  old. 
7.  acerbissimos  .  .  .  percepit :  •  has  experienced  (only)  the  bit- 
terest pain  and  wretchedness.'  For  the  pi.  cf.  n.  to  p.  152,  22. 
11.  nostris,  etc  :  '  had  followed  my  own  judgment.'  14.  Nunc : 
n.  to  p.  68,  16,  15.  ne  .  .  .  desit;  'that  the  state  of  my  health 
may  not  make  your  efforts  of  no  avail ;'  I  shall  try  to  keep  well. 
16.  quanta:  'how  important;*  res  refers  to  the  matter  of 
health.  18.  habemus :  i.  e.  on  our  side,  favoring  my  return 
from  exile.        19.   si  vero  :   *  particularly  if ; '  sc.  habemus. 

21.  De  familia :  see  N.  to  p.  183,  32.  22.  loco  :  Thessalonica, 
where  Cicero  had  been  staying.  The  letter  may  have  been 
written  at  Thessalonica,  and  brought  on  to  Dyrrachium,  whence 
it  was  sent  with  a  postscript  (p.  186,  20-22).  25.  loco  magis 
deserto  :   *  a  more  out  of  the  way  place.'  26.   Hispo :   per- 

haps sent  to  keep  an  eye  on  Cicero's  movements.  28.  Quern 
diem  :  '  that  day '  when  I  may  go  back  to  Italy.  31.  vestrae 
pietatia  et  meae  :  *  of  your  loyalty  (to  me)  and  of  mine  (to 
my  country).' 

33.   supra  possit :  sc.  esse.  ei  voluptati :  *  a  source  of 

gratification  to  him,'  in  having  me  back. 

Page  186.  1.  te  accusavi  :  ■  I  have  made  no  complaint  of 
you  to  my  brother,'  with  whom  Terentia  seems  not  always  to 
have  been   on  the  best  of  terms.  3.   egi :  egi  gratias  eis. 

Terentia  had  asked  Cicero  to  thank  several  persons  for  efforts 
in  his  behalf. 

5.  vicum  :  on  one  of  her  estates.  7.  eadem  fortuna :  i.  e. 
of  financial  straits ;  as  Cicero's  property  had  been  confiscated,  it 
was  all  the  more  important  that  his  wife's  be  kept  in  the 
family.  8.   puero :  B.    218,   6;    A.    403,    2,    c\    H.   468,    2. 

10.  Tantum:  '(only)  this  much.'  erunt  in  officio:  'shall  do 
their    duty.'  11.    efficere  :    '  to    bring    about '    my    return. 

13.  ne  puerum  perditum  perdamus  :  '  that  we  do  not  ruin 
the  boy  (by  selling  off  property  that  ought  to  go  to  him), 
already  ruined  (by  my  misfortunes).'  Notice  the  alliteration. 
Cui  .  .  .  est:=  'If  he  can  but  have  enough  to.be  above 
want,  he  needs  (only),'  etc. 

16.  Pac:  see  Idioms.  17.  quid  agatur:  'what  is  going 


340  TO   ATTICUS,   AT   ROME  [Page  187. 

on.'  18.   exspectatio  est:    'state  of    suspense    must    be.' 

19.  D.  .  .  Decemb.  :  Data  {est  epistold)  ante  diem  sextum 
Kalendas  Decembris. 

20.  libera  civitas :  'free  cities'  possessed  certain  privileges 
which  made  theni  more  desirable  for  residence  than  the  ordi- 
nary provincial  towns.  22.  celebritas  :  ■  bustle.' 

X.    TO  ATTICUS,  at  Rome  (ad  Att.  III.  xxvi.). 

Dyrrachium ;  b.  c.  57. 

23.  senatus  consulto :  of  Jan.  1,  b.  c.  $7 ;  intended  to  pre- 
pare the  way  for  the  recall  of  Cicero.  The  Senate  took  the 
position  that  Cicero  had  been  unlawfully  banished,  and  it  was 
proposed  to  request  the  people  to  unite  in  inviting  him  to  re- 
turn. No  motion  on  the  subject  was  passed,  however,  owing 
to  the  obstruction  of  a  tribune  who  had  been  bought  up  by 
the  orator's  enemies;  he  did  not  actually  interpose  a  veto,  but 
was  able  to  postpone  action  indefinitely  by  demanding  time  for 
deliberation;  for  particulars  see  Cic.  pro  Sest.  xxxiii.,  xxxiv. 
Cicero  supposes  that  the  motion  prevailed  the  day  after  the 
discussion  mentioned  in  the  letter  of  Quintus. 

25.  legum  lationem  :  i.  e.  to  the  people,  for  the  recall  of 
Cicero :  legis  lationem  might  have  been  expected ;  but  the  pi. 
is  used  as  referring  to  other  matters  besides  the  bill  in  his 
favor.  si  obtrectabitur :  in  the  form  of  a  tribune's  veto. 

26.  utar:  *I  shall  take  advantage  of.'  auctoritate  senatus: 
an  expression  often  applied  to  a  decree  of  the  Senate  which 
had  been  vetoed  by  a  tribune;  loosely  used  here,  because  the 
motion  referred  to  had  not  been  formally  vetoed. 

XI.    TO  ATTICUS  (ad  Att.  III.  xxvn.). 

Dyrrachium,  B.  c.  $7. 

Page  187-     1.  tuis  litteris :  containing  the  news  that  the  bill 

for  Cicero's  recall  was  brought   before  the  people  Jan.  25,  and 

failed  to  pass  5  a  mob  incited  by  Clodius  broke  up  the  assembly, 

and  Quintus  Cicero   came   near  being  killed  (pro   Sest.    xxxv.). 

/      2.  mei  :  ■  my  family ; '   he   thinks   of  self-destruction.         4.  cito 

Nt       videbo  :   seems  to  imply  that  Atticus  was  already  on  the  way, 

\  perhaps  in  Epirus;   cf.  N.  to  p,  179,  23. 


Page  188.]  NOTES  341 

XII.    TO   ATTICUS,  at  Rome  (ad  Att.  IV.  x.). 
Cumaean  Villa ;   B.  c.  55. 

5.  Puteolis  :  Cumae  was  only  six  miles  from  Puteoli.  7.  bib- 
\/  liotheca  Fausti:  Sulla  Faustus  had  collected  a  number  of  books 
/  Nin  Athens  and  the  eastern  cities.  his  rebus  :  =  '  the  good 

things,'  sc.  me  pasci;  i.  e.  the  oysters,  of  which  the  waters  of 
this  region  yielded  an  exceptionally  fine  variety.  10.  volup- 

tatum :  '(consisting)  of  pleasures.'  12.  sub  imagine  Aristo- 

telis  :   in  Atticus's  house,  at  Rome.  13.  istorum :    Pompey 

and  Crassus ;  Caesar  was  in  Gaul.  sella  curuli  :  see  N.  to 

p.  103,  18.  apud  te :   'at  your  place.'  14.  eo :  Pompey, 

who  during  Caesar's  absence  was  all-powerful  in  Rome.  15.  ilia 
ambulatione  :   '  that  (political)  path.'  si  qui  —  deus  :  '  the 

divinity,  whichever  it  is.' 

17.  ambulationem  :  at  his  residence  in  Rome.  Laconicum  : 
like  the  Turkish  baths  of  our  day.  19.  tibi  .  .  .  respondere : 
'  to  be  in  some  degree  a  match  for  you  in  this  department  (of 
architecture).'  20.  in  Cumanum :  Pompey  also  had  a  villa 

near  Cumae.  22.  vadebam :  trans.  '  I  was  intending  to  go.1 

Why? 

XIII.     TO   TREBATIUS   TESTA  (ad  Fam.  VII.  vn.). 
Rome ;  B.  c.  54. 

Page  188.  1-  commendare :  to  Caesar,  under  whom  in  Gaul 
Cicero's  brother  Quintus  was  serving  as  lieutenant.  4.  Illud : 
'(only)  this.' 

7.  In  Britannia :  probably  Trebatius  was  intending  soon  to  go 
to  Britain  with  Caesar's  army ;  cf.  Caes.  de  Bell.  Gall.  iv.  20-36. 
auri :  both  gold  and  silver  were  found  in  Britain  later ;  cf.  Tac. 
Agr.  xii.  8.  essedum:   as  the  only  kind  of  plunder  to  be 

obtained  from  the  island.  14.  aetatem :   Trebatius  was  now 

thirty-five  years  old. 

XIV.    TO   GAIUS   CURIO  (ad  Fam.  II.'  11.). 

Rome ;  B.  c.  53. 

17.  Gravi  teste  —  patre  tuo :  written  shortly  after  the  death 
of  the   elder   Curio.  18.   laudibus :  'honors.'  19.  te 


342  TO  ATTICUS,  AT   ROME  [Page  189. 

filio :  'in  having  you  as  a  son.'  Why  abl. ?  23.  aeque  ac: 
'just  as.' 

XV.     TO   SILIUS  (ad  Fam.  XIII.  xlvii.). 
Rome;   date  not  known.       To  recommend  Egnatius. 

Page  189.      1«    eum:    Egnatius.  2.    scires :    why  impf.  ? 

diligi:  applied  to  an  affection  based  upon  respect,  while  amari 
indicates  a  warm  personal  regard  arising  from  intimate  ac- 
quaintance. 8.  Ilia  nostra:  'that  scheme  of  ours  has  fallen 
through,1  referring  probably  to  some  mutual  business  interest. 
9.  si  hoc  melius :  '  if  it  had  been  something  better  than  this,' 
that  turned  out  badly.  haec  coram :  '  (we'll  talk)  this  over 

between  ourselves.1 

XVI.    TO  ATTICUS,  at  Rome  (ad  Att.  V.  xm.). 

Ephesus;  B.C.  51.     Cicero  was  on  his  way  to  his  province; 
Cilicia ;  cf.  p.  9. 

13.  post  pugnam  Bovillanam :  half-humorous  designation  of 
the  skirmish  at  Bovillae  (Jan.  20,  b.  c.  52),  which,  as  it  caused 
the  death  of  Clodius,  the  orator  might  well  take  as  a  starting- 
point  for  reckoning  his  dates.  17.  mihi  —  praesto  fuit : 
'waited  upon  me.1  18.  aut,  etc.:  aut  puto  te  dicturum  esse 
"Quid  ad  me  attinett"  'What  is  that  to  me?1  19.  Ve- 
rum  tamen :  '  But  (it  is  of  interest  to  you)  nevertheless ; '  taken 
by  Tyrrell,  however,  in  close  connection  with  the  following  sen- 
tence, with  a  resumptive  force. 

20.  imperio:  as  governor  of  the  province  Asia,  to  which 
Ephesus  belonged.  venissem:    B.  307;    A.  524;    H.  584. 

21.  Ephesio  praetori:  i.  e.  Thermus,  propraetor  of  Asia;  the 
term   praetor    was    sometimes   applied    to    provincial    governors. 

22.  ostentationes :  probably  'boastings1  that  he  would  so  con- 
duct himself  as  to  be  just  alike  toward  all  and  give  offence  to 
none,  and  that  he  would  show  no  special  favor  to  the  tithe- 
collectors. 

Page  190.  !•  palaestra:  'art1  of  keeping  every  one  in  good 
humor.  3.    pactiones :    the   *  agreements  '    between   the   tax- 

collectors  and  the  provincials  for  the  year  51  ;  those  for  the 
next  year  were   made  during  Cicero's  term  of  office.  Sed 


Page  191.]  NOTES  343 

haec  hactenus :  in  our  phrase,  *  But  enough  on  this  point.' 
5.  se  de  nocte  proficisci:  'that  he  starts  to-night.'  The  Ro- 
mans dined  late  in  the  afternoon ;  and  as  Cestius  was  to  carry 
the  letter  to  Atticus,  there  was  no  time  to  write  at  length. 

6.  curae  mini  fuerunt :  '  1   looked   after.'  8.  tuis  :  *  your 

(representatives).'  9.  tradidi :  =  *  I  introduced.'  10.  ratio- 
nem  permutationis,  etc.:  'an  account  of  that  exchange  which 
I  got  on  your  credit.' 

15.  ut  simus  annui :  '  that  I  may  be  (here  only)  for  a  year ; ' 
brief  for  '  that  my  term  of  office  may  be  limited  to  a  year.' 
ne  intercaletur  quidem :  '  that  there  be  no  intercalation  even.' 
Before  Julius  Caesar  reformed  the  calendar  (b.  c.  46),  there  was 
much  confusion  in  the  reckoning  of  the  days  of  the  month  and 
of  the  year.  Until  the  pontifices  made  their  announcement  on 
the  first  of  February  no  one  knew  whether  there  would  be  an 
intercalation  in  that  month  or  not. 

16.  de  :  'in  regard  to.'  17.  scrupulo  :  ' difficulty,'  ' misun- 
derstanding,' perhaps  about  the  betrothal  of  Tullia  to  Dola- 
bella;  she  had  now  been  left  a  widow  for  the  second  time. 
18.  te  auctore  :  '  on  your  advice.'  Cicero  had  owed  Caesar 
20,800  sesterces  (=  $850 ;  ad  Att.  V.  v.  2),  which  he  had  now 
paid.  19.  quam  meum  sit:  =  'how  natural  it  is  for  me.' 
20.  fiat,  etc.:  cf.  p.  61.  14,  and  N.  22.  iudiciorum :  'of  the 
trials.'  24.  si,  etc.  :  see  Idioms.  animadvertes :  B. 
261,  3;   A.  449,  b\    H.  560,  4,  N. 

XVII.  TO  TITIUS   RUFUS  (ad  Fam.  XIII.  lviii.). 
From  Cilicia ;  b.  c.  50.     To  introduce  Lucius  Custidius. 

M.  Cicero,  etc. :  Marcus  Cicero  Gaia  Tit  to  Rufo,  Luci  Jilio, 
Praetori  Urbano,  salutem  dicit. 

25.  tribulis,  municeps  :  Custidius,  like  Cicero,  was  a  member 
of  the  Cornelian  tribe,  and  a  native  of  Arpinum.  28.   tan- 

tum:   'to  this  extent.'  faciles  aditus:  cf.  p.  132,  21,  and  n. 

Page  191.  1.  quae  aequa  postulabit:  we  should  say,  'all 
reasonable  requests.' 

XVIII.  TO   MARCUS   CAELIUS  (ad  Fam.  II.  xi.> 

From  Cilicia;   B.C.  50. 
M.    Cicero,    etc.  :    Marcus    Cicero    Imperator   salutem    dicit 
Marco  Caelio  Aedili  Curuli.     The  governor  of  a  province,  pos- 


344  TO   ATTICUS  [Page  192 

sessing  military  authority  (imperium),  was  permitted  to  use  the 
title  imperator;  cf.  p.  189,  20. 

5.  haec  levia  nostratia:  =  *  these  humble  (phrases)  of 
our  mother  tongue;'  he  compliments  the  oratory  of  Caelius. 
7.  quidnam  .  .  .  decernatur :  he  wishes  to  be  relieved  of  his 
governorship  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office  :  cf.  p.  190, 
13-15.        11.   fortuna:   i.e.  a  change  of  fortune,  ill-luck. 

17.  agitur:   'the  matter  is   being  attended  to.*  19.  cui- 

quam  :   i.  e.   ■  for  any  (other  animal).'  22.     Quicquid  erit : 

sc.  nobis;  'All  we  get  shall  be  yours,'  4You  shall  have  all  we 
can  secure.'        23.   esset,  nesciebamus :  force  of  the  impf.  ? 

25.  dies  me  admonebat :  the  festival  of  Cybele  was  in 
charge  of  the  Curule  Aediles.  26.  velim:  cf.  p.  177,  3, 
and  N. 

XIX.    TO  ATTICUS  (ad  Att.  VI.  vm.). 

Ephesus ;  B.  C.  50.    Cicero  is  now  on  his  way  back  from  Cilicia. 
For  the  heading  cf.  N.  to  Ep.  i. 

Page  192.  X.  calamum:  implies  that  this  letter  was  written 
on  paper;  see  p.  55. 

4.  opportunitate  Piliae :  i.  e.  '  your  opportune  meeting  with 
Pilia,'  who  had  somewhere  joined  her  husband,  bringing  late 
news  from  Rome.  5.  coniugio :  with  Dolabella.  6.  miros 
terrores  Caesarianos :  ■  astonishing  (and)  dreadful  news  about 
Caesar.'  9.    cum    illo  .  .  .  facere  :  =  \  are    on    his    side.' 

designatos :  with  Cassium  and  Lentulum  (no.  5  in  Vocab.)  as 
well  as  praetores.  12.  illo,  qui:  Marcus  Calidius,  who  had 
been  an  unsuccessful  competitor  for  the  consulship  for  the  year 
49.  13.  patruo  sororis  tuae  fili:  humorous  designation  of 
himself;  Pomponia  and  Quintus  Cicero  had  a  son  named  Quin- 
tals. Calidius  had  spoken  slightingly  of  Cicero's  oratory. 
a  quibus  victus :  as  we  might  say,  'just  think  who  beat  him!' 
Cicero  had  a  poor  opinion  of  the  consuls  for  49,  Lentulus  Crus 
and  Claudius  Marcellus. 

15.  xx.  ipsos  dies:  =  'just  twenty  days;'  the  slowness  of 
the  Rhodian  craft  has  caused  a  loss  of  twenty  days  beyond 
that    due    to    the    trade-winds.  19.   tranquillitates :   'calm 

spells,'  or  'calm  days;'  these  Rhodian  vessels  were  without 
decks.. 


Page  194.]  NOTES  345 

21.  raudusculo  Puteolano  :  the  payment  of  a  debt  to  some 
one  at  Puteoli.  gratum  :  =s=  '  thanks.'  22.   de  triumpho  : 

see  p.  io.  24.   Bibulus  :    Caesar's  colleague  in  the   consul- 

ship (b.  c.  59),  who  had  shut  himself  up  in  his  house  for  eight 
months;  Cicero  hints  that  his  governorship  of  Syria  had  been 
no  more  vigorous  than  his  consulate,  and  yet  he  was  bound  to 
secure  a  triumph.  27.   ato-xpov  <ria>irdv  :  =  turfte  est  tacere ; 

quoted  from  a  fragment  of  Euripides.     See  p. '368. 

Page  193.  X.  Sat,  etc. :  '  (I  have  written)  quite  enough,  as  I 
am  in  a  hurry.'     Reason   for   mood   and   tense  ?  2.   ei :   see 

p.  192,  17. 

4.  Cicero :  the  orator's  son,  who  was  with  him.  For  an  in- 
teresting account  of  this  young  man,  see  the  "  New  Englander 
and  Yale  Review"  for  1891,  pp.  236-248.  dices:  sc.  salutem; 
'please  give  the  best  regards  of  us  both  in  my  name'  {verbis 
=  ?neis  verbis).     B.  261,  3  ;   A.  449,  b\  H.  560,  4,  n. 

XX.     TO   TIRO,  at  Patrae  (ad  Fam.  XVI.  vn.). 

Corcyra  ;   b.  c.  50. 

6.  tenebamur :  i.  e.  my  son  and  I ;  they  had  left  Tiro  sick  at 
Patrae  (ad  Fam.  XVI.  vi.).  7.  filius  :  the  younger  Quintus; 
cf.  n.  to  p.  192,  13.  9.   istim  :   from  Patrae;   the  same  winds 

favor  or  retard  one  sailing  from  Patras  to  Corfu  as  from  Corfu 
to  Rome.     See  Map. 

XXI.    TO   TERENTIA  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  xvn.). 

End  of  B.  c.  50,  or  early  in  49. 

17.    S  .  .  .  v :   see  Vocab.  19.   quo  modo  sim  adfectus : 

'how    I    am   affected'  by  the   condition   of   affairs.'  21.   fac, 

ut  —  cures  :  a  parallel  to  our  familiar  exhortation,  '  Do  take 
care  of  your  health.' 

XXII.   TO  TERENTIA  AND  TULLIA  (ad  Fam.  XIV.xviii.). 

Formiae ;  B.  c.  49.     Young  Marcus  Cicero  was  with  his  father. 

Page  194.  2.  Romaene  sitis,  etc.:  Cicero  was  becoming 
more  and  more  fully  committed  to  the  side  of  Pompey.  But  he 
was  not  blind  to  the  weakness  of  that  leader,  and  was  in  the 
gravest   quandary   what   course   to   recommend   to   his  wife   and 


346  TO   TERENTIA  [Page  195. 

daughter.  If  they  remained  at  Rome,  they  would  be  under  the 
protection  of  Dolabella,  who  had  joined  the  party  of  Caesar. 

5.  Mihi  .  .  .  mentem :   see  Idioms.  9.  bonos :   '  the  pa- 

triotic '  from  Pompey's  point  of  view.  10.  Haec  regio :  Cam- 
pania, over  which  Pompey  had  placed  him  in  command. 
11.  nostrorum  oppidorum  :  i.  e.  towns  of  which  Cicero  was 
the  patron  (cf.  n.  to  p.  91,  9);  praediorum,  'estates'  of  which 
he  was  the  owner.        12.  mecum :   in  the  towns. 

15.   isto  loco  :  =  '  in  the  same  position  as  you.'  18.  pro- 

pugnacula,  praesidium :  against  robbers,  who  would  take 
advantage  of  times  of  political  disturbance  to  commit  depreda- 
tions. 20.  certos  :  '  special.'  22.  viiii.  Kal. :  probably 
ix.  Kaletidas  lanuarias,  for  Terentia  and  Tullia  joined  Cicero 
early  in  February;  but  the  month  is  uncertain.  There  is  much 
doubt  about  the  month  and  even  the  year  in  which  a  number 
of  Cicero's  letters  were  written. 

XXIII.    TO   TERENTIA  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  xxi.). 

B.  c.  48,  or  possibly  49 ;  probably  written  from  the  camp  of 
Pompey. 

Page  195.     1.  quod  opus  erit :  i.  e.  id,  quod  tibi  opus  erit% 
'whatever  you  may  need.' 

XXIV.     TO   TERENTIA  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  xi.). 

Brundisium ;  b.  c.  47.  Cicero  came  back  to  Brundisium  after 
the  battle  of  Pharsalus  (see  p.  10),  and  received  permission 
to  remain  in  Italy  from  Antony,  Caesar's  representative. 

8.  alia  in  fortuna,  etc. :  a  reference  to  her  unhappy  marriage 
with  Dolabella.  9.  erat :  trans,  as  if  est.  10.  Cicero- 

nem :  the  son ;  the  orator  wishes  to   make  terms  with  Caesar. 

XXV.    TO   TERENTIA  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  x.). 
Brundisium;  b.  c.  47. 

14.  Quid    fieri    placeret :    about  the   divorce   of  Tullia  from 
Dolabella.  Fomponium :    Atticus    had    observed    a    strict 

neutrality  in  the  war,  and  had  even  kept  on  good  terms  with 
both  Pompey  and  Caesar;  so  he  had  been  obliged  neither  to 
flee  from  Rome  nor  to  stay  in  Italy. 


Page  197.]  NOTES  347 

XXVI.    TO   TERENTIA  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  xxiv.). 

Brundisium ;  b.  c.  47. 

Page  196.  *•  adventu :  Caesar  did  not  return  to  Italy  till 
September,  after  he  had  finished  the  Alexandrian  war  and  the 
campaign  against  Pharnaces  in  Asia.  5.  litteris,  etc. :  he  is 

specially    anxious    to    hear    from    Caesar ;    Philotimus    was    at 
Ephesus.  7.  fac,  ut  cures:  cf.  p.  193,  21,  and  n. 

XXVII.  TO   TERENTIA  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  xxm.). 

Brundisium ;  b.  c.  47. 

10.  litterae  satis  liberates :  the  letter  unfortunately  is  lost. 
Caesar  treated  those  who  had  joined  Pompey  with  unlooked- 
for  clemency;  cf.  p.  163,  6  et  seq.  11.  cui  obviam  procedam: 
'I  shall  go  to  meet  him;'  Caesar  landed  at  Tarentum. 

XXVIII.  TO  TERENTIA  (ad  Fam.  XIV.  xxn.). 

Brundisium ;  b.  c.  47. 

16.  tabellarios  nostros :  those  whom  he  had  asked  Terentia 
to  send  back  at  once  (1.  13).  It  took  more  than  two  weeks  to 
send  from  Brundisium  to  Rome  and  back ;  cf.  p.  54. 

XXIX.     TO   MARCUS   MARIUS  (ad.  Fam.  VII.  iv.). 

Cumaean  Villa ;  b.  c.  46. 

Page  197.    5-  cogito :  sc.  me  iturum  esse.  8.  quod  con- 

stitutum  :  =  '  any  appointment.'        9.  fac,  ut  differas  :  *  do  put 

it  off,'  'please  put  it  off.' 

XXX.     TO  PAETUS  (ad  Fam.  IX.  xxm.). 

Cumaean  villa;  b.  c.  46. 

14.  Etsi :  i  (And  I  shall  come)  although.'  15.  quid  ageres  : 
'how  you  were.'  16.  ex  pedibus  laborares :  'you  were  hav- 
ing trouble  with  your  feet,1  i.  e.  had  the  gout. 


348  TO    GAIUS    CASSIUS  [Page  198. 

XXXI.     TO   ATTICUS  (ad  Att.  XII.  x.). 

Villa  at  Antium ;  b.  c.  46. 

Page  198.  1-  Male,  etc. :  as  we  say,  *  It  is  sad  about  Atha- 
mas ; '  male  factum,  or  simply  male,  is  a  common  expression  of 
those  mourning  the  death  of  any  one.  4.  impetret,  etc.  :  *  let 

reason  gain  what  time  is  sure  to  bring;'  how  unsatisfactory 
Cicero  himself  found  even  this  source  of  consolation  may  be 
seen  from  Ep.  xxxvi.  (particularly  p.  201,  1-4). 

5.  imaginem  Tironis  :  Alexis  was  to  Atticus  what  Tiro  was 
to   Cicero.  6.   remisi  :    Atticus  had   perhaps  sent  him  to 

Cicero's  place  at  Antium,  thinking  that  the  sea  air  might  restore 
him  to  health.  collis :  i.  e.  collis  Quirinalis  at  Rome,  where 

the  city  residence  of  Atticus  was.  cm6ij|uov :  with  quid,  lit. 

*  anything  contagious,'  =  'any  contagious  disease.'  Cf.  p.  368. 
ad  me  :    '  to   my  house  '   on   the   Palatine.  7.  Tisameno  : 

whom  Cicero  had  detailed  to  take  care  of  Alexis.  domus 

superior :  probably  the  part  of  the  house  nearer  the  top  of  the 
Palatine ;  for  Cicero's  house  was  built  on  the  slope  of  the  hill 
(cf.  Plan,  p.  76). 

XXXII.    TO    SERVIUS  (ad  Fam.  XIII.  xx.> 

Rome  ;  b.  c.  46.      To  recommend  Dr.  Asclapo. 

9.  utor  familiariter :  'I  am  on  intimate  terms  with.'  11.  me 
orum  :  Asclapo  had  probably  taken  care  of  Tiro  at  Patras ;  cf.  N. 
to  p.  193,  6. 

XXXIII.     TO   GAIUS   CASSIUS  (ad  Fam.  XV.  xvm.). 

Rome ;  B.  c.  45. 

17.  epistola :  i.  e.  *  This  letter.'  18.  iretur :  sc.  a  me. 

Page  199.  1.  4>Xvapov :  *  trifle,'  *  foolery,'  to  write  about. 
cnrovSdj^iv :  a  de  rebus  seriis  agere;  cf.  p.  368.  2.  periculo  : 

the  supremacy  of  Caesar  made  it  necessary  for  his  former  op- 
ponents to  be  careful  about  their  expressions  of  opinion  in 
regard    to    public    matters.  3.    facillime :    '  very    readily.' 

5.  Ubi  —  philosophia  :  cf.   p.    1 80,   17,  and  n,  6.  in  culina  : 

Cicero  rallies  Cassius  for  his  belief  in  Epicureanism,  which  laid 


Page  200.]  NOTES  349 

much  stress  upon  the  enjoyment  of  the  physical  life.  in  palae- 
stra: where  I  not  only  exercise  the  body,  but  also  freshen  and 
train  the  mind  in  oratorical  practice.  servire  :  '  to  be  a 

slave,'  under  the  absolute  government  of  Caesar.  7.  facio : 

*  I  make  out,'  '  pretend.'  convicium  Platonis  :  in  which  the 

philosopher  reproaches  those  who  do  not  maintain  their  freedom. 

9.  Hispania :  where  Caesar  was  conducting  a  campaign  against 
the  sons  of  Pompey.        10.  mea  causa  :  '  on  my  own  account.' 


XXXIV.     TO   ATTICUS  (ad  Att.  XII.  xv.> 
Astura;   B.C.  45. 

13.  Apud  Appuleium  .  .  .  ut  excuser :  =  *  that  excuse  be 
made  for  me  to  Appuleius,'  who  had  been  chosen  augur.  It 
was  customary  to  celebrate  the  admission  of  a  new  member 
into  the  college  of  augurs  (cf.  p.  59)  by  a  splendid  banquet,  con- 
tinued for  several  days,  at  which  all  the  members  were  expected 
to  be  present  unless  suffering  from  illness.  Cicero  was  stricken 
with  grief  at  the  death  of  Tullia  (see  pp.  10,  11);  not  wishing 
to  seem  ungracious  by  declining  in  advance  to  be  present,  he 
wished  to  have  his  absence  excused  *  each  day '  that  the  ban- 
quet lasted.  placet  i  sc.  excusari.  14.  videbis  ;  for  velim 
(ut)  videas.  21.  Cum  .  .  .  des :  =■  «  when  you  find  a  man  to 
give  it  (the  letter  for  Marcus  Brutus)  to.* 


XXXV.    TO  ATTICUS  (ad  Att.  XII.  xvi.). 
Astura ;  b.  c.  45. 

23.  tuis  negotiis  relictis  venire :  trans,  as  if  relinquere  tua 
negotia  et  venire.     Why? 

Page  200.  1.  nihil :  as  p.  61,  4.  5.  probabatur  :  i.  e.  tnihi 
te  convenire.  Cicero  could  not  stay  at  Atticus's  because  of  the 
bustle  and  publicity,  which  would  be  unendurable  to  him  in  the 
midst  of  his  grief;  nor  at  his  own  home,  because  ot  the  num- 
ber of  those  who  would  come  to  offer  consolation  which  he 
could   not   accept.  9.   Philippus :    he  probably  had   a  villa 

near  Cicero,  at  Astura. 


350  TO   ATTICUS  [Page  201. 

XXXVI.    TO   ATTICUS  (ad  Att.  XII.  xvm.). 
Astura;   b.  c.  45. 

12.  recordationes  fugio :  Tullia  was  dead,  after  having  been 
divorced  from  Dolabella ;  he  himself  had  divorced  Terentia,  mar- 
ried Publilia,  and  now  separated  from  her.  He  had  had  bitter 
quarrels  with  his  brother  Quintus,  and  was  without  hope  for 
the  future  of  the  state. 

16.  quod,  etc.:  he  proposes  to  build  a  chapel  in  honor  of 
Tullia.  19.  genere  :  architectural  '  style,'  ■  plan.'  21.  Ve- 
lim  cogites  :  'will  you  kindly  give  the  matter  considera- 
tion.' 

23.  monumentorum :  monumentum  includes  not  only  com 
memorative  structures  of  every  kind,  but  also  memorial  writings, 
whether  poetry  or  prose;  here  the  word  has  reference  particu- 
larly to  inscriptions  and  poems,  the  latter  by  both  Greek  and 
Roman   poets.  28.    ero  :  =  exsistatn.         hoc  exiguum   [tem- 

pus]  :  i.  e.  vitae. 

Page  201.  2.  nihil  —  in  quo  adquiescam :  his  philosophy 
breaks  down  in  the  presence  of  death ;  having  no  certain  hope 
of  reunion  with  his  dear  Tullia  in  a  future  life,  he  finds  no 
consolation  in  anything.  Cf.  p.  157,  26-30,  and  N.  temptatis  : 
render  'having  tried.1  3.    illud :   a  treatise  on  consolation, 

De    Consolatione ;    cf.    ad    Att.   XII.   xiv.   3.  6.    ut:    'as 

soon  as.1 

9.  Curabis  cum  tua  perferendum:  'Kindly  have  it  sent  (to 
him)  along  with  your  (letter).1 

12.  Domestica  :  '  my  household  affairs.1  quod  :  B.  299,  2  ; 
A.    572,  a,  and  N. ;    H.  588,  3,  n.  scribes:   '  please  write.1 

13.    quaedam    enim    exspecto :    i.  e.   quaedam  enim  sunt,   de 
quibus  scire  cupiam.  Cocceius,  Libo :    both  seem  to  have 

owed  Cicero  money,   Sulpicius    and   Egnatius   perhaps   being  se- 
curity for  the  latter,  or  for  both. 

16.  quid  .  .  .  labores :  *  What  reason  is  there  for  you  to  give 
yourself  uneasiness;1  cf.  p.  199,  13,  and  n. 

18.  vide  .  .  .  facile :  =  '  do  not  give  yourself  too  much 
trouble.  • 


Page  202.]  NOTES  351 

XXXVII.    TO  ATTICUS  (ad  Att.  XII.  xxxvi.). 
Astura,  b.  c.  45. 

24.   Fanum:  see  p.  200,  12-21,  and  N.  26.  legist  cf.  p. 

202,  7.  diro0cWiv :  see  p.  368.  The  deification  of  individuals 
—  so  foreign  to  our  ideas  —  was  familiar  and  acceptable  to  the 
Romans  on  account  of  their  worship  of  ancestors  (see  Coulanges, 
"  The  Ancient  City ").  The  deification  of  Julius  Caesar  was  un- 
doubtedly talked  about  at  this  time  (cf.  the  editor's  "  Selections 
from  Ovid,"  pp.  155-158);  and  later  the  Roman  emperors  were 
worshipped  even  before  they  were  dead.  What  Cicero's  exact 
idea  was  it  is  not  easy  to  divine;  probably  he  meant  in  some 
way  to  attach  to  the  shrine  an  association  of  worship,  so  that 
it  would  always  be  kept  in  repair. 

27.  Quod  poteram  :  *  And  I   could  attain  this  end.'  in 

ipsa  villa:  in  one  of  the  courts,  which  formed  so  attractive  a 
feature  of  the  Roman  country  houses. 

Page  202.  1.  dominorum :  i.  e.  of  the  villa ;  future  proprie- 
tors would  alter  or  rebuild  the  villa,  and  the  shrine  would 
probably  be  neglected  or  destroyed.  3.  habeat  religionem : 

i.  e.  treat  the  shrine  with  veneration ;  this  the  superstitious 
country  folk  were  much  more  likely  to  do  than  the  sceptical 
people  of  the  upper  classes.  4.  non  habeo  —  quicum  :  = 

'  I  have  no  one  with  whom.'  6.  institutum  :  i.  e.  genus  j  cf. 
p.  200,  19.  7.  lege :  imp. ;  the  law  referred  to  {legem)  was 

probably  some  enactment  of  the  college  of  pontifices  regarding 
rites  in  honor  of  the  dead,  and  posted  up  where  all  could 
read  it.  8.  in  mentem  veniet:  sc.  tibi. 

11.  Cumano:  either  Cicero's  villa,  or  that  of  Marcus  Brutus 
at  Cumae.        13.  facere  rustice:   'act  rudely.' 

XXXVIII.    TO  TREBATIUS  TESTA  (ad  Fam.  VII.  xxn.). 

18.  Illuaeras  :    *You    made    fun    (of    me).'  20   furti 

recte  agere  :  *  could  properly  bring  an  action  for  theft,'  for 
property  filched  or  embezzled  from  an  estate  before  the  heir 
took  possession.  Testa  had  maintained  that  there  was  no  divis- 
ion of  opinion  on  the  subject,  and  that  the  action  would  lie. 
B.  208,  1;   A.  352;   H.  456.  22.  misi:  «I  send'  with  this. 

23.  sensisse :  used  of  the  formal  giving  of  a  legal  opinion. 


352  TO   ATTICUS  [Page  203. 

XXXIX.    TO   ATTICUS  (ad  Att.  XII.  xlviii.). 

Tusculan  Villa ;   B.  c.  45. 

Page  203.    la  Domi,  etc.:   see  Idioms.  2.  iamne  confe- 

ceris :  '  whether  you  have  quite  finished '  the  business  that  took 
you   away  from   home.  6.  post  discessum  tuum  :   he   had 

apparently  met  Atticus  for  a  brief  interview  at  some  point  away 
from  Tusculum.  7.  totus  :  '  wholly,'  i.  e.  for  a  long  and  sat- 
isfactory visit;  sc.  vetiiam.  8.  quod  licebit :  =  quod  facere 
poteris  (as  Boot  suggests);  in  our  idiom,  'whatever  shall  best 
suit  your  convenience.' 

XL.    TO   BASILUS  (ad  Fam.  VI.  xv.). 
b.  c.  44- 
9.  Tibi    gratulor:    on    the    death    of    Caesar;    see    Vocab., 
Basilus. 

XLI.     TO  ATTICUS  (ad  Att.  XV.  xxiii.). 

Tusculan  Villa ;   b.  c.  44. 

13.  nostro  itinere  :  Antony  had  gained  the  upper  hand  at 
Rome;  the  conspirators  against  Caesar,  and  their  friends,  were 
fleeing.  Cicero  thought  of  going  to  Greece,  having  received  a 
free  embassy  (see  n.  to  p.  179,  7).  His  son  was  at  this  time 
studying  at  Athens.  in  utramque  partem :  whether  to  go  or 
not.  14.  Quo  usque  :  i.  e.  Quo  usque  delibcrabis,  torqueris  ? 
erit  [integrum]:  '(the  question)  shall  remain  open'  until  I  am 
actually  on  shipboard.  17.  Si  quid  novi :  i.  e.  velim  ad  me 
scribas  si  quid  novi  sit. 

XLII.    TO   ATTICUS  (ad  Att.  XV.  xxv.> 

Tusculan  villa ;   b.  C.  44. 

Page  204.  1-  meo  itinere :  cf.  p.  203,  13,  and  N.  multi : 
sc.  veniunt.  3.   cogitamus :   i.  e.  ad  urbent  redire.  meus 

animus :  I  am  content  to  go  abroad  or  to  return  to  Rome, 
provided  by  either  course  I  can  avoid  giving  offence.  5.  pia- 
culum,  mysteria  :  the  'mysteries*  of  Bona  Dea,  celebrated  in 
December;  called  fiiaculum,  because  of  the  desecration  by  Clo- 
dius  (see  pp.  6,  7).  8.    eo  :    'on  that  account;'   he  thinks  of 

returning  to  Rome  before  bad  weather  (cf.  N.  to  p.  128,  17),  and 


Page  206]  NOTES  353 

would  like  to  know  what  Atticus  thinks  about  his  being  there 
by  the  time  of  the  festival  of  Bona  Dea. 

XLIII.    TO   ATTICUS  (ad  Att.  XV.  xxvm.). 

Villa  at  Arpinum ;   B.  c.  44. 

13.  ludis:  given  by  Marcus  Brutus.  15.  poteram,  mise- 
ram :   trans,   as  if  possum,   misi.  17.    in  te  :   Atticus  had 

either  neglected  to  give  Caecilia  the  greeting  sent  by  Cicero,  or 
had  not  told  her  that  he  had  come,  so  that  she  failed  to  meet 
him. 

XLIV.    TO  ATTICUS  (ad  Att.  XVI.  ix.> 

Villa  at  Puteoli ;   B.  c.  44. 

Page  205.  1.  Binae :  B.  81,  4,  b\  A.  137,  b\  H.  164,  3. 
nunc  quidem  :  sc.  rogat.  2.  velle  :  dep.  on  what  ?  3.  Cui 
ego  :    sc.   respondi.  non   posse  :    '  could    not    take    action.' 

5.  consilio  tuo  :  he  declared  that  he  would  follow  Cicero's 
advice.  Quid  multa  :  =  '  Why  (say)  more  ? '  6.  o-KTJirrojicu : 
=  moras  necto  excusando  j  see  p.  368.  aetati:  cf.  p.  171,  24, 
and  N.         quo  animo  :   sc.  sit. 

10.   pueri  :    Octavianus.  11.   Brutum  :    Decimus  Brutus, 

who  could  hold  Cisalpine  Gaul  against  Antony.  Cf.  p.  173,  25, 
and  N.  12.  centuriat :  i.  e.  veteranos  milites  centuriat.  See 
p.  172,  6-1 1,  and  n.  lam  iamque  :   here  =  '  more  and  more 

clearly.' 

XLV.    TO   PLANCUS  (ad  Fam.  X.  xiv.). 
Rome  ;   b.  c.  43. 

16.  victoriam  :  over  Antony,  at  Mutina,  in  April.  Plancus 
had  declared  against  Antony  and  raised  a  force,  with  which  he 
afterwards  joined  Decimus  Brutus. 

22.  exspectabam  :  *  I  am  looking  for.'  23.  Lepidum  •  he 
soon  afterwards  united  with  Antony. 

XLVI.    TO   DECIMUS   BRUTUS  (ad  Fam.  XI.  xxv.> 

Rome  ;   B.  C.  43. 

Page  206.  8.  quid  vellem  :  sc.  scribere.  10.  acta :  *  pro- 
ceedings '  of  the   Senate,   and   also  of    the  popular  assemblies, 


354  TO   DECIMUS   BRUTUS  [Page  206. 

which  at  this  time  were  published  at  the  close  of  each  session 
or  meeting. 

13.    collega  :     Plancus.  14.    Bruto  :     Marcus    Brutus. 

17.  Intestinum  urbis  malum  :  many  were  urging  the  choice 
of  Octavianus  for  the  consulship,  though  he  was  far  from  the 
legal   age   and  had  not  held  the  earlier  offices.  18.  minus 

timeremus  :   i.  e.    si   adesset.  Xaicamo-pov    tuum  :  =  •  your 

Spartan  brevity.'  19.  pagella :  the  letter  was  written  on  a 
small  tablet. 


HELPS  TO  THE   STUDY  OF  CICERO. 


For  references  on  the  writings  of  Cicero,  his  public  life,  and  the 
history  of  Rome  in  his  time,  see  the  editor's  Topical  Outline  of 
Latin  Literature,  p.  15  (revised  ed.,  Boston,  1899). 

For  a  concise  account  of  Cicero's  literary  activity,  with  the  manu- 
scripts of  his  various  works,  and  the  more  important  editions, 
special  treatises,  dictionaries,  and  articles,  see  Teuffel  and 
Schwabe's  History  of  Roman  Literature,  English  Translation 
of  the  Fifth  German  Edition,  by  Warr,  Vol.  1.,  §§  177-189 
(London,  1900)  ;  Schanz,  Geschichte  der  r'omischen  Litteratur, 
1.,  2d  ed.  (Munich,  1898),  pp.  243-356. 

For  editions  and  literature  prior  to  1881,  see  Engelmann's  Bibli- 
otheca  scriptorum  classicorum,  8th  ed.,  Part  II.  (Leipzig,  1882). 

For  ancient  oratory,  and  Cicero  as  an  orator,  see  J  ebb's  Attic  Ora- 
tors (2  vols.  London,  1876)  ;  Blass,  Die  attische  Beredsamkeit 
(2d  ed.,  4  vols.  Leipzig,  1887-1898)  ;  Cucheval  and  Berger, 
Histoire  de  V eloquence  latine  depuis  Vorigine  de  Rome  jusqu'a 
Ciciron  (2d  ed.,  2  vols.  Paris,  1881)  ;  Westermann,  Geschichte 
der  r'omischen  Beredsamkeit  (Leipzig,  1835)  ;  PQERET,  Essai  sur 
I  Eloquence  judiciaire  a  Rome  pendant  la  rtpublique  (Paris, 
1886) ;  and  the  introductions  to  annotated  editions  of  the  De 
Oratore,  Brutus,  and  Orator. 

Useful  for  the  study  of  Cicero's  Latin  are  Lebreton,  Etudes  sur  la 
langue  et  la  grammaire  de  Ciciron  (Paris,  1901),  and  the  lexi- 
cons by  Merguet,  Lexikon  zu  den  Reden  des  Cicero  (4  vols. 
Jena,  1 877-1 884),  and  Lexikon  zu  den  philosophischen  Schriften 
Cicero's  (3  vols.     Jena,  1 887-1 894). 

For  the  Roman  constitution  and  constitutional  history,  see  Granrud, 
Roman  Constitutional  History  (Boston,  1902)  ;  Abbott,  A 
History  ana  Description  of  Roman  Political  Institutions  (Bos- 
ton, 1901)  ;  Greenidge,  Roman  Public  Life,  one  of  the  '  Hand- 
books 01  Archaeology  and  Antiquities '  (New  York,  1901)  ; 
Greenidge,  Legal  Procedure  of  Cicero's  Time  (New  York, 
1901). 

355 


356  HELPS   TO   THE   STUDY  OF   CICERO 

For  pictures  illustrating  almost  every  phase  of  ancient  life  capable  of 
pictorial  illustration,  and  ancient  Rome  at  various  periods,  see 
Schreiber,  Atlas  of  Classical  Antiquities,  trans,  by  Anderson 
(New  York,  1895)  ;  Hill,  Illustrations  of  School  Classics  (New 
York,  1903)  ;  Platner,  Topography  and  Monuments  of  Ancient 
Rome  (Boston,  1904).  An  admirable  list  of  illustrative  material 
for  class  use  (wall  pictures,  maps,  models,  photographs,  and 
stereopticon  slides)  is  given  in  Classical  Archaeology  in  Schools, 
with  an  Appendix  containing  Lists  of  Archaeological  Appara- 
tus, by  Gardner  and  Myres  (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press,  1902; 
sold  by  Frowde,  91  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York ;  price,  30  cents). 

Lives  of  Cicero  :  ancient,  by  Plutarch  ;  modern,  among  others,  by 
Middleton  (2  vols.  London,  1741.  Newed.,  1848)  ;  Forsyth 
(2  vols.  London,  1864)  ;  Trollope  (2  vols.  London  and 
New  York,  1880)  ;  also,  Boissier,  Ciciron  et  ses  amis  (12th  ed. 
Paris,  1902)  ;  English  trans,  by  Jones,  Cicero  and  His  Friends, 
a  Study  of  Roma?i  Society  in  the  Time  of  Caesar  (New  York, 
1897)  ;  Aly,  Cicero,  sein  Leben  und  seine  Schriften  (Berlin, 
1 891)  ;  Collins,  Cicero,  in  'Ancient  Classics  for  English  Read- 
ers'; and  Strachan  Davidson  (London,  1894). 


EDITIONS. 

TEXT    OF    COMPLETE    WORKS. 

Baiter  and  Kayser  :  M.  Tullii  Ciceronis  opera  quae  supersunt 
omnia.  Leipzig,  1 860-1 869.  Memorabilia  vitae  Ciceronis  in 
Vol.  1. ;  Index  nominum  in  Vol.  xi. 

Klotz  :  M.  Tullii  Ciceronis  scripta  quae  manserunt  otnnia.  5  parts, 
in  11  vols.  Leipzig,  1 863-1 871.  New  revision  by  C.  F.  W. 
Muller,  1 893- 1 898. 

Orelli,  Baiter,  Halm  :  M.  Tullii  Ciceronis  opera  quae  supersunt 
omnia.  8  vols.  Zurich,  1833-1862.  Vol.  5  contains  a  collec- 
tion of  the  scholiasts  on  Cicero ;  Vols.  6-8,  the  valuable  Ono- 
masticon  Tullianum,  in  which  are  included  a  chronological 
view  of  Cicero's  life,  the  Roman  Calendar  from  63  to  45  B.C., 
and  a  bibliography  (Vol.  6)  ;  a  full  geographical  and  historical 
index  (Vol.  7)  ;  a  lexicon  of  Greek  words,  collections  of  the 
laws  cited  and  of  formulae,  the  Fasti  consulares,  and  the  Roman 
triumphs  to  the  reign  of  Tiberius  (Vol.  8). 


HELPS    TO   THE    STUDY   OF   CICERO  357 


ORATIONS. 

The  following  are  among  the  annotated  editions :  — 

Long  :  All  the  orations.     4  vols.     London,  1855-1862. 

Halm-:  Die  Reden  gegen  Catilina,  und  fur  Archias.  14th  ed., 
revised  by  Laubmann.  Berlin,  1900.  English  version  of 
Halm's  7th  ed.,  with  some  additions,  by  A.  S.  Wilkins.  Lon- 
don, 1870;  latest  reprint,  1891. 

Halm  :  Die  Reden  fur  Roscius  aus  Ameria  und  uber  das  Imperium 
des  Cn.  Pompeius.  nth  ed.,  revised  by  Laubmann.  Berlin, 
1896.  English  version  of  the  8th  ed.,  by  Wilkins.  Lon- 
don, 1879;  latest  reprint,  1889. 

Richter  and  Eberhard  :  Catilinarische  Reden.  6th  ed.  Leip- 
zig, 1897.  Rede  uber  das  Imperium  des  Cn.  Pompeius.  5th 
ed.,  1 90 1.  Rede  fur  den  Dichter  Archias.  4th  ed.,  1894. 
Reden  fur  Marcellus,  Ligarius,  Deiotarus.    4th  ed.,  1904. 

Hachtmann:  Reden  gegen  Catilina.     7th  ed.     Gotha,  1902. 

Upcott:  Speeches  against  Catilina.     Oxford,  1887. 

Pasdera  :  Le  orazioni  Catilinarie.     Turin,  1885. 

Benecke  :  Orationes  in  L.  Catilinam.  Leipzig,  1828.  De  imperio 
Cn.  Pompei.     Leipzig,  1834. 

Deuerling  :  Rede  uber  das  Imperium  des  Cn.  Pompeius.  6th  ed. 
Gotha,  1 90 1. 

Reid  :  Pro  Archia.     New  ed.     Cambridge,  1891. 

Sturenburg:  Pro  Archia.     Leipzig,  1839. 

Thomas  :  Pro  Archia,  with  French  notes.     Paris,  1900. 

Wolf  :  M.  Tulli  Ciceronis  quae  vulgo  fertur  oratio  pro  M.  Mar- 
cello.  Berlin,  1802.  Cf.  with  this  ed.,  Orationem  pro  M. 
Mar  cello,  quant  Frid.  Aug.  Wolfius  a  M.  Tullio  Cicerone  abiu- 
dicavit,  denuo  defendit  .  .  .  ,  Franciscus  Hahne.  Dis.  inaug. 
Braunschweig,  1876. 

King  :  The  Philippic  Orations.     2d  ed.     Oxford,  1878. 

Gast  :  Erste,  vierte,  und  vierzehnte  Philippische  Rede.  Leipzig, 
1891. 

Among  special  works  bearing  on  the  orations  are  : 
Beesly:  Catiline,   Clodius,   and  Tiberius.      London,   1878.     Con- 
tains an  erratic  but  brilliant  apology  for  Catiline. 
Hagen  :  Untersuchungen  uber  romische  Geschichte.     Erster  Theil. 
Catilina.     Konigsberg,  1854. 


358  HELPS   TO   THE   STUDY  OF   CICERO 

Stern  :   Catilina  und  die  Parteikampfe  in  Rom  der  Jahre  66-63. 

Dorpat,  1883. 
Reinach  :  De  Archia  Poet  a.    Paris,  1890. 

LETTERS. 

Tyrrell:  The  Correspondence  of  M.  Tullius  Cicero,  arranged 
according  to  its  chronological  order,  with  a  revision  of  the  text, 
a  commentary,  and  introductory  essays.  Dublin  and  London. 
Vols.  1.  -vii.,  1879-1901. 

Schutz  :  All  the  letters;  Latin  notes.     6  vols.     Halle,  1809-1812. 

Boot  :  Epistolarum  ad  Atticum  libri  xvi.  Latin  notes,  critical  and 
explanatory.     2  vols.     Amsterdam,  1 865-1 866. 

Mendelssohn:  Epistularum  libri sedecim.    Leipzig,  1893. 

There  are  numerous  annotated  collections  of  selected  letters  of 
Cicero.  Among  them  may  be  mentioned  those  by  Tyrrell 
(London  and  New  York,  1891)  ;  Supfle,  10th  ed.,  revised  by 
Boeckel  (Karlsruhe,  1893)  ;  Watson  (4th  ed.  Oxford,  1892)  ; 
Parry  (London,  1867) ;  Muirhead  (London,  1885)  ;  Pritch- 
ard  and  Bernard  (2d  ed.  London,  1888)  ;  Aly,  Brief e  Ciceros 
und  seine  zeitgenossen,  zur  Einfuhrung  in  das  Verstandniss 
des  Zeitalters  Ciceros  (5th  ed.    Berlin,  1897). 

Books  useful  in  connection  with  the  letters  are  :  — 

Jeans  :  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Cicero ;  a  translation  of  the  Letters 

in  Watson's  ed.     London,  1880. 
Merivale  :  Abeken's  Cicero  in  his  Letters.     London,  1854. 
Church  :  Roman  Life  in  the  Days  of  Cicero.     London  and  New 

York,  1884. 

Interesting  estimates  of  Cicero  by  literary  men  will  be  found  in 
the  following  works  :  — 

De  Quincey  :    Historical  Essays    and   Researches.       Edited  by 

D.  Masson.     Edinburgh,  1890.     Pp.  179-221. 
J.  Q.  Adams  :    Lectures  on  Rhetoric  and  Oratory.     Cambridge, 

1810.     Vol.  1.,  pp.  1 17-138. 
Lamartine  :  Memoirs  of  Celebrated  Characters.     New  York,  1854. 

Vol.  I.,  pp.  335-437. 
J.H.Newman:    Historical  Sketches.     London,    1872.     Vol.   II., 

pp.  245-300. 


IDIOMS  AND   PHRASES. 


a  me  ipse  non  descivi,  I  did  not 
prove  false  to  myself. 

ab  eo  vehementissime  dissentio,  I 
disagree  with  him  most  emphati- 
cally. 

ab  ineunte  &et&te,  from  the  begin- 
ning 0f  [civil)  life. 

ab  inferis,  from  the  Underworld, 
from  the  dead. 

ab  occidente,  in  the  west. 

abest  non  nemo,  more  than  one  is 
away,  some  are  away. 

abiectus  metu, prostrated 'with fear. 

accipere  in  vestram  fidem,  to  take 
into  your  confidence. 

ad  caelum  efferre  laudibus,  to 
laud  to  the  skies. 

ad  expilandos  socios  diripiendas- 
que  provincias,  to  rob  allies  and 
plunder  provinces. 

ad  Lepidum  nabitare,  to  live  at  the 
house  of  Lepidus,  to  live  at  Lepi- 
dus's. 

ad  rem  publicam  adire,  to  engage 
in  the  administration  of  public 
affairs,  to  take  office. 

adire  hereditatem,  to  enter  upon  an 
inheritance,  take  possession  of  an 
inheritance. 

adniti  de  triumpho,  to  make  every 
effort  to  secure  a  triumph. 

adversae  res,  adversity,  misfortune. 

aeque  cams  aa,j'ust  as  dear  as. 

aequo  animo,  calmly,  without  anx- 
iety ;  with  resignation. 


aequum  est,  it  is  fair,  it  is  right. 
aere    alieno    premi,  to  be   heavily 

in  debt. 
aes  alienum,  debt,  indebtedness. 
in     tantum     aes     alienum,    so 

deeply  into  debt. 
agere  cum  aliquo,  to  treat  with  any 

one,  plead  with  any  one. 
agere  gratias,  to  thank. 
nihil  agis,  you  accomplish  nothing. 
quid  agis  ?  how  do  you  do  ?  how 

are  you  f   also,    what   are  you 

about  ?  what  do  you  mean  ? 
agitur  populi   Bomani  gloria,  the 

glory  of  the  Roman  people  is  at 

stake. 
agitur  de  vectigalibus,  the  revenues 

are  imperilled. 
alia   omnia,  all  things  else,  every- 
thing else. 
aliqua  ex  parte,  in  some  measure. 
aliquid  amplum  cogitare,  to  enter- 

tain  some  noble  sentiment. 
aliquid    de    ingeniis    iudicare,   to 
form     any    judgment    of   [his) 

abilities. 
aliquid     loci,    some    place,     some 

room. 
aliquid    respondit,   he  made  some 

answer  or  other. 
aliquid   sapientiae,  any  degree  oj 

prudence,  any  prudence. 
amabo  te,  will  you  kindly,  please. 
amans  rei  publicae,  devoted  to  his 

country. 


360 


IDIOMS   AND   PHRASES 


amantissimus   rei   publicae,  very 

devoted  to    his    country,    of  the 

loftiest  patriotism. 
amplius  negoti,  a  larger  measure 

of  difficulty,  more  trouble. 
amplius  negoti  mini  contrahitur, 

lam  more  deeply  involved  in  diffi- 
culty. 
anceps  contentio,  a  contest  on  two 

sides. 
animo  cernere,  to  see  in  fancy,  see 

in  imagination. 
quo    animo  esse    debetis  ?   what 

feeling  ought  you   to  have  ?  how 

ought  you  to  feel  ? 
quo    animo    ferre  debetis?  with 

what  spirit  ought  you  to  endure? 
animos    ac    spiritus    capere,     to 

endure  the  arrogance  and    inso- 
lence.     ' 
animose  et  f ortiter  f acere  aliquid, 

to  do  something  with   spirit  and 

bravery. 
animum  armatum  retinere,  to  re- 
tain a  spirit  of  hostility. 
animum  inducere,  to  make  up  one's 

mind. 
animum  vincere,  to  conquer  one's 

spirit. 
ante  acta  vita,  past  life. 
ante  civitatem  datam,  prior  to  the 

granting  of  citizenship. 
paucis  ante  diebus,  a  few  days 

ago. 
p  a  u  1  o  ante,  a  little  while  ago. 
ante  me,  before  me  ;  before  my  time. 
apud  inferos,  in  the  Underworld. 
apud  Laecam,  at  Laeca's  house,  at 

Laeca's. 
apud  Tenedum,  off  Tenedos. 
aspicere  inter  sese,  to  look  at  one 

another. 
auctor  gravior,  an  adviser  of  greater 

weight. 
audita    re,    having   heard  of  the 

matter. 
aures  dare,  to  give  attention. 


aversus  a  Musis,  unfriendly  to  tht 

Muses. 
aversus  a  vero,  hostile  to  truth. 

bella  legere,  to  read  about  wars. 
bellum  in  multa  varietate  versa- 

tum,   a  war  waged  with  many 

vicissitudes. 
bellum  apparare,  to  get  ready  for 

war. 
bellum  conficere,  to  put  an  end  to 

a  war,  bring  a  war  to  a  successful 

termination. 
bellum    coniungere,    to    unite  in 

waging  war. 
bellum  excitare,  to  stir  up  war. 
bellum  inf  erre,  to  make  war  upon. 
bellum    suscipere.    to    commence 

war. 
bene  barbatus,  with  full  beard. 
bene  de  re  publica  mereri,  to  do 

good  service  for  one's  country,  to 

be  useful  to  the  state. 
bene  de  re  publica  sperare,  to  have 

great  hope  for  the  state. 
bene  potus,   having  drunk  freely, 

being  quite  mellow. 
bono  animo  dicere,  to  say  with  good 

intention. 
bono  animo  esse,  to  be  of  good  cheer  ; 

to  be  well  disposed. 

m  e  a  causa,  on  my  account,  for  my 
sake. 

honoris  causa  nomino,  /  men- 
tion in  the  way  of  honor  ;  I  men- 
tion with  due  respect. 

vitandae  suspicionis  causa, 
in  order  to  avoid  suspicion. 

d  e  certa  causa,/<?r  a  certain  reason. 

causam  dicere,  to  state  a  case,  to 
plead  a  case. 

ce/tior  factus,  having  been  in 
formed. 

certior  fieri,  to  be  informed. 

certiorem  f acere,  to  inform. 


IDIOMS   AND   PHRASES 


361 


civitatem  alicui  dare,  to  grant 
citizenship  to  any  one,  bestow  the 
franchise  on  any  one. 

in  civitatem  ascribere,  to  enroll as 
a  citizen. 

eum  civitate  donare,  to  bestow  the 
franchise  on  him. 

cogere  senatum,  to  convene  the 
Senate. 

collaiis  signis,  in  the  shock  of  battle, 
in  regular  engagements. 

colonias  constituere,  to  found  colo- 
nies. 

concedi  alicui  necesse  est,  it  must 
inevitably  be  given  up  to  some  one. 

consilia  inire,  to  form  plans. 

consulere  alicui,  to  look  out  for  the 
interest  of  any  one. 

consulere  aliquem,  to  consult  any 
one,  to  ask  advice  of  any  one. 

consulere  vobis,  to  look  out  for  your 
interest. 

contra  atque,  opposite  to  what  con- 
trary to  what, 

dare  operam,  to  take  pains,  to  make 
an  effort. 

de  caelo  percelli,  to  be  struck  by 
lightning. 

detrimentum  accipere,  to  suffer  loss. 

dimcili  rei  publicae  tempore,  at  a 
time  of  peril  for  the  state,  at  a 
critical  time  for  the  state, 

diffidens  rebus  suis,  in  a  state  of 
despair  regarding  his  own  re- 
sources. 

dilectum  habere,  to  raise  a  levy,  to 
draft. 

domi  libenter  sum,  /  am  glad  to 
be  at  home. 

domi  rneae,  at  my  house. 

e  portu  egredi,  to  set  sail. 

eadem  fortuna  quae  illorum,  the 

same  lot  as  that  of  those. 
eo  magis,  all  the  more. 


eos  hoc  moneo,  /  give  them  this 

warning. 

eos  praemiis  adfecit,  he  bestowed 
gifts  upon  them. 

erit  verendum  mini,  I  shall  have 
to  be  afraid,  I  shall  have  to 
fear. 

est  mini  tanti,  it  is  well  worth  while 
for  me,  it  is  well  worth  my  while. 

mihi  est  invidiosum,  I  find  it  a 
source  of  unpopularity,  it  is  a 
source  of  unpopularity  to  me. 

etiam  atque  etiam,  again  and 
again. 

ex  belli  ore  ac  fauGibus,  from  the 
open  jaws  of  war. 

ex  eo  quaeritur,  the  question  is  put 
to  him,  inquiry  is  made  of  him. 

ex  hac  parte,  on  this  side. 

ex  magna  spe  deturbari,  to  be  de- 
prived of  great  hopes. 

ex  marmore  gqt&\!)X\xXx&,  fashioned 
in  marble. 

ex  media  vaorte,  from  the  midst  of 
death. 

ex  pedibus  laborare,  to  have  trouble 
with  one's  feet,  to  have  the  gout. 

ex  pueris,/;-0W  childhood. 

ex  senatus  consulto,  in  accordance 
with  a  decree  of  the  Senate,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  Senate's  decree. 

ex  tempore,  off-hand,  on  the  spur 
of  the  moment,  without  prepara- 
tion. 

ex  vestro  iudicio,  in  consequence  of 
you  r  judgment. 

exercitum  conficere,  to  raise  an 
army. 

extrema  hieme,  at  the  end  of 
winter. 

extrema  pueritia,  at  the  end  of 
boyhood. 

fac  ut  sciam,  let  me  know. 
fac  ut  valeas,  do  keep  well. 
fac  ut  tuam  valetudinem  cures, 
do  take  care  of  your  health. 


362 


IDIOMS   AND   PHRASES 


facere  alicui  pergratum,  to  do  any 

one  a  great  favor. 
facere  potestatem  dicendi,  to  offer 

an  opportunity  to  speak,  to  give  an 

opportunity  for  saying. 
faciam  te  certiorem,  /  will  inform 

you. 
f  acultas  oblata  est,  an  opportunity 

was  presented. 
falso    memoriae  proditum,   based 

upon  unfounded  tradition. 
familiarissime  vivere,  to  be  on  the 

most  intimate  terms. 
m  e   fefellit  dies,  /  was  mistaken 

in  the  day. 
n u m  me   fefellit  dies  ?  / was  not 

mistaken  in  the  day,  was  I  ?  was 

I  mistaken  in  regard  to  the  date  ? 
v  i  x  f  eram,  /  shall  find  it  hard  to 

endure,  I  shall  hardly  be  able  to 

bear. 
f  erenda  non  fuerunt,  they  ought  not 

to  have  been  endured. 
ferenda  mihi  non  fuerunt,  /  ought 

not  to  have  put  up  with  them. 
ferre    moleste,   to  be  annoyed,   to 

feel  grieved. 
ferro    flammaque,   with  fire   and 

sword. 
fidem   facere,  to  convince,  to  com- 
mand confidence. 
minorem   fidem  facere,  to  fail 

to  convince,  fail  to  command  entire 

confidence. 
fidem    publicam    dare,  to  give  a 

pledge  of  safety  in  the  name  of  the 

state. 
fingere  sibi,  to  imagine. 
fundamenta     iacere,    to   lay    the 
foundations. 

gratiam  alicuius  eonciliare,  to  win 

the  favor  of  some  one. 
gratiam   habere,  to  feel  thankful, 

to  be  grateful. 
bonam    gratiam    quaerere,    to 

%A,rt  popularity. 


gratiam  ref  erre,  to  return  a  favor ; 

to  requite,  recompense. 
gratias    agere,   to  give  thanks,  to 

thank. 
maximas  gratias  agere,  to  thank 

most  heartily. 
gratum  facere,  to  do  a  favor. 

hieme     summa,    in    the    dead   of 

winter,  in  the  depth  of  winter. 
hoc  praecipiendum  est,  this  advice 

ought  to  be  given. 
eis    hoc  praecipiendum  est,  they 

ought  to  be  given   this  piece   of 

advice. 
hodierno  die  mane,  this  morning. 
in    honore    esse    debebit    is,   he 

will  deserve  to  be  in  honor. 
honorum     gradus,    the   grades   of 

public  office,  the  avenues  of  official 

preferment. 

iam    diu    teneo,  /  have  long  been 

holding. 
iam  dudum  hortor,  I  have  long  been 

urging. 
iam  pridem  studes,  you  have  long 

been    eagerly   desiring,   this   long 

time  you  have  been  eager. 
iam  turn,   even   then,  at  that  very 

time. 
id  quod  consequi  conantur,  what 

they   are  trying  to  attain,   their 

ends. 
id  temporis,  at  that  particular  time, 

at  just  that  time. 
idem  qui,  the  same  as. 
idem  sentire,  to  have  the  same  feel- 
ing, the  same  opinion. 
imperare  obsides,  to  levy  hostages, 

make  a  requisition  for  hostages. 
imperare  omnibus  gentibus,tar#/<r 

over  all  peoples. 
in  agendo,  in  action. 
in  armis,  under  arms,  in  arms  ;  in 

the  pursuit  of  arms,  in  war. 
in  caelum,  to  the  skies. 


IDIOMS   AND  PHRASES 


363 


in  custodiam  dare,  to  place  in  cus- 
tody',  to  put  under  surveillance. 
in  dato  beneficio,  in  the  granting 

of  a  favor. 
in  dies,  day  by  dayy  every  day. 
in  dies  singulos,^^  successive  day. 
in  earn  partem,  ut,  to  the  end  that. 
in    eandem    fere    sententiam,    to 
much  the  same  effect,  of  about  the 
same  import. 
in  malis,  in  the  midst  of  evils. 
in  optimo  quoque,  in  all  the  best. 
in  perditis  rebus,  in  profligacy. 
in  perpetuum,/0r  all  time,  for  ever. 
in  posteritatem,  for  the  future. 
in  posterum,  for  the  future. 
in   posterum   tempus,  for  future 

time,  for  the  future. 
in  praesens  tempus,  for  the  present. 
in  quaestu  relinquere,  to  leave  on 

interest. 
incumbite  in  causam,  throw  your- 
selves into  the  cause. 
ineunte  adulescentia,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  youth. 
ineunte   vere,    at  the   opening  of 

spring. 
inferre  bellum,  to  make  war  upon. 
inire  consilium,  to  form  a  plan. 
inspectante    praetore,    under    the 

eyes  of  the  praetor. 
integris  signis,  with  the  seals  un- 
broken. 
inter  se,  with  each  other,  with  one 

another. 
ira  victoriae,  the  fury  of  victory. 
isto  pacto  ut,  in  such  a  way  as, 

as. 
iudicium  facere,  to  pass  an  opin- 
ion, to  pass  judgment. 
ius  civitatis,  the  rights  of  citizen- 
ship, citizenship. 

latius  opinione,  more  widely  than 
you  think,  than  one  would  think. 

laudibus  in  caelum  ferre,  to  praise 
to  the  skies. 


loco  motus  est,  he  was  forced  from 

his  vantage-ground. 
locorum  opportunitas,  advantages 

of  position. 
magno  in  aere  alieno,  deeply  in 

debt. 
male  emere,  to  purchase  at  too  high 

a  price,  to  buy  too  dear. 
male  gerere  negotium,  to  manage 

one's  business  badly. 
maximas  gratias  agere,  to  return 

most  hearty  thanks. 
maxime    elaborandum    est,    very 
great   effort  must  be   made,   all 
pains  must  be  taken. 
me  imperante,  at  my  bidding. 
me    quid   pudeat?   why  should  1 

be  ashamed? 
mea  interest,  it  is  for  my  interest, 
to  my  advantage;  lam  concerned. 
Medea  ilia,  the  famous  Medea. 
media  aestate,  at  midsummer. 
memoria  tenere,   to  remember,  to 

keep  in  mind. 
mente  captus,  beside  himself. 
meo  nomine,  in  my  name,  on  my 

account;  in  my  honor. 
meorum    factorum   paenitebit,    I 
shall  be  sorry  for  what  I  did,  1 
shall  regret  my  action. 
mini    crede,    credite,   believe  me, 

upon  my  word. 
mini  in  animo  est,  it  is  my  inten- 
tion, I  intend. 
mini  in  mentem  venit,  it  occurs  to 

me, 
mini  placet,   /  think   best,  I  re- 
solve. 
mini  suadeo,  /  am  persuaded. 
minus    est    erratum,    no    mistake 

has  been  made. 
moleste   ferre,  to  be  annoyed,  to 

feel  grieved. 
multum  valere,  to  be  very  power- 
ful; to  have  great  influence,  be 
very  important. 


364 


IDIOMS    AND    PHRASES 


mutue  respondere,  to  make  ade- 
quate return,  make  a  fair  return. 

ne  longum  sit,  not  to  be  tedious,  not 
to  bore  you. 

necesse  est  pervenire,  must  inevi- 
tably come,  must  inevitably  fall 
(to). 

nescio  an,  perhaps  I  might  better 
say,  probably. 

nescio  quid,  something,  some. 

nescio  quo  modo,  somehow. 

nescio  quo  pacto,  somehow. 

nihil  aliud  nisi  de  hoste  cogitare, 
to  think  of  nothing  but  the  enemy, 
to  have  no  thought  for  anything 
except  the  enemy. 

nihil  de  re  publica  cogitare,  to  give 
no  thought  to  political  matters, 
give  no  thought  to  public  affairs. 

nihil  nisi  de  parricidio  cogitare,  to 
think  of  nothing  but  murder. 

nihil  decretum  est,  no  decree  was 
passed,  no  motion  was  carried. 

nihil  mihi  noceri  potest,  no  harm 
can  be  done  me. 

nobis  consulibus,  in  our  consulship, 
in  my  consulship. 

noctes  ac  dies,  day  and  night. 

noli  esse,  be  not. 

noli  defatigari,  be  not  wearied,  do 
not  allozu  yourself  to  become  weary. 

nolite  dubitare,  do  not  hesitate. 

m  e  o  nomine,  in  my  name,  in  my 
honor. 

s  u  o  nomine,  on  his  own  account. 

novis  rebus  studere,  to  be  eager  for 
a  revolution,  be  desirous  of  a  revo- 
lution. 

nudius  tertius,  day  before  yesterday. 

nullo  impediente,  with  no  one  hin- 
dering, with  none  to  hinder. 

nullo  modo,  in  no  way,  by  no 
means. 

occasio  oblata  est,  an  opportunity 
presented  itself. 


omnes  unum  volunt,  all  are  of  one 
opinion. 

omnium  rerum  desperatio,  utter 
despair. 

operae  pretium  est,  it  is  worth 
while. 

operam  dare,  to  take  pains,  to  make 
an  effort. 

opinione  celerius,  sooner  than  was 
expected. 

t  e   oportet  duci,  you  ought  to  be  led. 

te  iam  pridem  oportebat  duci, 
you  ought  long  ago  to  have  been 
led. 

optime  de  re  publica  mereri,  to 
render  most  important  service  to 
one's  country. 

optimo  iure,  with  the  fairest  possi- 
ble reason. 

optimus  quisque,  all  the  best. 

opus  est,  there  is  need,  it  is  neces- 
sary. 

orbis  terrae,  orbis  terrarum,  the 
world,  the  whole  world. 

pace  tua,  with  your  permission. 

parum  comitatus,  with  too  small  a 
retinue,  with  too  small  an  escort. 

parvi  ref ert,  it  matters  little. 

pauca  dicere,  to  say  a  few  words. 

paulum  mihi  est  morae,  /  am  suf- 
fering a  little  delay. 

pecunias  c'ollocatas  habere,  to  have 
sums  of  money  invested. 

per  causam,  tinder  the  pretext. 

per  hanc  causam,  under  this  pre- 
text, with  this  as  a  pretext. 

per  fortunas  vide,  for  heaven's  sake 
see  to  it,  take  care. 

perinae  atque,  just  as,  exactly 
as. 

permagni  nostra  interest,  it  is  oj 
very  great  importance  to  us  ;  or, 
it  is  very  important  for  me. 

permultum  valere,  to  be  exceed- 
ingly powerful,  to  possess  very 
great  influence. 


IDIOMS   AND    PHRASES 


365 


pingue  quiddam  sonantes  atque 
peregrinum,  offering  some  stupid 
and  outlandish  composition. 

eis  placet,  they  think  best,  they 
resolve. 

plurimum  posse,  to  have  the  greatest 
influence,  to  be  most  powerful,  be 
pre-eminent. 

plurimum  valere,  to  have  very 
great  weight,  exert  very  great  in- 
fluence. 

poenam  seeleris  sufferre,  to  suffer 
punishment  for  crime. 

poenam  suscipere,  to  receive 
punishment,  undergo  punish- 
ment. 

poenas  expetere  ab  aliquo,  to  in- 
flict punishment  on  any  one,  to 
visit  any  one  with  retribution. 

post  civitatem  datam,  after  the 
granting  of  citizenship,  after  the 
franchise  was  granted. 

post  hominum  memoriam,  within 
the  memory  of  man. 

post  urbem  conditam,  since  the 
founding  of  the  City,  since  the 
City  was  founded. 

post  hanc  urbem  conditam,  since 
the  founding  of  this  City,  since  this 
City  was  founded. 

praeter  opinionem  omnium, 
contrary  to  the  expectation  of 
all. 

praeter  spem,  contrary  to  expec- 
tation, beyond  one's  expectation. 

primo  quoque  tempore,  at  the  ear- 
liest possible  moment. 

priore  nocte,  night  before  last. 

pro  eo  ac  mereor,  in  such  measure 
as  I  deserve,  in  proportion  to  my 
deserts. 

proeliis  secundis  uti,  to  have  suc- 
cessful engagements,  to  come  off 
victorious  in  battle. 

prope  inspectantibus  vobis,  almost 
under  your  eyes. 

proxima  nocte,  last  night. 


qua  re,  wherefore. 

quae  cum  ita  sint,  now  since  these 
things  are  so,  and  since  this  is  so. 

quam  ob  rem,  on  what  account? 
wherefore. 

quam  plurimi,  as  many  as  possible. 

quam  primum,  as  soon  as  possible. 

quantum  est  situm  in  nobis,  so 
far  as  in  us  lies,  so  far  as  in  me 
lies. 

quern  ad  finem?  to  what  limit? 
how  far  ? 

quern  ad  modum,  in  what  way? 
how  ;  as. 

quem  venisse  gaudent,  at  the  arri- 
val of  whom  they  rejoice. 

quicquid  increpuerit,  at  every 
sound. 

quicquid  possum,  whatever  influ- 
ence I  possess,  whatever  I  can 
accomplish. 

quicquid  studi,  whatever  enthu- 
siasm. 

quid  consili  ?  what  scheme  ?  what 
plan  ? 

quid  illo  fieri  placet  ?  what  does 
he  want  to  have  done  ? 

quid  interest?  what  difference  is 
there  ? 

quid  mini  cum  vobis  est?  what 
business  have  I  with  you  ?  what 
have  I  to  do  with  you  ? 

quid  novi  ?  what  news  ? 

quid  novi,  anything  new,  any- 
thing without  precedent. 

quid  telorum,  any  weapons. 

s  i  quid  telorum,  whatez>er  weapons. 

quid  Tullia  fiet  ?  what  will  become 
of  Tullia  ? 

quieta  re  publica,  when  the  state 
is  undisturbed,  when  the  state  is 
free  from  agitation. 

quoad  erit  integrum,  so  long  as 
it  shall  remain  an  open  ques 
tion. 

quod  reliquum  est,  for  the  rest, 
for  the  future. 


366 


IDIOMS   AND    PHRASES 


ratio  totius  belli,  the  plan  of  the 

entire  campaign,  or  of  the  entire 

war. 
referre  ad  senatum,  to  lay  before 

the  Senate. 
referre  gratiam,  to  return  a  favor, 

to  requite,  recompense. 
reliquum  est,  it  remains. 
rem  deferre  ad  patres  conscrip- 

tos,  to  report  a  matter  to  the  Sen- 
ate in  session. 
rem  gerere,  to  manage  business. 
rem    optime    gerere,    to    manage 

business  exceedingly  xvell. 
remoto  Catilina,  with  Catiline  out 

of  the  way. 
rerum  potiri,  to  get  control  of  the 

government. 
res  gestae,  achievements,  exploits, 

deeds. 
res  se  habet,  the  case  stands. 


salutem  dicere,  to  send  greeting. 

salutem  nuntiare,  to  carry  one's 
regards. 

satis  f  acere  rei  publicae,  to  do  one's 
duty  by  the  state. 

satis  laudis,  sufficient  praise,  praise 
enough. 

scriptor  rerum,  writer  of  history, 
historian. 

scriptor  rerum  suarum,  chronicler 
of  his  achievements,  biographer. 

se  praetura  abdicare,  to  resign  the 
office  of  praetor. 

se  pro  cive  gerere,  to  conduct  one's 
self  as  a  citizen. 

secundae  res,  prosperity. 

a  senatorio  gradu  longe  abesse, 
to  be  far  too  young  for  member- 
ship in  the  Senate. 

senatui  placuit,  the  Senate  voted, 
the  Senate  passed  a  resolution. 

senatum  consulere,  to  ask  the  opin- 
ion of  the  Senate,  to  consult  the 
Senate. 


senatum  convocare,  to  convoke  thi 

Senate,  call  a  meeting  of  the  Senate. 
sententiam  f  erre,  to  cast  a  vote. 
sententiam  rogare,  to  put  the  ques- 

tion,  to  call  for  a  vote. 
si  curae  tibi  est,  if  you  care  about 

it,  if  you  take  interest  in  it. 
si  in  eo  stat,  if  he  persists  in  that, 

if  he  remains  firm  in  that. 
si  vestra  voluntas   feret,  if  such 

be  your  pleasure. 
si  vobis  placet,  if  you  think  best. 
simul  ac,  simul  atque,  as  soon  as. 
sine  controversia,  beyond  question, 

indisputably. 
sine  dubio,  beyond  doubt. 
sine  ulla  mora,  at  once. 
sua  sponte,  of  your  o%vn  accord. 
sui  conservandi  causa,  in  order  to 

save  themselves. 
summa  res  publica,  the  highest  in- 
terest of  the  state. 
summum  supplicium,  the  severest 

punishment. 
summus  imperator,  a  commander 

of  the  first  rank. 
suo  nomine,  on  his  own  account. 
superiore  nocte,  night  before  last. 
supplicium  de  aliquo  sumere,  to 

inflict  punishment  upon  any  one. 

tandem  aliquando,  now  at  length, 

then  at  length. 
tantum   abest  ut      .  .  videar,   ut 

so  far  am  I  from  appearing,  .  .  . 

that. 
te  auctore,  on  your  advice. 
te  oportet,  see  oportet. 
terra  marique,  on  land  and  sea. 
tertia  fere  vigilia  exacta,  at  about 

the  end  of  the  third  watch. 
si  transactum  est,  if  all  is  over. 
tua  sponte,  of  your  own  accord. 

ubinam  gentium  sumus  ?  where 
in  the  world  are  we  ? 


IDIOMS  AND   PHRASES 


367 


ullo  modo,  in    any    way,   by  any 

means. 
una  significatione  litterarum,  by  a 

single  written  order. 
urbi  satis  praesidi  est,  the  city  has 

a   sufficient  garrison,   the  city  is 

amply  garrisoned. 
ut  arbitror,  in  my  judgment. 
ut  levissime  dicam,  to  put  the  case 

very  mildly,  to  speak  with  extreme 

moderation. 
ut  primum,  as  soon  as. 
uti  aliquo  f  amiliariter,  to  be  on  in- 
timate terms  with  any  one. 

vacui    temporis    nihil,   no  leisure 

time,  no  leisure. 
vadimonium  deserere,   to  forsake 

an  obligation  to  appear  in  court, 

to  forfeit  one's  recognizance. 
vehementer    angi,    to   be  greatly 

troubled,  be  much  disturbed. 
vehementer  cum  senatu  consoci- 

ari,  to  be  thoroughly  in  accord  with 

the  Senate. 
vehementer  errare,  to  be  very  much 

mistaken. 
velim  dispicias  res  Eomanas,  will 

you  kindly  think  over  matters  at 

Rome. 


velim  ei  me  excuses,  /  should  like 
to  have  you  make  excuse  for  me  to 
him,  excuse  me  to  him* 

veniam  dare,  to  pardon. 

ventum  est,  they  (or  he)  came,  have 
come. 

verba  facere,  to  speak. 

verbis  amplissimis,  in  most  distin- 
guished terms,  in  the  handsomest 
terms. 

verendum  erat  mini,  /  ought  to 
have  feared. 

vereri  ne,  to  fear  that. 

vereri  ut,  to  fear  that  .  .  .  not. 

vestrum  est  providere,  it  is  your 
duty  to  make  provision. 

vi  et  minis,  by  threats  of  vio- 
lence. 

vir  optimus,  an  exceedingly  worthy 
gentleman,  a  most  excellent  man. 

vis  et  manus,  violent  hands. 

vitae  meae  rationes,  my  plan  of 
life. 

vix  feram,  /  shall  find  it  hard  to 
bear,  I  shall  hardly  be  able  to 
endure. 

voculae  recreandae  causa,  in  order 
to  strengthen  (my)  poor  voice. 

voluptatem  capere,  to  receive  pleas- 
ure^ take  delight. 


GREEK    WORDS. 


al<rxp<fe,  -d,  -6v,  adj.,  [alaxos, 
shame],  comp.  ttUrxUur,  sup.  ctf- 
<rx'o"Tos,  shameful,  base,  contemp- 
tible, disgraceful. 

ava<f>cu'va>,  -<pavw,  -TretyayKa,  aor. 
dvecprjva,  \_ava-\-  cpaivcc],  show  forth, 
display;  mid.  &va<palvo/jiai,  ap- 
pear, be  seen,  be  thought. 

diroOcuxris,  -eoos,  r],  [atrodedco,  cltt6  -f 
8e6co  from  6e6s],  deifo 'cation,  a  form 
of  consecration  which  caused  the 
person  receiving  it  to  be  con- 
sidered as  a  divinity. 

dpio-Teia,  -ay,  7],  [apio-revoo,  be  best, 
from  Apiaros],  lit.  deed  of  him 
that  is  best;  noble  deed,  heroic 
action. 

avflwpcC,  adv.,  [atiOwpos,  adj.,  from 
air 6s,  Spa],  at  the  very  hour,  at 
the  selfsame  hour, 

Powiris,  -iSos,  fem.  adj.  and  subst. 
[Qovs,  &\p],  ox-eyed,  cow-eyed,  i.  e. 
having  large,  lustrous  eyes ;  in 
Homer  applied  to  Juno,  suggest- 
ing her  majestic  beauty. 

4-iri8r|p.ios,  -ov,  adj.,  [eiri,  dy/xos], 
among  the  people,  native  ;  preva- 
lent among  the  people,  as  a  disease, 
epidemic. 

Aeuorpvyovios,  -a,  -ov,  Homeric 
ace.  sing.  fem.  Aaio-rpvyovirjv, 
adj.,  [AaurrpvySves ],  Laestrygo- 
nian,  of  the  Laestrygonians,  a 
mythical  folk  of  gigantic  stature, 


said  to  have  lived  along  the  west 
coast  of  Italy  below  Formiae,  or 
in  Sicily. 

XaKttvwrjio's,  -ov,  6,  [\aKQ>viC<»,  from 
Aduwv,  Lacedaemonian],  aping  of 
that  which  is  Lacedaemonian,  imi- 
tation of  Spartan  custom  in  any- 
thing. 

o-twirdco,  criooirr)crofjiai,  creaidyirrjKa, 
tffi&TryiacL,  [o-kottt),  silence],  be  silent, 
keep  silence,  remain  silent. 

o-k^ttto),  an^eo,  prop  ;  mid.  cricf)- 
irro/jLcu,  prop  one's  self,  lean  on, 
rely  on,  hence  allege  by  way  of 
excuse,  make  excuses,  excuse  one's 
self 

o-7rov8d£co,  -do"a>,  [airovb'r),  haste],  lit. 
make  haste;  hence  be  eager,  be 
earnest,  speak  seriously,  be  in 
earnest. 

TnXttrvXos,  -ov,  f),  [t7)\€,  far,  vi\rj, 
gate],  lit.  City  of  the  widely  sepa- 
rated Gates,  Telepylus,  mythical 
town  of  the  Laestrygonians.  Od. 
XXiii.  318. 

{nro<rd\oiKos,  -ov,  adj.,  \vtt6-\-  o~6\oi- 
kos,  barbarous],  of  faulty  speech  ; 
in  bad  taste,  out  of  place. 

<j>i\o<ro<f>((o  or  <j>iXo<ro<f><o,  -Vjtrcw,  [0t- 
*.6o~o(pos],  be  a  philosophery  love 
wisdom. 

<j>Xvapos,  -ov,  6,  [4>\ia>,  bubble  over, 
talk  foolishly],  idle  talk,  foolery, 
trifle. 


ENGLISH   PRONUNCIATION   OF   PROPER 
NAMES 


The  system  used  in  the  following  list  to  indicate  the  English  pro- 
nunciation is  intended  to  be  lucid  and  consistent,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  present  as  few  points  of  divergence  as  possible  from  the  systems 
found  in  the  best  dictionaries.  The  so-called  long  vowels  have  above 
them  a  macron  or  some  mark  indicative  of  quality ;  the  short  stressed 
vowels  have  no  mark  at  all ;  the  obscure  unstressed  vowels  have  a  dot 
under  them,  thus  :  — 


a  as  in  'fate.' 

eas  in  'hated.'* 

o  as  in  '  democrat.' 

a  "  "  'fat.* 

e  "  "  'her.' 

S  "  "  '  wse.' 

a  "  "  'idea.'* 

I  "  "  'pine.' 

u  "  "  'wp.' 

a  "  "  'arm.' 

i  "  "  'pin.' 

u  "  "  'singular.'* 

a  "  "  'all.' 

i  "  "  'unity.'* 

u  "  "  'circws.'* 

e  "  "  'me.' 

5  "  "  'no.' 

ir"  "  'rwde.' 

e  "  "  'met.' 

o  "  "  'not.' 

u  "  "  '  full.* 

The  chief  stress  or  accent  is  indicated  by  ',  the  secondary  by  '' ; 
but  the  secondary  stress  is  not  marked  when  separated  from  another 
stress  by  a  single  intervening  unstressed  syllable,  for  in  that  case  one 
naturally  puts  it  in  the  proper  place. 


Accius,  ak'sh(y)us. 
Achaia,  a-ka'(y)a. 
Achilles,  a-kil'ez. 
Aelius,  e'li-us. 
Aemilius,  e-mil'i-us. 
Africa,  af'ri-ka. 
Ahala,  a-ha'la. 
Alba,  al'ba. 

Alexander,  al-eg-zan'der. 
Alexis,  a-lek'sis. 


Allobroges,  a-lob'ro-jez. 
Amisus,  a-mi'sus. 
Annius  Chilo,  an'i-us  krlo. 
Antiochus,  an-ti'o-kus. 
Antium,  an'sh(y)um. 
Antonius,  an-t5'ni-us. 
Apollonidenses,  ap"o-lon-i-den's€z. 
Appi  Forum,  ap'i  fo'rum. 
Appius,  ap'i-us. 
Appuleius,  ap-u-le'(y)us. 


*  The  obscure  unstressed  vowels  are  in  effect  very  much  alike,  but  they  differ 
slightly  according  to  the  character  of  the  adjoining  consonants.  They  are  most  cor- 
rectly sounded  when  one  glides  over  them  rapidly  and  naturally. 

The  editor  is  indebted  to  Professor  George  Hempl,  of  the  chair  of  English  Philology 
and  General  Linguistics,  University  of  Michigan,  for  kindly  revising  this  list. 

369 


370 


ENGLISH   PRONUNCIATION 


Apulia,  a-pu'li-a. 

Archias,  ar'ki-as. 

Ariobarzanes,  a'ri-o-bar-za'nez. 

Asclapo,  as-kla/po. 

Asia,  a'sh(y)a  or  a'zh(y)a. 

Astura,  as'tu-ra. 

Athamas,  ath'a-mas. 

Athenae,  a-the'ne. 

Attica,  at'i-ka. 

Atticus,  at'i-kus. 

Aulus,  a'lus. 

Balbus,  bal'bus. 
Basilus,  bas'i-lus. 
Batonius,  ba-to'ni-us. 
Bibulus,  bib'u-lus. 
Bithynia,  bi-thin'i-a. 
Bona  Dea,  bo'na  de'a. 
Britannia,  bri-tan'i-a. 
Brundisium,  brun-dizh'(y)um. 
Brutus,  brQ'tus. 
Buthrotum,  bti-thro'tum. 

Caelius,  se'li-us. 

Caeparius,  se-pa/ri-us. 

Caesar,  se'zar. 

Caieta,  ka-ye'ta. 

Cappadocia,  kap-a-do  sh(y)a. 

Capua,  kap'u-a. 

Carbo,  kar'bo. 

Caria,  ka'ri-a. 

Cassius,  kash'(y)us. 

Cato,  ka'to. 

Catulus,  kat'u-lus  or  kat'cho-lus. 

Ceparius,  se-pa'ri-us. 

Cestius,  ses'ti-us. 

Cethegus,  se-the'gus. 

Cicero,  sis'e-ro. 

Cilicia,  si-lish'(y)a. 

Cimber,  sim'ber. 

Cimbri,  sim'brl. 

Cincius,  sin'sh(y)us. 

Cinna,  sin'a. 

Claudius,  cla'di-us. 

Clodius,  clo'di-us. 

Cluatius,  clu-a'sh(y)us. 


Cnidus,  nl'dus. 
Cocceius,  kok-s6'(y)us. 
Colophon,  kol'o-phon. 
Corcyra,  kor-si'ra. 
Corduba,  kor'du-ba. 
Cornelius,  kor-ne'lyus. 
Cotta,  kot'a. 
Crassus,  kras'us. 
Curio,  ku'ri-6. 
Custidius,  kus-tid'i-us. 
Cyziceni,  siz-i-se'ni. 
Cyzicus,  siz'i-kus. 

Decimus,  des'i-mus. 
Delos,  de'los  or  de'los'f. 
Dives,  di'vez. 
Dolabella,  dol-a-bel'a. 
Drusus,  dru'sus. 
Dyrracliium,  di-rak'i-um. 

Egnatius,  eg-na'sh(y)us. 
Egnatuleius,  eg'nat-u-le'(y)us  of 

eg'na-chu-le'(y)us. 
Ennius,  en'i-us. 
Ephesus,  ef'e-sus. 
Epirus,  e-pi'rus. 
Eros,  e'ros  or  e'ros". 
Etruria,  e-tru'ri-a. 

Fabius,  fa'bi-us. 

Faesulae,  fesh'u-le. 

Falcidius,  fal-sid'i-us. 

Faustus,  fas'tus. 

Flaccus,  flak 'us. 

Formiae,  for'mi-e. 

Forum   Aurelium,    fO'rum    a-re'- 

li-um  or  a-re'li-um. 
Fulvius,  ful'vi-us. 
Furius,  fur'i-us. 

Gabinius,  ga-bin'i-us. 

Gaius,  ga/(y)us. 

Galli,  gal'i. 

Gallia    Cisalpina,    gal'i-a    sis-al- 

pl'na. 
Gallia  Transalpina,  gal'i-a  trans"- 

al-pi'na  or  tranz-al-pi'na. 


OF   PROPER   NAMES 


371 


Glabrio,  gla'bri-o. 
Glaucia,  gla/sh(y)a. 
Gnaeus,  ne'(y)us. 
Gracchus,  grak'us. 
Gratius,  gra/sh(y)us. 

Hannibal,  han'i-bal. 
Heraclia,  her-a-kll'a. 
Heraclienses,  her"a-kli-en'sez. 
Hispo,  his'po. 
Hortensius,  hor-ten'sh(y)us. 

Illyricum,  i-lir'i-kum. 

Iugurtha,  ju-ger'tha  or  ju-ger'tha. 

Iulius,  jul'yus. 

Iunius,  jQn'yus. 

Iuppiter,  ju'pi-ter„ 

Laeca,  le'ka. 

Laelius,  le'li-us. 

Laenius,  le'ni-us. 

Latium,  la'sh(y)um. 

Lentulus,  len'tu-lus  or  len'chu-lus. 

Lepidus,  lep'i-dus. 

Lepta,  lep'ta. 

Libo,  li'bo. 

Licinius,  li-sin'i-us. 

Locrenses,  lo-kren'sez. 

Lucius,  lu'sh(y)us. 

Lucullus,  lu-kul'us. 

Lupus,  lii'pus. 

Macedonia,  mas-e-do'ni-a. 

Maelius,  me'li-us. 

Magna     Graecia,     mag'na     gre'- 

sh(y)a. 
Magnus,  mag'nus. 
Manilius,  ma-nil 'i-us. 
Manius,  ma'ni-us. 
Manlius,  man'li-us. 
Marcellus,  mar-sel'us. 
Marcus,  mar'kus. 
Marius,  ma'ri-us. 
Mars,  marz. 
Massilia,  ma-sil'i-a. 
Maximus,  mak'si-mus. 


Medea,  me-de'a. 
Megalensia,  meg-a-len'sh(y)a. 
Memmius,  mem'i-us. 
Metellus,  nie-tel'us. 
Minucius,  mi-nu'sh(y)us. 
Misenum,  mi-se'num. 
Mithridates,  mith-ri-da'tez. 
Mulvius,  mul'vi-us. 
Murena,  mure'na. 

Nobilior,  no-bil'i-or. 
Numantia,  nun)an'sh(y)a„ 

Octavianus,  ok-ta-vi-a  nus, 
Octavius,  ok-ta'vi-us. 
Opimius,  o-pim;i-us. 
Orpheus,  or'phe-us. 

Paetus,  pe'tus. 
Pamphylia,  pam-fil'i-a. 
Pansa,  pan'sa  or  pan'za. 
Patiscus,  pa-tis'kus. 
Paulus,  pa'lus. 
Penates,  pe-na'tez. 
Perses,  per-sez. 
Pescennius,  pe-sen'i-us. 
Philhetaerus,  fil-e-te  rus. 
Philippus,  fi-lip'us. 
Philogenes,  fi-loj'e-nez. 
Philotimus,  fil-o-ti'mus. 
Picenum,  pi-s6'num. 
Pilia,  pil'i-a. 
Piso,  pl'so. 
Pius,  pl'us. 

Plancius,  plan'sh(y)us. 
Plancus,  plang'kus. 
Plotius,  plo'sh(y)us. 
Poeni,  pe'ni. 
Pompeius,  pom-pe'(y)us. 
Pomponia,  pom-po'ni-a. 
Pomponius,  pom-po'ni-us. 
Pomptinus,  pom(p)-ti  nus. 
Pontus,  pon'tus. 
Praeneste,  pre-nes'te. 
Ptolemaeus,  tol-e-me'us. 
Publicius,  pub-lish'(y)us. 


372 

Publius,  pub'li-us. 
Pulcher,  pul'ker. 
Puteoli,  pu-te'o-11. 


Quintus,  kwin'tus. 
Quirites,  qui-ri'tez. 

Romulus,  rom'u-Ws. 
Roscius,  rosh'(y)us. 
Rufus,  rO'fus. 

Samoa,  sa/mos  or  sa/mos". 
Sampsiceramus,    sam(p)-si-ser'j 

mus. 
Sardinia,  sar-din'i-a. 
Saturnalia,  sat-ur-na/li-a. 
Saturninus,  sat-ur-ni'nus. 
Scaevola,  sev'o-la. 
Scipio,  sip'i-5. 
Seius,  se'(y)us. 
Sempronius,  sem-pro'ni-us. 
Serapio,  se-ra/pi-5. 
Servilius,  ser-vil'i-us. 
Servius,  ser'vi-us. 
Sestius,  ses'ti-us. 
Sextus,  sex'tus. 
Sicca,  sik'a. 
Sicilia,  si-sil'i-a. 
Sigeum,  si-je'um. 
Silanus,  si-la/nus. 
Silius,  sil'i-us. 
Silvanus,  sil-va'nus. 
Sinope,  si-no'pe. 
Spartacus,  spar'ta-kus. 
Spurius,  spu'ri-us. 
Statilius,  sta-til'i-us. 
Suessa,  su-es'a. 
Sulla,  sul'la. 


ENGLISH   PRONUNCIATION 


Sulpicius,  sul-pish'(y)us. 
Syria,  sir'i-a. 

Tarquitius,  tar-kwish'(y)us. 
Tenedos,  ten'e-dos. 
Terentia,  te-ren'sh(y)a. 
Testa,  tes'ta. 
Teutoni,  tu'to-m. 
Themistocles,  the-mis'to-klez. 
Theophanes,  the-of'a-nez. 
Thermus,  ther'nius. 
Tiberis,  tib'e-ris. 
Tiberius,  ti-be'ri-us. 
Tigranes,  ti-gra'nez. 
Tiro,  ti'ro. 

Tisamenus,  ti-sam'e-nus. 
Titinius,  ti-tin'i-us. 
Titius,  tish'(y)us. 
Titus,  ti'tus. 
Tongilius,  ton-jil'i-us. 
Torquatus,  tor-kwa'tus. 
Trebatius,  tre-ba'sh(y)us. 
Tres  Tabernae,  trez  ta-ber'ne. 
Tullia,  tul'i-a. 
Tulliola,  tu-li'o-la. 
Tullius,  tul'i-us. 
Tullus,  tul'us. 

Umbrenus,  um-bre'nus. 

Valerius,  va-le'ri-us. 

Varro,  var'o. 

Vatia,  va'sh(y)a. 

Vesta,  ves'ta. 

Vettius,  vet'i-us. 

Vibo,  vi'bo. 

Volturcius,  vol-tur'sh(y)us. 

Xeno,  ze'no. 


VOCABULARY. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


a. 

=  active. 

indie. 

=  indicative. 

abl. 

=  ablative. 

inf. 

ss  infinitive. 

abs. 

—  absolute. 

inter. 

■=  interrogative. 

ace. 

ss  accusative. 

inter  j. 

=  interjection. 

adj. 

ss  adjective. 

intr. 

ss  intransitive. 

adv. 

ss  adverb,  adverbial. 

irr. 

s=  irregular. 

causat 

.  ss  causative. 

lit. 

sz  literally. 

chap. 

■=.  chapter. 

m. 

=  masculine. 

comp. 

s=  comparative. 

MSS. 

=  manuscripts. 

conj. 

ss  conjunction. 

n.,  neut. 

—  neuter. 

dat. 

rs  dative. 

nom. 

ss  nominative. 

decl. 

sr  declension. 

num. 

=  numeral. 

def. 

ss  defective. 

Or. 

ss  Ordtio. 

dem. 

—  demonstrative. 

p.,  pp. 

—  page,  pages. 

dep. 

(in  vocabulary)  =  deponent. 

part. 

ss  participle. 

dim. 

sz  diminutive. 

pass. 

ss  passive. 

e.g. 

ss  exempli,  gratia  =for  exam- 

patr. 

=■  patronymic. 

ple. 

pers. 

—  person,  personal. 

Eng. 

—  English. 

pf. 

—  perfect. 

Ep. 

s=  Epistolae,  or  Epistola. 

pi. 

=  plural. 

et  al. 

ss  et  alibi  ss  fl«^  elsewhere. 

plup. 

ss  pluperfect. 

et  seq. 

=.  et  sequentia  =  a«*/  w /*atf  /o/- 

pos. 

ss  positive. 

/(TtfJ. 

pred. 

^.predicate. 

etc. 

ss  <tf  <r£ter«  =  #»</  so  forth. 

prep. 

=.  preposition. 

excl. 

=  exclamation. 

pres. 

=  present. 

f. 

—  feminine. 

pron. 

—  pronoun,  pronominal. 

freq. 

=  frequentative. 

reflex. 

—  reflexive. 

fut. 

ss  future. 

rel. 

sc  relative. 

gen,. 

—  genitive. 

semi-dej 

).  =  semi-deponent. 

ibid. 

—  ibidem  ss  fo  M^  jaw  place. 

sing. 

sr  singular. 

id. 

—  idem  =■  the  same. 

subj. 

=  subjunctive. 

i.  e. 

ss  /<f  <?.#  =  /^atf  /j. 

subst. 

=  substantive. 

imp. 

ss  imperative. 

sup. 

ss  superlative. 

impers 

.=.  impersonal,  impersonally. 

trans. 

s=  transitive. 

impf. 

=  imperfect. 

v. 

ss  wr£. 

inch. 

ss  inchoative. 

voc. 

=  vocative. 

indecl. 

ss  indeclinable. 

h  2>  3> 

4  with  verbs  =  1st,  2d,  3d, 

OT 

in  def. 

=s  indefinite. 

4th  conjugation. 

Ant.  IV.  ss  m  .fl/.  Antonium  ordtio  Philippica  quarta. 

Arch.  =■  pro  A.  Licinio  Archid  ordtio. 

Cat.  I.,  II.,  III.,  IV.  ss  m  Z.  Catilinam  ordtio  prima,  secunda,  lertia,  qudrta. 

Imp.  P.  rr  a?/  Imperio  Gnaei  Pompei  ordtio. 

Mar.  ss  /rt?  .M.  Mar  cello  ordtio. 


VOCABULARY. 


A.,  with  proper  names  =  Aulus,  a 
Roman  praenomen,  or  forename. 

a.  d.,  =  ante  diem  ;  see  ante. 

a.  u.  c,  =  anno  urbis  conditae, 
'in  the  year  from  the  founding  of 
the  city,'  or  ab  urbe  condita, 
'  after  the  founding  of  the  city; ' 
used  with  dates  reckoned  from 
the  year  in  which  Rome  was 
said  to  have  been  founded,  753 
b.  c. 

a,  ab,  and  abs,  [cf.  Jkiro,  Eng.  of, 
off],  prep,  with  abl.,  originally 
implying  separation,/?-*?//?,  away 
from,  out  of;  of  place  or  direc- 
tion, from,  out  of  at,  especially 
with  adverbs  of  distance,  as 
longe  a  domo,  procul  a  nobis  ; 
of  time,  from,  since,  after,  as  ab 
ineunte  aetate,  ab  adulescen- 
tia,  ab  illo  tempore,  a  sena- 
torio  gradii  longe;  of  agency, 
with  passive  verbs  and  gerun- 
dives, by,  on  the  part  of ;  of  source, 
from,  through,  especially  with 
verbs  and  adj.  signifying  fearing, 

•  hoping,  expecting,  defending, 
liquidating;  the  prep,  a  with 
the  person  is  used  with  quaeso, 
postulo,  poenas  expeto,  and 
dissentio. 

abdico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ab  + 
dico],  1,  a.,  abdicate;  reflex., 
with  abl.,  resign,  lay  down,  re- 


nounce, used  of  withdrawal  from 
an  office  before  the  expiration  of 
the  term  of  appointment,  as  se 
praetura  abdicavit,  he  resigned 
his  office  of  praetor. 

abditus,  -a,  -urn,  [part,  of  abdo], 
adj.,  concealed,  hidden  ;  secluded, 
secret. 

abdo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  [ab  + 
do],  3,  2i.,put  away,  remove,  con- 
ceal;  reflex.,  abdere  se,  to  betake 
one's  self  to,  to  devote  one's  self  to, 
to  hide  one's  self  in. 

abed,  -ire,  abivi  or  -ii,  abitum, 
fut.  part,  abiturus,  [ab  +  eo], 
irr.,  n.,  go  away,  depart,  leave ; 
pass  away,  be  gone,  disappear, 
vanish. 

aberratio,  -onis,  [aberro,  from 
ab  +  erro],  f.,  relief,  respite,  as 
from  troubles. 

abhorreo,  -ere,  -ui,  ,  [ab  + 

horreo],  2,  n.  and  a.,  shrink  back 
from,  shudder  at ;  be  at  variance 
with,  be  inconsistent  with,  be 
averse  to ;  be  not  connected  with  ; 
often  construed  with  a  and  the 
abl. 

abicio,  abicere,  -ieci,  -iectum, 
[ab  +  iacio],  3,  a.,  throw  away, 
cast  away,  throw  down  ;  give  up, 
abandon;  reflex.,  abicere  se, 
throw  one's  self  down,  prostrate 
one's  self,  give  up  in  despair. 


ABIECTUS 


ACCUSO 


abiectus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  abicio], 
adj.,  cast  down,  overwhelmed, 
despondent ;  low,  mean,  worth- 
less. 

absconditus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
abscondo] ,  adj.,  hidden,  concealed, 
secret. 

abscondo,  -dere,  -dl,  -ditum,  [abs 
+  condo],  3,  a.,  hide,  conceal ; 
make  a  secret  of. 

absens,  -entis,  [part,  of  absum], 
adj.,  absent,  away,  not  present. 

absolutio,  -onis,  [absolvo,  dis- 
charge], f.,  as  a  legal  term,  ac- 
quittal;  completeness. 

abstrahd,  -ere,  abstraxi,  abstra- 
ctum,  [abs -j- trahoj ,  3,  a.,  draw 
aivay  ;  withdraw,  remove  ;  divert, 
cut  off. 

abstrudS,  -ere,  abstrusl,  abs- 
trusum,  [abs  +  trudo],  3,  a., 
thrust  away,  hide,  conceal. 

absum,  abesse,  afui,  fut.  part, 
afuturus,  [ab  +  sum],  irr.,  n., 
be  away  from,  be  absent,  be  far, 

be  from.        cuius  aetas  a  

longe  abesset,  whose  age  was  far 

too  young  for  .         tantum 

abest   ut  ut,  so  far  from 

that. 

abundans,  -antis,  [part,  of 
abundo],  adj.,  overflowing,  rich, 
abounding. 

abundantia,  -ae,  [abundo],  f., 
plenty,  abundance. 

abundS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [abo- 
unds, from  unda,  wave],  1,  n., 
overflow,  abound  in,  be  rich 
in. 

abutor,  -uti,  -usus  sum,  [ab  + 
utor],  3,  dep.,  use  up  ;  abuse, 
outrage. 

ac,  see  atque. 

accedo,  -cedere,  -cessi,  -cessum, 
[ad-f-cedo],  3,  n.,  come  to,  drazu 
near  to,  draw  near,  approach ; 
used  often  as  synonymous  with 
the  passive  of  addo,  be  added. 


accelero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad  + 
celero,  from  celer],  1,  a.  and  n., 
hasten,  quicken ;  hurry,  make 
haste. 

accessio,  -onis,  [accedo],  f.,  a 
coming  to,  approach  ;  increase, 
addition,  enlargement. 

accido,  -cidere,  -cidl, ,  [ad-f- 

cado],  3,  n.,  fall  upon,  fall  to  ; 
reach,  come  to  ;  come  to  pass,  hap- 
pen, occur,  take  place. 

accipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
[ad  +  capio],  3,  a.,  take  to  one's 
self,  receive,  accept ;  meet  with,  ex- 
perience, suffer;  take  in,  hear,  learn, 
understand ;  undertake,  assume. 

Accius,  -I,  m,  L.  Accius,  an  early 
Roman  tragic  poet,  born  170  b.  c. 
He  lived  to  a  great  age  and  wrote 
many  tragedies ;  also  an  histori- 
cal poem  and  three  prose  works. 
Only  a  few  fragments  of  his  writ- 
ings are  extant,  but  these  indi- 
cate marked  literary  power. 

accommodatus,  -a,  -um,  [part, 
of  accommodo],  adj.,  adapted \ 
suited,  fit,  suitable,  appropriate, 

accommodo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[ad  -f-  commodS,  from  commo- 
dus],  1,  a.,  fit,  adjust,  adapt,  ac- 
commodate to. 

accubo,  -are,  ,   ,  [ad  + 

cubo],  1,  n.,  lie  at,  lie  near ; 
especially  recline  at  table,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  Roman  cus- 
tom, the  body  reclining  on  a 
couch,  the  left  arm  resting  on  a 
cushion,  the  right  arm  being  left 
free  to  take  food. 

accurate,  comp.  accuratius,  sup. 
accuratissime,  [accuratus,  care- 
fully wrought],  adv.,  carefully, 
with  pains,  with  painstaking ;  pre- 
cisely, exactly. 

accuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad, 
causa],  I,  a.,  reproach,  accuse, 
blame,  find  fault  with;  prosecute 
indict. 


ACER 


ADFECTUS 


5cer,  acris,  acre,  comp.  acrior, 
sup.  acerrimus,  adj.,  sharp, pierc- 
ing ;  harsh,  bitter ;  keen,  zealous, 
spirited ;  passionate,  violent ; 
fierce,  severe. 

acerbe,  comp.  acerbius,  sup. 
acerbissime,  [acerbus],  adv., 
harshly,  cruelly,  bitterly ;  pain- 
fully, grievously,  severely. 

acerbitas,  -atis,  [acerbus],  f.,  bit- 
terness;  harshness,  severity  ;  pi., 
sorrows,  anguish,  affliction. 

acerbus,  -a,  -um,  [acer],  adj., 
sharp  to  the  taste,  bitter  ;  harsh, 
severe,  cruel ;  distressing,  rigor- 
ous, burdensome. 

acervus,  -I,  m.,  heap,  pile ;  great 
quantity,  multitude,  mass. 

Achaia,  -ae,  ['Agota],  f.,  Achdia, 
a  Roman  province,  comprising 
all  of  Greece  except  Thessaly. 
See  n.  to  p.  130,  4. 

Achilles,  -is,  ['Ax*AAeiis],  m., 
Achilles,  son  of  Peleus  and  The-' 
tis,  famous  hero  of  the  Greeks  in 
the  Trojan  war.     Arch.  x. 

acies,  -el,  f.,  sharp  point,  sharp 
edge ;  of  an  army,  line  of  battle, 
battle-array ;  battle,  engagement ; 
force,  efficiency. 

acriter,  comp.  acrius,  sup.  acer- 
rime,  [acer],  adv.,  sharply,  keen- 
ly, cruelly;  earnestly,  zealously, 
vigorously. 

acroama,  -atis,  [aKpoct/xa,  from 
<xKpodo/xat,  listen],  n.,  lit.  enter- 
tainment for  the  ear ;  reader, 
story-teller,  musician,  applied 
especially  to  those  who  furnished 
entertainment  at  table  with  sto- 
ries, jests,  or  songs. 

actio,  -onis,  [ago],  f.,  a  driving  or 
doing,  action  ;  action  at  law,  law- 
suit, prosecution,  trial ;  pi.  often 
public  acts,  measures. 

acta,  -arum,  [ago],  n.,  ^^proceed- 
ings. 

actus,  -us,  [ago],  m.,  a  driving  or 
doing ;  act,  achievement. 


ad,  prep,  with  ace.  only,  to;  of 
motion  and  direction,  to,  towards, 
up  to  ;  of  place,  in  the  vicinity  of, 
at,  near  to,  at  the  house  of,  in  the 
presence  of,  among,  according  to ; 
of  time,  //'//,  to,  up  to,  until ;  of 
purpose,  especially  with  the  ger- 
und, for,  in  order  to,  for  the  pur- 
pose of,  in;  of  other  relations, 
with  regard  to,  according  to,  in 
respect  to,  in  consequence  of,  as 
to,  in;  about,  almost,  as  many 
as. 

adaequo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad  + 
aequo],  I,  a.  and  n.,  make  equal 
to,  make  equal  with,  match ;  keep 
up  with  ;  in  Cicero  usually  fol- 
lowed by  cum  with  an  abl. 

addo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  [ad-f- 
do],  3,  a.,  put  to,  bring  to ;  add, 
join  to,  increase,  augment ;  con- 
sider also. 

adduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
[ad  +  duco],  3,  a.,  lead  to,  bring 
to,  conduct,  lead ;  prompt,  induce •, 
incite  to,  persuade,  influence. 

adeo,  -ire,  -ii  or  -Ivi,  -itum,  [ad  + 
eo],  irr.,  n.  and  a..,  go  to,  come  to, 
approach  ;  enter  upon,  undertake  ; 
encounter,  incur  ;  undergo,  submit 
to.  ad  rem  publicam  adire, 
to  engage  in  the  administration  oj 
public  affairs.  hereditatem 

adire,  to  take  possession  of  an 
inheritance. 

adeo  [ad-f  eo],  adv.,  to  this,  thus 
far,  so  far,  so  much  ;  so  long,  so. 
usque  adeo,  even  to  such  a  de- 
gree, even  thus  far,  even  so  far. 
atque  adeo,  and  even,  yet  more, 
still  further. 

adeps,  -ipis,  m.  or  f..  of  animals, 
fats  lard;  of  men,  corpulence, 
fleshiness,  obesity. 

adfectus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  ad- 
ficio],  adj.,  provided,  endowed, 
gifted ;  affected,  disposed ;  weak- 
ened, impaired. 


ADFERO 


6 


ADMIROR 


adfero,  -ferre,  attull,  adlatum, 
[ad  4-  fero] ,  irr.,  a.,  bring  to,  carry 
to;  convey,  bring,  introduce;  re- 
port, announce  ;  produce,  contrib- 
ute, offer. 

adficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum,  [ad 
-f-  facio],  3,  a.,  do  something  to, 
treat,  use;  affect,  influence;  visit 
with,  afflict ;  weaken,  impair, 
break  down. 

adfingd,  -fingere,  -finxi,  -fictum, 
[ad  +  fingo],  3,  a.,  attach  ;  bestow, 
contribute. 

adflnis,  -e,  [ad  +  finis],  adj.,  ad- 
joining, neighboring ;  connected 
with,  implicated  in,  accessory  to. 

adfirmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad  + 
flrmo],  1,  a.,  strengthen;  con- 
firm by  words,  encourage ;  main- 
tain, assert. 

adflicto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  adfligo],  1,  a.,  break  to  pieces; 
crush  ;  distress,  torment,  harass. 

adflictus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  adfllc- 
tior,  [part,  of  adfligo],  adj.,  cast 
down,  prostrate  ;  dejected,  discour- 
aged, wretched,  distressed. 

adfligo,  -fligere,  -flixi,  -flictum, 
[ad  +  fllgo],  3,  a.,  strike  at,  dash 
at;  shatter;  overthrow,  ruin, 
damage,  injure,  distress. 

adfluens,  -entis,  [pres.  part,  of 
adfluo],  adj.,  abounding,  over- 
flowing, abundant. 

adfluo,  -fluere,  -fluxl,  -fluxum, 
[ad  +  fluo],  3,  n.,  flora  to,  flow 
by ;  with  abl.,  abound  in,  be  over- 
flowing, be  full. 

adhibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [ad  + 
habeo],  2,  a.,  hold  to,  bring, 
apply ;  furnish,  offer,  bestow  ; 
employ,  use,  exercise. 

adhortor,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  [ad-f 
hortor],  I,  dep.,  encourage,  arouse  ; 
urge,  urge  on,  exhort. 

adhuc  [ad  +  hue] ,  adv.,  hereto- 
fore, hitherto,  as  yet,  up  to  this 
time  ;  still,  yet 


adimo,  -ere,  ademi,  ademptum, 
[ad  +  emo],  3,  a.,  take  away,  re 
move;  deprive  of,  free  from. 

adipiscor,  -ipisci,  -eptus  sum, 
[ad  +  apiscor],  3,  dep.,  arrive 
at;  obtain,  attain,  reach;  get, 
gain,  secure,  win. 

aditus,  -us,  [adeo],  m.,  a  going  to, 
approach,  access;  way  of  ap- 
proach, entrance,  avenue,  passage  ; 
arrival. 

adiumentum,  -I,  [for  adiuva- 
mentum,  from  adiuv5],  n., 
help,  assistance,  aid,  support. 

adiungo,  -ere,  adiunxi,  adiunc- 
tum,  [ad  +  iungo],  3,  a.,  join  to, 
attach  to ;  join,  add,  annex,  asso- 
ciate, unite  to ;  win,  secure ; 
apply. 

adiuvo,  -iuvare,  -iuvi,  -iutum, 
[ad  +  iuvo],  1,  a.,  help,  assist; 
be  of  assistance  to  ;  aid,  support, 
sustain. 

adlicio,  -licere,  -lexi,  -lectum, 
[ad  +  laeio],  3,  a.,  entice  to,  al- 
lure ;  attract,  persuade. 

administer,  -tri,  [ad  +  minister], 
m.,  attendant,  assistant,  helper; 
tool,  instrument. 

administra,  -ae,  [administer],  f., 
female  assistant,  [female)  servant, 
handmaid. 

administro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad 
-f  ministro,  from  minister],  1, 
a.,  manage,  control,  handle,  ad- 
minister, regulate ;  direct,  guide, 
serve. 

admirandus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
admiror],  adj.,  worthy  of  admira- 
tion, to  be  admired,  wonderful,  ad- 
mirable, strange. 

admiratio.  -onis,  [admiror],  f., 
admiration,  wonder;  surprise, 
astonishment. 

admiror,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  [ad  + 
miror],  1,  dep.,  admire,  view 
with  wondering  approval,  wonder 
at  i  wonder,  be  astonished. 


ADMITTO 


ADULTUS 


admitto,  -ere,  admisi,  admis- 
sum,  [ad  +  mitto],  3,  a.,  send  to, 
let  go;  admit,  receive  ;  give  access, 
allow  access,  grant  admittance; 
permit,  allow  to  be  done ;  become 
guilty  of,  commit,  perpetrate. 

admoneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [ad  -f 
moneo],  2,  a.,  remind,  suggest ; 
advise,  urge,  warn ;  bid. 

admonitus,  -us,  used  only  in  the 
abl.,  [admoneo],  m.,  reminding, 
request,  suggestion,  warning  ;  re- 
monstrance. 

admurmuratio,  -onis,  [admur- 
muro],  f.,  murmuring,  murmur 
of  a  crowd,  expressing  approval 
or  dissept. 

adnitor,  -niti,  -nixus  sum,  [ad  -f 
nitor],  3,  dep.,  lean  upon  ;  exert 
one's  self,  strive,  make  an  effort. 

adnuo,  -nuere,  -nui,  ,  [ad-f- 

nuo],  3,  n.,  nod  to,  nod;  nod  as- 
sent, give  assent,  signify  approval, 
assent. 

adorno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad  + 
orno],  1,  a.,  provide,  furnish, 
equip,  prepare ;  decorate,  embel- 
lish, adorn. 

adquiesco,  -quiescere,  -quievi, 
-quietum,  [ad-f- quiesco],  3,  n., 
become  quiet,  be  at  rest,  have 
peace,  rest,  repose ;  be  content,  be 
satisfied. 

adquiro,  -ere,  adquisivl,  adqui- 
situm,  [ad  +  quaero],  3,  a.,  get 
in  addition,  get  besides,  obtain  be- 
sides ;  acquire,  gain,  add. 

adsensus,  -us,  [adsentio],  m., 
agreement,  approval. 

adsentio,  -ire,  adsensl,  adsen- 
sum,  [ad  +  sentio],  4,  n.,  also 
dep.,  adsentior,  -Iri,  adsensus 
sum,  give  assent,  approve,  agree 
with,  agree  to. 

adsequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum, 
[ad  +  sequor],  3,  dep.,  follow  up, 
come  up  to ;  obtain,  reach,  gain  ; 
accomplish,  effect. 


adservo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad-f 
servo],  1,  a.,  watch  over,  keep, 
preserve ;  guard  with  care,  keep 
under  guard. 

adsido,  -sidere,  -sedi, ,  [ad  + 

sido,  sit  down],  3,  n.,  sit  down, 
take  a  seat. 

adsidue  [adsiduus,  continual], 
adv.,  constantly,  continually,  un- 
ceasingly. 

adsiduitas,  -atis,  [adsiduus],  f., 
constant  attendance  ;  unremitting 
service,  devotion ;  continuance, 
constancy. 

adslgnatio,  -onis,  [adsigno],  f., 
a  marking  out,  allotting,  assign- 
ing. 

adsuefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -fac- 
tum, [adsuetus-f  facio],  3,  a., 
accustom  to,  habituate ;  pass.,  be- 
come accustomed  to,  be  used  to. 

adsum,  -esse,  -ful,  [ad  +  sum], 
irr.,  n.,  be  near,  be  present,  be  at 
hand ;  stand  by,  assist,  support, 
help  ;  of  motion,  appear,  attend  ; 
of  time,  have  come,  be  at  hand, 
impend. 

adulescens,  -entis,  [part,  of 
adolesco],  adj.,  young,  youthful. 
As  subst,  m.  or  f.,  youth,  young 
man,  young  woman. 

adulescentia,  -ae,  [adulescens], 
f.,  youth,  the  period  of  life  be- 
yond pueritia,  and  reckon'ed 
ordinarily  between  the  ages  of 
15  and  25  or  30  years;  by  met- 
onymy, =  adulescentes,  young 
people,  youth. 

adulescentulus,-!,  [adulescens], 
m.,  dim.,  very  young  man,  lad, 
young  fellow. 

adulter,  -tera,  adj.,  adulterous, 
unchaste.  As  subst.,  adulter, 
-teri,  m.,  adulterer,  seducer,  para- 
mour. 

adultus,  -a,  -um,  [adolesco],  adj., 
full  grown,  mature,  fully  devel' 
oped,  adult. 


ADVENTICIUS 


8 


AERARIUM 


adventicius,  -a,  -um,  [advenio], 

^.6].,  foreign,  imported ;  strange. 

adventus,  -us,  [advenio],  m.,  a 
coming,  approach  ;  arrival ;  pres- 
ence. 

adversarius,  -a,  -um,  [adversor], 
adj.,  opposed,  opposite  ;  antagonis- 
tic, hostile,  contrary.  As  subst, 
adversarius,  -I,  m.,  opponent, 
antagonist,  enemy,  adversary. 

adversio,  -onis,  [adverto],  f., 
direction ;  occupation,  employment. 

adversus,  -a,  -um,  [adverto],  adj., 
turned  towards,  facing,  in  front ; 
unfavorable,  unsuccessful,  adverse  ; 
opposed,  hostile.  adversae  res, 
misfortune,  calamity,  ^adversity, 
trouble,  troubles. 

ad  vesper  ascit,     -ascere,     -avit, 

,      [ad  +  vesperascit],      3, 

n.,  impers.,  evening  approaches, 
it  grows  dusk,  it  is  twilight. 

advolo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad  + 
volo],  1,  n.,fiy  to,  hasten  to. 

aedes,  see  aedis. 

aedificium,  -i,  [aedifico],  n.,  build- 
ing, edifice. 

aedifico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [aedis 
-ffacio],  1,  a.,  erect  a  building, 
build,  erect ;  construct. 

aedilis,  -is,  [aedes],  m.,  aedile, 
buildings  commissioner,  designa- 
tion of  certain  magistrates  in 
Rome,  who  had  charge  of  build- 
ings and  public  works,  had  an 
oversight  of  public  exhibitions 
and  dramatic  performances,  and 
were  entrusted  with  the  keeping 
of  the  decrees  of  the  Senate  and 
other  public  documents. 

aedilitas,  -atis,  [aedilis],  f.,  office 
of  aedile,  aedile  ship. 

aedis  or  aedes,  -is,  f.,  of  the  gods, 
temple,  sanctuary  ;  of  men,  in  pi. 
only,  house,  habitation,  dwelling. 

Aegaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Alya7os],  adj., 
Aegean.  Aegaeum  mare,  the 
Aegean  sea. 


aeger,  -gra,  -gruni.  adj.,  sick,  ill, 
suffering,  feeble ;  afflicted,  dis- 
tressed, troubled. 

aegre,  comp.  aegrius,  sup.  aeger- 
rime,  [aeger],  adv.,  painfully, 
with  distress ;  with  difficulty, 
hardly,  scarcely  ;  unwillingly, 
reluctantly. 

Aelius,  -i,  with  Sex.,  Sextus  Aelius 
Paetus,  an  early  Roman  jurist. 
He  was  curule  aedile  b.  c.  200, 
consul  B.C.  198,  and  censor  B.C. 
193.  He  left  an  important  work 
on  Roman  law,  which  has 
perished.      Ep.  xxxviii. 

Aemilius,  -i,  with  M.,  M&rcus 
Aemilius  Scaurus,  a  Roman 
statesman  of  the  time  of  the 
Jugurthine  war.  He  was  born 
B.C.  163;  consul  B.C.  115,  with 
M.  Caecilius  Metellus ;  censor 
B.C.  109.  He  was  a  warm  sup- 
porter of  the  aristocratic  party. 
He  died  b.  c.  90.     Arch.  hi. 

aemulus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  emulating, 
vying  with,  emulous,  rivalling ; 
envious.  As  subst.,  aemulus, 
-i,  m.,  rival. 

aeque  [aequus],  a.dv.,  equally ;  in 
like  manner,  just  as,  to  the  same 
extent.  aeque  ac,  just  as,  as 
much  as,  as. 

aequitas,  -atis,  [aequus],  f.,  even- 
ness ;  fairness,  equity;  calmness, 
repose,  equanimity,  contentment, 
equability. 

aequus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  even,  plain, 
level ;  equal,  equitable,  reasonable, 
fair,  just,  honorable  ;  cah n,  patient, 
resigned  ;  favorable,  kind.  ae- 
quum  est,  it  is  fair,  it  is  reason- 
able. 

aerarium,  -I,  [aerarius],  n.,  trea- 
sury ;  the  public  treasure,  finances. 
The  Roman  treasury  was  a  part 
of  the  temple  of  Saturn  in  the 
Forum,  in  which  public  funds 
were  kept, 


AERARIUS 


AGO 


aerarius,  -a,  -um,  [aes],  adj.,  of 
copper,  of  bronze  ;  of  the  public 
treasury.  tribuni  aerarii,  pay- 
masters, who  disbursed  funds 
among  the  soldiers. 

aerumna,  -ae,  f.,  hardship,  trouble, 
tribulation. 

aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper ;  bronze,  an 
alloy  of  copper  and  tin ;  by  met- 
onymy, applied  to  things  made  of 
copper  or  bronze,  as  bronze  tab- 
let, money.        aes  alienum,  debt. 

aestas,  -atis,  f.,  summer,  media 
aestas,  midsummer. 

aestimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  i,  a., 
value,  estimate,  appraise,  rate. 

aestus,  -us,  m.,  lit.  violent  agita- 
tion ;  of  fire  or  fever,  heat,  glow  ; 
also  =  aestas,  summer  ;  of  water, 
surge,  swell,  tide  ;  of  human  emo- 
tions and  actions,  fire,  warmth, 
ardor  ;  doubt,  indecision. 

aetas,  -atis,  [for  ae  vitas,  from 
aevum],  f.,  period  of  life,  age, 
lifetime;  time,  period,  genera- 
tion; old  age;  an  age,  epoch. 
ab  ineunte  aetate,  from  youth 
up,  from  early  manhood. 

aeternitas,  -atis,  [aeternus],  f., 
eternity,  immortality ;  undying 
fame,  enduring  renaivn. 

aeternus,  -a,  -um,  [for  aeviter- 
nus,  from  aevum],  adj.,  lasting, 
everlasting,  eternal,  endless ;  un- 
broken, perpetual,  immortal^  im- 
perishable. 

Aetoli,  -orum,  [AtV«X6s],  m.,  pi., 
Aetolians,  inhabitants  of  Aetolia, 
a  district  in  Greece  north  of  the 
entrance  of  the  Corinthian  Gulf, 
and  east  of  Acarnania. 

Africa,  -ae,  f.,  Africa,  referring  at 
first  only  to  that  part  of  the  con- 
tinent under  the  dominion  of  the 
Carthaginians ;  then,  the  pro- 
vince Africa,  comprising  terri- 
tory formerly  held  by  Carthage, 
and  organized  after  the  destruc- 


tion of  the  city,  b.  c.  146 ;  in  the 
broadest  sense,  the  African  con* 
tinent,  Africa,  as  the  term  is  un- 
derstood to-day. 

Africanus,  -a,  -um,  [Africa],  adj., 
of  Africa,  African.  Used  as  a 
surname  for  the  two  Scipios  who 
were  victorious  in  Africa,  P.  Cor- 
nelius Scipio  Africanus,  who  de- 
feated Hannibal  at  Zama,  B.  c. 
202  ;  and  P.  Cornelius  Scipio 
Aemilianus  Africanus,  adoptive 
grandson  of  the  elder  Scipio,  who 
destroyed  Carthage,  B.  c.  146. 

ager,  -gri,  [cf.  English  acre],  m., 
land,  field,  estate,  referring  to 
improved  or  productive  land ; 
territory,  district,  domain ;  pi. 
agri,  sometimes  country,  the  open 
co2intry,  plain,  as  opposed  to 
cities  or  mountains. 

aggrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad, 
grex],  1,  a.,  lit.  add  to  a  flock ; 
attach,  join  ;  collect,  bring  together 
gather  together. 

agito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq.  of 
ago],  1,  a.,  drive,  set  in  motion; 
move  to  and  fro,  brandish,  wave, 
agitate ;  stir  up,  vex,  trouble,  dis- 
tress ;  consider,  deliberate,  discuss. 

agnosco,  -noscere,  -novl,  -nitum, 
[ad-f  gnosco],  3,  a.,  discern,  recog- 
nize, identify  ;  acknowledge  ;  per- 
ceive, know  by ;  perceive  the  mean 
ing  of,  understand. 

ago,  agere,  egi,  actum,  3,  a.  and 
n.,  set  in  motion,  drive,  lead ; 
direct,  conduct,  guide ;  incite, 
urge  ;  press  forward,  chase,  pur- 
sue ;  drive  off  as  plunder,  rob ; 
do,  act,  transact,  perform  ;  man- 
age, carry  on,  accomplish ;  of 
time,  spend,  pass,  live  ;  also,  treat, 
deal  with,  confer,  plead  with ; 
pass,  sometimes,  be  at  stake,  be  in 
peril.  Imp.  age  as  an  inter- 
jection, come  now!  come!  well! 
gratias   agere,   to   give    thanks. 


AGRARIUS 


10 


ALIQUIS 


maximas  gratias  agere,  to  give 
heartiest  thanks.  Quid  agis  ? 
colloquially,  how  are  you  ?  also, 
what  are  you  about  ? 

agrarius,  -a,  -um,  [ager],  adj.,  of 
land,   belonging  to   land.  As 

subst.,  agrarii,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
supporters  of  agrarian  laws,  the 
agrarians,  the  agrarian  party. 

agrestis,  -e,  [ager],  adj.,  of  fields, 
rural,  rustic ;  rude,  coarse,  un- 
cultivated, wild.  As  subst., 
agrestis,  -is,  m.,  usually  in  pi., 
countryman,  peasant,  boor. 

Ahala,  -ae,  m.,  name  of  a  patrician 
family  of  the  Servilian  gens. 
C.  Servllius  Ahala,  cf.  Maelius, 
and  N.  to  p.  62,  1.  4. 

aio  (pres.  ind.  aio,  ai's,  ait,  ai'unt, 
impf.  aiebam),  3,  def.,  n.,  say  yes  ; 
assert,  say,  tell,  affirm  ;  generally 
used  parenthetically. 

alacer,  -oris,  -ere,  adj.,  lively, 
quick,  active;  eager,  excited; 
cheerful,  happy. 

alacritas,  -atis,  [alaeer],  f.,  live- 
liness, eagerness,  alacrity  ;  cheer- 
fulness, delight. 

Alba,  -ae,  [albus,  white],  f.,  name 
of  two  important  towns  in  Italy : 

(1)  Alba,  or  Alba  Longa,  the 
mother-city  of  Rome,  situated 
between  Mons  Albanus  and  the 
Alban  Lake,  15  miles  southeast 
of  Rome ;  said  to  have  been  built 
by  Ascanius,  son  of  Aeneas,  and 
destroyed  at  an  early  period. 

(2)  Alba,  or  Alba  Filcentia,  a 
city  and  fortress  situated  on  the 
borders  of  the  Marsian  country, 
about  sixty  miles  northeast  of 
Rome  and  a  short  distance  north- 
west of  the  Fucine  Lake. 

alea,  -ae,  I. , game  of  chance, gaming, 
gambling ;  by  metonymy,  chance, 
risk,  hazard. 

aleator,  -oris,  [alea],  m.,  player 
with  dice,  gambler. 


Alexander,  -dri,  ['A\6|a»>8pos] 
m.,  Alexander,  in  this  book  re- 
ferring only  to  Alexander  III., 
surnamed  the  Great,  king  of 
Macedonia.  He  was  born  B.  c. 
356,  the  son  of  Philip  II.  of 
Macedonia  and  Olympias.  He 
broke  the  power  of  Persia,  and 
led  an  army  beyond  the  Indus. 
He  died  at  Babylon,  323  b.  c. 

Alexis  [*AA.e£is],  m.,  Alexis,  a 
slave  or  freedman  of  Atticus,  for 
whom  he  acted  as  amanuensis. 

alienigena,  -ae,  [alienus  +  root 
gen  in  gigno],  adj.,  m.,  foreign- 
born,  foreign,  strange.  As 
subst.,  alienigena,  -ae,  m.,  for- 
eigner, alien. 

alienus,  -a,  -um,  [alius],  adj.,  of 
another,  another's ;  strange,  for- 
eign ;  unsuitable,  out  of  place,  ill- 
adapted  ;  unfriendly,  hostile.  As 
subst.,  alienus,  -1,  m.,  stranger, 
foreigner. 

alio  [alius],  adv.,  to  another  place, 
elsewhere. 

aliquando  [alius +quando],  adv., 
at  some  time  or  other,  some  time  ; 
at  any  time,  ever  ;  at  some  time  in 
the  past,  once,  formerly  ;  at  some 
time  in  the  future,  hereafter  ;  at 
length,  finally,  at  last. 

aliquanto  [aliquantus],  adv.,  in 
a  degree,  considerably,  somewhat, 
rather;  usually  with  compara- 
tives, post  aliquanto,  some 
time  aftenvards. 

aliqui,  aliqua,  aliquod,  [alius, 
qui],  indef.  pron.  adj.,  some,  any, 
some  one  or  other,  some  other. 
in  aliquas  terras,  into  some  other 
countries. 

aliquis,  aliqua,  aliquid,  nom.  and 
ace.  pi.  n.  aliqua,  [alius,  quis], 
indef.  pron.,  some  one,  any  one, 
anybody  ;  pi.,  some,  any.  Neut. 
aliquid  as  subst.,  something,  any- 
thing. 


ALIQUO 


11 


AMISUS 


aliquo  [aliqui],  adv.,  to  someplace, 
somewhere  ;  to  some  other  place, 
elsewhere. 

aliquot  [alius,  quot],  num.  adj., 
indecl.,  some,  several,  a  num- 
ber. 

aliter  [alius],  adv.,  otherwise,  dif- 
ferently;  in  any  other  way,  in 
another  manner,  in  a  contrary 
way. 

alius,  -a,  -ud,  gen.  alius,  dat.  alii, 
adj.,   another,  some  other,   other, 

different,  else,      alius alius, 

one another,  the  one the 

other ;   pi.,  alii  alii,  some 

others ;  often  as  subst.,  alius, 

another,  alii,  others. 

Allobroges,  -um,  ace,  Allobro- 
gas,  m.,  pi.,  Allobroges,  a  people 
of  Transalpine  Gaul,  who  lived 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Rhone, 
north  of  the  Isara.  Their  chief 
city  was  Geneva.  They  were 
brought  under  the  rule  of  Rome 
by  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  B.C.  121, 
and  in  Cicero's  time  their  terri- 
tory formed  a  part  of  the  Roman 
province  in  Gaul. 

alo,  alere,  alui,  altum  or  alitum, 
3,  a.,  nourish,  sustain,  maintain, 
support;  cherish,  promote,  in- 
crease ;  in  pass.,  with  abl.,  be 
nourished  by  (=  vescor),  feed 
upon,  live  on. 

Alpes,  -ium,  f.,  pi.,  the  Alps. 

altaria,  -ium,  [altus],  n.,  pi.,  high 
altar,  altar.     See  ara. 

alter,  -tera,  -terum,  gen.  ajterius 
or  alterius,  dat.  alteri,  pron.  adj., 
one  of  two,  the  one,  the  other, 
another;     second,    next.       alter 

alter,  the  one the  other, 

the  former the  latter. 

alternus,  -a,  -um,  [alter],  adj.,  one 
after  the  other,  by  turns,  alternate, 
reciprocal;  of  verses,  alternate 
hexameter  and  pentameter,  that 
is,  elegiac. 


alteruter,  -utra,  -utrum,  [alter  + 
uter],  adj.,  one  or  the  other,  one 
of  two,  either.  in  alterutro,  in 
either  case,  in  the  case  of  either. 

altus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  altior,  sup. 
altissimus,  [alo],  adj.,  lit.  nour- 
ished, grown  great;  high,  lofty, 
elevated  ;  deep,  profound. 

alveolus,  -1,  [dim.  of  alveus,  hol- 
low], m.,  tray,  basin  ;  dice-board, 
a  small  board  upon  which  dice 
were  thrown ;  by  metonymy, 
gaming,  gambling. 

amans,  -antis,  comp.  amantior, 
sup.  amantissimus,  [part,  of 
arno],  adj.,  fond,  affectionate  to- 
wards, devoted  to ;  often  followed 
by  the  gen. 

amanter,  comp.  amantius,  sup. 
amantissime,  [amans],  adv.,  af- 
*fectionately,  amiably. 

ambulatio,  -onis,  [ambulo],  f., 
walking  about,  walking ;  walk, 
promenade. 

ambulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  n., 
walk,  walk  about,  take  a  walk. 

aniens,  -entis,  [ab  +  mens],  adj., 
out  of  one's  senses,  distracted,  fran- 
tic, mad ;  foolish,  stupid. 

amentia,  -ae,  [amens],  f.,  mad- 
ness ;  folly,  stupidity. 

amicio,  -ire,  amixi  or  amicui, 
ami c turn,  [am-,  for  ambi-,  + 
iacio],  4,  a.,  throw  around,  wrap 
about,  wrap  around,  used  of  outer 
garments ;  clothe,  cover,  surround, 
enclose. 

amlcitia,  -ae,  [amicus],  {^friend- 
ship ;  alliance. 

amicus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  amicior, 
sup.  amicissimus,  [arno],  adj., 
loving,  friendly,  dear;  kind,  well 
disposed  ;  pleasing,  agreeable. 

amicus,  -1,  [adj.  amicus],  m., 
friend. 

Amisus,  -I,  ['ApltrSs],  {.,  Amisus, 
an  important  city  on  the  south- 
ern shore  of  the  Pontus  Euxinus 


AMITTO 


12 


ANIMUS 


southeast  of  Sinope  ;  now  Eski 
Samsun.     Imp.  P.  v. 

amitto,  -ere,  amisi,  amissum, 
[ab  +  mitto],  3,  a.,  send  away, 
dismiss,  let  go  ;  lose,  part  with. 

amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a.,  love, 
like  ;  be  fond  of,  take  pleasure 
in  ;  in  requests,  I  pray,  please. 

amoenitas,  -atis,  [amoenus, 
pleasant],  1.,  pleasantness,  charm. 

amor,  -oris,  [amo],  m.,  love,  affec- 
tion, devotion  ;  eager  desire,  pas- 
sion. 

ample,  comp.  amplius,  sup.  am- 
plissime,  [amplus],  adv.,  largely, 
amply,  abundantly  ;  liberally, 
magnificently.     See  amplius. 

amplector,  -ecti,  -exus  sum, 
[ambi- +  plecto] ,  3,  dep.,  twine 
about,  encircle,  embrace  ;  embrace 
with  esteem,  love,  esteem,  cling  to. 

amplified,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [am- 
plificus,  from  amplus  +  facio] , 
I,  a.,  broaden,  enlarge,  extend ; 
increase,  amplify. 

amplitudd,  -inis,  [amplus],  f., 
breadth,  great  extent,  greatness, 
size  ;  dignity,  grandeur. 

amplius  [comp.  of  amplus  and 
ample],  indecl.  adj.  and  adv., 
further,  besides,  more. 

amplus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  amplior, 
sup.  amplissimus,  adj.,  large, 
great,  spacious,  ample,  consider- 
able ;  magnificent,  splendid,  glori- 
ous ;  renowned,  distinguished, 
honorable. 

an,  conj.,  introducing  the  second 
member  of  a  disjunctive  ques- 
tion, direct  or  indirect,  or,  or 
rather,  or  indeed.  The  first  mem- 
ber ordinarily  has  utrum  or  -ne, 
but  it  is  sometimes  omitted.  In 
direct  questions  an  is  often  not 
translated;  in  indirect  questions, 
whether.  haud  scio  an  =  / 
am  inclined  to  think,  perhaps, 
probably. 


anceps,  -cipitis,   [ambi-,   capiS], 

adj.,  hvo- headed,  double,  twofold ; 
wavering,  uncertain,  doubtful,  un- 
decided. 

ango,  angere,  anxi,  ,   3,   a., 

draw  tight,  squeeze,  choke;  dis- 
tress, torment,  vex. 

angulus,  -1,  m.,  angle,  corner  ;  by 
metonymy,  nook,  lurking-place. 

angustiae,  -arum,  [angustus, 
narrow],  f.,  straitness,  narrow- 
ness ;  narrow  place,  defile,  strait ; 
of  time,  shortness,  brevity  ;  scar- 
city, want ;  difficulty,  distress. 

anhelo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [anhe- 
lus],  1,  n.  and  a.,  gasp,  pant; 
breathe  forth. 

anima,  -ae,  f.,  current  of  air  ;  air, 
breeze ;  breath,  soul,  life ;  espe- 
cially in  pi.,  souls  of  the  dead, 
shades.     See  animus. 

animadversio,  -onis,  [animad- 
verto],  f.,  observation,  inquiry; 
reproach,  censure ;  chastisement, 
punishment. 

animadverts,  -vertere,  -verti, 
-versum,  [animum  -f  adverto], 
3,  a.,  direct  attention  to,  regard ; 
notice,  observe,  consider,  perceive, 
see  ;  censure,  punish,  inflict  pun- 
ishment. 

animose  [animosus,  from  ani- 
mus], adv.,  with  spirit,  coura- 
geously, boldly. 

animus,  -i,  m.,  soul,  life ;  intellect, 
mind,  reason  ;  imagination ; 
heart,  feeling,  desire,  affection, 
passion;  courage,  spirit;  temper, 
arrogance,  haughtiness ;  design, 
resolution.  animus  refers  to 

the  spiritual  and  emotional  part 
of  man's  nature  as  distinguished 
on  the  one  hand  from  the  body 
(corpus)  and  on  the  other  from 
the  life-principle,  the  physical 
life  (anima).  animo  aequo, 
with  resignation,  calmly.  ani- 
mo bono  esse,  to  be  of  good  cheer. 


ANNIUS 


13 


ANTONIUS 


Annius,  -I,  with  Chilo,  -onis,  m., 
Q.  Annius  Child,  a  Roman  in- 
volved in  the  conspiracy  of  Cati- 
line. No  particulars  about  his 
life  are  known.    Cat.  III.  vi. 

annona,  -ae,  [annus],  f.,  the  year's 
prodtice,  crop;  grain,  provisions ; 
by  metonymy,  price  of  grain, 
market, 

annus,  -I,  to,,  year. 

annuus,  -a,  -um,  [annus],  adj., 
for  a  year,  lasting  a  year ;  an- 
nual, yearly. 

ante,  adv.  and  prep.,  before  : 

(i)  As  adv.,  of  space,  before, 
in  front,  ahead ;  of  time,  before, 
previously,  earlier,  ago.  paulo 
ante,  a  little  zvhile  ago.  ante 
quam,  sooner  than,  before. 

(2)  As  prep.,  with  ace.  only, 
of  space  and  time,  before,  before 
the  time  of  previous  to,  antedat- 
ing ;  in  comparisons,  before,  su- 
perior to,  in  comparison  with. 
ante  me,  before  my  time.  ante 
clvitatem  datam,  prior  to  the 
granting  of  citizenship.  ante 
diem,  or  (abbreviated)  a.  d., 
used  in  expressing  dates,  see  N. 
to  p.  63,  1.  24. 

ante  a.  [ante  +  ea],  adv.,  before, 
formerly,  previously,  hitherto. 

antecello,  -ere, ,  ,  [ante 

+  unused  cello,  rise],  3,  n.,  rise 
beyond,  excel,  surpass. 

antefero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latum, 
[ante  -f-  fero],  irr.,  a.,  carry  be- 
fore ;  place  before,  esteem  more 
highly,  prefer. 

antelucanus,  -a,  -um,  [ante  + 
lux],  adj.,  before  light,  before  day- 
break., antelucanae  cenae, 
feasts  conti?ttiing  till  morning,  all- 
night  dinners. 

antepono,  -ponere,  -posul,  -posi- 
tum,  [ante  +  pono],  3,  a.,  set 
before  ;  esteem  xbove,  prefer. 

ante  quam,  see  ante. 


Antias,  -atis,  adj.,  of  Anthim.  In 
Cicero's  letters  Antiati  is  used 
as  a  subst.  in  the  abl.  for  Antiati 
praedio,  estate  at  Antium,  a  town 
on  the  sea-coast  of  Latium,  about 
thirty  miles  south  of  Rome. 
Cicero  had  a  country-place  in 
the  vicinity. 

Antiochia,  -ae,  ['AvriSxeia],  f., 
Antioch,  name  of  several  cities, 
of  which  the  most  important  was 
that  in  Syria,  on  the  Orontes 
river.    Arch.  hi. 

Autiochus,  -1,  ['Avrloxos],  m., 
Antiochus,  name  of  several  kings 
of  Syria,  of  whom  the  most  fa- 
mous was  Antiochus  III.,  called 
the  Great.  He  came  to  the 
throne  of  Syria  b.  c.  223 ;  was 
defeated  by  the  Romans  at  Ther- 
mopylae, in  Greece,  B.  c.  191, 
and  again  the  following  year  in  a 
battle  at  the  foot  of  Mt.  Sipylus, 
in  Asia  Minor.  Two  years  later 
he  was  forced  to  accept  humiliat- 
ing terms  of  peace,  and  was 
murdered  B.  c.  187. 

antiquitas,  -atis,  [antlquus],  f., 
antiquity,  age  ;  the  past. 

antiquus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  an- 
tiquior,  sup.  antiquissimus, 
[ante],  adj.,  old,  ancient,  aged ; 
primitive,  former,  old-fashioned ; 
reverend,  venerable.  As  subst., 
antiqui,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  ancients, 
the  ancients,  the  men  of  old. 

Antium,  -1,  n.,  Antium,  a  city  in 
Latium,  on  the  sea-coast  south 
of  Rome,  where  there  was  a  fa- 
mous temple  of  Fortune. 

Antonius,  -a,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens  of  which  there  were  several 
distinguished  members.  The  one 
most  frequently  mentioned  is 
M.  Antonius,  -1,  M&rcus  An- 
tonius, Mark  Antony,  whom 
Cicero  attacked  in  his  Philippic 
orations. 


APERIO 


14 


ARA 


aperio,  -Ire,  -ui,  -turn,  4,  a.,  un- 
cover, unclose,  discover,  reveal, 
open  ;  lay  open,  open  up,  render 
accessible,  expose;  make  known, 
tin/old,  explain. 

aperte  [apertus],  adv.,  openly; 
plainly,  clearly,  without  reserve. 

apertus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  aperio], 
adj.,  uncovered ;  unclosed,  open; 
unobstructed,  plain,  clear,  mani- 
fest. 

aphractus,  -1,  [&<ppa.KTos,  uncov- 
ered, sc.  vavs],  f.,  uncovered  skip, 
ship  without  a  deck,  open  boat. 

Apollonidenses,  -ium,  [  Apollo- 
nis]  ,m.,  pi.,  Apollonidensians,peo- 
ple  of  Apolldnis,  a  city  in  Lydia. 
Sing.  Apollonidensis,  -is,  a  man 
of  Apolldnis,  an  Apollonidensian. 

apparatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  ap- 
paro],  adj.,  made  ready,  ready, 
furnished ;  sumptuous,  magnifi- 
cent. 

appard,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad-f- 
paro],  1,  a.,  prepare,  make  ready, 
provide  ;  make  ready  for. 

appellS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad  + 
pello],  1,  a.,  address,  speak  to, 
apply  to;  name,  term,  entitle, 
call ;  entreat,  beg,  call  upon. 

Appenninus,  -1,  m.,  the  Appen- 
nine  mountains,  the  Appennines, 
the  high  mountain-range  in  Cen- 
tral Italy. 

appetens,  -entis,  [part,  of  appe- 
to],  adj.,  eager  for,  desirous  of; 
greedy. 

appeto,  -petere,  -petivi  or  -petii, 
-petitum,  [ad  +  peto],  3,  a.  and 
n.,  strive  for,  reach  after ;  attack, 
assault ;  long  for,  desire,  seek. 

Appi  Forum,  -1,  n.,  Appi  Forum, 
Forum  of  Appius,  a  small  mar- 
ket town  on  the  Appian  Way,  43 
miles  southeast  of  Rome. 

Appius,  -I,  m.,  Appius,  a  Roman 
forename,  common  in  the  Clau- 
dian  gens.     See  Pulcher. 


Appius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Appian,  of 
Appius.  Via  Appia,  Appian 
Way,  the  most  famous  of  Roman 
roads,  built  by  the  censor  Appius 
Claudius  Caecus  about  300  b.  c, 
and  extending  from  Rome  to 
Capua. 

approbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ad  -f- 
probo],  1,  a.,  give  assent  to,  ap- 
prove, favor,  sanction. 

appropinquo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[ad  +  propinquo,  from  propin- 
quus],  I,  n.,  come  near  to,  draw 
nigh  to,  approach. 

Appuleius,  -1,  m.,  M.  Appuleius, 
elected  augur  B.  c.  45.  Ep. 
xxxiv.,  xxxvi. 

Aprllis,  -is,  [perhaps  from  aperio], 
adj.,  of  April.  As  subst,  Aprl- 
lis, -is,  m.,  April. 

aptus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  apiscor],  adj., 
fitted,  joined;  suited,  suitable, 
proper,  fit,  appropriate,  adapted. 

apud,  prep,  with  ace.  only,  with, 
near,  at,  by;  of  persons,  before, 
in  the  presence  of,  to,  among,  in 
the  opinion  of,  in  the  power  of,  al 
the  house  of,  with,  in  the  time  of; 
of  place,  at,  near  to,  in,  in  the 
vicinity  of,  off  the  coast  of.  apud 
Laecam,  at  the  house  of  Laeca, 
at  Laeca's. 

Apulia,  -ae,  f.,  Apulia,  a  region 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  Italy, 
north  of  Calabria,  east  of  Lucania 
and  Samnium. 

aqua,  -ae,  f.,  water. 

aquila,  -ae,  f.,  eagle;  by  met- 
onymy, eagle  of  a  standard,  the 
metal  eagle  carried  on  a  pole  as 
the  standard  of  a  Roman  legion. 

ara,  -ae,  f.,  altar.  ara  is  the  gen- 
eral term  for  altar,  while  altaria 
refers  primarily  to  an  elevation 
on  the  altar  to  receive  burnt- 
offerings  ;  though  the  later  term 
by  synecdoche  is  often  used  of 
the  altar  as  a  whole. 


ARBITROR 


15 


ARTHRITICUS 


arbitror,  -arT,  -atus  sum,  [ar- 
biter], I,  dep.,  give  one's  judg- 
ment, declare  a  decision  ;  be  of  the 
opinion,  believe,  think,  consider, 
judge. 

arceo,  -ere,  -cui,  ,  2,  a.,  keep 

away,  ward  off;  hinder,  prevent. 

arcesso,  -ere,  arcessivi,  arces- 
situm,  [in  tens,  of  accedo,  ar-  for 
ad-],  3,  a.,  send  for,  summon,  in- 
vite, fetch. 

Archias,  -ae,  ['Apxias],  m.,  A. 
Licinius  Archias,  a  Greek  poet, 
in  whose  defense  Cicero  deliv- 
ered one  of  his  most  famous 
orations.     See  pp.  45-48. 

ardens,  -entis,  [part,  of  ardeo], 
adj.,  glowing,  hot;  fiery,  eager, 
ardent. 

ardeo,  -ere,  arsi,  arsum,  2,  n.,  be 
07i  fire,  burn,  glow;  flash,  shine  ; 
be  inflamed,  be  afire. 

ardor,  -oris,  [ardeo],  m.,  flame, 
fire,  heat ;  eagerness,  zeal,  anima- 
tion. 

argenteus,  -a,  -um,  [argentum], 
adj.,  of  silver,  made  of  silver, 
silver. 

argentum,  -1,  n.,  silver ;  by  met- 
onymy, silverware,  silver  money, 
money. 

argumentum,  -I,  [arguo],  n.,  ar- 
gument, evidence,  proof ;  sign, 
mark,  indication,  token. 

Ariobarzanes,  -is,  m.,  Ariobar- 
zanes, name  of  three  kings  of 
Cappadocia,  in  Asia  Minor.  The 
most  important  was  Ariobarzanes 
Philorhomaeus,  who  came  to  the 
throne  by  election  under  Roman 
influence  about  B.  c.  93.  He 
gained  his  surname  (=  <p(\os  + 
'Pcofjiaios)  from  his  intimate  re- 
lations with  the  Romans,  by 
whom  he  was  several  times  re- 
stored to  his  kingdom  after  hav- 
ing been  driven  out  by  Mithri- 
dates.     He  resigned  the  throne 


to  his  son,  Ariobarzdnes  Philo> 
pator,  probably  in  B.C.  63. 

Aristoteles,  -is,  ['ApKTTOTe\T]s], 
m.,  Aristotle,  a  famous  Greek 
philosopher,  born  at  Stagira,  in 
Chalcidice,  B.C.  384.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  Plato,  and  the  tutor  of 
the  Prince  Alexander,  afterwards 
called  the  Great.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  so-called  Peripa- 
tetic school  of  philosophy.  He 
left  numerous  writings,  some  of 
the  most  important  of  which 
have  been  preserved.  He  died 
B.C.  322.     Ep.  xii. 

arma,  -orum,  n.,  pi.,  armor,  outfit, 
as  coat  of  mail,  helmet,  shield, 
greaves ;  implements  of  war, 
arms,  weapons;  by  metonymy, 
tools,  implements, 

armatus,  -a,  -um,  [armo],  adj., 
armed,  equipped,  furnished,  under 
arms.  As  subst,  armati,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  armed  men,  soldiers. 

Armenius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  Arme- 
nian, of  Armenia.  As  subst., 
Armenii,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  Anne- 
nians,  inhabitants  of  Armenia,  a 
country  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  Asia  Minor,  north  of  Mesopo- 
tamia. 

Arpinas,  -atis,  adj.,  of  Arplnum, 
near  Arpinum,  a  town  in  Latium, 
about  fifty  miles  southeast  of 
Rome,  celebrated  as  the  birth- 
place of  Gaius  Marius  and  Cice- 
ro. As  subst.,  Arpinas, -atis, 
n.,  estate  near  Arplnum,  Cicero's 
favorite  country-place ;  his  villa 
there  was  surrounded  by  the 
waters  of  the  little  river  Fibre- 
nus. 

ars,  artis,  f.,  skill,  art;  science \ 
knowledge,  learning;  trait,  prac- 
tice, virtue,  quality. 

arthrtticus,  -a,  -um,  [dpOpTriKSs, 
from  &p0pov,  Joint],  adj.,  gouty, 
having  the  gout. 


ARTIFEX 


16 


ATTENDO 


artifex,  -icis,  [ars,  cf.  facio],  m. 
and  f.,  master  of  an  art,  per- 
former, actor,  professional ;  con- 
triver, trickster. 

arx,  arcis,  f.,  citadel,  castle,  strong- 
hold;  bulwark,  refuge,  protection. 

ascendo,  -ere,  ascendl,  ascen- 
sum,  [ad  +  scando],  3,  n.  and 
a.,  mount,  ascend,  go  up,  rise. 

ascisco,  -ere,  aseivi,  ascitum, 
[ad  +  scisc5],  3,  a.,  receive,  accept, 
adopt;  associate  with  one's  self, 
win  over. 

Asclapo,  -onis,  m.,  Asclapo,  a 
physician,  native  of  Patrae  in 
Achaia  (modern  Patras),  and 
friend  of  Cicero.     Ep.  xxxii. 

ascribo,  -ere,  ascripsi,  ascrip- 
tum,  [ad+scrlbo],  3,  a.,  write 
in  addition,  write  in  a  list,  en- 
roll, enter,  add  ;  appoint,  assign  ; 
ascribe,  impute. 

Asia,  -ae,  ['Acta],  f.,  Asia,  usually 
referring  to  Asia  Minor. 

Asiaticus,  -a,  -um,  [Asia],  adj., 
of  Asia,  Asiatic. 

aspectus,  -us,  [aspicio],  m.,  sight, 
look,  glance  ;  view,  appearance,  as- 
pect, countenance, 

asper,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  adverse, 
cruel,  perilous ;  harsh,  rough, 
wild,  fierce. 

aspicio,  -icere,  -exi,  -ectum,  [ad 
+  specio],  3,  a.  and  n.,  look  upon, 
behold,  look,  glance  ;  observe,  see, 
consider.  inter  sese  aspicie- 
bant,  they  glanced  at  one  another. 

astd,    -stare,   -stiti,    ,    [ad  + 

sto],  I,  n.,  stand  by,  stand  near, 
stand  at;  stand  up,  stand, 

as trin go,  -ere,  astrinxi,  astric- 
tum,  [ad  +  stringo],  3,  a.,  bind 
to;  bind  together,  fasten,  attach; 
put  under  obligation,  bind. 

Astura,  -ae,  f.,  Astura,  a  small 
island  on  the  coast  of  Latium, 
about  forty  miles  south  of  Rome, 
at  the  mouth  of  a  small  river  also 


called  Astura  (m.)  There  were 
several  fine  country-places  on  the 
island,  among  which  was  one  be- 
longing to  Cicero.  Ep.  xxxv.  et  al. 
at,  conj.,  introducing 

(ij  A  contrast,  but,  but  on  the 
other  hand,  hit  yet. 

(2)  A  qualification  after  a  neg- 
ative and  si,  etsi,  etc.,  but  yet, 
nevertheless,  however,  at  least. 

(3)  A  direct  opposition,  but, 
but  on  the  contrary. 

Athamas,  -antis,  \*A$4fUui\,  m., 
Athamds,  a  favorite  slave  of 
Cicero's  friend  Atticus.  Ep.  xxxi. 

Athenae,  -arum,  ['Adrjvai],  f., 
pi.,  Athens. 

Atheniensis,  -e,  [Athenae],  adj., 
of  Athens,  Athenian.  As  subst., 
Atheniensis,  -is,  m.,  man  of 
Athens,  Athenian. 

atque,  before  consonants  ac,  [ad 
-f-  que],  conj.,  copulative  t  and 
comparative  : 

(1)  Copulative,  and  also,  and 
even,  as  well  as,  and,  and  espe- 
cially, and  so,  and  too,  and  yet. 
etiarh  atque  etiam,  again  and 
again,  repeatedly. 

(2)  Comparative, as,  than,  than 
as.  contra  atque,  contrary  to 
what.  perinde  atque,  just  as. 
pro  eo  ac,  according  as. 

at  qui  [at  +  qui],  conj.,  and  yet, 
but  yet,  and  nevertheless,  however, 
but  somehow,  but  in  any  case. 

atrocitas,  -atis,  [atrox],  f.,  fierce- 
ness, cruelty  ;  severity,  harshness, 
barbarity, 

atrox,  -ocis,  [ater],  adj.,  fierce, 
cruel,  savage  ;  severe,  harsh  ;  hor- 
rible, terrible,  violent. 

attendd,  -ere,  attend!,  atten« 
turn,  [ad+ tendo],  3,  a.,  direct 
to,  used  either  with  or  without 
animum ;  consider,  give  heed; 
listen,  pay  attention  to,  listen 
to. 


ATTENUO 


17 


AUT 


attenuo,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [ad  -f 
tenuo],  I,  a.,  make  thin;  lessen, 
diminish,  reduce,  weaken;  make 
less  formidable. 

Attica,  -ae,  [Atticus],  f.,  Attica, 
a  pet  name  given  by  Cicero  to 
Caecilia,  the  little  daughter  of 
his  friend  Atticus. 

Atticus,  -I,  I'ArriKos],  m.,  Atticus, 
Titus  Pomponius  Atticus,  an  in- 
timate friend  of  Cicero,  to  whom 
he  dedicated  several  of  his  works 
and  addressed  many  letters. 

attineo,  -ere,  attinui,  attentum, 
[ad  +  teneo],  2,  a.  and  n.,  hold 
fast,  detain;  belong  to,  concern, 
relate  to,  pertain  to. 

attingo,  -ere,  attigl,  attactum, 
[ad  +  tango],  3,  a.  and  n.,  touch, 
touch  upon ;  lay  hands  on,  seize, 
attack;  approach,  reach,  attain 
to;  relate  to,  concern;  mention, 
refer  to. 

attribuo,  -buere,  -bul,  -butum, 
[ad  +  tribu5],  3,  a.,  assign,  allot, 
bestow ;  intrust,  give  in  charge; 
attribute,  ascribe. 

auctionarius,  -a,  -um,  [auctio], 
adj.,  of  auction,  for  auction. 

auctor,  -oris,  [augeo],  m.,  pro- 
ducer ;  father,  progenitor  ;  found- 
er ;  writer,  authority  ;  counsellor, 
adviser,  promoter. 

auctoritas,  -atis,  [auctor],  f.,  au- 
thority, supremacy;  decision,  re- 
solve, will,  opinion  ;  decree,  war- 
rant, assurance;  influence,  dignity, 
reputation,  weight,  importance, 
consequence. 

aucupor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [au- 
ceps,  fowler],  1,  dep.,  chase,  hunt; 
lie  in  wait  for,  strive  after, 
catch. 

audacia,  -ae,  [audax],  f.,  daring, 
boldness,  courage,  bravery ;  auda- 
city, impudence,  insolence,  pre- 
sumption ;  deed  of  boldness,  dar- 
ing deed,  effrontery. 


audacter,  comp.  audacius,  sup. 
audacissime,  [audax],  adv., 
boldly,  bravely,  with  courage; 
rashly,  audaciously,  with  despe* 
ration. 

audax,  -acis,  comp.  audacior, 
sup.  audacissimus,  [audeo],  adj., 
daring,  bold,  courageous ;  auda- 
cious, rash,  foolhardy,  desperate. 

audeo,  audere,  ausus  sum,  2, 
semi-dep.,  a.  and  n.,  dare,  be  bold, 
venture,  risk. 

audio,  -Ire,  -lvi  or  -ii,  -Itum,  4,  a., 
hear,  hear  of;  listen  to,  learn 
from  ;  assent  to,  agree  to,  approve, 
grant. 

aufero,  auferre,  abstuli,  abla- 
tum,  [ab  -j-  fero],  irr.,  a.,  take 
away,  remove,  withdraw ;  carry 
off,  snatch  away,  rob,  steal ;  sweep 
away,  destroy. 

augeo,  augere,  auxi,  auctum,  2, 
a.  and  n.,  increase,  enlarge,  aug- 
ment ;  ixtend,  add  to,  enrich ; 
praise,  extol. 

Aulus,  -1,  m.,Attlus,  a  common  Ro- 
man forename. 

Aurelium,  -1,  see  Forum  Aure- 
lium. 

Aurelius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  an 
Aurelius,  Aurelian,  name  of  a 
Roman   gens.  Aurelia    via, 

Aurelian  Way,  the  great  north 
coast-road,  leading  from  Rome 
to  Pisa. 

auris,  -is,  [cf.  audio],  f.,  ear. 
aures  adhibere,  aures  dare,  to 
give  attention,  to  listen. 

aurum,  -I,  n.,gold. 

auspicium,  -1,  [auspex,  diviner], 
n.,  augury  from  birds,  auspices, 
divination  ;  sign,  omen  ;  guidance, 
authority. 

aut,  conj.,  marking  an  important 
difference,  or';  corrective  or 
emphatic,  or  at  least,  or  surely, 
or  rather,  or  else.  aut  — — 
aut,  either  — —  or. 


AUTEM 


18 


BELLO 


autem,  conj.,  always  postpositive 
and  generally  in  weak  antitheses, 
sometimes  in  contrasted  condi- 
tions, however,  but,  on  the  con- 
trary, and  now. 

auxilium,  -I,  [cf.  augeo],  n.,  help, 
aid,  assistance,  support;  in  pi., 
often  auxiliary  troops,  auxiliaries. 

avaritia,  -ae,  [avarus],  L,  greed, 
avarice,  covetousness. 

aversus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  averts], 
adj.,  turned  away,  turned  back; 
withdrawn;  unfavorable,  averse, 
hostile,  opposed. 

averto,  -ere,  avertl,  aversum, 
[a  -f-  verto],  3,  a.,  turn  away, 
turn  aside ;  remove,  carry  off, 
withdraw ;  ward  off,  avert,  es- 
trange. 

avidus,  -a,  -um,  [aveo],  adj., 
eager,  desirous,  coveting;  covetous t 
greedy,  avaricious. 

a  Vitus,  -a,  -um,  [avus],  adj.,  of  a 
grandfather ;  ancestral,  heredi- 
tary. 

avocS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [a  -f 
voco],  I,  a.,  call  away,  with- 
draw; call  off,  divert,  turn  aside, 
turn. 

avus,  -1,  m.,  grandfather. 


B. 

bacchor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [Bac- 
chus], 1,  dep.,  celebrate  the  festival 
of  Bacchus ;  revel,  hold  revelry, 
rave,  exult. 

Balbus,  -I,  m.,  name  of  several 
men  mentioned  in  Roman  his- 
tory, of  whom  the  most  impor- 
tant is  Lucius  Cornelius  Balbus, 
a  native  of  Gades,  in  Spain.  He 
served  under  several  Roman  gen- 
erals in  the  war  with  Sertorius, 
and  was  rewarded  by  Pompey 
with  the  Roman  citizenship.  He 
afterwards     moved     to     Rome, 


where  he  came  to  possess  great 
influence,  through  his  wealth 
and  his  friendship  with  Caesar, 
Pompey,  and  other  prominent 
men.  His  citizenship  was  called 
in  question,  and  defended  by 
Cicero  in  the  oration  Pro  Balbo, 
which  is  extant.  He  was  consul 
B.  C.  40,  but  the  time  of  his  death 
is  not  known.     Ep.  XIII. 

barbaria,  -ae,  [barbarus],  f.,  for- 
eign country /  =  barbari,  uncivil- 
ized people  ;  savagery,  barbarism. 

barbarus,  -a,  -um,  [pdp&apos], 
adj.,  unintelligible ;  strange,  for- 
eign ;  of  foreigners,  barbarian  ; 
barbarous,  cruel,  savage,  rude, 
uncivilized. 

barbatus,  -a,  -um,  [barba],  adj., 
bearded,  with  a  beard. 

Basilus,  -1,  m.,  name  of  a  family  of 
the  Minucian  gens.  Prominent 
among  those  bearing  the  name 
was  L.  Minucius  Basilus,  who 
won  distinction  while  serving 
under  Caesar  in  Gaul.  After- 
wards, however,  he  was  one  of 
the  assassins  of  Caesar,  and  his 
share  in  the  killing  of  the  Dic- 
tator drew  from  Cicero  a  cele- 
brated letter  of  congratulation 
(Ep.  XL.  p.  203).  The  year  after 
Caesar's  death  Basilus  was  him- 
self murdered  by  his  slaves,  on 
account  of  his  inhuman  treat- 
ment of  them. 

Batonius,  -1,  m.,  Batonius,  a  friend 
of  Cicero  and  Atticus.     Ep.  xix. 

beatus,  -a,  -um,  [beo,  make  kappy\ 
adj.,  happy,  fortunate,  prosperous  ; 
wealthy,  rich,  opulent. 

bellicosus,  -a,  -um,  [bellicus], 
adj.,  warlike,  martial. 

bellicus,  -a,  -um,  [bellum],  adj., 
of  war,  military  ;  warlike. 

bello,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [bellum], 
1,  n.,  wage  war,  carry  on  war, 
war  ;  fight,  contend. 


BELLUM 


19 


BRUTUS 


bellum,  -I,  [for  duellum,  from 
duo],  n.,  war. 

belua,  -ae,  f.,  great  beast,  beast, 
wild  beast,  monster. 

bene,  comp.  melius,  sup.  opti- 
me,  [bonus],  adv.,  well,  success- 
fully, prosperously  ;  very,  quite. 
Comp.,  better.     Sup.,  best. 

beneficium,  -I,  [beneflcus],  n., 
kindness,  favor,  service,  benefit ; 
honor,  promotion. 

benevolentia,  -ae,  [benevolens], 
f.,  good-will,  kindness,  friendship. 

benignitas,  -atis,  [benlgnus],  f., 
kindness,  courtesy;  favor,  liber- 
ality, bounty. 

bestia,  -ae,  f.,  beast,  animal,  brute. 

bibliotheca,  -ae,  [pifi\iod-fiKrj],  f., 
library t  room  for  books  ;  collection 
of  books. 

bibo,  bibere,  bibl,  bibitum,  3,  a. 
and  n.,  drink. 

Bibulus,  4,  m.,  name  of  a  family 
of  the  Calpurnian  gens.  The 
best  known  member  is  L.  Cal- 
purnius  Bibulus,  who  was  consul 
with  Caesar  in  the  year  59  B.  c. 
Being  in  sympathy  with  the  aris- 
tocratic party,  he  opposed  Caesar 
whenever  possible,  both  during 
the  consulship  and  afterwards. 
He  had  a  commission  under 
Pompey  in  the  Civil  War,  but 
died  b.  c.  48,  just  before  the  bat- 
tle of  Dyrrhachium.     Ep.  XIX. 

biduum,  -1,  [bis,  cf.  dies],  n., 
period  of  two  days,  two  days. 

bini,  -ae,  -a,  [cf.  bis],  dist.  num. 
adj.,  two  each,  two  by  two,  two  at 
a  time  ;  double. 

bipertito  [bipartltus,  from  bi  for 
bis,  partior],  adv.,  in  two  divi- 
sions, hi  two  parts,  in  two  parties. 

BIthynia,  -ae,  [BWOpia],  f.,  Btthy- 
nia,  a  province  in  Asia  Minor, 
bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Pro- 
pontis  and  on  the  north  by  the 
Pontus  Euxinus. 


Bona  Dea,  -ae,  f.,  Bona  Deo, 
the  Good  Goddess,  an  Italian  di- 
vinity, also  called  Fauna  and 
Mdia.  She  was  supposed  to 
preside  over  the  fructifying  pow- 
ers of  the  earth,  as  well  as  over 
the  chastity  and  faithfulness  of 
women.  She  was  worshipped  at 
Rome  as  an  austere  virgin,  men 
being  forbidden  to  enter  her 
temple.  Her  rites  were  cele- 
brated by  the  Vestal  Virgins 
and  by  matrons.     Ep.  ill. 

bonitas,  -atis,  [bonus],  f.,  good- 
ness, kindness,  friendliness  ;  ex- 
cellence. 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  melior, 
sup.  optimus,  adj.,  good,  worthy, 
excellent,     kind.  As     subst., 

bonus,  -I,  m.,  good  man ;  pi. 
boni,  -orum,  the  good,  bonum, 
-1,  n.,  good  thing,  advantage ;  pi. 
bona,  -orum,  goods,  property, 
possessions,  blessings. 

Bosporani,  -orum,  [Bosporus], 
m.,  pi.,  people  along  the  Bosporus, 
dwellers  by  the  Bosporus. 

Bovlllanus,  -a,  -um,  [Bovillae], 
adj.,  of  Bovillae,  at  Bovillae,  an 
ancient  town  in  Latium  on  the 
Appian  Way,  about  12  miles 
southeast  of  Rome. 

brevis,  -e,  adj.,  short,  brief  little. 

bre vitas,  -atis,  [brevis],  f.,  short- 
ness, brevity ;  conciseness. 

breviter  [brevis],  adv.,  shortly, 
briefly,  concisely,  in  a  few  words. 

Britannia,  -ae,  f.,  Britain,  includ 
ing  England  and  Scotland. 

Brundisium,  -1,  n.,  Brundisium, 
an  important  seaport  on  the 
Adriatic,  in  Calabria.  It  was  the 
usual  port  of  departure  for  Greece 
and  the  East ;  now  B  r  i  n  d  i  s  i. 

Brutus,  -I,  m.,  cognomen  of  several 
well-known  Romans,  of  whom 
four  are  mentioned  in  this 
book: 


BUTHROTUM 


20 


CAESAR 


(i)  Decimus  Junius  Brutus, 
consul  B.  c.  138.  As  proconsul 
of  Further  Spain  he  gained  im- 
portant victories,  for  which  he 
celebrated  a  splendid  triumph, 
b.  c.  136.    Arch.  xi. 

(2)  Decimus  Iunius  Brutus  Al- 
binus,  who  served  under  Caesar 
in  Gaul,  later  in  the  Civil  War. 
Afterwards  he  joined  the  con- 
spiracy against  Caesar's  life,  and 
conducted  the  Dictator  to  the 
Senate-house  on  the  day  of  the 
assassination.  After  Caesar's 
death  he  obtained  Cisalpine 
Gaul  as  a  province,  and  refused 
to  give  it  up  to  Antonius.  When 
Octavianus  prepared  to  wreak 
vengeance  on  the  murderers  of 
Caesar,  Brutus  attempted  to 
escape  into  Macedonia,  but  was 
betrayed  by  a  Gallic  chief  and 
put  to  death  by  order  of  Anto- 
nius, b.  c.  43.  Ant.  IV.  in.,  iv., 
Ep.  xlvi. 

(3)  Marcus  Iunius  Brutus,  the 
friend  of  Cassius  and  Cicero, 
born  B.C.  85.  In  the  Civil  War 
he  joined  the  side  of  Pompey, 
but  was  pardoned  by  Caesar,  and 
was  one  of  the  assassins  that 
took  Caesar's  life.  He  joined 
with  Cassius  in  gathering  an 
army  against  Antonius  and  Oc- 
tavianus. In  the  first  engage- 
ment at  Philippi,  B.C.  42,  Brutus 
came  off  victorious.  But  three 
weeks  later  he  suffered  a  com- 
plete defeat  and  put  an  end  to 
his  life  by  falling  on  his  sword. 
Ep.  xxxiv.,  xxxvi.,  xxxvn. 

(4)  Marcus  Iunius  Brutus,  a 
celebrated  jurist,  who  lived  in 
the    second    century   B.  c.     Ep. 

XXXVIII. 

Buthrotum,  -I,  [Bov6poiT6v],  n., 
Buthrotum,  a  town  on  the  coast 
of  Epirus,  opposite  Corcyra. 


c. 

C,  in  expressions  of  number,  =  100. 

C,  see  Gaius. 

cado,   cadere,  cecidi,  casum,  3, 

n.,  fall,  fall  down  ;  fall  away, fall 
dead,  die,  be  slain,  perish;  fall 
under,  be  subject  to  ;  fall  to  the  lot 
of  befall,  happen. 

caducus,  -a,  -um,  [cado],  adj., 
inclined  to  fall,  falling  ;  perish- 
able, transitory,  frail,  fleeting. 

caedes,  -is,  [cf.  caedo],  f.,  slaugh- 
ter, massacre,  carnage,  murder. 

caelestis,  -e,  [caelum],  adj.,  of 
heaven,  heavenly,  celestial.  As 
subst.,  caelestes,  -ium,  m.,  pi., 
heaven-dwellers,  the  gods. 

Caelius,  -1,  m.,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens,  of  which  two  members  are 
mentioned  in  this  book  : 

( 1 )  Q.  Caelius  Latiniensis,  trib- 
une of  the  people  and  the  next 
year  legatus,  contrary  to  the 
usual  practice.     Imp.  P.  xix. 

(2)  M.  Caelius  Rufus,  aedile 
B.  c.  50.  In  the  Civil  War  he 
supported  the  cause  of  Caesar 
for  a  time,  but  prepared  to  join 
a  movement  against  the  Dictator 
and  soon  met  a  violent  death. 
Ep.  xviii. 

caelum,  -1,  n.,  sky,  heaven,  heavens; 
the  skies ;  air,  atmosphere,  climate, 
weather. 

Caeparius,  -1,  [caepe,  onion],  m., 
M.  Caeparius,  an  acquaintance  of 
Cicero;  nothing  further  is  known 
about  him.     Ep.  xxx. 

Caesar,  -aris,  m.,  name  of  a  prom- 
inent family  in  the  Julian  gens, 
of  which  four  members  are  men- 
tioned in  this  book : 

(1)  Gdius  Iulius  Caesar,  the 
Dictator,  born  B.C.  100,  assassi- 
nated March  15,  B.  C.  44. 

(2)  L.  Iulius  Caesar,  consul 
B.C.  64,  uncle  of  Mark  Antony, 


CAESARIANUS 


21 


CARBO 


whose  course  after  the  death  of 
the  Dictator  he  opposed.  Cat. 
IV.  vi. 

(3)  Gdius  Julius  Caesar  Octd- 
vidnus,  see  Octavianus. 

(4)  L.  Iiilius  Caesar  Strabo, 
consul  with  P.  Rutilius  b.  C.  90, 
censor  with  P.  Crassus  the  fol- 
lowing year;  killed  by  Cinna. 
Arch.  v. 

Caesarianus,  -a,  -um,  [Caesar], 
adj.,  of  Caesar,  Caesar's. 

Caieta,  -ae,  [Kcu^ttj],  f.,  Caieta,  a 
sea-coast  town,  with  a  harbor,  in 
the  southwestern  part  of  Latium. 

calamitas,  -atis,  f.,  loss,  damage, 
httrt ;  calamity,  misfortune,  rum, 
disaster ;  adversity. 

calamus,  -1,  [xdAafios],  m.,  reed ; 
by  metonymy,  pen  made  of  reed, 
reed  pen  ;  reed  pipe. 

callidus,  -a,  -um,  [calleo],  adj., 
skilful,  shrewd ;  crafty,  cunning, 
artful. 

campus,  -1,  m.,  plain,  level  field, 
open  field;  often  =  Campus  Mar- 
tius,  the  Campus  Martius,  a 
grassy  open  space  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Rome,  along  the 
Tiber  and  outside  the  Servian 
Wall,  where  the  people  met  for 
reviews  and  elections  by  cen- 
turies. 

cano,  canere,  cecini,  cantum, 
[for  casno,  from  root  CAS,  sing], 
3,  n.  and  a.,  sing,  make*  music, 
play ;  sing  of,  celebrate  ;  as  pro- 
phecies were  given  in  verse,  fore- 
tell, predict. 

canto,  -are,  -avi,  -a turn  [freq.  of 
cano],  1,  n.  and  a.,  sing,  play. 

cantus,  -us,  [cano],  m.,  singing, 
playing ;  song,  music. 

capillus,  -I,  [cf.  caput],  m.,  hair 
of  the  head,  the  hair. 

capio,  capere,  cepi,  captum,  3, 
a.,  take,  lay  hold  of,  seize,  grasp ; 
get  possession  of,  master,  control ; 


capture,  storm,  reduce ;  captivate, 
win ;  deceive,  betray,  catch  ;  harm, 
deprive  of ;  suffer,  experience  ;  re- 
ceive, entertain  ;  enter  upon,  un- 
dertake ;  accept,  gain,  enjoy,  reap ; 
take  in,  comprehend,  grasp  ;  hold, 
be  large  enough  for. 

capitalis,  -e,  [caput],  adj.,  of  the 
head,  foremost ;  involving  life, 
capital;  deadly,  dangerous,  baneful. 

Capitolium,  1,  [caput],  n.,  (1)  in 
a  narrower  sense,  the  Capitol,  a 
temple  on  Mons  Saturnius  dedi- 
cated by  the  Tarquinii  to  Jupiter, 
Juno,  and  Minerva,  afterwards 
made  the  most  splendid  temple 
at  Rome;  very  often,  (2)  the 
Capitoline  Hill,  the  Capitoline, 
the  hill  on  which  the  Capitol 
stood,  which  contained  also  the 
citadel  of  Rome.    See  Map,  p.  76. 

Cappadocia,  -ae,  [KairiraSoKia],  f., 
Cappadocia,  an  extensive  country 
of  Asia  Minor  lying  south  of  the 
Euxine  sea,  north  of  Cilicia,  and 
west  of  the  upper  course  of  the 
Euphrates. 

Capua,  -ae,  f.,  Capua,  an  ancient 
and  luxurious  city  of  Campania, 
136  miles  southeast  of  Rome. 

caput,  -itis,  n.,  head ;  by  met- 
onymy, person,  being,  life,  soul ; 
of  elevation,  top,  summit ;  of 
streams,  source,  fountain-head; 
of  plants,  tops,  heads ;  of  civil 
rights,  citizenship ;  of  writings, 
chapter,  passage,  point ;  of  things 
in  general,  chief  thing,  principal 
thing. 

Carbo,  -orris,  m.,  Car  bo,  name  of 
a  plebeian  family  of  the  Papirian 
gens ;  in  this  book,  =5  C.  Papirius 
Carbo  ArvTna,  tribune  B.  C.  90  or 
89.  He  joined  with  his  colleague 
M.  Plautius  Silvanus  in  propos- 
ing a  law  on  citizenship,  which 
was  afterwards  known  as  the  Lex 
Plautia  Papiria.     Arch   IV. 


CARCER 


22 


CATO 


career,  -eris,  m.,  prison,  dungeon, 
place  of  confinement;  by  met- 
onymy, of  a  race-course,  usually 
pi.,  carceres,  -um,  starling- 
places,  barriers. 

careo,  -ere,  -ui,  fut.  part,  caritu- 
rus,  2,  n.,  be  without,  not  have ; 
do  without,  abstain  from,  keep 
from,  hold  aloof  from  ;  want,  lack, 
be  deprived  of ';  usually  with  abl. 

Caria,  -ae,  [Kdpia],  f.,  Cdria,  a 
province  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Asia  Minor,  south  of 
Lydia. 

caritas,  -atis,  [earus],  f.,  dearness, 
high  price  ;  love,  affection. 

carmen,  -inis,  [for  casmen,  from 
root  CAS,  sing,  found  in  ca(s)  n  o], 
n.,  song,  strain  of  music  ;  poem, 
verse,  hymn ;  as  oracular  re- 
sponses and  incantations  were 
in  verse,  response  of  an  oracle, 
prophecy,  incantation,  charm  ; 
also  metrical  inscription,  inscrip- 
tion in  verse. 

earus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dear,  precious, 
valued ;  esteemed,  beloved ;  affec- 
tionate ;  costly. 

Cassius,  -a,  name  of  a  prominent 
Roman  gens.  Four  Cassii  are 
mentioned  in  this  book  : 

(i)  L.  Cassius  Longinus,  a  com- 
petitor of  Cicero  for  the  consul- 
ship for  63  B.  C. ;  afterwards 
prominent  in  the  conspiracy  of 
Catiline,  in  which  he  asked  to  be 
assigned  the  burning  of  Rome  as 
his  part.  He  also  conducted  ne- 
gotiations with  the  Allobroges, 
but  escaped  arrest.  His  fate  is 
unknown.     Cat.  III.  iv.  et  sea. 

(2)  C.  Cassius  Longinus,  orig- 
inator of  the  conspiracy  against 
the  life  of  Caesar ;  defeated  by 
Antony  in  the  first  engagement 
at  Philippi,  B.C.  42,  and  killed 
by  one  of  his  freedmen  at  his 
own  request.     Ep.  xxxill. 


(3)  Q-  Cassius  Longinus,  trib- 
une of  the  people  b.  c.  49.  He 
commenced  public  life  as  a  quaes- 
tor of  Pompey  in  Spain,  but  in 
the  Civil  War  he  held  a  com- 
mand under  Caesar  in  the  same 
country.     Ep.  xix. 

(4)  C.  Cassius  Longinus  Varus, 
consul  B.  c.  73,  proconsul  in  Cis- 
alpine Gaul  the  following  year. 
Imp.  P.  xxiii. 

caste  [castus],  adv.,  without  spot, 
purely,  virtuously ;  piously,  relig- 
iously. 

castrensis,  -e,  [castra],  adj.,  oj 
camp,  in  camp ;  of  a  military 
movement,  with  a  camp,  i.  e.  open, 
as  opposed  to  treacherous  or  se- 
cret operations. 

cast  rum,  -1,  n.,  fortress,  castle. 
PI.  castra,  -orum,  camp,  encamp- 
ment. 

casus,  -us,  [cad5],  m.,  lit.  a  fall- 
ing, fall ;  a  happening,  accident, 
event,  occurrence ;  chance,  emer- 
gency ;  destruction  ;  mishap,  mis- 
fortune, calamity. 

Catilina,  -ae,  m.,  L.  Sergius  Cati- 
lina,  Catiline,  originator  of  a  dan- 
gerous conspiracy  suppressed  by 
Cicero,  who  pronounced  against 
him  the  famous  Catilinarian  ora- 
tions. 

Cato,  -onis,  [catus,  shrewd],  m., 
Cato,  name  of  a  noted  family  of 
the  Porcian  gens.  Three  Catos 
are  mentioned  in  this  book: 

(1)  M.  P orchis  Cato,  known  as 
Cato  the  Elder,  or  Cato  the  Cen- 
sor ;  born  234  B.  c  at  Tusculum, 
14  miles  southeast  of  Rome;  died 
B.C.  149.  He  was  eminent  as  a 
general,  statesman,  orator,  and 
writer.  He  was  considered  by- 
Romans  of  later  times,  as  the 
ideal  of  Roman  character.  His 
treatise  "On  Farming  "is  extant; 
only  fragments  of  his  other  writ- 


CATULUS 


23 


CENSOR 


ings  are  preserved.    Arch,  vii., 

IX. 

(2)  Porcius  Cato,  a  friend  of 
Archias.  It  is  uncertain  what 
Cato  this  was ;  but  probably  it 
was  M.  Porcius  Cato,  father  of 
Cato  Uticensis.     Arch.  hi. 

(3)  M.  Porcius  Cato  Uticensis, 
so  named  from  Utica  in  Africa, 
the  place  of  his  death  ;  born  B.  c. 
95.  In  the  midst  of  an  active 
public  life  he  was  a  consistent 
adherent  of  the  stoic  philosophy. 
Accepting  a  commission  from 
Pompey  in  the  war  with  Caesar, 
he  proved  a  failure  as  an  officer. 
Finding  himself  in  straits  he  pre- 
ferred suicide  to  surrender  and 
fell  on  his  sword,  B.  c.  46. 
Arch.  ix. 

Catulus,  -1,  m.,  name  of  a  family 
of  the  Lutatian  gens,  of  which 
two  members  are  mentioned  in 
this  book : 

( 1 )  Q.  Lutdtius  Catulus,  consul 
with  C.  Marius  102  b.  c,  when 

-the  poet  Archias  came  to  Rome. 
Arch.  hi. 

(2)  Q.  Lutdtius  Catulus,  son  of 
the  preceding,  consul  78  b.  c. 
He  was  prominent  as  a  leader  of 
the  aristocratic  party,  and  was  a 
man*of  fine  character.  He  op- 
posed the  Gabinian  and  Manilian 
laws,  but  supported  Cicero  warm 
ly  against  the  Catilinarian  con 
spirators.  He  died  b.  c.  60 
Cat.  III.  x.,  Imp.  P.  xyn.,  xx. 
Arch.  in. 

causa,  -ae,  f.,  cause,  reason;  pre 
text,  excuse,  motive ;  condition 
case,  situation  ;  lawsuit,  judicial 
process  ;  side,  faction.  causa 
with  preceding  gen.,  for  the  sake 
of,  on  account  of 

cautio,  -onis,  [caveo],  f.,  watch- 
fulness, precaution ;  safety,  se- 
curity. 


caveo,  cavere,  cavi,  cautum,  2, 

n.  and  a.,  be  on  one's  guard,  be' 
ware  of;  take  precautions  against, 
guard  against,  take  heed ;  as  a 
legal  term,  provide,  order,  decree  ; 
with  dat.  of  person,  protect,  take 
care  of 

cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessum,  3,  n. 
and  a.,  go  away,  retire,  retreat ; 
yield,  give  place  to ;  submit,  com- 
ply ;  be  inferior  to ;  conform  to, 
concede. 

celeber,  -ebris,  -ebre,  adj.,  fre- 
quented, crowded,  thronged  with  ; 
hence  honored  by  the  presence 
of  many,  renowned,  famous,  cele- 
brated, distinguished. 

celebritas,  -atis,  [celeber],  f., 
crowd,  throng,  multitude ;  pub- 
licity, fame,  renown,  celebrity. 

celebro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cele- 
ber], 1,  a.,  crowd,  fill,  throng,  fre- 
quent;  practice,  engage  in,  repeat; 
celebrate,  solemnize ;  praise ;  honor. 

celeritas,  -atis,  [celer],  f.,  swift- 
ness, speed,  quickness. 

celeriter,  comp.  celerius,  sup. 
celerrime,  [celer],  adv.,  swiftly, 
quickly,  speedily  ;  in  haste,  imme- 
diately. 

cena,  -ae,  f.,  dinner,  the  principal 
meal  of  the  Romans,  in  early 
times  taken  at  noon,  afterwards 
later  in  the  day. 

ceno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cena],  1, 
n.  and  a.,  dine,  eat  dinner. 

censeo,  censere,  censui,  censum, 
2,  a.,  assess,  rate,  estimate  ;  be  of 
the  opinion,  propose,  vote,  urge ; 
suppose,  imagine y  think,  believe; 
decide,  determine. 

censor,  -oris,  [censeo],  m.,  censor, 
title  of  a  Roman  magistrate.  At 
Rome  there  were  two  censors, 
who  had  charge  of  the  registra- 
tion lists,  the  valuation  and  as- 
sessment of  property,  the  farming 
of  certain  revenues  and  the  let- 


CENSUS 


24 


CHILO 


ting  of  contracts  for  public 
works.  They  were  chosen  every 
five  years,  and  served  eighteen 
months. 

census,  -us,  [censeo],  m.,  registra- 
tion of  citizens  and  of  property, 
enrolment,  appraisement,  census  ; 
by  metonymy,  register  of  the  cen- 
sus, registration  list. 

centuria,  -ae,  [centum],  f.,  divi- 
sion of  one  hundred,  century,  a 
division  recognized  in  the  civil 
as  well  as  in  the  military  organi- 
zation of  the  Romans.  The  as- 
sembly of  the  people  by  centuries 
was  called  comitia  centuriata. 

centuriatus,  -us,  [centurio],  m., 
office  of  centurion,  centurions  hip. 

centurio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cen- 
turia], i,  a.,  divide  into  centuries, 
organize  in  companies,  organize  ; 
used  of  the  organization  of  in- 
fantry. 

centurio,  -onis,  [centuria],  m., 
commander  of  a  century,  centu- 
rion, captain,  an  officer  ranking 
next  to  the  legionary  tribune. 

Ceparius,  -I,  m.,  M.  Cepdrius,  one 
of  the  Catilinarian  conspirators, 
from  Tarracina.  He  had  just 
left  Rome  in  order  to  stir  up  an 
insurrection  among  the  shepherds 
of  Apulia  when  he  was  arrested 
and  placed  in  custody.  He  was 
executed  with  the  other  conspira- 
tors, b.  c.  63.    Cat.  III.  vi. 

cerno,  cernere,  crevi,  cretum, 
3,  a.,  separate  in  observation, 
distinguish,  discern,  make  out ; 
perceive,  see,  behold ;  comprehend, 
understand ;  of  judicial  or  legis- 
lative acts,  decide,  decree,  resolve. 

certamen,  -inis,  [certo],  n.,  con- 
test to  decide  a  matter,  conflict, 
struggle,  battle,  combat,  strife; 
dispute,  dissension ;  match,  trial 
of  strength  or  skill ;  rivalry,  am- 
bition to  excel,  competition. 


certe,    comp.    certius,    [certus], 

adv.,  surely,  certainly,  really ;  at 
least,  yet  surely,  yet  certainly. 

certo  [certus],  adv.,  with  cer- 
tainty, certainly,  surely,  really, 
in  fact,  positively. 

certo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [certus], 
I,  n.,  vie  with,  either  as  an  en- 
emy or  as  a  friend;  fight,  con- 
tend, struggle,  combat;  strive; 
rival,  compete,  emulate. 

certus,  -a,  -um,  [old  part,  of  cer- 
no], adj.,  certain,  fixed,  decided, 
settled ;  definite,  special,  particu- 
lar ;  confident,  trustworthy,  re- 
liable, sure;  unerring,  conclusive. 
ilium  certiorem  facere,  to  in- 
form him.  certior  esse*  to  be 
informed. 

cervix,  -icis,  f.,  neck,  throat. 

Cestius,  -1,  m.,  Cestius,  a  friend 
of  Cicero.  Nothing  further  is 
known  about  him.     Ep.  xvi. 

ceterus,  -a,  -um,  nom.  sing.  m.  not 
in  use,  adj.,  other,  the  other,  rest, 
remainder  ;  pi.,  the  rest,  all  other, 
the  other.  As  subst.,  pi.,  m., 
ceteri,  -orum,  the  others,  all  the 
rest,  every  ojie  else ;  n.,  cetera, 
-orum,  the  rest,  all  else,  every- 
thing else. 

Cethegus,  -1,  m.,  name  of  a  patri- 
cian family  of  the  Cftrnelian 
gens;  in  this  book  C.  Cornelius 
Cethegus,  one  of  the  boldest  and 
most  dangerous  of  the  Catilina- 
rian conspirators.  He  joined  the 
conspiracy  on  account  of  debts 
contracted  in  profligate  living,  and 
was  assigned  the  task  of  murder- 
ing the  principal  senators.  He 
was  arrested,  convicted  on  the 
evidence  of  weapons  found  at  his 
house  and  of  his  letter  to  the  Al- 
lobroges,  and  condemned  along 
with  the  other  conspirators. 

ChUo,  -onis,  [XlKoov],  m.,  see 
Annius. 


CHIUS 


25 


CIRCUMSCRIPTOR 


Chi  us,  -a,  -um,  [X?os],  adj.,  Chian, 
of  Chios,  an  island  off  the  west 
coast  of  Asia  Minor.  As  subst., 
Chii,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  the  people 
of  Chios,  the  Chians.    Arch.  VIII. 

cibus,  -I,  m.,  food,  victuals,  nutri- 
ment;  sustenance. 

Cicero,  -onis,  [cicer,  chickpea],  m., 
name  of  a  family  in  the  Tullian 
gens.  Three  Ciceros  are  men- 
tioned in  this  book  : 

( i )  M.  Tullius  Cicero,  the  ora- 
tor and  writer.  See  Introduc- 
tion. 

(2)  Q.  Tullius  Cicero,  brother 
of  the  orator;  born  about  102 
b.  C.  He  served  with  distinction 
under  Caesar  in  Gaul,  and  held 
several  offices.  In  the  Civil  War 
he  went  over  to  the  side  of 
Pompey,  but  after  the  battle  of 
Pharsalia  he  quarreled  with  his 
brother  and  came  to  terms  with 
Caesar.  A  reconciliation  was 
soon  effected,  however,  and 
Quintus  was  put  to  death  in  the 
proscription  of  the  triumvirs, 
43  b.  c.     Ep.  xiii. 

(3)  M.  Tullius  Cicero,  son  of 
the  orator  and  Terentia ;  born 
b.  c.  65.  He  was  not  a  strong 
character,  but  had  an  eventful 
life,  being  finally  admitted  by 
Octavianus  as  a  colleague  in  the 
consulship,  b.  c.  30.     Ep.  viii., 

IX. 

Cilicia,  -ae,  [KtXucla],  f.,  Cilicia,  a 
Roman  province  in  the  southern 
part  of  Asia  Minor. 

Cimber,  -bri,  m.,  see  Gabinius. 

Cimbri,  -orum,  [=  Kifxfipoi],  m., 
pi.,  Cimbri,  Cimbrians,  a  barbaric 
people,  apparently  of  Germanic 
origin,  which  passed  over  the 
Alps  and  invaded  Cisalpine  Gaul 
b.  c  102.  They  were  finally  de- 
feated near  Vercellae  (west  of 
Milan)  by  Gaius  Marius,  101  B.  c. 


Cimbricus,    -a,    -um,    [Cimbri], 

adj.,  of  the  Cimbri,  Cimbrian. ' 

Cincius,  -1,  m.,  L.  Cincius,  a  stew- 
ard of  Cicero's  friend  Atticus. 
Ep.  1. 

cingo,  -ere,  cinxl,  cinctum,  3,  a., 
surround,  enclose  ;  gird,  wreathe, 
gird  on  ;  of  places,  surround,  en- 
circle,  invest,  beset,  besiege. 

cinis,  -eris,  [cf.  k6vis,  dust,  ashes], 
m.,  ashes,  embers;  of  the  dead, 
ashes,  the  remains  left  after  cre- 
mation. 

Cinna,  -ae,  m.,  in  this  book  L. 
Cornelius  Cinna,  an  unprincipled 
demagogue  who  became  a  leader 
of  the  popular  party  during 
Sulla's  absence  in  the  east,  B.  C. 
87-84,  and  joined  with  Marius  in 
the  massacre  of  the  aristocracy. 
He  was  slain  in  a  mutiny  of  the 
forces  which  he  had  collected  in 
order  to  meet  Sulla,  b.  c.  84. 

circiter  [circus],  adv.,  and  prep, 
with  ace,  about,  not  far  from, 
near. 

circum  [ace.  of  circus,  circle\ 
adv.  and  prep.  : 

(1)  As  adv.,  about,  around, 
round  about. 

(2)  As  prep.,  with  ace,  around, 
about,  all  around;  among, 
through  ;  in  the  neighborhood  of 
near,  near  by. 

circumcludo,  -cludere,  -clusl, 
-clusum,  [circum  +  claud5],  3, 
a.,  shut  in,  enclose ;  hem  in,  sur- 
round. 

circumdo,  -dare,  -dedi,  -datum, 
[circum  -j-  do],  1,  a.,  put  around, 
place  about ;  surround,  encircle, 
besiege. 

circumscrlbo,  -scribere,  -scrips!, 
-scrip turn,  [circum  +  scribo],  3, 
a.,  encircle,  limit,  bound,  circum- 
scribe;  cheat;  cancel,  set  aside. 

circumscriptor,  -oris,  [circum- 
scribo],  m.,  defrauder,  cheat. 


CIRCUMSEDEO 


26 


COGITATIO 


circumsedeo,  -sedere,  -sedi,  -ses- 
sum,  [circum -f  sedeo],  2,  a.,  sit 
around ;  surround,  besiege,  beset. 

circumspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi, 
-spectum,  [circum  -f-  specio],  3, 
n.  and  a.,  look  about ;  survey,  ob- 
serve ;  be  cautious,  exercise  cau- 
tion ;  ponder,  consider. 

circumsto,    -stare,    -steti,   , 

[circum  +  sto] ,  1,  n.  and  a., 
stand  around ;  surround ;  be  at 
hand,  threaten;  as  a  military 
term,  surround,  besiege,  beset. 

Cito,  comp.  citius,  sup.  citissime, 
[citus],  adv.,  quickly ',  speedily, 
soon. 

Civilis,  -e,  [clvis],  adj.,  of  a  citizen, 
of  citizens,  civil,  civic ;  political, 
public. 

Civis,  -is,  m.  or  f.,  citizen,  fellow- 
citizen. 

Civitas,  -atis,  [civis],  f.,  citizen- 
ship; community  of  citizens,  state, 
commonwealth. 

clam,  adv.  and  prep.,  secretly,  in 
secret. 

clamo,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  1,  n.  and 
a.,  cry  out,  shout,  exclaim  ;  call 
upon,  invoke  ;  proclaim,  declare. 

clamor,  -oris,  [clamo],  m.,  loud 
cry,  outcry,  shout ;  din,  uproar ; 
acclamation,  applause ;  war- 
shout ;  sound,  noise. 

clarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  clear,  bright, 
shining ;  distinct,  manifest ',  plain ; 
renowned,  noble,  illustrious,  hon- 
ored, famous. 

classis,  -is,  f.,  fleet. 

Claudius,  -a,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens  with  both  patrician  and 
plebeian  branches.  See  Mar- 
cellus,  Pulcher. 

claudo,  claudere,  clausi,  clau- 
sula, 3,  a.,  shut,  shut  up,  close  ; 
bring  to  a  close,  finish,  end ;  shut 
in,  invest,  besiege. 

clemens,  -entis,  adj.,  mild,  calm  ; 
gentle,  kind,  forbearing. 


clementer  [clemens] ,  adv.,  calmly^ 
mildly  ;  gently,  kindly,  with  for- 
bearance. 

dementia,  -ae,  [clemens],  f.,  mild- 
ness, forbearance,  clemency. 

clientela,  -ae,  [cliens],  {.,  relation 
of  client  to  patron,  clientship ;  pi. 
often  sb  clientes,  clients,  retainers, 
dependants. 

Clodius,  a  form  of  the  name  Clau- 
dius ;  in  this  book  =  P.  Clodius 
Pulcher,  a  bitter  enemy  of  Cicero. 
He  was  killed  in  a  skirmish  be- 
tween his  followers  and  those  of 
Milo  near  Bovillae,  Jan.  20,  B.  c. 
52.  Ep.  hi.  See  also  Philhe- 
taerus. 

Cluatius,  -1,  m.,  Cludtius,  an  archi. 
tect  employed  by  Cicero.  Ep. 
xxxvi.,  XXXVII. 

Cn.,  see  Gnaeus. 

Cnidus  or  Cnidos,  -1,  [KvlSos], 
f.,  Cnidus,  a  city  in  Caria,  in  the 
extreme  southwestern  part  of 
Asia  Minor.  • 

coactus,  see  cogo. 

Cocceius,  -a,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens.  Cicero  in  his  letters  men- 
tions a  Cocceius  about  whom 
nothing  is  known.     Ep.  xxxvi. 

coepio,  -ere,  coepi,  coeptum 
pres.  not  found  in  classical 
Latin,  def.,  a.  and  n.,  begin,  com 
mence.  Part,  coeptus,  -a,  -um 
commenced,  begun,  undertaken. 

coerceo,  -cere,  -cm,  -citum,  [com 
+  arceo],  2,  a.,  confine  on  all 
sides,  hold  together,  shut  in,  en 
compass;  restrain,  repress,  hold% 
control,  curb. 

coetus,  -us,  [coeo],  m.,  assembly 
company  ;  crowd,  meeting. 

cogitate  [cogitatus,  from  cogi 
to],  adv.,  with  reflection,  thought- 
fully. 

cogitatio,  -onis,  [cogito],  f.,  re- 
flection, meditation  ;  thought,  rea' 
soning,  imagination. 


COGITO 


27 


COLOR 


cogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [com-  + 
agito],  I,  a.,  consider  thoroughly, 
think  over,  ponder,  reflect  upon ; 
meditate,  design,  plan,  purpose, 
plot. 

cognatio,  -onis,  [cognatus],  f., 
kinship,  relationship  ;  connection, 
affinity. 

cognitio,  -onis,  [cognosco],  f.,  a 
becoming  acquainted  with,  know- 
ledge, acquaintance;  as  a  legal 
term,  investigation,  inquiry. 

cognitor,  -oris,  [cognosco],  m., 
attorney,  advocate  ;  defender,  pro- 
tector, supporter. 

cognitus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  cog- 
nosco], adj.,  known,  acknow- 
ledged, approved. 

cognomen,  -inis,  [cf.  cognosco], 
n.,  family  name,  surname ; 
name. 

cognosco,  -ere,  cognovi,  cog- 
nitum,  [com--f  (g)nosco],  3,  a., 
become  acquainted  with  ;  learn, 
ascertain,  know  thoroughly  ; 
know ;  examine,  inquire  into, 
investigate ;  recognize,  identify, 
acknowledge ;  appreciate. 

cogo,  cogere,  coegi,  coactum, 
[com- +  ago],  3,  a.,  drive  together ; 
collect,  gather  together,  assemble  ; 
urge,  oblige,  constrain,  compel, 
force. 

cohaereo,  -ere,  cohaesl,  cohae- 
sum,  [com-  +  haereo],  2,  n.,  cling 
together,  be  united ;  be  closPly  con- 
nected with. 

cohibeo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itum,  [com-  + 
habeo],  2,  a.,  hold  together,  con- 
fine, contain  ;  hold  in  check,  re- 
strain, repress,  subdue. 

Conors,  -hortis,  f.,  enclosure,  yard; 
crowd,  company,  throng,  multi- 
tude ;  as  a  military  term,  cohort, 
battalion,  the  tenth  part  of  a 
legion ;  also,  staff  of  a  general, 
body-guard,     retinue.  cohors 

praetoria,  general's  body-guard. 


cohortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [com 
+  hortor],  1,  dep.,  encourage,  ad- 
monish, exhort,  urge  on,  address. 

collectio,  -onis,  [collectus,  from 
colligo],  f.,  bringing  together,  col- 
lecting, gathering. 

COllega,  -ae,  [cf.  colligo,  unite-],  m., 
associate  in  office,  colleague. 

collegium,  -1,  [cf.  collega],  n., 
association  in  office,  colleagueship  ; 
association,  corporation,  society, 
college. 

colligo,  -ere,  collegi,  collectum, 
[com-  +  lego],  3,  a.,  gather,  bring 
together,  collect,  assemble  ;  acquire, 
incur  ;  deduce,  infer. 

collis,  -is,  m.,  hill,  height,  elevation. 

colloco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [com- 
+  loco],  1,  a.,  set  right,  place,  set, 
put,  arrange  ;  set  up,  erect ;  locate, 
station  ;  of  money,  invest,  lay  out. 

colloquium,  -1,  [colloquor],  n., 
conversation,  discourse,  conference. 

colo,  colere,  colui,  cultum,  3,  a. 
and  n.,  till,  cultivate  ;  stay  at, 
abide  in,  dwell  in,  inhabit ;  care 
for,  cherish,  esteem,  love,  favor ; 
of  the  gods,  and  the  services  of 
religion,  honor,  worship,  revere, 
reverence ;  of  pursuits  or  virtues, 
follow,  seek,  practice,  devote  one's 
self  to,  adhere  to,  cherish. 

colonia,  -ae,  [colonus],  f.,  colony, 
settlement. 

colonus,  -1,  [colo],  m.,  husband- 
man, tiller  of  the  soil ;  by  met- 
onymy, colonist,  settler. 

Colophon,  -onis,  [Ko\o<fxay],  m., 
Colophon,  z.  city  in  the  western 
part  of  Asia  Minor,  north  of 
Ephesus. 

Colophonius,  -a,  -um,  [Colo- 
phon], adj.,  of  Colophon.  As 
subst,  Colophonii,  -orum,  m., 
pi.,  the  people  of  Colophon,  the 
Colophonians. 

color,  -oris,  m.,  color,  tint,  hue; 
complexion  ;  appearance,  coloring. 


COM- 


28 


COMMUTATIO 


com-,  prep.,  old  form  of  cum ; 
found  only  in  composition.  See 
cum. 

comes,  -itis,  [com-,  eo],  m.  or  f., 
companion,  associate,  comrade, 
mate ;  intimate  ;  attendant,  re- 
tainer, dependant. 

comissatio,  -onis,  [comissor, 
revet],  f.,  carousal,  Bacchanalian 
revel,  revelry. 

comitatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
comitor],  adj.,  attended,  accom- 
panied, escorted. 

comitatus,  -us,  [comitor],  m., 
escort,  train,  retinue ;  company, 
band,  crowd. 

comitia,  -orum,.[pl.  of  comitium], 
n.,  pi.,  assembly  of  the  people,  as- 
sembly, election  by  the  people  in 
assembly.  comitia    consula- 

ria,  assembly  J  or  electing  consuls, 
consular  election. 

comitium,  -I,  [com-,  eo],  n.,  place 
of  meeting ;  at  Rome,  the  Comi- 
tium, an  open  place  north  of  the 
Forum,  where  assemblies  were 
held.     See  Map,  p.  76. 

commeatus,  -us,  [commeo],  m., 
a  passing  to  and  fro  ;  furlough  ; 
provisions,  supplies. 

commemorabilis,  -e,  [comme- 
moro],  adj.,  memorable,  remark- 
able. 

commemoratio,  -onis,  [com- 
memorS],  f.,  a  calling  to  mind, 
reminding ;  remembrance,  re- 
minder. 

commemoro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[com-  +  memoro],  1,  a.,  call  to 
mind,  keep  in  mind,  remember  ; 
bring  to  mind,  recall ;  relate,  re- 
count, mention. 

commendatio,  -onis,  [commen- 
do],  f.,  a  commending,  recom- 
mendation ;  that  which  recom- 
mends, excellence,  worth. 

commendo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[com-  -f  man  do],    1,   a.,   commit 


for  safe  keeping,  intrust,  confide  ; 
commend,  recommend,  ask  favor 
for. 

commeo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [com- 
+  meo],  I,  n.,  pass  to  and  fro,  go 
and  come  ;  make  frequent  visits. 

commisced,  -miscere,  -miscui, 
-mixtum  or  -mistum,  [com-  -f 
misceo],  2,  a.,  mingle  together, 
mingle  ;  unite,  join. 

committd,  committere,  -misi, 
-missum,  [com-  -f  mitto],  3,  a., 
bring  together,  combine,  put  to- 
gether, unite  ;  of  military  engage- 
ments, set  together,  engage  in, 
fight,  carry  on,  wage  ;  intrust, 
co?nmit ;  expose ;  commits,  crime, 
perpetrate,  be  guilty  of,  do,  prac- 
tice. 

commode  [commodus],  adv., 
properly,  skilfully  ;  conveniently , 
suitably,  comfortably. 

commodo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[commodus],  r,  a.  and  n.,  supply, 
furnish,  grant,  lend. 

commodum,  -1,  [commodus],  n., 
convenience,  opportune  moment ; 
advantage,  interest,  gain  ;  emolu- 
ment. 

commoror,  -ari,  -atus  sum, 
[com-  4-  moror],  1,  dep.,  linger, 
stay,  tarry,  remain. 

commoveo,  -movere,  -movi, 
-motum,  [com-  -f  moveo],  2,  a., 
stir,  shake,  move,  used  especially 
of  Solent  motion  ;  trouble,  dis- 
turb, disquiet  ;  affect,  influence. 

communicS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[communis],  1,  a.,  divide  with, 
share  ;  join,  add. 

communis,  -e,  [com-,  munus], 
adj.,  common,  in  common  ;  gen- 
eral, public  ;  of  manners,  affable, 
courteous. 

communiter  [communis],  adv., 
in  common,  generally,  together. 

commutatio,  -onis,  [commuto], 
f.,  change,  alteration. 


COMMUTO 


29 


CONCUPISCO 


commuto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[com-  -+-  muto],  i,  a.,  change 
throughout,  change  entirely  :  ex- 
change, substitute,  change. 

comparatio,  -orris,  [comparo],  f., 
preparing,  preparation. 

comparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [com- 
4-  paro],  i,  a.,  make  ready,  pro- 
vide, prepare;  get  together,  get, 
collect,  obtain. 

comparo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [corn- 
par,  equal  to],  I,  a.,  match,  join  ; 
count  as  equal ;  compare. 

compello,  -ere,  compuli,  compul- 
sum,  [com-  +  pello],  3,  a.,  drive 
together  ;  drive,  impel,  jorce ;  in- 
cite, urge,  constrain. 

comperio,  -ire,  comperi,  comper- 
tum,  4,  a.,  find  out,  learn,  ascer- 
tain. 

competitor,  -oris,  [competo],  m., 
competitor,  rival,  opponent. 

complector,  plecti,  -plexus 
sum,  [com-  +  plecto,  braid],  3, 
dep.,  embrace,  clasp  ;  encircle, 
enclose,  seize ;  comprehend,  un- 
derstand ;  explain,  describe,  sum 
up. 

compleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  [com 
+  pleo,  fill],  2,  a.,  fill  up,  fill ; 
complete,  fulfil,  accomplish,  finish  ; 
live  through,  pass. 

complexus,  -us,  [complector], 
m.,  embracing,  embrace. 

complures,  -a  or  -ia,  gen.  com- 
plurium,  [com-  4-  piures],  adj., 
pi.,  several,  a  number,  many. 

compono,  -ere,  composui,  com- 
positum,  [com+pono],  3,  a., 
put  together,  collect,  unite ;  com- 
pare, contrast  ;  compose,  write  ; 
construct,  build ;  set  in  order,  ar- 
range, prepare  ;  lay  at  rest,  bury. 

comprehends,  -hendere,  hendi, 
-hensum,  [com-  4-  prehendo],  3, 
a.,  take  hold  of,  seize,  catch ;  lay 
hold  of,  arrest,  capture  ;  grasp, 
comprehend ;  recount,  set  forth. 


comprimo,  -primere,  -pressi, 
-pressum,  [com-  -fpremo],  3,  a., 

press  together,  compress;  check, 
repress,  restrain  ;  subdue,  sup- 
press, keep  under. 

comprobo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[com-  -f  probo],  1,  a.,  approve, 
sanction,  assent  to ;  attest,  estab- 
lish, prove. 

conatus,  -us,  [conor],  m.,  attempt, 
endeavor,  effort,  undertaking. 

concedo,  -ere,  concessi,  conces- 
sum,  [com-  4-  cedo],  3,  n.  and  a., 
withdraw,  depart ;  yield,  give 
place  to,  submit ;  grant,  concede, 
allow  ;  admit,  acknowledge  ;  give 
up,  forgive,  pardon. 

concelebro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[com-  4-  celebro],  1,  a.,  attend  in 
crowds,  frequent ;  solemnize,  cele- 
brate. 

concerto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [com- 
4-  certo],  1,  n.,  contend  with, 
strive  with  ;  dispute,  debate  with. 

concido,     -cidere,     -cidi,     , 

[com-  4-  cado],  3,  n.,  fall  down, 
collapse  ;  fall  dead,  fall ;  decline, 
fail,  be  destroyed. 

concilio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [con- 
cilium], 1,  a.,  obtain,  procure, 
win,  gain  ;  wilt  over,  win  the 
favor  of,  conciliate. 

concipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
[com-  4-  capio],  3,  a.,  take  up,  re- 
ceive ;  imagine,  conceive  of ;  un- 
derstand ;  harbor,  entertain,  plan. 

concito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  concio],  1,  a.,  stir  up,  arouse, 
excite  ;  urge,  move,  instigate. 

Concordia,  -ae,  [concors],  f.,  har- 
mony, union,  concord.  Personi- 
fied, Concordia,  -ae,  f.,  goddess 
of  Union,  Concord,  in  whose 
honor  several  temples  were 
erected  at  Rome. 

concupisco,  -iscere,  -Tvi,  -ftum, 
[com-,  cupio],  3,  inch.,  greatly  de- 
sire, long  for,  eagerly  desire,  covet. 


CONCURSO 


30 


CONGREDIOR 


concursS,  -are, ,  ,  [freq. 

of  concurro],  I,  n.  and  a  ,  run  to 
and  fro,  rush  about,  run  about. 

concursus,  -us,  [concurro],  m., 
running  together ;  concourse, 
throng,  assembly ;  assault,  attack ; 
meeting,  collision. 

condemns,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[com-  +  damno] ,  I,  a.,  sentence, 
find  guilty,  convict,  condemn. 

condicio,  -onis,  [condico],  {., 
agreement,  condition,  compact, 
terms;  position,  rank,  lot,  cir- 
cumstances. 

condiscS,  -discere,  -didici, , 

[com-  -f  disco],  3,  a.,  learn  care- 
fully, learn  well. 

conditus,  -a,  -um,  see  condo. 

condo,  condere,  condidi,  condi- 
tum,  [com-  +  do],  3,  a.,  put  to- 
gether, found,  build;  compose, 
write;  lay  aside,  store  up;  pre- 
serve; lay  in  the  tomb,  bury ; 
hide,  conceal. 

conferd,  -ferre,  -tull,  collatum, 
[com-  +  fer5],  irr.,  a.,  bring  to- 
gether, collect,  gather,  join  ;  match 
against,  oppose ;  compare,  con- 
trast ;  consult,  confer,  consider ; 
.carry,  bring ;  employ,  devote,  ap- 
ply ;  bestow,  lend,  grant ;  refer, 
assign ;  put  off,  postpone.  se 
conferre,  to  betake  himself,  to 
turn,  to  go ;   to  devote  himself. 

confertus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  con- 
fer cio],  adj.,  crowded,  dense  ; 
compact,  close;  crammed,  filled, 
gorged. 

cSnfessio,  -onis,  [confiteor],  f., 
confession,  acknoiuledgment. 

confestim  [com-,  cf.  festinus], 
adv.,  immediately,  speedily,  forth- 
with, suddenly. 

conficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum, 
[com- -(- facio],  3,  a.,  accomplish, 
execute,  complete  ;  do,  make,  bring 
about,  draw  up ,  bring  together, 
procure,  provide,  prepare ;   wear 


out,  consume,  subdue,  overcome, 
exhaust ;  kill,  destroy,  despatch. 

confidS,  -fidere,  -fisus  sum, 
[com-  -f  fido],  3,  semi-dep.,  n., 
trust,  rely  on,  cojifide,  believe ,  be 
confident,  be  assured. 

confirmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [com 
+  firmo],  1,  a.,  make  firm,  make 
strong,  strengthen,  reinforce ;  en- 
courage, cheer  ;  confirm,  establish  ; 
assert,  affirm,  assure,  prove. 

confiteor,  -fiteri,  -fessus  sum, 
[com-  +  fateor] ,  2,  dep.,  confess, 
acknowledge,  admit ;  allow,  grant, 
concede  ;  disclose,  shozv. 

conflagro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[com-  -f-  flagro],  1,  n.  and  a., 
burn,  be  on  fire,  be  consumed, 
burn  up  ;   be  destroyed  by  fire. 

cSnfligS,  -ere,  conflixi,  conflic- 
tum,  [com-  +  fligo],  3,  a.  and  n., 
dash  together ;  be  in  conflict,  con- 
tend, fight ;  be  at  war,  be  at  va- 
riance. 

cSnflS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [com-  -f- 
flo],  1,  a.,  blow  up,  kindle,  in- 
flame ;  get  together,  bring  together, 
raise,  compose ;  cause,  produce, 
bring  about. 

confSrmatiS,  -onis,  [conforms], 
f.,  shaping,  moulding,  form,  fash- 
ion ;  training,  culture. 

conformo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[com-  -f  formo],  1,  a.,  shape, 
mould,  form,  fashion ;  train,  edu- 
cate, cultivate. 

conf ringo,  -ere,  confregi,  con- 
fractum,  [com- +  frango] ,  3,  a., 
break  in  pieces,  break  up,  shatter  ; 
crush,  destroy. 

congerS,  -ere,  congessi,  conges- 
tum,  [com-  +  gero],  3,  a.,  bring 
together,  collect,  heap  up,  accumu- 
late ;  build,  construct. 

congredior,  -gredi,  -gressus 
sum,  [com-  -f  gradior],  3,  dep., 
come  together,  meet  ;  meet  in 
strife,  contend,  fight. 


CONGREGO 


31 


CONSENTIO 


congrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[com-,  grex],  i,  a.,  lit.  gather 
into  a  flock  ;  assemble,  gather  to- 
gether, collect ;  associate,  unite. 

congruo,  -gruere,  -grui,  ,  3, 

n.,  agree,  coincide  ;  harmonize, 
correspond,  accord. 

conicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectum, 
[com-  +  iacio],  3,  a.,  cast  to- 
gether, unite ;  drive,  throw,  cast, 
hurl,  direct,  aim  ;  urge,  force ; 
place,  put ;  conjecture,  guess  ; 
forecast,  foretell. 

coniectura,  -ae,  [conicio],  f.,  con- 
jecture, inference,  guess. 

coniugium,  -I,  [coniungo],  n., 
marriage,  wedlock. 

coniunctio,  -onis,  [coniungo],  f., 
union,  agreement ;  intimacy,  close 
friendship. 

coniunctus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  con- 
iunctior,  sup.  coniunctissimus, 
[part,  of  coniungo],  adj.,  united, 
allied,  connected ;  intimate,  ac- 
cordant. 

coniungo,  -ere,  coniunxi,  con- 
iunctum,  [com- +  iungo] ,  3,  a., 
unite,  connect,  join  ;  associate,  com- 
bine in,  wage  in  common. 

coniunx,  -ugis,  [cf.  coniungo], 
m.  and  f.,  married  person,  consort, 
spouse,  whether  husband  or  wife. 

coniurati,  -orum,  [coniuratus, 
from  coniurS],  m.,  pi.,  conspira- 
tors. 

coniuratio,  -onis,  [coniuro],  f., 
association  tinder  oath,  conspiracy, 
confederacy. 

coniuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [com- 
+  iuro,  swear],  I,  n.  and  a.,  swear 
together;  plot  together,  form  a 
conspiracy. 

coniveo,  -ere,  conlvi  or  conixi, 

,  [com-  +  niveo],  2,  n.,  shut 

the  eyes ;  overlook,  connive,  wink  at. 

conor,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  1,  dep., 
undertake,  endeavor,  attempt,  try  ; 
make  an  effort,  seek,  aim. 


conquiesco,  -iescere,  -ievi,  con- 
quietum,  [com-  -|-  quiesco],  3, 
n.,  rest,  repose ;  stop,  cease ;  find 
rest,  be  at  rest,  enjoy  peace. 

consanguineus,  -a,  -um,  [com- 
+  sanguineus],  adj.,  related  by 
blood,  kindred.  As  subst.,  con- 
sanguineus, -1,  m.,  kinsman, 
relative. 

consceleratus,  -a,  -um,  [consce- 
lero],  adj.,  stained  with  guilt, 
wicked,  criminal,  depraved,  vil- 
lanous. 

conscendo,  -scendere,  -scendis 
-scensum,  [com-  +  scando],  3, 
a.  and  n.,  ascend,  climb,  mount ; 
of  a  ship,  go  on  board,  embark. 

conscientia,  -ae,  [conscio],  f., 
knowledge  shared  by  others,  com- 
mon knowledge  ;  of  the  individ- 
ual, feeling,  sense,  consciousness, 
knowledge  ;  sense  of  right,  con- 
science ;   sense  of  guilt. 

conscriptus,  -1,  [part,  of  con- 
scribo],  m.,  one  enrolled ;  used 
especially  in  addressing  the 
Roman  Senate  in  the  designa- 
tion patres  conscript!,  fathers 
elect,  chosen  fathers,  for  patres 
et  conscriptl,  fathers  and  elect. 

consecro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [com- 
-f  sacro],  1,  a.,  offer  as  sacred, 
dedicate,  consecrate ;  devote,  deify, 
immortalize. 

consenesco,  -nSscere,  -nui, , 

[com-  +  senesco,  grow  old],  3, 
inch.,  grow  old  together,  become 
old,. grow  gray. 

consensio,  -onis,  [consentio],  f., 
agreeing  together,  agreement,  unan- 
imity. 

consensus,  -us,  [consentio],  m., 
agreement,  unanimity,  concord. 

c onsen ti5,  -ire,  consensi,  consen- 
sum,  [com--f-  sentio],  4,  n.,  agree 
together,  agree,  be  in  accord ;  de- 
termine in  common,  resolve  to- 
gether, decree ;   conspire,  plot. 


CONSEQUOR 


32 


CONSUL 


consequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum, 
[com-+ sequor],  3,  dep.,  follow 
after,  follow  up,  press  upon,  pur- 
sue ;  overtake \  reach  ;  arrive  at, 
get,  attain,  secure ;  copy  after, 
imitate,  adopt ;   result,   ensue. 

conservator,  -oris,  [conservS], 
m.,  preserver,  defender. 

conservo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [eom- 
-f-  servo],  1,  a.,  preserve,  keep 
safe,  keep,  maintain,  save;  keep 
intact,  observe,  guard. 

consessus,  -us,  [consido],  m.,  as- 
sembly, convention. 

considerate  [consideratus,  from 
considers] ,  adv.,  considerately, 
thoughtfully. 

considero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1, 
a.,  look  at  closely,  examine ;  re- 
flect upon,  consider,  contemplate. 

consido,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessum, 
[com-  +  sid5],  3,  n.,  sit  down,  seat 
one's  self,  be  seated,  sit;  settle, 
sink  down. 

consilium,  -1,  [cf.  consuls],  n., 
body  of  counsellors,  deliberative 
body,  coimcil ;  deliberation,  con- 
sultation; plan,  design,  measure, 
purpose,  determination,  resolu- 
tion ;  advice,  counsel ;  understand- 
ing, judgment,  prudence. 

consists,    -ere,     constiti,    , 

[com-  +  sisto,  place],  3,  n.,  stand 
still,  stop ;  stay,  remain;  stand, 
be  firm  ;  exist,  stand  forth  ;  con- 
sist of,  consist  in,  depend  on. 

consocio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [com- 
+  socio],  I,  a.,  associate,  ally  one's 
self,  join,  unite  ;  agree  upon. 

consolatio,  -onis,  [consolor],  f., 
comforting,  comfort,  consolation. 

consolor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [com- 
+  solor,  comfort],  1,  dep.,  en- 
courage, comfort,  cheer,  console. 

conspectus,  -us,  [conspicio],  m., 
sight,  look,  view  ;  presence. 

conspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  con- 
spectum,  [com-  +  specio],  3,  a. 


and  n.,  observe,  see,  catch  sight  of, 
perceive,  gaze  upon  ;  face  towards  ; 
pass.,  be  conspicuous,  be  distin- 
guished. 

conspiratio,  -onis,  [conspiro],  f., 
unanimity,  harmony,  agreement ; 
plot,  conspiracy. 

const anter  [constans],  adv.,  with 
firmness,  firmly,  resolutely  ;  with 
consistency,  consistently,  evenly. 

constantia,  -ae,  [constans],  f., 
firmness,  steadiness,  steadfastness  ; 
consistency,  harmony;  constancy, 
self-possession. 

constituo,  -ere,  constitui,  c5n- 
stitutum,  [com-  +  statuo],  3,  a., 
put,  place,  set,  set  up  ;  draw  up, 
station,  cause  to  halt ;  establish, 
constitute,  prepare,  construct,  erect, 
found ;  designate,  appoint ;  set  in 
order,  regulate,  administer ;  ar- 
range, decide,  determine,  decree, 
resolve. 

consto,  -are,  constiti,  constatum, 
[com-  +  sto],  1,  n.,  be  consistent, 
agree,  be  correct;  be  established, 
be  settled,  remain  firm,  stand 
firm ;  be  certain,  be  known,  be 
clear;  consist  of;  be  dependent, 
depend.  Impers.,  constat,  con- 
stare,  it  is  clear,  it  is  agreed,  it  is 
proved. 

constringo,  -ere,  constrinxi,  con- 
strictum,  [com-  +  stringo] ,  3, 
a,,  bind,  fetter ;  curb,  restrain, 
hold  firmly. 

consuetiido,  -inis,  [consuetus], 
f.,  custom,  habit,  usage,  practice ; 
intimacy,  companionship,  close 
friendship. 

cSnsul,  -ulis,  [cf.  consulo],  m., 
consul,  title  of  the  two  chief 
magistrates  of  Rome,  who  were 
chosen  annually.  consul  de- 
signatus,  consul  elect,  one  who 
has  been  elected  consul,  but  has 
not  yet  entered  upon  the  dis- 
charge of  official  duties.         pr5 


CONSULARIS 


33 


CONTRA 


cSnsule,  pi.  pro  cSnsulibus, 
used  as  an  indecl.  noun,  deputy 
consul,  proconsul. 

consularis,  -e,  [consul],  adj.,  of 
a  consul,  consular ;  of  consular 
rank,  who  has  been  consul.  As 
subst.,  consularis,  -is,  m.,  ex- 
consul,  man  of  consular  rank. 

consulatus,  -us,  [consul],  m., 
office  of  consul,  consulship,  con- 
sulate. 

consulo,  -ere,  consulul,  consul- 
turn,  3,  n.  and  a.,  deliberate,  take 
counsel ;  decide,  resolve ;  with 
ace,  consult,  refer  to,  ask  advice 
of,  counsel  with  ;  with  dat,  con- 
sult for,  look  out  for  the  interests 
of,  take  thought  for. 

consults  [cSnsultum],  adv.,  on 
purpose,  designedly,  intentionally . 

consultum,  -I,  [cSnsultus,  from 
consulo],  n.,  deliberation  ;  decree, 
resolution,  decision. 

cSnsumS,  -ere,  consumpsi,  con- 
sumptum,  [com-  +  sumo],  3, 
a.,  use  up,  devour  ;  destroy,  con- 
sume ;  waste,  exhaust,  weaken, 
waste  away,  wear  away  ;  of  time 
or  divisions  of  time,  spend,  pass, 
consume. 

contaminS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1, 
a.,  mingle,  blend;  pollute,  stain, 
defile. 

contegS,  -tegere,  -texi,  -tectum, 
[com-  +  tego],  3,  a.,  cover  up, 
cover  ;  bury  ;  conceal,  hide. 

contemnS,  -ere,  contempsi,  con- 
temptum,  [com-  +  temnS],  3,  a., 
esteem  lightly,  despise,  disdain, 
contemn;  disparage,  speak  of  with 
contempt;  disregard,  defy. 

contends,  -ere,  contend!,  con- 
tentum,  [com-  -f  tendo],  3,  a. 
and  n.,  stretch  tight,  strain  ;  aim, 
hurl ;  press,  hasten  ;  contend,  vie, 
strive,  fight ;  dispute;  compare, 
contrast ;  maintain,  assert,  affirm, 
protest. 


contentio,  -Snis,  [contends],  f., 

straining,  strain,  struggle,  effort, 
exertion ;  strife,  contention,  con- 
test ;  dispute,  controversy ;  com- 
parison, contrast. 

contentus,  -a,  -um,  [cbntineS], 
adj.,  satisfied,  pleased,  happy,  con- 
tented, content. 

conticesco,  -ere,  conticui,  , 

[cSm-  -f  taceS],  3,  inch.,  become 
silent,  be  still,  cease  speaking ;  be 
hushed,  cease,  stop. 

continens,  -entis,  [contineo] , 
adj.,  bordering,  adjacent ;  con- 
nected, consecutive,  continual ;  of 
character,  self  restrained,  of  self- 
control,  temperate. 

continentia,  -ae,  [continens],  f., 
restraint,  self-restraitit,  self-con- 
trol;  self-mastery,  temperance. 

contineS,  -ere,  continul,  conten- 
tum,  [com-  +  teneo],  2,  a.  and 
n.,  hold  together,  enclose,  bound, 
comprise,  contain ;  shut  int  re- 
strain, repress,  hold,  check,  ^urb  ; 
include,  comprehend,  involve. 

contingS,  -tingere,  -tigi,  -tactum, 
[com-  +  tangS],  3,  a.  and  n., 
touch,  take  hold  of;  extend  to, 
reach  to  ;  affect ;  reach,  arrive  at, 
come  to  ;  happen,  turn  out,  come 
to  pass,  occur. 

continuus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  conti- 
neS], adj.,  continuous,  unbroken, 
without  interruption. 

cSntio,  -onis,  [for  conventiS, 
from  conveniS],  f.,  gathering, 
assembly,  convocation  ;  address, 
discourse,  harangue. 

contionator,  -Sris,  [cSntiSnor, 
harangue],  m.,  haranguer,  agita- 
tor, demagogue. 

contra,  adv.  and  prep. : 

( 1 )  As  adv.,  opposite,  in  front 
of;  face  to  face,  in  opposition,  on 
the  other  side;  on  the  contrary, 
in  answer,  in  reply.  contra 
atque,  contra  ac,  otherwise  than, 


CONTRAHO 


34 


CORNELIUS 


different  from  what,  contrary 
to. 

(2)  As  prep.,  with  ace.  only, 
against,  before,  opposite  to,  facing, 
over  against,  contrary  to ;  in  re- 
ply to;  in  hostility  to,  to  the  dis- 
advantage of,  in  spite  of  quod 
contra,  whereas  on  the  contrary, 
while  on  the  contrary. 

contraho,  -ere,  contraxi,  contra- 
ctum,  [com--f-  traho],  3,  a.,  draw 
together,  collect,  assemble ;  draw 
in,  contract,  shorten,  diminish, 
lessen;  accomplish,  bring  about, 
execute  ;   of  a  debt,  contract. 

contrarius,  -a,  -um,  [contra], 
adj.,  opposite,  lying  over  against ; 
contrary,  opposed,  conflicting. 

controversia,  -ae,  [controver- 
sus],  f.,  quarrel,  dispute,  contro- 
versy, contention. 

contumelia,  -ae,  [com-,  cf. 
tumeo],  f.,  reproach,  insult,  in- 
vective, abuse. 

convalesco,  -ere,  convalui, , 

[com-  +  valeo],  3,  inch.,  grow 
strong,  gain  strength ;  recover, 
regain  health. 

convenio,  -ire,  conveni,  conven- 
tion, [com-f-  venio],  4,  n.  and  a., 
come  together,  meet  together,  meet, 
assemble  ;  be  agreed  upon,  be  set- 
tled;  be  fit,  be  suitable  to,  be  appro- 
priate to.  Impers.  convenit, 
-ire,  convenit,  it  is  agreed,  it  is 
settled,  it  is  fit,  it  is  suitable,  it  is 
appropriate,  it  is  consistent. 

conventus,  -us,  [convenio],  m., 
assembly,  meeting,  throng ;  cor- 
poration ;  court. 

converts,  -ere,  convert!,  con- 
versum,  [com-  -f  verto],  3,  a. 
and  n.,  turn  around,  turn  about, 
reverse,  invert,  throw  back  ;  turn, 
direct ;  change,  alter,  transform  ; 
undergo  change,  be  changed. 

convlcium,  -1,  [com-,  cf.  vox],  n., 
outcry,  cry,  utterance;  din,  noise ; 


wrangling,  altercation,  reproach^ 
insult,  abuse. 

convinco,  -ere,  convici,  convic* 
turn,  [com-  +  vinco],  3,  a.,  over* 
come,  convict,  refute;  prove  be* 
yond  question,  show  clearly. 

convlvium,  -1,  [com-  +  vivo],  n., 
banquet,  feasting  together,  social 
meal,  feast. 

cbnvoco,  -are,  -avE,  -atum,  [com- 
+  voco],  1,  a.,  call  together,  sum- 
mon together,  convoke,  summon. 

copia,  -ae,  [co-opia,  from  com- 
+  ops] ,  f .,  abundance,  ample  sup- 
ply, plenty ;  tnultitude,  number, 
throng ;  fulness,  copiousness  ; 
ability,  power,  facility,  fluency ; 
mostly  in  pi.,  wealth,  resources, 
riches,  prosperity  ;  forces,  troops. 

copiosus,  -a,  -um,  [copia],  adj., 
well  supplied,  rich,  abounding  in  ; 
copious,  eloquent. 

coquus,  -1,  [coquo],  m.,  cook. 

coram  [com-,  cf.  os],  adv.  and 
prep.,  before : 

(1)  As  adv.,  before  the  eyes, 
face  to  face  ;  present,  in  person. 

(2)  As  prep.,  with  abl.  only, 
before,  in  the  face  of,  in  the  pres- 
ence of. 

Corcyra,  -ae,  [Kepicvpa],  f.,  Cor- 
cyra,  an  island  in  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  off  Epirus  ;   now  Corfu. 

Corduba,  -ae,  [KopSv&r]],  f.,  Cor- 
duba,  a  city  on  the  Baetis  river, 
in  the  southern  part  of  Spain ; 
now  Cordova. 

Corinthus,  -1,  [K6pivdos],  f.,  Cor- 
inth, a  city  on  the  Isthmus  of 
Corinth.  The  name  survives  in 
the  village  Cor  into,  which 
stands  near  the  ancient  site. 

Cornelius,  -a,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens  which  included  a  number 
of  prominent  families,  both  pa- 
trician and  plebeian.  The  Cor- 
nelii  mentioned  in  this  book  are 
described     under    their    family 


CORPUS 


35 


CREDO 


names;  see  Balbus,  Cethegus, 
Cinna,  Dolabella,  Lentulus, 
Sclpio,  Sulla. 

corpus,  -oris,  n.,  body  ;  living 
body,  flesh ;  dead  body,  trunk, 
corpse ;  substance,  reality ;  per- 
son, individual ;  frame,  structure, 
system,  mass. 

corrigo,  -rigere,  -rexi,  -rectum, 
[com-  -f-  rego],  3,  a.,  straighten 
out,  make  straight;  amend,  cor- 
rect, change  for  the  better ;  im- 
prove, reform,  make  good. 

corroboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[com-  -f-  roboro,  from  robur],  1, 
a.,  strengthen,  encourage ;  fortify, 
confirm. 

corrumpo,  -ere,  corrupi,  cor- 
ruptum,  [com- 4-  rumpo],  3,  a., 
destroy,  spoil,  ruin,  waste ;  bribe, 
corrupt,  buy  over  ;  falsify,  per- 
vert, tamper  with. 

corruo,  -ere,  corrul,  ,  [com- 

-f  ruo],  3,  n.  and  a.,  fall  together, 
fall  down,  sink  down. 

corruptela,  -ae,  [corruptus],  f., 
seduction,  corruption. 

corruptor,  -oris,  [corruptus],  m., 
seducer,  corruptor,  briber. 

corruptus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  cor- 
rumpo], adj.,  spoiled;  bad,  profli- 
gate, corrupt.  As  subst,  quis 
corruptus,  what  reprobate,  what 
profligate. 

cotidianus, -a,  -um,  [cotidie],  adj., 
of  every  day,  of  each  day,  daily. 

cotidie"  [quot  -f-  dies] ,  adv.,  every 
day,  daily. 

Cotta,  -ae,  m.,  in  this  book  L. 
Aurelius  Cotta,  praetor  B.  c.  70 
and  consul,  with  L.  Manlius  Tor- 
quatus,  B.  c.  65.  After  the  Cati- 
linarian  conspiracy  was  crushed 
Cotta  proposed  a  public  thanks- 
giving for  Cicero,  whose  firm 
friend  he  remained  in  the  troubled 
times  that  followed.     Cat.  III. 

VIII. 


eras,  adv.,  to-morrow. 

Crassus,  -1,  m.,  name  of  a  promi- 
nent family  in  the  Licinian  gens. 
Three  of  the  family  are  men- 
tioned in  this  book : 

(1)  L.  Licinius  Crassus,  born 
140  b.  c,  consul  b.  c.  95.  He 
was  the  most  distinguished  ora- 
tor of  his  time.  He  died  B.  c.  91 . 
Arch.  hi. 

(2)  P.  Licinius  Crassus  Dives, 
who  was  consul  b.  c.  97.  After- 
wards for  several  years  he  com- 
manded in  Spain,  and  was 
awarded  a  triumph  in  b.  c.  93. 
He  was  censor  with  L.  Julius 
Caesar  in  89  b.  c.  Being  a  par- 
tisan of  the  aristocracy,  he  killed 
himself  to  escape  proscription 
when  Cinna  and  Marius  gained 
possession  of  Rome.     Arch.  v. 

(3)  M.  Licinius  Crassus  Dives, 
born  about  105  B.C.  He  had  an 
inordinate  desire, for  wealth,  and 
amassed  a  large  fortune.  He 
conquered  Spartacus  in  the 
Servile  War,  B.  c.  71,  and  was 
consul  with  Pompey  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  He  united  with 
Pompey  and  Caesar  in  the  first 
triumvirate.  He  set  out  upon 
an  expedition  against  the  Par- 
thians,  in  which  he  was  defeated 
with  great  loss  and  slain,  b.  c.  53. 
Cf.  n.  to  p.  180,  1.  13. 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  adj.,  thick, 
close,  frequent,  numerous ;  crowd- 
ed, abundant,  abounding. 

crebro,  comp.  crebrius,  sup.  cre- 
berrime,  [creber],  adv.,  in  quick 
succession,  frequently,  repeatedly, 
often. 

credibilis,  -e,  [credo],  adj.,  to  be 
believed,  worthy  of  belief,  likely, 
credible. 

credo,  credere,  credidi,  credi- 
tum,  3,  a.  and  n.,  lend;  intrust, 
commit,  consign;  trust,  confide  in^ 


CRESCO 


36 


CUMULO 


believe  in ;  believe,  think,  suppose, 
imagine ;  often  used  parentheti- 
cally, as  /  dare  say,  likely  enough, 
perhaps,  of  course,  mini  crede, 
believe  me,  upon  my  word. 

cresco,  crescere,  crevi,  cretum, 
3,  inch.,  spring  up ;  grow,  in- 
crease, swell,  enlarge  ;  grow 
strong,  be  strengthened. 

Cretensis,  -e,  [Creta],  adj.,  of 
Crete,  Cretan.  As  subst,  Cre- 
tenses,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Crete,  the  Cretans. 

criminor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [cri- 
men], i,  dep.,  accuse  of  crime ; 
charge  with,  denounce,  charge. 

cruciatus,  -us,  [crucio,  torture], 
m.,  torture,  torment ;  anguish, 
agony. 

crudelis,  -e,  [crudus,  unfeeling], 
adj.,  unfeeling,  cruel,  merciless, 
hard-hearted ;  of  things,  pitiless, 
harsh,  bitter. 

crudelitas,  -atis,  [crudelis],  f., 
harshness,  cruelty,  severity. 

crudeliter,  comp.  crudelius,  sup. 
crudelissime,  [crudelis],  adv., 
harshly,  cruelly,  with  cruelty. 

cruentus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  cruor], 
adj.,  blood-stained,  bloody,  smeared 
with  blood,  gory ;  delighting  in 
blood,  bloodthirsty. 

cruor,  -oris,  m.,  blood,  stream  of 
blood,  gore  ;  bloodshed,  murder. 

cublle,  -is,  [cf.  cubo,  lie  down],  n., 
couch,  bed. 

cuicuimodi  [for  cuiuscuius 
modi,  gen.  of  quisquis  -f 
modus],  adv.,  of  whatever  kind, 
of  whatsoever  sort. 

culina,  -ae,  f.,  kitchen. 

culpa,  -ae,  f.,  fault,  error,  ground 
of  reproach,  blame  ;  crime,  offence, 
reproach. 

cultura,  -ae,  [colo],  f.,  tillage,  cul- 
tivation, care ;  framing,  educa- 
tion, culture  ;  refinement,  style  ; 
reverence,  adoration. 


cum,  prep,  with  ablative  only, 
with ;  of  association,  with,  along 
with,  in  the  company  of,  together 
with ;  of  comparison,  with,  as 
over  against,  compared  with  ;  of 
time,  at,  at  the  time  of,  together 
with,  at  the  same  time  with  ;  of 
manner  and  circumstance,  with, 
under,  amid,  to,  at.  With  the 
personal  pronouns  and  with  qui 
cum  is  enclitic ;  as,  mecum,  no- 
biseum,  quocum. 

In  composition  the  earlier  form 
com-  is  used,  which  remains  un- 
changed before  b,  p,  m,  but  is 
changed  to  col-  or  con-  before  1, 
cor-  or  con-  before  r,  con-  before 
other  consonants,  and  co-  before 
vowels  and  h. 

cum,  conj.,  when  ;■  of  definite 
time,  at  the  time  when,  when, 
while,  as  long  as,  after ;  of  in- 
definite time  or  repeated  action, 
whenever,  as  often  as,  at  times 
when  ;  of  relative  time,  descrip- 
tive or  circumstantial,  when, 
while,  after,  on  the  occasion  that, 
under  the  circumstances  that,  at 
the  moment  when ;  of  cause  or 
concession,  with  subj.,  since,  in- 
asmuch as,  although,  notwith- 
standing, turn  —  cum,  then 
—  when  or  while.  cum  — 
turn,  both  —  and,  not  only  —  but 
also,  while  —  especially.  cum 
primum,  as  soon  as.  cum  prae- 
sertim,  especially  since.  cum 
quippe,  since  of  course. 

Cumanus,  -a,  -um,  [Cumae],  adj., 
Ctimaean,  of  Cumae,  an  ancient 
city  on  the  coast  of  Campania, 
west  of  Naples.  As  subst., 
Cumanum,  -I,  (properly  sc. 
praedium),  n.,  estate  near  Cumae, 
Cumaean  estate,  where  Cicero 
had  a  villa.     Ep.  xii,  xxix,  xxx. 

CumulS,  -are,  avi,  -atum,  [cumu- 
lus],   i,  a.,   heap   up;    pile   up', 


CUMULUS 


37 


CURRO 


increase,    augment,    accumulate ; 
overload,  overwhelm,  crown. 

cumulus,  -I,  m.,  heap,  pile,  mass ; 
increase,  accession,  addition. 

cunctus,  -a,  -urn,  [for  co-iu ric- 
tus, com-  +  iunctus],  adj.,  all 
together,  all,  whole,  entire. 

cupiditas,  -atis,  [cupidus],  f., 
desire,  eagerness,  passion  ;  greed, 
covetousness,  cupidity,  lust. 

cupidus,  -a,  -um,  [cupio],  adj., 
eagerly  desirous,  desirous,  eager; 
fond,  loving  ;  passionate,  lustful ; 
greedy,  avaricious. 

cupio,  cupere,  cupivl  or  -ii,  cupi- 
tum,  3,  a.,  long  for,  wish,  desire  ; 
be  well  disposed,  wish  well,  favor; 
be  devoted  to,  be  zealous  for. 

cur.,  see  curulis. 

cur  [older  quor,  from  early  dat. 
quoi  -f  rel],  adv.,  why  ?  for  what 
purpose  ?  wherefore  ?  for  what 
reason  ?  rel.,  why,  wherefore. 

cura,  -ae,  f.,  care,  attention,  pains  ; 
pursuit,  business,  office;  arising 
from  love,  love,  affection  ;  arising 
from  mental  disturbances,  anx- 
iety, solicitude,  concern,  trouble, 
sorrow,  grief. 

curia,  -ae,  f.,  curia,  association, 
one  of  the  ten  divisions  into 
which  each  of  the  three  primi- 
tive Roman  tribes  were  divided  ; 
by  metonymy,  Senate-house,  the 
place  where  the  Roman  Senate 
sat  ;  the  Senate.  In  Cicero's 
time  there  were  at  Rome  two 
Senate-houses  : 

(i)  The  Senate-house  proper, 
known  as  the  Curia  Hostilia, 
named  from  Tullus  Hostilius, 
situated  north  of  the  Foi  um 
See  Map,  p.  76.  It  was  enlarged, 
destroyed  by  fire  in  52  B.  c.,  re- 
built by  Faustus  Sulla,  son  of 
the  Dictator,  and  called  Curia 
Cornelia*,  but  Sulla's  structure 
was  soon  afterwards  torn  down 


by  Julius  Caesar.  Caesar  com- 
menced a  new  Senate  -  house, 
which  was  finished  in  magnificent 
style  after  his  death  by  Augustus, 
and  called  Curia  I  u  I  i  a. 

(2)  The  Senate-house  of  Pom- 
pey,  Pompey' s  Senate  •  house, 
Curia  Pompeia,  in  the  same 
edifice  with  the  Portico  erected 
by  Pompey  in  the  Campus  Mar 
tius.  Here  Caesar  was  assas- 
sinated ;  after  that  the  Senate 
house  of  Pompey  was  closed. 
Curio,  -onis,  [curio,  priest  of  a 
curia],  m.,  name  of  a  family  in  the 
Scriboniangens.  Two  of  the  name 
are  mentioned  in  this  book : 

(1)  C.  Scribonius  Curio,  who 
was  consul  b.  c.  76,  and  cele- 
brated a  triumph  over  the  Dar- 
danians  in  71  B.C.  He  was  an 
intimate  friend  of  Cicero,  whom 
he  supported  in  the  defence  of 
the  Manilian  bill  and  in  the  exe- 
cution of  the  Catilinarian  con- 
spirators. He  died  b.  c.  53. 
Ep.  xiv. 

(2)  C.  Scribonius  Curio,  son  of 
the  former,  a  man  of  fine  talents, 
but  of  profligate  habits,  which 
Cicero  tried  in  vain  to  reform. 
He  rendered  important  services 
to  Caesar  in  the  Civil  War,  and 
was  killed  in  Africa  B.  c.  49. 
Ep.  xiv. 

curiosus,  -a,  -um,  [cura],  adj., 
painstaking,  careful,  thoughtful, 
attentive  ;  inquisitive,  curious. 

euro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cura],  1, 
a.,  care  for,  look  after,  see  to,  at- 
tend to ;  preside  over,  govern ; 
pay,  settle. 

curriculum,  -1,  [dim.  of  currus], 
n.,  small  chariot  ;  race,  race- 
course ;  course,  career. 

curro,  currere,  cucurri,  cursum, 
3,  n.,  run,  hasten  ;  of  motion 
over  water   or  through  the  air, 


CURRUS 


38 


DECET 


move  quickly,  sail,  fly  ;  of  water, 
run,  flow,  roll,  spread. 

currus,  -us,  [cf.  curro],  m.,  chariot, 
car,  wagon ;  triumphal  chariot. 

cursus,  -us,  [curro],  m.,  a  run- 
ning; course,  passage,  way,  march, 
journey,  voyage ;  speed,  race ; 
career,  progress. 

curulis,  -e,  abbreviated  cur., 
[currus],  adj.,  of  a  chariot; 
curule.  sella  curulis,  curule 

chair,  official  chair,  in  which 
consuls,  praetors,  and  curule 
aediles  were  permitted  to  sit 
when  discharging  their  official 
duties.      See  p.  254. 

Custidius,  -1,  m.,  L.  Custidius,  a 
fellow-townsman  and  friend  of 
CiceroV     Ep.  xvii. 

custodia,  -ae,  [custos],  f.,  a 
guarding ;  guard,  watch,  care, 
protection  ;  confinement,  custody  ; 
guard-house,  prison. 

custodio,  -Ire,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  [cTLs- 
tos],  4,  a.,  guard,  watch,  protect, 
keep  ;  hold  back,  restrain ;  keep 
in  custody,  hold  captive. 

custos,  -odis,  m.  and  f.,  guard, 
watch,  keeper,  overseer;  guard- 
ian, protector. 

Cyrea,orum,  [=Kupeio],adj.,n.,pl., 
of  Cyrus,  in  the  province  of  Cyrus, 
designed  by  the  architect  Cyrus, 
employed  by  Cicero.     Ep.  XII. 

Cyziceni,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  inhabit- 
ants of  Cyzicus. 

Cyzicus,  or  Cyzicum,  -1,  [Kvfr- 
kos],  n.,  Cyzicus,  Cyzicum,  an  im- 
portant city  of  Asia  Minor  on 
the  south  shore  of  the  Propontis. 


D,  as  a  sign  of  number,  rr  500. 
D.,  see  Decimus. 

damnatio,  -onis,  [damno],  f.,  con- 
viction, condemnation. 


damno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [dam- 
num], 1,  a.,  lit.  inflict  loss  upon  ; 
find  guilty,  convict,  condemn. 

de,  prep,  with  abl.,  denoting  sepa- 
ration, from  ;  of  place  and  mo- . 
tion,  from,  away  from,  out  of;  of 
time,  away  from,  after,  during, 
in  the  course  of,  in ;  of  source, 
of,  from,  out  of,  proceeding  from, 
sprung  from  ;  of  the  whole,  par- 
titively,  of,  out  of,  from  among ; 
of  materia],  made  of,  out  of,  from  ; 
of  cause,  on  account  of,  for, 
through,  by ;  of  relation,  con- 
cerning, about,  in  respect  to,  of, 
in  the  matter  of  de  impro- 
viso,  unexpectedly.  de  indus- 
trial, intentionally. 

dea,  -ae,  [deus],  f.,  goddess. 

debeo,  debere,  debul,  debitum, 
[for  dehibeo,  de  -f-  habe5],  2,  a., 
withhold,  keep  back;  owe,  be  in- 
debted, be  in  debt  to,  be  under  ob- 
ligations ;  ought,  must,  should. 

debilis,  -e,  [de  -f-  habilis,  easily 
handled} ,  adj .,  weak,  frail,  feeble  ; 
crippled,  disabled,  helpless. 

debilito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de- 
bilis], 1,  a.,  make  weak,  weaken, 
cripple,  disable  ;  dishearten,  crush. 

debitus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  debeo], 
adj.,  due,  appropriate,  fitting,  be- 
coming, meet ;  doomed,  fated. 

decedo,  -ere,  decessl,  decessum, 
[de  -f  cedo],  3,  n.,  go  away,  with- 
draw, depart ;  retreat,  retire,  leave. 

December,  -bris,  -bre,  [decern], 
adj.,  of  the  tenth;  of  the  tenth 
month,  of  December,  so  named 
because  the  tenth  month  count- 
ing from  March,  which  was  rec- 
koned by  the  early  Romans  the 
beginning  of  the  year. 

decet,  decere,  decuit,  2,  impers., 
n.  and  a.,  be  becoming,  be  meet,  be 
fitting,  be  proper  ;  with  ace.  as 
obj.,  befit,  be  seemly  for,  be  becom- 
ing to%  be  appropriate  to. 


DECERNO 


39 


DEFIGO 


decerno,  -ere,  decrevl,  decre- 
tum,  [de  +  cerno],  3,  a.  and  n., 
decide,  determine,  resolve,  vote, 
decree ;  decide  by  combat,  fight, 
contend. 

decerpo,  -ere,  decerpsi,  decerp- 
tum,  [de  +  carpo],  3,  a.,  pluck 
off,  break  off,  pluck,  gather ;  take 
away,  tear  away. 

decidS,  -ere,  decidi,  ,  [de  + 

cado],  3,  n.,fall  down,  fall  away ; 
fall,  perish. 

decimus,  -a,  -um,  [decern],  adj., 
tenth. 

Decimus,  -1,  abbreviated  D.,  [de- 
cimus], m.,  Decimus,  a  common 
Roman  forename. 

decla.ro,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [de  + 
claro],  1,  a.,  make  clear,  disclose ; 
show,  prove ;  declare,  proclaim, 
amiounce. 

declinatio,  -orris,  [declino],  f.,  a 
bending  aside,  movement  to  one 
side  ;  slight  deviation,  avoidance. 

decoctor,  -oris,  [decoquo,  boil 
away,  ruin  one's  self],  m.,  spend- 
thrift, prodigal,  bankrupt. 

decoro,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [de- 
cus],  I,  a..,  adorn,  embellish,  beau- 
tify ;  honor,  distinguish. 

dgcretum,  -1,  [decerno],  n.,  de- 
cree, decision,  resolution,  vote. 

decuma,  -ae,  [i.  e.  decima  pars], 
f.,  tenth  part ;  tithe,  land-tax. 

decumanus,  -a,  -um,  [decimus], 
adj.,  of  the  tenth  part,  of  tithes. 
As  subst,  decumanus,  -I,  m., 
tithe-gatherer,  tax-farmer,  tax- 
collector 

dedecus,  -oris,  [de-fdecus],  n., 
disgrace,  shame,  infamy,  dishonor  ; 
cause  of  shame,  reproach. 

dedicS,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [de  -f- 
dico],  I,  a.,  dedicate,  consecrate, 
set  apart  as  sacred. 

deditio,  -onis,  [dedo],  f.,  giving 
up,  surrendering ;  surrender, 
capitulation. 


deditus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  dedo], 
adj.,  given  up,  devoted  to,  adaicted 
to. 

dedo,  -dere,  -didi,  -ditum,  [de  + 
do],  3,  a.,  give  up,  surrender, 
yield,  deliver  up  ;  devote,  consign, 
submit,  abandon. 

deduco,  -ducere,  -duxi,  -ductum, 
[de  -f-  duco],  3,  a.,  lead  down, 
bring  down,  draw  out ;  draw  off, 
take  off,  remove  ;  bring  out,  with- 
draw, lead  off  or  away  ;  derive, 
deduce  ;  of  colonists,  lead  forth, 
conduct ;  of  a  ship,  draw  out 
from  the  dock,  draw  down, 
launch. 

defatigo,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [de  + 
fatigo,  tire],  I,  a.,  tire  out,  ex- 
haust;  wear  out,  make  weary. 

defendo,  -ere,  defend!,  defen- 
sum,  [de  +  obsolete  fendo],  3, 
a.,  ward  off,  repel,  keep  off ;  de- 
fend, guard,  protect ;  maintain  in 
defence,  allege. 

defensio,  -onis,  [defendo],  f.,  de- 
fence. 

deferS,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  [de  + 
fero],  irr.,  a.,  bear  away,  bring 
down ;  carry  off,  bear,  carry  ; 
grant,  allot,  give  ;  take,  transfer, 
deliver ;  report,  give  account  of, 
announce,  state ;  bring  before, 
lay  before,  refer  to ;  enter  for 
registration,   register,  return. 

defessus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  de- 
fetiscor,  become  weary],  adj., 
tired  out,  weary,  worn  out,  ex- 
hausted. 

deficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum, 
[de  -f-  facio],  3,  n.  and  a.,  with- 
draw, fall  off,  revolt ;  fail,  cease, 
be  wanting,  run  out ;  faint,  sink, 
become  exhausted ;  forsake,  aban- 
don, desert,  leave. 

defigS,  -figere,  -fixl,  -fixum,  [de 
-ffigo],  3,  a.,  fasten,  fix  ;  drive, 
thrust;  set  up,  plant;  direct^ 
turn. 


DEFINIO 


40 


DENIQUE 


dgfinio,  -Ire,  -IvI,  -Itum,  [de  -f- 
finio],  4,  a.,  bound,  limit;  fix, 
determine,  establish. 

deflagrd,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de  -f 
flagro],  I,  n.  and  a.,  burn  down, 
be  destroyed  by  fire,  be  consumed 
by  fire. 

deicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectum,  [de 
-f-  iacio],  3,  a.,  throw  down,  hurl 
down  ;  strike  down,  kill,  slay, 
destroy ;  turn  aside,  avert ;  de- 
prive of,  rob  ;  of  the  eyes  or 
face,  cast  down. 

deinceps  [dein,  for  deinde,  + 
capio],  adv.,  one  after  another, 
in  order  ;  next,  next  in  order. 

deinde  [de  -j-  inde],  adv.,  from 
that  time,  thereafter,  thence  ; 
afterwards,  then,  next ;  besides, 
still. 

delabor,  -labi,  -lapsus  sum,  [de 
-f  labor],  3,  dep.,  glide  down, 
slip  down,  descend ;  come  down, 
sink,  fall. 

delectatio,  -onis,  [delecto],  f., 
delight,  pleasure,  gratification,  en- 
joyment. 

delecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq., 
de,  root  lac  in  obsolete  lacio, 
entice],  I,  a.,  delight,  please, 
charm,   entertain. 

delectus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  de- 
ligo],  adj.,  chosen,  elect,  choice, 
select,  picked. 

dSleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  2,  a., 
erase,  efface,  obliterate ;  blot  out, 
destroy  utterly,  oz>erthrow,  extin- 
guish. 

deliberatio,  -onis,  [delibero], 
{.,  deliberation,  consideration  ; 
ground  of  deliberation. 

delibero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de  -f 
libro,  from  libra,  balance],  1,  a. 
and  n.,  weigh  well,  consider,  de- 
liberate,   take    counsel ;    consult  ; 

■     resolve. 

delica.t§  [delicatus],  adv.,  deli- 
cately, luxuriously. 


delicatus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  deliciae], 
adj.,  delightful,  charming;  given 
to  pleasure,  voluptuous,  effeminate. 

deliciae,  -arum,  [delecto],  f., 
pleasure,  delight,  charm  ;  luxury. 

delictum,  -1,  [deliuquo],  n.,  fault, 
misdoing,  offence  ;  crime,  wrong. 

deligo,  -ligere,  -legi,  Iectum,  [de 
-flego],  3,  a.,  choose,  select,  pick 
out,  designate. 

Delos,  -1,  \Ati\qs],  f.,  Delos,  one 
of  the  Cyclades;   see  Map. 

delubrum,  1,  [de,  luo,  cleanse], 
n.,  lit.  place  of  cleansing  or  expia- 
tion ;  shrine,  sanctuary,  temple. 

demens, -entis,  [de  +  mens],  adj., 
out  of  one's  mind,  distracted,  mad, 
insane  ;  foolish,  rash,  blind. 

dementer  [demens],  adv.,  reck- 
lessly, foolishly,  blindly. 

dementia,  -ae,  [demens],  f.,  in- 
sanity, madness,  folly. 

demigro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de  + 
migro],  1,  n,  migrate,  remove ; 
go  off,  go  away,  depart. 

deminuo,  -uere,  -ui,  -utum,  [de 
+  minuo],  3,  a.,  make  smaller, 
diminish  ;  take  away,  reduce,  im- 
pair, curtail 

deminutio,  -onis,  [deminuS],  f., 
lessening,  diminution,  decrease,loss. 

demonstro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[de  +  monstro],  I,  a.,  point  out, 
show,  indicate;  prove,  establish. 

demoveo,  -ere,  demovi,  demotum, 
[de  -f-  moveo  ] ,  2 ,  a  ,  move  away,  stir 
from,  remove,  drive  forth  from. 

demum  [de],  adv.,  at  length,  at 
last,  then,  just,  only.  turn  de- 
mum,  then  at  length,  then  indeed, 
not  till  then. 

denique,  adv.,  at  last,  at  length, 
finally  ;  besides,  and  thereafter ; 
in  a  word,  in  short,  briefly. 
nunc  denique,  now  at  length, 
only  now,  not  till  noxv.  turn 
denique,  then  at  last,  not  until 
then,  then  only. 


DENOTO 


41 


DESINO 


denoto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de  -f- 
noto],  I,  a.,  mark  out,  point  out, 
specify,  designate. 

densus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  compact, 
dense,  crowded  ;  thick,  close,  full. 

d§nuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de 
-f-  nuntio],  I,  a.,  announce,  de- 
clare, proclaim  ;  intimate,  warn, 
threaten,  denounce  ;   order. 

dSpello,  -pellere,  -pull,  -pulsum, 
[de  -|-  pello],  3,  a.,  drive  out,  drive 
away,  expel ;  turn  aside,  ward  off, 
averts  thwart ;  dissuade,  drive, 
force. 

dependo,  -ere,  depend!,  depen- 
suni,  [de  4-  pendo],  3,  a,  and  n., 
pay,  render. 

deploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de  + 
ploro],  1,  ri.  and  a.,  weep  bitterly, 
wail,  lament ;  bewail,  deplore ; 
abandon,  give  up  for  lost. 

deponS,  -ere,  deposul,  deposi- 
tum,  [de  +  pono],  3,  a.,  lay 
down,  set  down,  set,  place ;  lay 
aside,  put  off,  put  away  ;  commit, 
intrust;  give  up,  resign. 

deporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de  4- 
porto],  I,  a.,  carry  dotvn,  take 
away,  ca>-ry  off;  of  movement 
from  the  provinces  to  Rome, 
bring  home,  bring  back,  bring 
azvay. 

deposco,  -poscere,  -poposcl, , 

[de  -f  posco],  3,  a.,  demand,  re- 
quest earnestly,  call  for  ;  request, 
claim. 

depravo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de, 
pravus],  1,  a.,  distort,  pervert ; 
corrupt,  seduce,  spoil,  deprave. 

deprecator,  -oris,  [deprecor],  m., 
averter ;  advocate,  intercessor. 

deprecor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [de  -f 
precor],  I,  dep.,  pray  to  avert, 
seek  to  avert  by  prayer,  plead 
against  ;  plead  for,  intercede  for. 

deprehendS,  -hendere,  -hendl, 
-hensum,  [de  4-  prehendo],  3, 
a.,  take  away ;  seize  upon,  seize, 


catch,  capture  ;  overtake,  surprise, 
discover,  detect,  find  out ,  compre 
hend,  understand. 

deprimS,  -ere,  depressl,  depres- 
sum,  [de  -j-  premS],  3,  a.,  press 
down  ;  sink  ;  overwhelm. 

deprSmo,  -promere,  -prompsl 
-promptum,  [de  +  pr5mo],  3,  a. 
draw  out,  bring  forth,  fetch;  de 
rive,  obtain. 

derelinquo,  linquere,  -liqui,  -lie 
turn,  [de  -\-  relinquo],  3,  a..,  for 
sake  entirely,  leave  altogether 
abandon. 

desciscS,  -ere,  descivi,  descl 
turn,  [de  4- scisco] ,  3,  n.,  with 
draw,  leave,  desert ;  be  untrue,  be 
unfaithful. 

describS,  -scribere,  -scrips!, 
-scriptum,  [de  4-  scribo],  3,  a., 
copy  off,  transcribe,  write  off; 
draw,  describe  ;  define,  fix,  assign, 
designate. 

deserS,  -serere,  -serul,  -sertum, 
[de  4-  sero,  join\,  3,  a.,  leave,  for- 
sake, desert,  abandon ;  leave  in 
the  lurch  ;  forfeit. 

desertus,  a,  -um,  [desero],  adj., 
deserted,  solitary  ;  lonely,  waste. 

deslderium,  -I,  [desldero],  n., 
longing  for,  ardent  desire,  want, 
wish  ;  regret,  grief. 

desldero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cf. 
consldero],  I,  a.,  long  for,  desire 
ardently,  want,  wish  for;  call  for, 
demand,  desire,  expect;  miss,  lack, 
feel  the  want  of. 

deslgnatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
deslgno],  adj.,  elect,  chosen,  ap- 
plied to  public  officers  elected 
but  not  yet  installed. 

designs,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de  + 
slgno],  1,  a.,  mark  out,  point  out, 
designate  ;  choose,  elect. 

desino,  -sinere,  desil,  desitum, 
[de  4-  sin5],  3,  a.  and  n.,  leave  off, 
cease,  quit,  desist ;  come  to  an  end, 
stop,  close. 


DESISTO 


42 


DIFFERO 


desisto,  -sistere,  -stiti,  -stitum, 
[de  +  sisto],  3,  n.,  leave  off,  cease, 
desist  from. 

desperatiS,  -onis,  [despero],  f., 
losing  of  hope,  hopelessness,  de- 
spair. 

desperatus,  -a,  -urn,  [part,  of 
despero],  adj.,  beyond  hope,  des- 
perate, abandoned. 

despero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de  + 
spero],  i,  a.  and  n.,  lose  all  hope 
of,  despair  of;  be  hopeless,  give  up 
hope,  give  up. 

despicio,  -spicere,  -spexl,  -spec- 
turn,  [de  +  specio],  3,  n.  and  a., 
look  down  upon ;  despise,  dis- 
dain. 

destringo,  -stringere,  -strinxl, 
-strictum,  [de -f  stringo] ,  3,  a., 
strip  off ;  of  a  sword,  unsheathe, 
draw. 

desum,  -esse,  -ful,  [de  -|-  sum], 
irr.,  n.,  be  away,  be  absent;  be 
wanting,  be  lacking,  be  missing, 
fail ;  be  neglectful,  be  not  at  hand, 
be  at  fault  ;  be  inadequate. 

detestor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [de  -f 
testor],  1,  dep.,  curse  ;  call  down 
upon,  denounce  ;  ward  off,  avert. 

detraho,  -ere,  detraxi,  detra- 
ctum,  [de  +  traho],  3,  a.,  draw 
off,  pull  down,  pull  off ;  take 
from,  take  away ;  remove,  with- 
draw, deprive,  rob  ;  disparage. 

detrimentum,  -1,  [detero,  rub 
away],  n.,  loss,  damage,  hurt, 
harm. 

deturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de  + 
turbo],  I,  a.,  thrust  down,  strike 
down,  expel;  dispossess,  deprive 
of 

deus,  -1,  m.,  god,  deity,  divinity. 
For  declension  see  A.  40,/;  G. 

29,  5;  H-  51'6- 
devincio,  -Ire,  devinxl,  devinc- 
tum,   [de -f  vincio] ,  4,   a.,   bind 
fast,    fetter ;    attach    closely,   lay 
under  obligation,  oblige. 


devinco,  -ere,  devlci,  devictum, 
[de  -f  vinco],  3,  a.,  conquer  com- 
pletely, subdue  ;  overpower,  super- 
sede. 

devius,  -a,  -um,  [de  -f  via],  adj., 
off  the  road,  out  of  the  way  ;  re- 
tired ;  inconsistent. 

devoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [de-t- 
voco],  1,  a.,  call  away,  recall; 
call  off,  draw  away  from. 

devoveo,  -vovere,  -vovl,  -votum, 
[de  +  voveo],  2,  a.,  vow,  offer, 
devote,  consecrate. 

dextera,  or  dextra,  -ae,  [properly 
dextera  manus] ,  f .,  right  hand. 

di-,  see  dis-. 

dicio,  -onis,  nom.  sing,  and  pi.  not 
used,  [dlco],  f.,  dominion,  rule, 
sway,  authority,  jurisdiction. 

dlco,  dlcere,  dlxl,  dictum,  3,  a. 
and  n.,  say,  tell,  utter,  speak  ;  re- 
late, declare,  affirm,  assert,  main- 
tain ;  name,  call ;  appoint,  fix 
upon,  settle,  fix. 

dictator,  -oris,  [dicto],  m.,  dicta- 
tor, a  Roman  magistrate  of  un- 
limited power,  at  first  appointed 
only  in  great  emergencies. 

dictatura,  -ae,  [dictator],  f.,  dic- 
tatorship, office  of  dictator. 

dictito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [intens. 
of  dicto],  1,  a.,  say  frequently, 
keep  saying ;  declare,  maintain, 
assert  ;  allege,  pretend. 

dicto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  dlco],  I,  a.,  say  for  another, 
suggest;  of  dictation  to  an  aman- 
uensis, dictate. 

dies,  -el,  m.  and  f.,  f.  usually  of 
a  period  of  time,  day  ;  daylight  ; 
set  day,  appointed  time ;  time, 
space  of  time,  interval,  period. 
in  dies,  day  by  day. 

differ 0,  -ferre,  distull,  dllatum, 
[dis  +  fero],  irr.,  a.  and  n.,  bear 
apart,  disperse ;  put  off,  defer, 
postpone  ;  be  different  from,  differ, 
vary. 


DIFFICILIS 


43 


DISCEDO 


difficilis,  -e,  comp.  difflcilior, 
sup.  difficillimus,  [dis- +  f  acilis] , 
adj.,  not  easy,  hard,  difficult ; 
troublesome,  perilous;  hard  to 
manage,  obstinate. 

difficultas,  -atis,  [difficilis],  f., 
trouble,  difficulty,  embarrassment, 
distress. 

diffido,  -fidere,  -fisus  sum,  [dis- 
+  fido],  3,  semi-dep.,  distrust, 
lack  confidence  in,  be  distrustful 
of,  despair  of. 

diffluo,  -fluere,  -fluxi,  ,  [dis- 

+  fluo],  3,  n.,  flow  in  different 
directions,  flow  away ;  be  dis- 
solved, become  lax,  go  to  ruin. 

dignitas,  -atis,  [dlgnus],  f.,  worth, 
desert,  merit ;  distinction,  emi- 
nence, reputation ;  greatness, 
majesty,  dignity ;  self-respect, 
honor. 

dlgnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  worthy,  de- 
serving, suitable ;  fit,  becoming, 
proper. 

diiudico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [di-  + 
iudico],  i,  a.  and  n.,  distinguish, 
discern  ;  decide,  determine,  settle, 
adjust. 

dilabor,  -labi,  -lapsus  sum,  [di- 
+  labor],  3,  dep.,  fall  apart,  fall 
to  pieces ;  scatter,  disperse,  go  to 
ruin,  perish. 

dllatio,  -onis,  [di-  +  latio,  bear- 
ing^, f.,  putting  off,  postponement, 
adjournment,  delay. 

dilectus,  -us,  [diligo],  m.,a  choos- 
ing, selection,  choice ;  especially 
as  a  military  term,  levy,  recruit- 
ing, draft,  conscription. 

diligens,  -entis,  comp.  diligen- 
tior,  sup.  diligentissimus,  [part, 
of  diligo],  adj.,  painstaking,  care- 
ful, attentive,  diligent ;  scrupu- 
lous, faithful,  watchful. 

diligenter,  comp.  diligentius, 
sup.  diligentissime,  [diligens], 
adv.,  with  painstaking,  carefully, 
diligently,  attentively  ;  faithfully. 


diligentia,  -ae,  [diligens],  f.,  care* 

fulness,  attentweness,  watchful* 
ness,  diligence,  care  ;  faithfulness. 

diligo,  -ere,  dilexl,  dilectum,  [di- 
+  lego],  3,  a.,  select  out,  single 
out ;  choose  above  all  others, 
esteem,  prize,  love,  cherish ;  be 
content  with,  appreciate. 

dilucesco,    -ere,    diluxl,    , 

[diluceo,  be  clear],  3,  inch.,  grow 
light,  dawn. 

dimicatio,  -onis,  [dimieo],  f, 
combat,  fight,  struggle ;  contest, 
rivalry. 

dimieo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [di-  + 
mico,  flash],  1,  n.,  contend,  fight, 
struggle  ;  be  in  conflict,  be  in  peril, 
be  in  danger,  run  risk. 

dlmitto,  -ere,  dimisi,  dimissum, 
[di-  +  mitto],  3,  a.,  send  in  dif- 
ferent directions,  send  out,  send 
away,  send  forth  ;  dismiss,  break 
up  ;  let  go,  discharge,  release  ; 
forsake,  leave,  renounce,  abandon. 

dinumero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [di- 
+  numero],  1,  a.,  count,  number, 
reckon,  compute. 

direptio,  -onis,  [diripio],  f.,  a 
plundering,  pillaging. 

direptor, -oris,  [diripio],  m., plun- 
derer, pillager,  marauder. 

diripio,  -ere,  diripul,  direptum, 
[di-  +  rapio],  3,  a.,  tear  asunder, 
tear  in  pieces  ;  lay  waste,  pillage, 
plunder,  rob,  ravage. 

dis-  or  di-,  inseparable  prep., 
used  only  as  a  prefix  with  other 
words,  adding  the  force  of  apart, 
asunder,  in  different  directions ; 
between,  among ;  not,un-;  utterly, 
entirely.  dis-  is  found  before 
c,  p,  q,  s,  and  t,  but  becomes 
dif-  before  f,  and  dir-  before 
vowels,  di-  is  found  before  d, 
g,  1,  m,  n,  r,  and  v. 

discedo,  -ere,  disccssi,  disces- 
sum,  [dis-  -|-  cedo],  3,  n.,  go 
apart,  withdraw ;  go  away,   de 


DISCESSUS 


44 


DISTRICTUS 


part,  leave,  retire;  come  off,  be 
left,  remain,  as  the  result  of  a 
battle  or  struggle. 

discessus,  -us,  [discedo],  m.,  a 
parting,  separation  ;  a  going  away, 
departure,  removal. 

disciplina,  -ae,  [for  discipulina, 
from  discipulus],  f.,  training, 
instruction,  education ;  learning, 
science,  discipline ;  study,  cul- 
ture. 

disco,  discere,  didici,  ,  3,  a. 

and  n.,  learn,  learn  to  know; 
become  acquainted  with ;  learn 
how. 

discribo,  -ere,  discripsi,  discrip- 
tum,  [dis--f  scribo],  3,  a.,  assign 
by  parts,  apportion,  divide  off. 

discrlmen,  -inis,  [discerno],  n., 
intervening  space,  interval ;  sep- 
aration, division  ;  distinction,  dif- 
ference ;  turning  point,  decisive 
moment,  crisis ;  peril,  danger, 
hazard. 

disiunctus,  -a,  -urn,  [part,  of 
disiungo],  adj.,  separated,  parted, 
apart ;  remote,  distant. 

dispergo,  -ere,  dlspersi,  disper- 
sum,  [dis--f  spargo],  3,  a.,  scat- 
ter, strew  here  and  there,  dis- 
perse. 

dispersus,  -a,  -urn,  [part,  of  di- 
spergo], adj.,  scattered,  dispersed. 

dispertio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  [dis- 
-fpartio,  from  pars],  4,  a.,  dis- 
tribute, divide,  apportion. 

dispicio,  -ere,  dispexi,  dispec- 
tum,  [dis-+  speciS],  3,  n.  and  a., 
discern,  make  out,  perceive ;  re- 
flect upon,  think  about,  regard, 
consider. 

displiceq,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [dis- 
-fplaceo],  2,  n.,  displease.  mini 
displicet,  I  dislike. 

disputo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [dis-  + 
puts],  I,  a.  and  n.,  investigate, 
discuss,  treat ;  argue,  maintain  ; 
dispute,  controvert. 


dissemino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[dis- -f  semino,  sow  seed],  1,  a., 
spread  abroad,  scatter  abroad,  dis- 
seminate. 

dissensio,  -onis,  [dissentio],  f., 
difference  of  opinion,  disagree- 
ment;  strife,  discord. 

dissentio,  -ire,  dissensi,  dissen- 
sum,  [dis-  +  sentio],  4,  n.,  differ 
in  opinion,  disagree,  dissent. 

dissideS,  -ere,  dissedi,  disses- 
sum,  [dis-  +  sedeo],  2,  n.,  sit 
apart,  be  at  variance,  disagree ; 
differ,  be  tinlike. 

dissimilis,  -e,  [dis— r-similis],  adj., 
unlike,  different,  dissimilar. 

dissimilitudo,  -inis,  [dissimilis], 
f.,  unlikeness,  difference,  dissimi- 
larity. 

dissimulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [dis- 
+  simulo],  1,  a.  and  n.,  keep  se- 
cret, conceal ;  dissemble,  disguise. 

dissipo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [dis-  + 
unused  supo,  throw],  I,  a.,  scat' 
ler,  strew,  disperse,  spread 
abroad. 

dissolutus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  dis- 
solve], adj.,  loose ;  negligent,  re- 
miss, careless ;  abandoned,  disso- 
lute. 

dissolvo,  -ere,  dissolvi,  dissolu- 
tum,  [dis-  +  solvo],  3,  a.,  take 
apart,  unloose,  separate  ;  dissolve, 
destroy  ;  free  from  debt. 

distineo,  -ere,  distinuT,  disten- 
tum,  [dis- +  tene5] ,  2,  a.,  hold 
apart ;  keep  back,  detain,  occupy, 
engage. 

distraho,  -ere,  distraxl,  distra- 
ctum,  [dis-  +  traho],  3,  a.,  pull 
asunder,  pull  to  pieces  ;  part,  sepa- 
rate ;  divide,  distract. 

distribuo,  -ere,  distribui,  distri- 
butum,  [dis-  +  tribuo],  3,  a., 
apportion,  distribute,  divide  off. 

districtus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  di- 
stringo],  adj.,  hesitating,  waver- 
ing ;  distracted,  harassed. 


DIU 


45 


DOLOR 


diu,  comp.  diutius,  sup  diutissi- 
me,  [of.  dies],  adv.,  for  a  long 
time,  a  long  time,  long,  too  long. 
quam  diu,  how  long  ;  as  long  as. 
satis  diu,  long  enough.  tarn 
diu,  so  long. 

dius,  -a,  -um,  [for  divus],  adj., 
divine,    godlike.  As     subst, 

dius,  -I,  m.,  god,  divinity.  me 
dius  Fidius,  see  Fidius. 

diuturnitas,  -atis,  [diuturnus], 
f .,  length  of  time,  long  duration, 
continuance. 

diuturnus,  -a,  -um,  [diu],  adj., 
of  long  duration,  long,  lasting, 
protracted,  prolonged. 

dlvello,  -ere,  divelli,  divulsum 
or  -volsum,  [di-+vello],  3,  a., 
rend  asunder,  tear  apart,  tear 
in  pieces;  separate,  remove,  de- 
stroy. 

diversus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  di- 
verts], adj.,  lit.  turned  different 
ways  ;  opposite,  contrary,  conflict- 
ing;  separate,  apart,  remote,  far 
distant;  different,  unlike,  di- 
verse. 

dives,  -itis,  adj.,  rich,  opulent, 
wealthy  ;  costly,  sumptuous. 

Dives,  -itis,  [dives],  m.,  a  name 
in  the  Crassus  family ;  see 
Crassus. 

divido,  -ere,  dlvisi,  divisum,  3, 
a.,  divide,  part,  separate ;  divide 
up,  distribute,  apportion,  share ; 
scatter,  spread,  extend ;  separate. 

divinitus  [dlvinus],  adv.,  di- 
vinely, by  inspiration ;  marvel- 
ously,  admirably. 

divinus,  -a,  -um,  [divus],  adj.,  of 
a  god,  of  a  divinity,  divine ;  god- 
like, superhuman  ;  religious,  sa- 
cred ;  inspired  by  divine  in- 
fluence, prophetic. 

divisus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  divido], 
adj.,  divided,  separated,  spread. 

divitiae,  -arum,  [dives],  f.,  pi., 
riches,  wealth,  treasures. 


do,    dare,    dedi,    datum,    1,    a., 

give,  deliver  ;  grant,  present,  con- 
fer, bestow,  offer  ;  afford,  furnish; 
surrender,  give  up,  yield,  con- 
cede;  resign,  abandon;  spare, 
forgive  ;  place,  put,  cause,  produce, 
inflict ;  excite,  awaken  ;  announce, 
report.  operam  dare,  to  give 
heed,-  to  make  an  effort,  to  take 
pains,  take  care. 

doceS,  docere,  docuT,  doctum,  2, 
a.,  teach,  instruct,  inform,  train  ; 
explain,  shozv,  set  forth,  tell. 

doctrlna,  -ae,  [doceo],  i.,  teach- 
ing, instruction  ;  learning,  science. 

doctus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  doceo], 
adj.,  trained,  learned,  taught,  ex- 
perienced;  skilled,  cultured. 

Dodonaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Dodona], 
adj.,  of  Dodona,  a  city  in  Epirus, 
famous  as  the  seat  of  a  very  an- 
cient oracle. 

Dolabella,  -ae,  m.,  in  this  book 
P.  Cornelius  Doldbella,  a  profli- 
gate man,  who  nevertheless 
gained  the  hand  of  Cicero's 
daughter  Tullia.  They  were 
married  b.  c.  50,  and  divorced 
four  years  later.  Dolabella 
joined  the  party  of  Caesar,  after 
whose  death  he  secured  the  con- 
sulship by  unfair  means.  He 
obtained  Syria  as  a  province, 
where  he  conducted  himself  with 
so  great  injustice  and  brutality 
that  he  was  declared  a  public 
enemy.  To  escape  capture  he 
ordered  a  soldier  to  kill  him, 
B.  c.  43.     Ep.  xxii. 

doleo,  dolere,  dolui,  ,  2,  n. 

and  a.,  suffer,  be  in  pain ;  feel 
pain,  grieve,  lament ;  feel  pained, 
feel  hurt,  be  sorry ;  cause  pain, 
hurt. 

dolor,  -oris,  [doleo],  m.,  pain,  suf- 
fering, pang;  grief,  sorrow,  afflic- 
tion, trouble,  tvoe,  anguish ;  an- 
ger, resentment. 


DOMESTICUS 


46 


DUX 


domesticus,  -a,  -um,  [domus], 
adj.,  of  the  house;  domestic,  pri- 
vate, personal ;  as  opposed  to 
that  which  is  foreign,  internal, 
intestine,  civil. 

domicilium,  -I,  [domus],  n.,  habi- 
tation, dwelling,  abode  ;  dwelling- 
place,  home. 

domina,  -ae,  [dominus],  f.,  mis- 
tress, lady  ;  she  that  rules,  ruler. 

dominatio,  -onis,  [dominor,  from 
dominus],  f.,  mastery,  rule,  do- 
minion, supremacy. 

dominus,  -I,  m.,  master,  lord,  pos- 
sessor, owner  ;  ruler,  chief. 

domo,  -are,  -ui,  -itum,  i,  a.,  tame, 
break  in,  train ;  master,  subdue, 
vanquish,  conquer,  reduce. 

domus,  -us,  loc.  domi,  f.,  house, 
dwelling,  abode,  home ;  household, 
family.         domi,  at  home. 

donatio,  -onis,  [dono],  f.,  a  giv- 
ing, presenting,  donation. 

dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [donum], 
I,  a.., give,  present,  grant  as  a  gift; 
forgive,  pardon. 

donum,  -I,  [d5],  n.,  gift,  present ; 
of  an  offering  to  a  deity,  offering, 
sacrifice. 

dormio,  -Ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  4,  n., 
sleep ;  be  at  ease. 

Drusus,  -1,  m.,  in  this  book  M. 
Livius  Drusus,  a  Roman  promi- 
nent as  a  political  leader  at  the 
beginning  of  the  first  century  B.C. 
He  at  first  sided  with  the  aris- 
tocracy, but  afterwards  won  over 
the  people  by  carrying  measures 
in  their  interest.  Having  finally 
organized  a  conspiracy,  he  was 
murdered  in  his  own  house,  B.  c. 
91.    Arch.  hi. 

dubitatiS,  -onis,  [dubito],  f., 
doubt,  hesitation ;  uncertainty, 
perplexity. 

dubito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [du- 
bius],  1,  n.  and  a.,  doubt,  call  in 
qttestion,  question ;  be  uncertain, 


waver  ;  deliberate,  consider  ;  hesi- 
tate, delay,  be  irresolute. 

dubius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  doubtful, 
wavering,  uncertain,  undecided, 
dubious ;  precarious,  critical. 
n5n  dubium  est  quin,  there  is 
no  doubt  that.  sine  dubio,  be- 
yond doubt,  undoubtedly,  certainly. 

duco,  ducere,  diixi,  ductum,  3, 
a.,  lead,  guide,  conduct,  direct ; 
lead  forth,  draw  forth  ;  derive, 
deduce ;  take  in,  inhale ;  calcu- 
late, consider,  esteem,  reckon,  in 
matrimonium  ducere,  to  marry. 

ductus,  -us,  [duco],  m .,  a  leading, 
conducting ;  as  military  term, 
generalship,  command. 

dudum  [diu  +  dum],  adv.,  a  little 
while  ago,  but  now ;  before,  for- 
merly.    See  iam. 

dulcedo,  -inis,  [dulcis],  f.,  sweet- 
ness ;  agreeableness,  pleasantness, 
charm. 

dulcis,  -e,  adj.,  sweet ;  agreeable, 
pleasant,  charming ;  dear. 

dum,  conj.,  while,  whilst,  all  the 
time  that,  as  long  as,  until,  till,  to 
the  time  when  ;  provided  that,  if 
only.  dum  modo,  if  so  be  that, 
provided  that,  tfonly. 

dumtaxat  [dum  4-  taxo,  exam- 
ine], adv.,  lit.  while  one  ex- 
amines; to  this  extent,  so  far ; 
simply,  merely,  only. 

duo,  -ae,  -o,  num.  adj.,  two,  the 
two. 

duodecim,  or  XII,  [duo  +  de- 
cern], num.  adj.,  twelve. 

duodecimus,  -a,  -um,  [duode- 
cim], num.  adj.,  twelfth. 

durus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  hard ;  rough, 
rude,  uncultivated ;  unfeeling, 
pitiless,  stern,  cruel,  inexorable ; 
hard  to  bear,  burdensome. 

dux,  ducis,  [cf.  duco],  m.  and  f., 
leader,  guide  ;  master,  counsellor  ; 
commander,  general;  ruler,  head, 
chief,  leading  man. 


DYRRACHIUM 


47 


EGOMET 


Dyrrachium,  -T,  [Avppdxiov],  n., 
Dyrrachium,  formerly  called 
Epidamnus,  a  city  on  the  sea- 
coast  of  Ulyria,  nearly  opposite 
Brundisium.     Ep.  ix. 


E. 


e,  see  ex. 

ebriosus,  -a,  -um,  [ebrius, 
drunk],  adj  ,  given  to  drink,  in- 
toxicated, drunk,  drunken. 

ecqui,  ecquae  or  ecqua,  ecquod, 
gen.  wanting,  [ec  +  qui],  inter, 
adj.,  in  direct  questions,  is  there 
any?  any?  in  indirect  questions, 
whether  any. 

ecquid  [ecquis],  inter,  adv.,  in 
direct  questions,  at  all?  giving 
merely  an  emphatic  turn  to  the 
question,  and  often  not  trans- 
lated in  words ;  in  indirect  ques- 
tions, if  at  all,  whether. 

edax,  -acis,  [edo],  adj.,  greedy, 
voracious,  gluttonous. 

edictum,  -I,  [edico],  n., proclama- 
tion, edict,  order. 

edo,  edere,  edidi,  editum,  [e  -f 
do],  3,  a.,  give  out,  put  forth ; 
bring  forth,  beget,  produce  ;  relate, 
tell,  utter;  publish,  declare,  dis- 
close, give  account  of. 

edoceo,  -ere,  edocul,  edoctum, 
[e  +  doceo],  2,  a.,  teach  thor- 
oughly, show  in  detail ;  instruct, 
inform,  show. 

educo,  -ere,  edfixi,  eductum,  [e 
+  duco],  3,  a.,  lead  forth,  lead 
out ;  draw  out,  draw  forth  ;  bring 
up,  rear  ;  of  a  sword,  draw. 

effero,  efferre,  extuli,  elatum, 
[ex  +  fer5],  irr.,  a.,  carry  forth, 
bring  out,  remove ;  carry  out  for 
burial,  bear  to  the  grave ;  bring 
forth,  bear,  produce  ;  lift  up,  raise, 
elevate,  extol ;  set  forth,  spread 
abroad,  publish,  proclaim  ;  pass., 


of  emotions,  be  carried  away,  be 
puffed  up,  be  inspired. 

efficio,  -ere,  eflPeci,  effectum,  [ex 
+  facio],  3,  a.,  bring  about,  bring 
to  pass,  cause,  accomplish,  make  ; 
produce,  yield,  bear ;  make  out, 
show,  prove. 

effigies,  -el,  [cf.  effingo],  f.,  copy, 
representation,  image,  likeness  ; 
ideal,  symbol. 

effrenatus,  -a,  -um,  [ex  +  frena- 
tus,  bridled],  adj.,  unbridled,  un- 
restrained, uncontrolled. 

effugio,  -ere,  effugi,  ,  [ex  + 

fugioj,  3,  n.  and  a.,  flee  away, 
slip  out  of;  flee  from,  avoid,  shun; 
escape,  get  away.     • 

egens,  -entis,  [part,  of  egeo],  adj., 
needy,  lacking;  in  want,  desti- 
tute. 

egeo,   egere,   egui,  ,    2,    n., 

be  in  zvant  of,  be  lacking;  need, 
lack,  want,  be  without,  be  desti- 
tute of. 

egestas,  -atis,  [egens],  f.,  want, 
need,  poverty, ,  indigence. 

Egnatius,  -1,  m.,  name  of  two 
persons  mentioned  in  this  book  . 

(1)  Z.  Egnatius,  a  debtor  of 
Cicero's.     Ep.  xxxvi. 

(2)  L.  Egnatius  Rufus,  a  Ro- 
man knight  and  friend  of  Cicero, 
who  appears  to  have  had  ex- 
tensive investments  in  the  prov- 
inces. Cicero  recommends  him 
by  letters  to  several  provincial 
governors.     Ep.  xv. 

Egnatuleius,  -I,  m.,  L.  Egndtu- 
leius,  quaestor  44  b.  c.  He  was 
in  command  of  the  fourth  legion, 
which  deserted  from  Antony  to 
Octavianus.     Ant.  IV.  II. 

ego,  mel,  pi.  nos,  gen.  nostrum 
and  nostri,  [cf.  eyd],  pers.  pron., 
/,  we. 

egomet  [ego  -f  -met,  self], 
strengthened  form  of  ego,  J 
myself. 


EGREDIOR 


48 


EPISTOLA 


egredior,  egredl,  egressus  sum, 
[e  +  gradior],  3,  dep.,  go  out,  go 
forth,  come  forth  ;  depart,  go  out ; 
go  up,  ascend ;  of  an  army,  march 
out;  from  a  ship,  disembark, 
land. 

ggregius,  -a,  -um,  [e,  grex], 
adj.,  extraordinary,  remarkable, 
distinguished ;  excellent,  fine, 
noble. 

eicio,  eicere,  eieci,  eiectum,  [e  + 
iacio],  3,  a.,  cast  out,  cast  forth, 
hurl  forth ;  thrust  out,  drive 
away,  expel ;  banish,  drive  into 
exile ;   wreck.  se    eicere,    to 

rush  out,  to  break  forth. 

elabor,  elabi,  elapsus  sum,  [e  + 
labor],  3,  dep.,  slip  away,  slip  off, 
escape,  drop. 

elaboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [e  + 
laboro],  1,  n.  and  a.,  labor,  strug- 
gle, make  an  effort ;  take  pains, 
work  out,  elaborate. 

eludo,  eludere,  elusi,  elusum, 
[e  +  ludo],  3,  n.  and  a.,  quit 
playing;  parry,  avoid,  evade, 
elude,  escape;  delude,  deceive; 
trifle  with,  make  sport  of,  mock. 

emergo,  ere,  emersl,  emersum, 
[e-r-mergo],  3,  a.  and  n.,  bring 
to  light,  raise  up ;  come  forth, 
come  up  out  of,  emerge,  rise  up, 
as  from  water ,  free  one's  self, 
get  clear,  escape. 

emissus,  see  emitto. 

emitto,  -ere,  emisi,  emissum,  [e 
-f  mitto],  3,  a.,  send  forth,  send 
out,  drive  out,  expel ;  hurl,  dis- 
charge ;  send  out,  publish ;  set 
free,  let  go,  let  slip ;  utter,  give 
utterance  to. 

emo,  emere,  emi,  emptum,  3,  a., 
buy,  purchase. 

emorior,    emori,   ,    [e  -f  mo- 

rior],  3,  dep.,  die  off,  die. 

Snarro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [e  -f 
narro],  I,  a.,  set  forth  in  detail, 
recount,  describe. 


enim,  conj.,  postpositive,  fir% 
because  ;  for  instance,  now  really% 
in  fact;  indeed,  of  course,  really \ 
certainly ;  no  doubt,  to  be  sure, 

enitor,  eniti,  enixus  or  enisus 
sum,  [e  +  nitor],  3,  dep.,  strug- 
gle upwards  ;  bring  forth,  bear  ; 
exert  one's  self,  strive^  make  an 
effort. 

Ennius,  -I,  m.,  Quintus  Ennius, 
the  most  eminent  among  the 
early  Roman  poets ;  born  at 
Rudiae,  in  Calabria,  B.  c.  239, 
died  at  Rome,  169  B.  c.  He 
wrote  epic,  dramatic,  and  mis- 
cellaneous poetry,  none  of  which 
is  now  extant  except  in  frag- 
ments. His  Annates,  treating  of 
the  history  of  Rome  from  the  be- 
ginning to  his  own  times,  was 
the  first  Latin  poem  in  hexam- 
eter verse.     Arch,  ix.,  xi. 

eo,  Ire,  Tvl  or  ii,  itum,  irr.,  n.,  go, 
come  ;  go  forth,  depart ;  move  on, 
sail,  fly,  march,  advance,  enter; 
concur  in ;  pass,  prosper,  turn 
out. 

eo  [cf.  is],  adv.,  there,  in  that 
place  ;  for  that  reason,  on  that 
account;  to  that  place,  thither; 
to  that  degree,  so  far. 

eodem  [idem],  adv.,  in  the  same 
place  ;  to  the  same  place,  thither  ; 
to  the  same  point,  to  the  same  pur- 
pose ;  thereto,  besides. 

Ephesius,  -a,  -um,  [Ephesus], 
adj.,  of  Ephesus,  Ephesian. 

Ephesus,  -I,  [vE<£e<ros],  f.,  Ephesus, 
a  celebrated  Greek  city  on  the 
west  coast  of  Asia  Minor. 

epigramma,  -atis,  [iiriypanixa],  n., 
inscription  ;  epigram. 

Epirus,  -1,  ["KweLpos'],  L,  Epirus, 
a  country  east  of  the  Adriatic 
Sea,  north  of  Greece  and  west 
of  Thessaly. 

epistola,  -ae,  [emaToA'fijt  £>  letter% 
epistle- 


EQUES 


49 


ETESIAE 


eques,  -itis,  [equus],  m.,  horse- 
man ,  rider  ;  cavalry?nan,  trooper  ; 
knight,  member  of  the  equestrian 
order.  In  the  early  days  of 
Rome  the  poorer  citizens  served 
in  the  army  as  infantry,  the 
wealthier  as  cavalry.  As  the 
state  grew  the  class  of  cavalry- 
men increased  in  importance  and 
influence,  and  gained  special 
privileges.  In  Cicero's  time  the 
Roman  knights  (equitos  Ro- 
man!) formed  a  distinct  and 
powerful  order,  between  the 
Senate  and  the  plebs.  They 
were  engaged  especially  in  farm- 
ing the  revenues. 

equidem  [interj.  e  +  quidem], 
adv.,  indeed,  truly,  certainly,  at 
all  events,  at  least,  surely ;  for  my 
part,  in  my  case  ;  by  all  means, 
of  course,  to  be  sure. 

equitatus,  -us,  [equito,  from 
equus],  m.,  cavalry  ;  equestrian 
order. 

erectus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  erectior, 
[part,  of  erigo],  adj.,  directed  up- 
wards, upright,  high  ;  lofty,  noble  ; 
arrogant,  haughty ,  intent,  eager, 
on  the  alert. 

erg  a,  prep,  with  ace,  towards,  to, 
in  respect  to. 

ergo,  adv.,  therefore,  then,  accord- 
ingly ;  often  used,  like  causa 
and  gratia,  with  preceding  gen., 
on  account  of  because  of,  for  the 
sake  of. 

erigo,  erigere,  erexi,  erectum, 
[e+  rego],  3,  a.,  raise  up,  set  up, 
erect,  elevate ;  stir  up,  arouse,  ani- 
mate, cheer,  encourage. 

eripio,  eripere,  eripul,  ereptum, 
[e-f-r-apio],  3,  a.,  snatch  away, 
tear  away,  take  away ;  rescue, 
save,  deliver,  set  free,  free. 

Eros,  -5tis,  ["Epa>s],  m  ,  Eros,  a 
steward  of  Cicero's  friend  Atti- 
cus.    Ep.  xxxvi. 


err 6,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  n.  and 

a.,  wander,  go  astray,  roam  about, 
stray ;  be  in  error,  err,  go  wrong; 
go  astray,  mistake. 

error,  -oris,  [erro],  m.,  a  wander- 
ing, straying,  missing  the  way; 
doubt,  uncertainty,  ambiguity ;  a 
going  wrong,  mistake,  error,  de- 
lusion. 

eructS,    -are,    ,    ,    [e  + 

ructo,  belch],  1,  a.,  belch  forth, 
throw  up,  vomit. 

erudio,  -Ire,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  [e, 
rudis] ,  4,  a.,  teach,  instruct ;  edu- 
cate, polish. 

eruditus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
erudiS],  adj.,  learned,  educated ; 
skilled,  accomplished,  cultured. 

erumpo,  -ere,  erupl,  eruptum, 
[e  -f  rumpo],  3,  n.  and  a.,  break 
out,  burst  forth,  sally  forth  ;  cause 
to  burst  forth,  hurl  forth. 

escendS,  -ere,  escendi,  escen-, 
sum,  [e  +  scando],  3,  n.  and  a., 
climb  up,  ascend ;  come  up,  go 
up,  mount. 

essedum,  -1,  n.,  two -wheeled 
war-chariot,  car,  of  the  early 
Britons. 

et,  adv.  and  conj. : 

(1)  As  adv.,  also,  too,  besides, 
moreover,  even. 

(2)  As  conj.,  ««£?;  introducing 
a  contrasted  thought  or  question, 
and  yet,  but  still,  but.  et  — 
et,  both  —  and,  as  well  —  as, 
on  the  one  hanS  —  on  the  other, 
et  —  neque,  both  —  and  not. 
neque  —  et,  both  not  —  and. 

etenim  [et  +  enim],  conj.,  for 
truly,  and  really,  and  indeed,  be- 
cause, since. 

etesiae,  -arum,  [<?T7;or£cu],  m.,  pi., 
Etesianwinds,  trade-winds ;  used 
especially  of  the  northwest  winds 
which  blow  regularly  in  summer 
in  the  eastern  parts  of  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea. 


ETIAM 


50 


EXCIDO 


etiam  [et  +  iam],  adv.  and  conj., 
and  also,  and  furthermore,  now 
too,  even  yet,  also,  even,  likezuise  ; 
certainly,  by  all  means.  etiam 
atque  etiam,  again  and  again, 
repeatedly,  persistently.  etiam 
nunc,  yet  still,  even  now,  even 
till  now.  etiam  si,  even  if, 
although. 

Etruria,  -ae,  f.,  Etruria,  a  coun- 
try in  Italy,  west  of  the  Tiber 
and  south  of  the  valley  of  the 
Po. 

etsi  [et  +  si],  conj.,  although, 
though,  even  if,  and  yet. 

evado,  evadere,  evasi,  evasum, 
[e-f  vado],  3,  n.  and  a..,  go  forth, 
come  forth,  come  out;  get  away, 
escape;  turn  out,  prove  to  be, 
result. 

evenio,  ire,  eveni,  eventum,  [e 
-f-venio],  4,  n.,  come  out ;  come 
to  pass,  happen,  turn  out. 

gventus,  -us,  [evenio],  m.,  out- 
come, issue,  result;  occurrence, 
event. 

everto,  -ere,  everti,  eversum,  [e 
+  vertS],  3,  a.,  overturn,  over- 
throw, upturn  ;  throw  down,  hurl 
down,  ruin,  destroy. 

evocator,  -oris,  [evoco],  m.,  lit. 
one  who  calls  forth  to  arms ;  re- 
cruiter, summoned, 

evomo,  -ere,  evomui,  evomitum, 
[e  +  vomo],  3,  a.,  vomit  forth ; 
cast  out,  expel. 

ex,  often  oefore  consonants  e, 
prep,  with  abl.  only,  out  of  out 
from  ;  of  place,  from,  out  of,  down 
from  ;  of  time,  from,  since,  after; 
of.  source  and  material,  from, 
of;  of  partition,  of  out  of,  from 
among  ;  of  transition,  from,  out 
of;  of  cause,  from,  by  reason  of 
by,  in  consequence  of;  of  measure 
and  correspondence,  according  to, 
with,  in,  by,  on.  aliqua  ex 
parte,  in  some  measure. 


exacuS,  -ere,  exacui,  exacutum, 
[ex  -+-  acuo,  sharpen],  3,  a.. 
sharpen;  stimulate,  stir  up,  in- 
flame. 

exaggero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex 
-f  aggero,  from  agger],  1,  a., 
heap  up,  pile  up,  accumulate ; 
magnify,  exaggerate. 

exanimis,  -e,  [ex,  anima],  adj., 
breathless;  lifeless,  dead;  dis- 
mayed, terrified. 

exanimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex- 
animus],  1,  a.,  put  out  of  breath, 
fatigue  ;  deprive  of  life,  kill ; 
wear  out,  prostrate,  unnerve. 

exardesco,  -ere,  exarsi,  exar- 
sum,  [ex  +  ardesco],  3,  inch., 
blaze  out,  blaze  up  ;  take  fire,  be 
inflamed,  kindle,  glow;  become 
aroused. 

exaudid,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  [ex  + 
audio],  4,  a.,  hear  from  without ; 
hear  clearly  ;  perceive  ;  listen  to, 
obey. 

excedo,  -ere,  excess!,  excessum, 
[ex  +  cedo],  3,  n.  and  a.,  go  forth, 
depart,  withdraw,  leave ;  go  be- 
yond, exceed,  pass  beyond ;  pass, 
tower  above. 

excellens,  -entis,  [part,  of  ex- 
cello],  adj.,  eminent,  pre-eminent ; 
superior,  surpassing,  distin- 
guished. 

excelld,  -ere,  excellul,  excel- 
sum,  3,  a.  and  n.,  be  eminent;  be 
superior,  excel,  surpass. 

excelsus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  ex- 
cello],  adj.,  elevated,  high,  lofty. 
As  subst.,  excelsum,  -1,  n.,  ele- 
vation, height. 

excido;  -ere,  excidi,  ,  [ex  + 

cado],  3,  n.,  fall  from,  fall  away  ; 
slip  away,  escape;  pass  awayy 
perish. 

excido,  -ere,  excidi,  excisum, 
[ex  +  caedo],  3,  a.,  cut  out,  cut 
down,  hew  down  ;  raze,  demolish, 
destroy  utterly. 


EXCIPIO 


51 


EXORNO 


excipio,  -ere,  excepi,  exceptum, 
[ex  +  capio],  3,  a.,  take  out,  with- 
dratv  ;  except,  make  an  exception 
of;  take  up,  receive,  welcome; 
catch,  capture;  intercept ;  follow, 
succeed. 

excito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  excio],  1,  a.,  call  out,  rouse, 
summon  ;  call  up,  raise ;  build, 
construct ;  stimulate,  inspire, 
awaken  ;  stir  up,  kindle,  excite. 

excludd,  -ere,  exclusi,  exelusum, 
[ex  +  claudo],  3,  a.,  shut  out,  ex- 
clude, cut  off ;  prevent,  hinder. 

excolo,  -ere,  excolui,  excultum, 
[ex+colo],  3,  a.,  cultivate,  im- 
prove, refine. 

excrucio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex 
+  erucio],  1,  a.,  torture,  torment, 
rack;  harass,  afflict,  trouble. 

excubiae,  -arum,  [cf.  excubo, 
watch~\,  {.,  pi.,  a  watching ;  watch- 
men, sentinels,  guards. 

excursio,  -onis,  [excurro],  f.,  a 
running  forth ;  sally,  dash,  at- 
tack; inroad,  invasion,  expedition. 

excusatiS,  -onis,  [excuso],  f.,  ex- 
cusing, excuse. 

excuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex, 
causa],  1,'  a.,  excuse,  make  an 
excuse  for,  apologize  for  ;  plead  as 
excuse,  allege  as  an  excuse. 

exemplum,  -1,  [eximo,  lit.  that 
which  is  taken  out],  n.,  specimen, 
sample;  pattern,  model ;  prece- 
dent, ivarning,  example,  lesson; 
penalty ;  way,  manner;  of  writ- 
ing, transcript,  copy. 

exeo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [ex  +  eo], 
irr.,  n.,  go  out,  come  forth ;  go 
away,  depart,  withdraw ;  turn 
out,  result ;  of  time,  run  out,  end, 
expire. 

exerceo,  -cere,  -cul,  -citum,  [ex 
+  arceo],  2,  a.,  keep  busy,  keep 
active,  keep  at  work ;  train,  disci- 
pline ;  employ,  exercise,  practice, 
administer  ;  disturb,  plague,  vex. 


exercitatio,  -onis,  [exercito,  freq. 
of  exerceo],  f.,  exercise,  practice ; 
training,  experience. 

exercitatus,  -a,  -urn,  [part,  of 
exercito,  freq.  of  exerceo],  adj., 
practiced,  trained,  experienced, 
versed. 

exercitus,  -us,  [exerceo],  m., 
army. 

exhaurio,  -ire,  exhausi,  exhaus- 
tum,  [ex  +  haurio],  4,  a.,  draw 
off,  as  liquid  from  a  vessel ;  draw 
out,  take  out ;  take  away,  remove ; 
empty,  exhaust,  bring  to  an  end ; 
fulfil. 

exigo,  -ere,  exegi,  exactum,  [ex 
+  ago],  3,  a.,  drive  out,  thrust 
out;  thrust,  drive ;  exact,  de- 
mand, require,  collect ;  pass, 
spend ;  examine,  consider. 

exiguus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  exigo],  adj., 
small,  little,  scanty ;  poor,  mean, 
paltry. 

eximie  [eximius],  adv.,  exceed- 
ingly, very  much. 

eximius,  -a,  -um,  [eximo,  take 
out],  adj.,  choice,  fine,  excellent ; 
uncommon,  extraordinary,  re- 
markable. 

existimator,  -oris,  [existimo], 
m.,  appraiser,  judge. 

existimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex 
-faestimo],  1,  a.  and  n.,  reckon, 
estimate;  esteem,  consider  ;  think, 
suppose. 

exitiosus,  -a,  -um,  [exitium],  adj., 
destructive,  deadly,  pernicious. 

exitium,  -1,  [exeo],  n, destruction, 
ruin,  mischief,  death. 

exitus,  -us,  [exeo],  m.,  a  going 
forth,  departure,  exit;  outlet,  pas- 
sage ;  way  out,  end,  conclusion ; 
end  of  life,  death  ;  outcome,  result, 
issue. 

exorno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex  + 
orno],  1,  a.,  equip,  furnish,  sup- 
ply, provide  ;  deck  out,  embellish, 
adorn. 


EXORSUS 


52 


EXSTINGUO 


exorsus,   -us,    [exordior],  m.,  a 

beginning,  commencement. 

expedio,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  [ex, 
pes],  4,  a.,  lit.  make  the  foot  free ; 
set  free,  let  loose,  liberate,  extri- 
cate ;  bring  out,  make  ready ; 
arrange,  settle ;  be  of  advantage, 
be  expedient,  be  profitable. 

expedite,  comp.  expeditius,  sup. 
expeditissime,  [expeditus],  adv., 
readily,  quickly,  without  hin- 
drance. 

expello,  -ere,  expull,  expulsum, 
[ex  +  pello],  3,  a.,  drive  out, 
thrust  forth,  cast  forth,  expel. 

expensum,  -I,  [expensus],  n., 
payment,  disbursement,  expense. 

expergiscor,  -giscl,  experrectus 
sum,  [expergo,  arouse],  3,  dep., 
wake  up,  awake ;  be  alert. 

experior,  -Iri,  expertus  sum,  4, 
dep.,  try,  prove,  test,  find  out  by 
a  test ;  make  trial  of,  undertake  ; 
undergo,  experience. 

expers,  -tis,  [ex  +  pars],  adj.,  lit. 
having  no  part  in;  destitute  of, 
devoid  of,  without. 

expeto,  -ere,  expetivi,  expeti- 
tum,  [ex-f  peto],  3,  a.,  seek  after, 
strive  for,  aim  at;  ask,  demand, 
request ;  desire,  wish. 

expilo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex  + 
pilo],  1,  a.,  pillage,  rob. 

expleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etum,  [ex  + 
-pleo],  2,  a.,  fill  up,  fill  full ; 
complete,  finish  ;  satisfy,  appease  ; 
discharge,  perform,  do. 

explico,  -are,  -avi  and  -ui,  -atum 
and  -itum,  [ex  +  plico],  1,  a., 
unfold,  unroll ;  spread  out,  dis- 
play ;  set  free,  release ;  set  in  or- 
der, adjust,  set  forth,  explain. 

exploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex  + 
plor5],  1,  a.,  search  out,  investi- 
gate;  spy  out,  examine. 

expono,  -ere,  exposui,  exposi- 
tum,  [ex  +  pono],  3,  a.,  put 
forth,  exhibit ;  put  on  shore,  dis- 


embark ;  set  forth,  relate,  ex- 
plain. 

exporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex-(- 
porto],  1,  a.,  carry  away,  send 
away,  export. 

exprimo,  -ere,  express!,  expres- 
sum,  [ex  +  premo],  3,  a.,  press 
out,  squeeze  forth ;  extort,  wrest 
from ;  represent,  copy,  imitate ; 
portray,  express,  describe. 

expromo,  -ere,  exprompsi,  ex- 
promptum,  [ex  +  promo],  3,  a., 
show  forth,  exhibit,  display;  utter, 
state. 

expugnatio,  -onis,  [expugno],  f., 
taking  by  storm,  a  storming. 

exquiro,  -ere,  exquisivi,  exqui- 
situm,  [ex  -f-  quaero],  3,  a., 
search  out,  inquire  into,  inquire, 
ask;  seek  out,  devise. 

exquisitus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  ex- 
quiro], adj.,  choice,  select,  exqui- 
site. 

exsilium,  -1,  [exsul],  n.,  exile, 
banishment ;  place  of  exile,  re- 
treat. 

exsistd,  -ere,  exstiti,  exstitum, 
[ex  +  sisto],  3,  n.,  come  forth, 
come  out,  appear;  spring  up,  arise, 
become  ;  be  manifest,  be,  exist. 

exsolvo,  -ere,  exsolvi,  exsolu- 
tum,  [ex+solvo],  3,  a.,  unloose, 
free,  release,  deliver ;  discharge, 
pay. 

exspectatio,  -onis,  [exspecto], 
{.,  awaiting  for,  expecting,  expec- 
tation ;  longing  for. 

expectatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  ex- 
specto], adj.,  longed  for,  welcome. 

exspecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex 
-f  specto],  1,  a.  and  n.,  look  out 
for,  zvait  for,  azuait ;  long  for,  de- 
sire, expect ;  apprehend,  dread. 

exstinguo,  -ere,  exstinxi,  ex- 
stinctum,  [ex+stinguo,^/^«^], 
3,  a.,  quench,  put  out,  extinguish  ; 
deprive  of  life,  kill ;  blot  out,  de- 
stroy utterly,  annihilate. 


EXSTO 


53 


FAESULANUS 


exsto,  -are, , ,  [ex  +  sto], 

i,  n.,  stand  out,  stand  forth,  pro- 
ject ;  appear,  exist,  be  found. 

exsul,  -ulis,  m.  and  f.,  exile,  out- 
law, wanderer. 

exsulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  exsilio],  I,  n.,  leap  up,  bound 
up  ;  revel,  exult,  delight  in. 

sxtenuo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex  + 
tenuo],  I,  a.,  make  thin;  lessen, 
dim  inish ,  detract  from . 

exter  or  exterus,  -a,  -um,  adj., 
outward,  outer ;  foreign,  strange. 
Comp.  exterior,  -us,  outer,  ex- 
terior. Sup.  extremus,  -a,  -um, 
outermost,  utmost ;  last,  remotest, 
extreme.  As  subst.,  extremum, 
-I,  n.,  end. 

extermino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ex, 
terminus],  I,  a.,  drive  out,  expel, 
banish,  remove. 

externa s,  -a,  -um,  [exter],  adj., 
outward,  external ;  foreign, 
strange. 

extimesco,  -ere,  extimui,  , 

[ex+  timescS,  from  timeo],  3, 
inch.,  fear  greatly,  dread. 

extollo,  -ere,  ,  ,  [ex  4- 

tollo],  3,  a.,  lift  up,  raise,  elevate ; 
extol,  praise  highly. 

extorqueo,  -ere,  extorsi,  extor- 
tum,  [ex  +  torque5],  2,  a., 
wrench  from,  wrest  away  ;  obtain 
by  force,  extort. 

extra  [exter ;  for  extera,  sc. 
parte],  adv.  and  prep. : 

(1)  As    adv.,   on    the   outside, 
without. 

(2)  As    prep.,   outside   of,   be- 
yond, aside  from,  except. 

extremus,  -a,  -um,  see  exter. 

exuro,  -ere,  exussl,  exustum,  [ex 
+  tiro],  3,  a.,  burn  up,  con- 
sume. 

exuviae,  -arum,  [exuo],  f.,  pi., 
equipments,  arms,  especially 
those  taken  from  an  enemy; 
spoils. 


P. 

F.,  see  filius. 

faber,  -bri,  m.,  workman,  artisan^ 
smith. 

Fabius,  -a,  name  of  an  ancient 
and  distinguished  patrician  gens. 
See  Maximus. 

facile,  comp.  facilius,  sup.  facil- 
lime,  [facilis],  adv.,  easily,  with- 
out trouble;  readily,  willingly, 
promptly. 

facilis,  -e,  comp.  facilior,  sup. 
facillimus,  [facio],  adj.,  easy,  not 
difficult;  accessible,  approachable, 
affable,  courteous,  kindly. 

facilitas,  -atis,  [facilis],  f.,  ease, 
readiness,  facility  ;  affability,  cour- 
tesy. 

facinerosus,  -a,  -um,  [facinus], 
adj.,  criminal,  vicious.  As  subst., 
facinerosus,  -1,  m.,  criminal, 
felon,  malefactor. 

facinus,  -oris,  [cf.  facio],  n.,  deed, 
act,  action  ;  evil  deed,  misdeed ; 
outrage,  crime,  villainy. 

facio,  facere,  feci,  factum,  3,  a. 
and  n.,  make,  fashion,  construct; 
compose  ;  do,  perform,  execute  ; 
bring  about,  cause,  produce  ;  con- 
duct, represent;  choose,  appoint ; 
render,  grant;  value,  esteem. 
satis  facere,  to  give  satisfaction, 
to  satisfy ;  to  make  amends,  to 
excuse.     See  fio. 

factum,  -1,  [factus,  facio],  n.,  deed, 
act,  exploit,  achievement ;  event. 

facultas,  -atis,  [facilis],  f.,  capa- 
bility, ability,  power  ;  possibility, 
opportunity,  means ;  supply,  stock, 
property;  especially  in  pi.,  re- 
sources, goods,  riches. 

Faesulae,  -arum,  f.,  pi.,  Faesulae, 
an  ancient  city  in  the  northern 
part  of  Etruria;  now  Fiesole, 
near  Florence^. 

Faesulanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
Faesulae.  Faesulan. 


FALCARIUS 


54 


FERO 


falcarius,  -I,  [falx],  m.,  scythe- 
maker,  sickle-maker. 

Falcidius,  -I,  m.,  C.  Falcidius,  a. 
Roman  citizen  who  was  tribune 
of  the  people  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  legatus.     Imp.  P.  xix. 

fallo,  fallere,  fefelll,  falsum,  3,  a. 
and  n.,  deceive,  cheat,  betray  ;  dis- 
appoint;  escape  the  notice  of,  es- 
cape notice,  be  unobserved ';  pass, 
often  be  mistaken,  deceive  one's 
self,  be  wrong,  be  deceived. 

falso  [falsus],  adv.,  falsely,  un- 
truly, erroneously. 

falsus,  -a,  -urn,  [part,  of  fallo], 
adj.,  deceptive,  false,  delusive; 
groundless,  unfounded,  misleading. 

fama,  -ae,  [for,  speak],  f.,  report, 
rumor,  saying,  tradition ;  public 
opinion,  reptite,  renown,  fame, 
reputation. 

fames,  -is,  f.,  hunger,  starvation; 
want,  famine. 

familia,  -ae,  [famulus,  servant], 
(.,  body  of  servants,  household, 
domestics ;  family,  kindred;  es- 
tate, pater  familias,  master 
of  a  house,  head  of  a  family. 
mater  familias,  mistress  of  a 
house,  matron. 

familiaris,  -e,  [familia],  adj.,  be- 
longing to  a  household,  private  ; 
intimate,  friendly,  familiar.  As 
subst.,  familiaris,  -is,  m.,  inti- 
mate friend,  friend,  companion. 

familiariter,  comp.  familiarius, 
sup.  familiarissime,  [familiaris], 
adv.,  intimately,  on  intimate  terms. 

fanum,  -1,  [for],  n.,  shrine,  sanc- 
tuary. 

fas,  only  nom.  and  ace.  in  use, 
[for,  speak],  n.,  right  according 
to  divine  law ;  divine  law,  jus- 
tice, fas  est,  it  is  right,  it  is 
allowable,  it  is  proper,  it  is  per- 
mitted. 

fasciculus,  -I,  [dim.  of  fascis], 
m.,  little  packet,  small  package. 


fascis,  -is,  m.,  bundle,  packet ;  in 
pi.,  the  fasces,  the  bundle  of  rods 
tied  about  an  axe,  carried  before 
the  highest  magistrates  of  Rome 
as  a  symbol  of  authority. 
fat  alls,  -e,   [fatum],  adj.,  of  fate ; 
ordained  by  fate,  destined ;  fate- 
ful, destructive,  dangerous. 
fateor,  fateri,  fassus  sum,  [for], 
2,   dep.,  confess,  admit,  own,  ac- 
knowledge;  show,  indicate. 
fatum,  -I,  [for],  n., prophetic  utter- 
ance, prediction,  oracle  ;   destiny, 
fate  ;  ill  fate,  calamity,  ruin,  de- 
struction ;  death. 
fauces,    -ium,    f.,    pi.,  pharynx, 
thr oat, jaws  ;  entrance,  defile, pass. 
Faustus,  -1,  [faustus,  lucky],  m., 
Faustus,  surname  of  L.  Cornelius 
Sulla,  son  of  the  dictator.     See 
Sulla  (2). 
faveS,   favere,   favi,  fautum,  2, 
n.,   be  kind  to,   be  well  disposed 
toward,  favor ;  befriend,  protect, 
promote. 
fax,  facis,  [cf.  faciS],  f.,  torchere- 
brand;    by  metonymy,  fire-ball, 
meteor,  comet ;  fire,  flame. 
febris,  -is,  I.,  fever. 
Februarius,  -a,  -um,  [februa,  ex- 
piatory rites],  adj.,  of  February, 
originally  the  last  month  of  the 
Roman  year,  later  the  second. 
fellcitas,  -atis,  [felix],  f.,  good  for- 
tune, good  luck,  success. 
femina,  -ae,  f.,  female,  woman. 
fere,   adv.,  almost,  nearly,  about; 
tisually,  generally,  for  the  most 
part. 
fero,   ferre,   tuli,   latum,   irr.,  a. 
and  n.,  bear,  carry,  bring;  lead, 
conduct,  drive;   bring  forth,  pro- 
duce ;    yield ;    endure,   put    up 
with,  suffer,  tolerate ;  report,  tell, 
celebrate ;  allow,  permit,  require. 
prae  se  ferre,  to  profess,  to  show, 
to  manifest.       sententiam  ferre, 
to  cast  a  vote. 


FER0C1TAS 


55 


FLACCUS 


ferocitas,  -atis,  [ferox],  f.,  wild- 
ness,  fierceness  ;  savage ness,  fury. 

ferr amentum,  -I,  [ferrum],  n., 
iron  tool,  tool ;  axe,  hatchet. 

ferreus,  -a,  -urn,  [ferrum],  adj., 
of  iron,  iron  ;  hard-hearted,  un- 
feeling, cruel. 

ferrum,  -I,  n.,  iron;  by  metonymy, 
iron    tool,    sword.  flamma 

atque  ferrum,  fire  and  sword. 

fertilis,  -e,  [fero],  adj.,  fertile, 
fruitful,  productive. 

festlno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [festi- 
nus,  hasty],  i,  n.  and  a.,  hasten, 
hurry ;  do  quickly,  quicken. 

festus,  -a,  -um,  did).,  festal. 

fictum,  -I,  [fingo],  n.,  falsehood, 
fiction. 

fidelis,  -e,  [fides],  adj.,  faithful, 
trustworthy,  trusty  ;  safe,  reliable. 

fidelitas,  -atis,  [fidelis],  f.,  faith- 
fulness, trustworthiness,  fidelity. 

fides,  -e  or  -el,  [fid5],  f.,  confidence, 
trust,  reliance,  faith,  credence ; 
good-faith,  trustworthiness,  fidel- 
ity, honor  ;  credibility  ;  assurance, 
promise,  pledge  of  safety  ;  in  busi- 
ness relations,  credit. 

Fidius,  -I,  [fides],  m.,  All-faithful, 
an  epithet  of  Jupiter  as  protector 
of  oaths  and  defender  of  good 
faith.  me  dius  Fidius,  =  ita 
me  dius  Fidius  iuvet,  so 
help  me  the  All-faithful 1  by  the 
god  of  Truth !  most  certainly ! 
Mar.  hi. 

fidus,  -a,  -um,  [fido],  adj.,  trusty, 

faithful;  trustworthy,  credible. 
figo,   figere,  fixl,    fixum,   3,   a., 
fix,    set,    place,  fasten,    attach; 
set  up,  post  up. 
fllia,  -ae,  [Alius],  f.,  daughter. 
flliola,  -ae,  [dim.  of  fllia],  {.,  little 

daughter. 
fllius,  -1,  sometimes  abbreviated, 

F.,  f.,  m.,  son. 
fingo,   fingere,  finxl,  fictum,  3, 
a.,  touch  gently  ;  mould,  fashion  ; 


compose ;  instruct,  teach  ;  imag 
ine,  think  ;  invent,  contrive,  feign. 

finis,  -is,  [cf.  findo],  m.,  limit,  bor- 
der, boundary,  end;  in  pi.,  borders, 
hence  territory,  land,  country. 

finitimus,  -a,  -um,  [finis],  adj., 
bordering  on,  neighboring,  adjoin- 
ing. 

fio,  fieri,  factus  sum,  irr.,  n., 
used  as  pass,  of  facio,  be  made, 
be  done;  become,  happen,  come 
to  pass.  fieri  potest,  it  may 
happen. 

firmamentum,  -1,  [firmo],  n., 
means  of  strengthening ;  support, 
stay,  prop. 

firmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [firmus, 
steadfast],  \,  a.,  make  firm, 
strengthen,  fortify,  secure ;  en- 
courage, animate ;  confirm,  estab- 
lish, declare. 

firmus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  steadfast, 
strong,  powerful ;  firm,  fast, 
trusty,  faithful. 

flxus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  figo],  adj., 
fixed,  fast ;  established,  settled. 

Flaccus,  -1,  [fiaccus,  flabby,  flap- 
eared],  m.,  a  Roman  surname 
especially  common  in  the  Ful- 
vian  and  Valerian  gentes.  Four 
of  the  name  are  mentioned  in 
this  book ;  , 

( 1 )  M.  Fulvius  Flaccus,  a  friend 
of  the  Gracchi,  and  consul  125 
b.  c.  In  the  disturbances  attend- 
ing the  attempt  of  C.  Gracchus 
to  carry  out  reforms,  Flaccus  or- 
ganized an  armed  band.  He 
came  into  conflict  with  the  forces 
of  the  senatorial  party,  and  was 
routed  and  slain,  B.C.  121.  Cat. 
I.  II.  XII. 

(2)  L.  Valerius  Flaccus,  consul 
with  Marius,  b.  c.  100.  In  this 
year  the  reckless  measures  and 
violent  deeds  of  Saturninus  and 
Glaucia  led  to  a  decree  of  the 
Senate  that  the  consuls  should 


FLAGITIOSE 


56 


FORMIAE 


maintain  the  dignity  of  the  state. 
As  Marius  was  in  sympathy  with 
the  revolutionary  party,  Valerius 
Flaccus  was  instrumental  in  put- 
ting Saturninus  and  Glaucia  to 
death.  He  was  Master  of  the 
Horse  under  Sulla, B.C. 82.  He  is 
often  confused  with  another  Flac- 
cus of  the  same  name ;  Mommsen, 
Vol.  III.,  n.  on  p.  394.  Cat.  I.  11 

(3)  L.  Valerius  Flaccus,  son  of 
the  preceding.  He  was  praetor 
B.  c.  63,  and  assisted  Cicero  in 
obtaining  evidence  of  the  Cati- 
linarian  conspiracy.  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  had  Asia  as  his 
province.  In  59  b.  c.  he  was 
accused  of  extortion  in  his  ad- 
ministration of  the  province,  and 
defended  by  Cicero  in  an  oration 
which  is  still  extant.  Though  no 
doubt  guilty,  he  was  acquitted. 
Cat.  III.  11.,  in.,  vi. 

(4)  M.  Laenius  Flaccus,  a 
friend  of  Atticus.  When  Cicero 
was  driven  into  exile  by  the  edict 
of  Clodius,  B.  c.  58,  Flaccus  pro- 
vided him  with  a  place  of  refuge 
at  a  country-seat  near  Brundi- 
sium  until  he  could  take  ship  for 
the  East.     Ep.  VIII, 

flagitiose,*  sup.  flagitiosissime, 
[flagitiosus],  adv.,  shamefully, 
basely. 

flagitiosus,  -a,  -um,  [flagitium], 
adj.,  shameful,  base,  disgraceful ; 
profligate,  dissolute. 

flagitium,  -1,  [cf.  flagito],  n.,  lit. 
importunity ;  shameful  act,  out- 
rage ;  burning  shame,  shame,  dis- 
grace. 

flagito,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  1,  a., 
ask  urgently,  demand,  require; 
press  earnestly,  importune. 

flagro,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  1,  n., 
burn,  blaze,  flame,  glow  ;  burn 
with  desire  for  anything,  be  on 
Are,  be  stirred. 


flamma,  -ae,  f.,  blaze,  fame,  fire ; 
warmth,  passion ;  glow,  rage, 
wrath. 

flecto,  flectere,  flexl,  flexum,  3, 
a.  and  n.,  bend,  turn,  direct;  sway, 
change;  move, persuade,  influence, 
prevail  upon,  soften,  appease. 

fletus,  -us,  [fleo],  m.,  weeping, 
crying. 

florens,  -entis,  [flSreo],  adj., 
in  bloom,  flowering,  blooming; 
flourishing,  prosperous. 

floreS,  -ere,  -ul, ,  [flos],  2,  n., 

bloom,  blossom  ;  flourish,  prosper  ; 
be  eminent. 

floresco,-ere, , ,  [floreo], 

3,  inch.,  begin  to  blossom  ;  begin  to 
flourish,  bloom. 

flos,  floris,  m.,  flower,  blossom, 
bloom ;  period  of  bloom,  prime, 
promise  ;  ornament,  best  part. 

flumen,  -inis,  [fluo],  n.,  stream, 
flood,  river  ;  flow,  fluency. 

focus,  -I,  m.,  fire-place,  hearth  ; 
home. 

foederatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
foedero],  adj.,  leagued,  allied, 
confederate. 

foedus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  foul,  filthy, 
ugly;  vile,  base,  shameful. 

foedus,  -eris,  [cf.  fido],  n.,  treaty, 
compact,  league,  alliance;  cove- 
nant, agreement,  contract. 

fons,  fontis,  m.,  spring,  fountain, 
well ;  source,  origin,  cause. 

foras  [cf.  foris,  door],  adv.,  of  di- 
rection, out  of  doors,  out,  forth. 

fore,  see  sum. 

forensis,  -e,  [forum],  adj.,  of  the 
market,  of  the  forum;  public, 
forensic. 

foris  [foris],  adv.,  of  place,  out  of 
doors,  without,  abroad. 

Formiae,  -arum,  f.,  pi.,  Formiae, 
a  coast  city  in  the  southern  part 
of  Latium,  on  the  Appian  Way. 
Cicero  had  an  estate  and  a  fa- 
vorite villa  in  the  vicinity. 


FORMIANUS 


57 


FRETUS 


Formianus,  -a,  -um,  [Formiae], 
adj.,  of  Formiae,  Formian.  As 
subst.,  Formianum,  -I,  (prop- 
erly sc.  praedium),  n.,  estate  at 
Formiae,  Formian  country-seat. 

formido,  -inis,  f.,  dread,  fear,  ter- 
ror ;  of  religious  emotions,  awe, 
reverence. 

formidolosus,  -a,  -um,  [formido], 
adj.,  dreadful,  fearful,  terrible. 

fors,  fortis,  [cf.  fero],  f.,  chance, 
luck,  accident. 

forsitan  [=fors  sit  an],  adv.,/<?r- 
haps,  perchance,  it  may  be. 

fortasse  [for  fortassis,  =  forte 
an  si  vis],  adv.,  perhaps,  pos- 
sibly, perchance. 

forte  [abl.  of  fors],  adv.,  by 
chance,  by  accident,  accidentally ; 
perhaps,  percha?ice. 

fortis,  -e,  adj.,  strong,  mighty; 
sturdy,  brave,  manly,  bold,  fear- 
less ;  spirited,  impetuous. 

fortiter,  comp.  fortius,  sup.  for- 
tissime,  [fortis],  adv.,  strongly, 
steadily;  boldly,  bravely,  man- 
fully. 

fortitudo,  -inis,  #[fortis],  f., 
strength  ;  firmness,  courage, 
bravery,  fortitude. 

fort  una,  -ae,  [fors],  f.,  chance, 
luck,  fate,  fortune  ;  condition,  lot, 
circumstances ;  prosperity,  suc- 
cess ;  misfortune,  adversity;  by 
metonymy,  possessions,  property  ; 
personified,  Goddess  of  Fortune, 
Fortune.  per  fortunas,  for 
heaven's  sake! 

fortunatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  for- 
tun5],  adj.,  prosperous,  fortunate, 
lucky,  happy. 

fortuno,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [for- 
tuna],  i,  a.,  make  prosperous, 
prosper,  bless. 

Forum  Appi,  see  AppI  Forum. 

Forum  Aurelium,  -I,  n.,  Forum 
Aurelium,  or  Forum  Aur'elT,  a 
town  on  the  coast  of  Etruria  and 


the  Via  Aurelia,  about  75  miles 
north  of  Rome. 

forum,  -I,  n.,  public  square,  public 
place ;  market-place,  exchange, 
forum ;  at  Rome,  often  for 
Forum  Romanum,  the  Roman 
Forum,  the  Forum,  an  open 
space  between  the  Palatine  and 
Capitoline  hills,  surrounded  by 
public  buildings  and  shops, 
where  the  political  and  commer- 
cial  life  of  the  Roman  world 
centred.     See  Map,  p.  76. 

fovea, -ae,  i.,pit ;  especially  a  pit 
dug  as  a  trap  for  wild  beasts, 
pitfall. 

foveo,  fovere,  fovl,  fotum,  2,  a., 
warm,  keep  warm  ;  cherish,  fos- 
ter;  encourage. 

fragilitas,  -atis,  [fragilis],  f., 
weakness,  frailty. 

frango,  frangere,  fregl,  fractum, 
3,  a.,  break,  shatter,  dash  to  pieces, 
crush  ;  break  down,  weaken,  sub- 
due, overcome. 

frater,  -tris,  m.,  brother. 

fraudatio,  -onis,  [fraudo],  f., 
cheating,  deceiving,  deception. 

fremitus,  -us,  [fremo],  m.,  loud 
noise,  rushing,  roaring,  murmur- 
ing. 

frequens,  -entis,  adj.,  regular,  re- 
peated;  frequent,  common,  usual ; 
in  great  numbers,  crowded ; 
thronged,  in  crowds. 

frequentia,  -ae,  [frequens],  f., 
assembling  in  great  numbers, 
thronging  together,  concourse ; 
multitude,  great  numbers,  crowd, 
throng. 

frequento,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [fre- 
quens], 1,  a.,  visit  often  ;  visit  in 
great  numbers,  throng,  frequent  ; 
gather  in  throngs,  crowd  together. 

fretus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sustained  by, 
relying  on  ;  depending,  trusting, 
confident ;  usually  followed  by  an 
abl. 


FRIGUS 


58 


FUTURUS 


frigus,  -oris,  n.,  cold,  chilliness 

frons,  frontis,  f.,  brow,  fore- 
head ,  countenance,  face ;  front, 
forepart. 

fructus,  -us,  [fruor],  m.,  enjoy- 
ment, delight,  pleasure;  fruit, 
produce ,  income,  yield,  profit ; 
teward,  return,  recompense. 

frumentarius,  -a,  -um,  [frumen- 
tum],  adj.,  of  grain,  of  provisions, 
grain-. 

fruor,  frui,  fructus  sum,  3,  dep., 
enjoy,  delight  in,  take  pleasure  in, 
rejoice  in. 

frustror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [frus- 
tra,  in  error,  in  vain],  1,  dep., 
deceive,  elude,  disappoint. 

fuga,  -ae,  [cf.  fugio],  f.,  flight, 
escape,  exile,  banishment;  avoid- 
ance, shunning. 

fugio,  -ere,  fugi,  fugitum,  3,  n. 
and  a.,  flee,  fly,  run  away  ;  be- 
come a  fugitive,  go  into  exile ; 
vanish,  disappear  ;  avoid,  shun ; 
escape  the  notice  of,  escape ;  omit, 
forbear. 

fugitivus,  -a,  -um,  [fugio],  adj., 
that  has  run  away,  fugitive.  As 
subst.,  fugitivus,  -1,  m.,  run- 
away, deserter. 

fulgeo,    fulgere,    fulsT,    ,    2, 

n.,  flash,  lighten ;  gleam,  glisten, 
shine,  glitter. 

fulmen,  -inis,  [fulgeo],  n.,  flash 
of  lightning,  stroke  of  lightning, 
thunderbolt;  destructive  power. 

Fulvius,  -a,  name  of  a  prominent 
plebeian  gens,  which  removed  to 
Rome  at  an  early  date  from  Tus- 
culum ,  pi.  Fulvii,  -orum,  m., 
the  Fulvii,  meaning  the  eminent 
men  of  the  gens  who  had  done 
good  service  for  the  state.  For 
the  Fulvii  mentioned  in  this 
book  see  the  family  names, 
Flaccus,  Nobilior. 

fundamentum,  -I,  [fundo],  n., 
foundation,  basis,  support. 


funditus  [fundus],  adv.,  from  the 
bottom  ;  utterly,  entirely. 

fundo,  -ere,  fudi,  fusum,  3,  a., 
pour,  pour  out,  shed  ;  scatter,  dif- 
fuse ;  bring  forth,  bear ;  over- 
throw, vanquish,  rout. 

fundo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [fundus], 
I,  a.,  found,  establish. 

funestus,  -a,  -um,  [funus],  adj., 
deadly,  fatal,  destructive;  as- 
sociated with  death,  mournful, 
sad. 

fungor,  fungi,  functus  sum,  3, 
dep.,  be  engaged  in,  perform ; 
fulfil,  discharge,  execute,  do. 

furens,  -entis,  [part,  of  furo], 
adj.,  raving,  raging,  mad,  furi- 
ous. 

furiosus,  -a,  -um,  [furia],  adj., 
full  of  raging,  mad,  furious. 

Furius,  -a,  name  of  an  ancient 
patrician  gens.  Two  of  the 
name  are  mentioned  in  this 
book : 

(1)  P.  Furius,  one  of  the  Cati- 
linarian  conspirators,  from  Fae- 
sulae.     Cat.  III.  vr. 

(2)  L.  fiurius  Philus,  consul 
B  c.  136.  Receiving  Spain  as 
his  province  he  took  thither  two 
of  his  bitterest  enemies  as  quae- 
stors, that  they  might  be  forced 
to  attest  to  the  uprightness  of 
his  administration.  He  was  a 
man  of  unusual  culture  for  the 
times.     Arch.  vir. 

furo,  -ere,  furul,  ,  3,  n.,  rave, 

rage,  be  mad,  be  furious. 

furor,  -oris,  [furo],  m.,  frenzy, 
rage,  fury,  madness ;  prophetic 
frenzy,  inspiration. 

furtim  [furtum],  adv.,  by  stealth, 
secretly,  furtively. 

furtum,  -1,  n.,  theft,  robbery; 
thing  stolen  ;  artifice,  craft. 

futurus,  -a,  -um,  see  sum.  As 
subst.,  futurum,  -T,  n.,  the  fu- 
ture. 


GABINIUS 


5y 


GERO 


G. 


Gabinius,  -a,  name  of  a  plebeian 
gens.  In  this  book  three  of  the 
name  are  mentioned  : 

(i)  A.  Gabinius,  tribune  of  the 
people,  b.  c.  66.  He  proposed  a 
bill  the  result  of  which  was  to 
put  the  entire  command  of  the 
war  against  the  pirates  into  the 
hands  of  Pompey,  with  almost 
unlimited  power.  He  was  prae- 
tor B.C.  61.  In  58  B.C.  he  was 
consul  with  Clodius,  whom  he 
assisted  in  procuring  the  exile  of 
Cicero.  As  proconsul  he  gov- 
erned the  province  of  Syria  so 
unlawfully  that  on  his  return  to 
Rome  he  was  sent  into  exile,  his 
property  being  confiscated.  He 
died  b.  c.  48.     Imp.  P.  xvn.,  xix. 

(2)  P.  Gabinius  Capilo,  praetor 
b.  c.  89.    Arch.  v. 

(3)  P.  Gabinius  Cimber,  one 
of  the  worst  of  the  Catilinarian 
conspirators.     Cat.  III.  III.  et  al. 

Gabinius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  a  Ga- 
binius, Gabinian.  lex  Gabinia, 
bill  of  Gabinius  ;  see  p.  32. 

Gaius,  -1,  abbreviated  C,  m., 
Gdius,  a   Roman  forename. 

Galli,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  natives  of 
Gaul,  Gauls. 

Gallia,  -ae,  f.,  Gaul,  including 

(1)  Gallia  Cisalpina,  or 
Gallia  citerior,  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  south  of  the  Alps  and 
north  of  the  Apennines. 

(2)  Gallia  Transalplna,  or 
Gallia  ulterior,  Transalpine 
Gaul,  Gaul,  covering  the  regions 
now  included  in  France,  Bel- 
gium, Holland,  the  western  parts 
of  Germany  and  Switzerland. 

Gallicanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Cis- 
alpine Gaul,  Galilean. 

Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the 
Gauls,  of  Gaul,  Gallic. 


gallinarius,    -a,     um,    fgaliina], 

adj.,  of  hens,  of  poultry.  silva 
Gallinaria,  Gallinanan  Wood, 
Hen  Forest,  an  extensive  forest 
on  the  coast  of  Campania,  north 
of  Cumae.  It  was  on  the  road 
to  Cumae,  and  a  favorite  resort 
of  bandits.     Ep.  xxx. 

ganeo,  -onis,  [ganea,  eating- 
house],  m.,  glutton,  debauchee. 

gaudens,  -entis,  [part,  of  gaudeo], 
adj.,  joyful,  joyous,  glad,  cheerful. 

gaudeo,  -ere,  gavisus  sum,  2, 
semi-dep.,  n.,  rejoice,  be  glad,  de- 
light in. 

gaudium,  -1,  [gaudeo],  n.,  joy, 
gladness,  delight,  enjoyment. 

gaza,  -ae,  f.,  treasure,  wealth, 
riches, 

gelidus,  -a,  -um,  [gelu],  adj.,  very 
cold,  ice-cold,  cold. 

gener,  -erl,  m.,  daughter's  husband, 
son-in-law. 

genero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [genus], 
1,  a.,  beget,  produce  ;  pass.,  be  be- 
gotten, spring. 

gens,  gentis,  [cf.  geno,  bear],  f., 
clan,  house,  used  of  a  group  of 
families  tracing  descent  from  a 
common  ancestor,  having  a  com- 
mon name,  and  participating  in 
the  same  religious  rites ;  hence, 
species,  breed,  brood ;  people,  na- 
tion, race. 

genus,  -eris,  [cf.  geno,  bear],  n., 
birth,  descent,  family ;  sort,  kind; 
race,  breed,  stock  ;  class,  order, 
description. 

geographia,  -ae,  [yecoypa^ia],  f., 
geography. 

gero,  -ere,  gessl,  gestum,  3,  a., 
bear,  carry,  have  ;  cherish,  enter- 
tain ;  perform,  do;  manage,  con- 
duct, transact,  accomplish  ;  of 
war,  carry  on,  wage.  se  ge- 
rere,  to  conduct  one's  self  to 
behave,    to    act.  res    gestae, 

exploits,  deeds,  achievements. 


GESTIO 


60 


GRATULATIO 


gestio,  -Ire,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  [gestus, 
bearing},  4,  n.,  leap  with  joy, 
skip ,  desire  eagerly,  earnestly  de- 
sire, long. 

Glabrio,  -onis,  m.,  M'  Acllius 
Glabrio,  consul  with  C.  Calpur- 
nius  Piso,  B.  c.  67.  The  follow- 
ing year  he  was  proconsul  of 
Cilicia,  and  succeeded  Lucullus 
in  the  direction  of  the  war 
against  Mithridates.  He  proved 
a  failure  as  a  general  and  was 
succeeded  by  Pompey.  At  the 
trial  of  the  Catilinarian  conspira- 
tors he  spoke  in  favor  of  the 
death  penalty.     Imp.  P.  ix. 

gladiator,  -oris,  [gladius],  m., 
swordsman,  fighter  in  the  public 
games,  gladiator. 

gladiatorius,  -a,  -um,  [gladiator], 
adj.,  oj gladiators,  gladiatorial. 

gladius,  -I,  m.,  sword. 

Glaucia,  -ae,  m.,  C.  Servilius 
Glaucia,  praetor  B.  c.  100.  He 
united  with  Saturninus  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  Senatorial  party, 
was  declared  an  outlaw,  and 
perished  with  Saturninus  at  the 
hands  of  a  mob.  Cat.  I.  11., 
III.  VI. 

gloria,  -ae,  f .,  glory,  fame,  praise  ; 
pride,  vanity,  ambition. 

glorior,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [gloria], 
I,  dep.,  boast,  brag,  vaunt,  pride 
one's  self. 

Gnaeus,  -i,  abbreviated  Cn.,  m., 
Gnaeus,  a  Roman  forename. 

gnavus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  busy,  active, 
diligent. 

Gracchus,  -I,  m.,  name  of  a  fam- 
ily of  the  Sempronian  gens.  The 
two  most  distinguished  members, 
often  together  called  Gracchi, 
gen.  -orum,  the  Gracchi,  were  : 

(1)  Tiberius  Sempronius  Grac- 
chus, quaestor  in  Spain  B.  C  137, 
where  he  distinguished  himself. 
He  was  tribune   of  the  people 


B.  c.  133,  and  inaugurated  salu- 
tary reforms  looking  toward  an 
equable  distribution  of  the  public 
lands.  Standing  for  re-election 
for  the  next  year,  he  was  slain 
in  a  tumult  stirred  up  by  the 
aristocracy.     Cat.  I.  1.,  IV.  11. 

(2)  C.  Sempronius  Gracchus, 
brother  of  Tiberius.  He  entered 
upon  the  tribuneship  B.C.  123, 
followed  in  the  footsteps  of  his 
brother  as  a  reformer,  and  met 
a  violent  death  b  c.  121.  Cat. 
I.  11.,  IV.  11. 

gradus,  -us,  m.,  step,  pace,  walk  ; 
position,  base ;  stairs;  approach, 
advance ;  degree,  grade,  rank,  in- 
terval. 

Graecia,  -ae,  f.,  Greece ,  some- 
times  =  Magna  Graecia,  Mag- 
na Graecia,  a  name  applied  to 
Lower  Italy  on  account  of  the 
number  of  Greek  cities  there. 

Graecus,  -a,  -um,  [Tpaiicos],  adj., 
of  the  Greeks,  Grecian,  Greek. 
As  subst.,  Graeci,  -orum,  m., 
pi.,  the  Greeks.  Graeca,  -orum, 
n.,  pi.,  Greek  writing,  Greek. 

gratia,  -ae,  [gratus],  f.,  favor, 
esteem,  regard,  love  ;  kindness, 
courtesy  ;  gratitude ;  grace  ;  re- 
turn of  courtesy,  thanks,  return, 
recompense.  gratia,  with  gen., 
for  the  sake  of,  on  account  of 
gratias  habere,  to  be  grateful, 
to  feel  grateful.  gratiam  re- 
ferre,  to  make  grateful  return, 
to  recompense. 

Gratius,  -i,  m.,  Grdtius,  the  op- 
ponent of  the  poet  Archias. 
Arch,  iv.,  vi. 

gratuito  [gratuitus,  without  pay], 
adv.,  without  pay,  without  recom- 
pense, for  nothing,  gratuitously. 

gratulatio,  -onis,  [gratulor],  f., 
showing  joy,  rejoicing,  congratu- 
lation ;  joyful  festival,  public 
thanksgiving. 


GRATULOR 


61 


HERACLIA 


gratulor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [gra- 
tus],  i,  dep.,  show  joy,  rejoice; 
congratulate. 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  pleasing, 
agreeable,  acceptable,  dear  ;  thank- 
ful, grateful,  deserving. 

gravis,  -e,  adj.,  heavy,  of  weight ; 
loaded,  laden ;  oppressive,  offen- 
sive, severe,  difficult ;  hard  to 
bear,  burdensome ;  weighty,  im- 
portant ;  eminent,  venerable ; 
great,  of  authority. 

gravitas,  -atis,  [gravis],  f.,  zueight, 
heaviness ;  oppressiveness,  sever- 
ity ;  importance,  dignity,  gravity, 
influence. 

graviter,  comp.  gravius,  sup. 
gravissime,  [gravis],  adv., 
weightily ;  vehemently,  violently, 
severely,  strongly ;  deeply,  sadly. 

gravor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [pass,  of 
gravo,  from  gravis],  t,  dep.,  be 
burdened ;  be  relucta?it,  hesitate. 

grex,  gregis,  m.,  flock,  herd ;  band, 
company,  clique,  gang. 

gubernatio,  -onis,  [guberno],  f., 
piloting,  guidance  ;  direction,  man- 
agement. 

guberno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cf. 
Kv^epi/dw],  I,  a.,  steer,  act  as  pilot ; 
direct,  guide,  control. 

gusto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [gustus], 
i,  a.,  taste,  partake  of }  enjoy. 


H. 

habeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  2,  a.,  have, 
hold,  possess ;  carry,  wear  ;  re- 
tain, keep,  detain,  contain  ;  occupy, 
inhabit ;  be  master  of,  own,  rule  ; 
treat,  use ;  pronounce,  utter  ;  have 
in  mind,  entertain  ,  purpose,  in- 
tend ;  think,  believe,  esteem  ;  ex- 
ercise, practice  ,  receive,  accept  ; 
reserve,  conceal. 

habito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  habeo],   1,  a.  and  n.,  occupy 


continually,   inhabit;    dwell,   re- 
side, live. 

habitus,  -us,  [habeo],  m.,  condi- 
tion, appearance ;  attire,  dress  ; 
nature,  character,  quality. 

hactenus  [hac  +  tenus],  adv.,  so 
far,  thus  far,  no  farther. 

haereo,  -ere,  haesi,  haesum,  2, 
n.,  stick,  hang,  cleave,  cling ;  hold 
fast,  be  fixed ;  be  perplexed,  hesi- 
tate, be  at  a  loss. 

haesito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  haereo],  1,  n.,  stick  fast ;  be  at 
a  loss,  hesitate. 

Hannibal,  -alis,  m  ,  Hannibal,  the 
famous  general  of  the  Carthagin- 
ians in  the  second  Punic  War. 
When  only  twenty-nine  years  of 
age  he  led  an  army  from  Spain 
and  over  the  Alps  into  Italy, 
where  he  sustained  himself  for 
fifteen  years.  His  campaigns 
cost  the  Romans  not  less  than 
300,000  men.  He  was  finally 
forced  to  withdraw  to  Africa, 
where  he  was  defeated  at  Zama, 
B.C.  202.     He  led  the  life  of  a 

.  fugitive  for  twenty  years  after- 
wards, and  perished,  it  is  said 
by  poison,  in  Bithynia.  Cat. 
IV    X. 

haruspex,  -icis,  m.,  soothsayer, 
diviner. 

hasta,  -ae,  f.,  staff,  pole ;  spear, 
lance. 

haud,  adv  ,  not  at  all,  by  no  means. 

haurio,  ire,  hausi,  haustum,  4, 
a.,  draw  off,  drain,  empty  ;  pierce, 
penetrate ;  drink  in,  imbibe,  take 
in,  receive. 

hebescS,  -ere, , ,  [hebeo, 

be  dull],  3,  inch.,  grozu  blunt,  be- 
come dull. 

Heraclia,  -ae,  ['UpdnKcia],  (., 
Heraclea,  a  Greek  city  in  Luca- 
nia,  near  the  shore  of  the  Gulf 
of  Tarentum,  below  Metapon- 
tum. 


HERACLIENSES 


62 


HORTENSIUS 


Heraclienses,  -ium,  [Heraclia], 

m.,  pi.,  people  of  Heraclea,  Hera- 
deans  ;  sing.  Heracliensis, -is, 
m.,  man  of  Heraclea,  Her ac lean. 

hercule  [voc.  of  Hercules], 
interj.,  by.  Hercules  !  assuredly  I 
me  hercule,  in  Hercules'  name ! 
most  assuredly  ! 

hereditas,  -atis,  [heres],  f.,  heir- 
ship, inheritance. 

heres,  -edis,  m.  and  f.,  heir, 
heiress  ;  successor. 

heri,  adv.,  yesterday. 

hesternus,  -a,  -um,  [heri],  adj., 
of  yesterday,  yesterday's. 

heus  !  interj.,  ho !  holloa  !  ho 
there ! 

hiberno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [hi- 
bernus],  I,  n.,  pass  the  winter, 
winter,  be  in  winter  quarters, 
have  winter  quarters. 

hibernus,  -a,  -um,  [hiems],  adj., 
of  winter,  in  the  winter,  winter-. 
As  subst.,  hiberna,  orum, 
(properly  sc.  castra),  n.,  pi., 
winter  quarters. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  gen.  huius,  dem. 
pron.,  this,  this  —  here,  used  with 
reference  to  the  speaker ;  the 
present,  the  actual ,  the  following, 
the  one,  referring  to  that  which 
follows ;  he,  she,  it.  ille  — 
hie,  the  former  —  the  latter. 

hie  [hie],  adv.,  here,  in  this  place ; 
herein,  in  this,  on  this  point; 
now,  at  this  time,  then. 

hice,  haece,  hoce,  gen.  hiiiusce, 
emphatic  form  of  hie,  this. 

hiems,  -emis,  f.,  winter,  winter 
time ,  zvintry  iveather,  storm,  tem- 
pest. 

hinc  [hie],  adv.,  hence,  from  this 
place,  from  this.  hinc  —  il- 
linc,  on  the  one  side  —  on  the 
other,  071  this  side  —  on  that, 
here  —  there. 

Hispani,  -orum, m.,p\., Spaniards. 

Hispania,  -ae,  f.,  Spain. 


Hispaniensis,  -e,  adj.,  of  Spain. 
Spanish,  in  Spain. 

Hispd,  -onis,  m.,  Hispo,  apparently 
a  centurion,  whom  Cicero  at  tht 
time  of  his  exile  was  anxious  tc 
avoid.     Ep.  ix. 

hodie  [hoc,  die],  adv.,  to-day  ;  at 
this  time,  now  ;  to  this  day. 

hodiernus,  -a,  -um,  [hodie],  adj., 
of  to-day,  to-day's.  hodiernus 
dies,  this  day,  to-day. 

Homerus,  -I,  ["O/x-qpos],  m.,  Homer. 
Arch.  viii. 

homo,  -mis,  m.  and  f.,  human  be- 
ing, man  ;  race  of  man,  mankind, 
human  race. 

hones tas,  -atis,  [honos],  f.,  honor 
bestowed  by  others,  reputation ; 
uprightness,  integrity. 

honeste  [honestus],  adv.,  honor- 
ably, creditably,  virtuously. 

honesto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ho- 
nestus], i,  a.,  cover  with  honor, 
dignify,  honor,  adorn. 

honestus,  -a,  -um,  [honos],  adj., 
honored,  respected  ;  worthy  of  re- 
spect, honorable  ;  noble,  worthy. 

honos,  or  honor,  -oris,  m .,  honor, 
esteem,  repute ;  praise,  glory,  re- 
nown ;  public  honor,  dignity,  of- 
fice. 

hora,  -ae,  [cf.  &pa],  f.,  hour,  which 
among  the  Romans  was  properly 
a  twelfth  part  of  the  time  from 
sunrise  to  sunset. 

horribilis,  -e,  [horre5],  zd).,  fear- 
ful, dreadful,  terrible,  horrible. 

hortatus,  -us,  found  only  in  the 
abl.,  [hortor],  m.,  encouragement, 
incitement. 

Hortensius,  -a,  name  of  a  ple- 
beian gens.  Three  of  the  name, 
the  orator,  his  father,  and  his 
brother,  are  spoken  of  by  Cicero 
together  as  Hortensii,  gen. 
-orum.  Q  Hortensius,  the  ora- 
tor, was  born  B.C.  114.  He  be- 
came eminent  as  an  advocate  at 


HORTOR 


63 


IDONEUS 


an  early  age.  He  was  consul 
B.  C.  69.  In  66  B.  C.  he  spoke  in 
opposition  to  the  Manilian  bill, 
which  Cicero  defended.  After- 
wards he  was  viewed  by  Cicero 
with  jealousy  as  a  rival,  though 
sometimes  they  were  both  re- 
tained upon  the  same  side  of  a 
case.     He  died  b.  c.   50.     Imp. 

P.   XVII.,  XIX. 

hortor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  1,  dep., 
urge,  encourage,  exhort,  incite. 

hospes,  -itis,  m.,  entertainer,  host ; 
one  entertained,  guest,  visitor. 

hospitium,  -I,  [hospes],  n.,  enter- 
tainment, reception  as  a  guest ; 
tie  of  hospitality,  hospitality, 
friendship ;  guest-chamber,  inn. 

hostilis,  -e,  [hostis],  adj.,  of  an 
enemy,  enemy's  ;  hostile,  inimical. 

hostis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  stranger,  for- 
eigner ;  public  enemy,  enemy,  foe. 

HS.,  see  sestertius. 

hue  [hie],  adv.,  hither ;  to  this 
place  ,    to  this  point,  so  far. 

humanitas,  -atis,  [humanus],  f., 
human  nature,  humanity ;  kind- 
ness, good  nature,  politeness  ;  cul- 
ture, refinement. 

humanus.  a,  -urn,  [homo],  adj., 
of  man,  human  ;  humane,  kind, 
courteous,  polite ;  cultured,  refined. 

humilis,  -e,  [humus],  adj.,  low ; 
slight,  small .  base,  mean,  obscure, 
insignificant. 

humus,  -I,  f.,  ground,  soil,  earth  ; 
land,  country  ;  locative  humi,  on 
the  ground,  to  the  ground. 

hypomnema,  -atis,  [dw6(tnn*a], 
n.,  written  remark,  memorandum, 
note. 


iaceo,  -ere,  -ui,  ,  [cf.  iacio], 

2,  n.,  lie,  lie  prostrate,  be  prostrate; 
lie  dead,  have  fallen  ;  be  level ;  be 
fast  down,  be  dejected;  be  despised. 


iacio,  iacere,  ieci,  iactum,  3,  a., 

throw,  cast,  hurl ;  lay,  establish  ; 
build,  construct;  throw  up, charge; 
throw  out,  mention,  declare,  utter. 

iacto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq.  of 
iacio],  1,  a.,  throw,  fling,  hurl ; 
toss,  toss  about ;  shake,  brandish  ; 
emit,   utter,   say.  se  iactare, 

to  boast,  show  off,  make  a  display. 

iactura,  -ae,  [iacio],  f.,  throwing 
away ;  loss,  damage ;  outlay,  ex- 
pense, sacrifice. 

iactus,  -us,  [iacio],  m.,  throwing, 
casting,  throw,  cast,  stroke. 

iam,  adv.,  now,  at  this  time,  fust 
now  ;  already,  ere  now,  so  soon  ; 
forthwith,  straightway,  immedi- 
ately, presently ;  then,  then  surely, 
no  doubt,  precisely,  indeed,  even  ; 
besides,  again,  moreover ;  with 
comp.,  from  time  to  time,  grad- 
ually, iam  dudum,  long  be- 
fore, for  a  long  time,  this  long 
time.  iam  prldem,  long  since, 
long  ago.  iam  turn,  even  then, 
at  that  very  time. 

Ianuarius,  -a,  -um,  [Ianus],  adj., 
of  January.  As  subst.,  Ianua- 
rius, -i,  m.,  January. 

ibi  or  ibi,  adv.,  there,  in  that 
place  ;  then,  thereupon ;  in  that 
case,  on  that  occasion. 

Id.,  see  Idus. 

idcirco  [id,  circus],  adv.,  there- 
fore, on  that  account,  for  this  rea- 
son.   . 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  gen.  eius- 
dem,  [is],  dem.  pron.,  the  same ; 
often  with  the  force  of  an  adv., 
also,  besides,  too,  likewise,  further* 
more ;  followed  by  et,  -que,  or 
atque,  the  same  as,  identical  with. 

ideo  [id+eo],  adv.,  for  that  rea- 
son, on  this  account,  therefore. 

idonee  [idoneus],  adv.,  fitly,  suit- 
ably. 

idoneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  fit,  suitable, 
proper  ;  capable,  sufficient. 


IDUS 


64 


IMMINUO 


Idus,  iduum,  abbreviated  Id.,  f., 
pi ,  the  Ides,  the  middle  of  the 
month,  one  of  the  three  days  to 
which  dates  were  reckoned  in 
the  Roman  Calendar.  In  March, 
May,  July,  and  October  the 
Ides  came  on  the  15th;  in  other 
months,  on  the  13th. 

igitur,  conj ,  then,  therefore,  accord- 
ingly ;  in  summing  up,  /  say 
then,  you  see,  in  short. 

ignarus,  -a,  -urn,  [in-  + gnarus], 
adj.,  unfamiliar  with,  not  know- 
ing, unacquainted  with,  ignorant; 
unskilled  in,  inexperienced. 

ignavia,  -ae,  [ignavus],  f.,  lazi- 
ness, idleness,  listlessness,  coward- 
ice. 

Ignis,  -is,  m ,  fire. 

ignominia,  -ae,  [in-,  nomen],  f, 
disgrace,  dishonor,  infamy,  ig- 
nominy ;  degradation. 

ignoratio,  onis,  [ignoro],  f ,  lack 
of  knowledge,  ignorance. 

ignoro,  are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cf. 
ignarus],  1,  a.  and  n.,  not  know, 
be  unacquainted  with,  be  igno- 
rant. 

ignosco,  -ere,  ignovi,  ignotum, 
[in-  -j-  (g)nosco],  3,  a.,  pardon, 
forgive,  excuse,  overlook. 

ignotus,  -a,  -um,  [in-+  (g)n5tus], 
adj.,  unknotvn,  unrecognized,  un- 
familiar, strange ;  without  re- 
pute, obscure,  mean. 

Ilias,  -ados,  ['lAids],  f.,  the  Iliad. 

ille,  ilia,  illud,  gen.  illlus  or  illius, 
dem.  pron.,  that,  referring  to  that 
which  is  remote  ;  he,  she,  it ;  re- 
ferring to  that  which  is  familiar, 
the  well-known,  the  famous. 
ille  —  hie,  the  former  —  the 
latter. 

illecebra,  -ae,  [in,  lacio,  entice"], 
t,  enticement,  allurement,  charm, 
seduction. 

illim  [ille],  adv.,  thence,  from  that 
place. 


illinc  [illim],  adv.,  from  that  place, 
thence  ,  on  that  side.     See  hinc. 

illudo,  -ere,  illusi,  illusum,  [in  + 
lado],  3,  n.  and  a.,  play  at;  make 
sport;  ridicule,  jeer  at,  mock. 

illustris,  -e,  [in,  cf.  lustro,  make 
bright],  adj.,  bright,  shining,  bril- 
liant ;  clear,  manifest,  plain ;  fa- 
mous, distinguished,  noble. 

illustro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in-f 
lustro,  make  bright],  I,  a.,  make 
light ;  make  clear,  clear  up,  dis- 
close, explain;  make  famous,  make 
renowned. 

Illyricum,  -I,  n.,  lllyria,  a  coun- 
try on  the  east  side  of  the  Adri- 
atic sea,  north  of  Epirus. 

Illyricus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  the 
Illyrians,  of  lllyria,  Illyrian. 

imago,  -mis,  [cf.  imitor],  f.,  copy, 
likeness,  form,  image;  statue, 
bust ;  phantom,  ghost ;  conception, 
thought ;  semblance,  shadow. 

imbecillitas,  -atis,  [imbecillus, 
feeble],  i.,  feebleness,  weakness ; 
helplessness,  powerlessness. 

imberbis,  -e,  [in-fbarba],  adj., 
beardless,  without  a  beard. 

imitator,  -oris,  [imitor],  m.,  imita- 
tor, copyist. 

imitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  1,  dep., 
imitate,  copy  after  ;  copy,  portray. 

immanis,  -e,  adj.,  monstrous,  huge; 
fierce,  cruel,  wild,  inhuman. 

immanitas,  -atis,  [immanis],  f., 
hugeness,  enormity  ;  monstrosity, 
heinousness,  savageness,  cruelty. 

immaturus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  matu- 
rus],  adj.,  unripe  ;  untimely ,  pre- 
mature. 

immineo,  -ere, , ,  [in,  cf. 

minor],  2,  n.,  overhang;  be  near, 
be  at  hand,  impend ;  threaten, 
menace  ;   be  eager  for,  long  for. 

imminuo,  -ere,  -ul,  -utum,  [in  + 
minuo],  3,  a.,  lessen,  diminish; 
encroach  upon,  infringe  upon,  re' 
duce. 


IMMITTO 


65 


IMPULSUS 


immitto,  -ere,  immisi,  immis- 
sum,  [in  4-mitto],  3,  a.,  send  in, 
let  in,  admit,  introduce ;  send 
against,  set  on  ;  discharge,  hurl. 

immo,  adv.,  nay  indeed,  nay,  on 
the  contrary,  no  indeed.  immo 
vero,  nay  rather,  nay  more. 

immortalis,  -e,  [in-  -f  mortalis], 
adj.,  undying,  immortal ;  endless, 
eternal,  imperishable 

immortalitas,  -atic,  [immorta- 
lis], f.,  immortality,  endless  life ; 
undying  renown,  imperishable 
fame. 

impedio,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  [in,  cf. 
pes,  ped-is],  4,  a.,  entangle;  hin- 
der, embarrass  ;  obstruct,  impede, 
check,  prevent. 

impello,  -ere,  impull,  impulsum, 
[in  +  pello],  3,  a.,  strike  against, 
strike;  move,  impel;  urge,  incite, 
persuade. 

impendeo,  -ere, -, ,  [in  + 

pendeS],  2,  n.  and  a.,  overhang ; 
be  near,  be  at  hand,  be  imminent ; 
impend,  threaten. 

imperator,  -orte,  [impero],  m., 
commander-in-chief,  general ;  com- 
mander, leader,  director. 

imperatSrius,  -a,  -urn,  [impera- 
tor], adj.,  of  a  commander,  of  a 
general. 

imperitus,  a,  -um,  [in-+peritus], 
adj.,  inexperienced,  unskilled,  un- 
acquainted with. 

imperium,  -I,  [impero],  n.,  com- 
mand, order  ;  authority,  control ; 
sovereignty,  dominion,  empire,  su- 
premacy, sway. 

impero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in  + 
paro],  1,  a.  and  n.,  command, 
order;  control,  be  master  of; 
rule,  govern ;  make  requisition 
for,  require,  levy. 

impertio,  -Ire,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  [in  + 
partio,  from  pars],  4,  a.,  share 
with,  bestow  upon,  bestow,  impart; 
assign,  give. 


impetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in  + 
patro,  perform'],  1,  a.,  gain  one's 
end,  accomplish,  get,  obtain,  pro- 
cure, by  request  or  by  means  of 
influence. 

impetus,  -us,  [impeto],  m.,  onset, 
attack,  assault ;  impulse,  rapid 
motion,  rush  ;  violence,  fury. 

impius,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  pius],  adj., 
undutiful,  irreverent,  ungodly  ; 
wicked,  impious,  shameless.  As 
subst.,  impii,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
the  wicked. 

implied,  -are,  -avi  or  -ui,  -atum 
or  -itum,  [in  +  plic5],  1,  a.,  en- 
tangle, involve,  encircle,  clasp; 
connect  intimately,  unite,  join. 

imploro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in-|- 
ploro],  1,  a.  and  n.,  beseech,  en- 
treat, implore. 

importiinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unsuit- 
able ;  harsh,  rude,  hard,  cruel, 
savage. 

improbitas,  -atis,  [improbus],  f., 
wickedness,  badness,  depravity. 

improbS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [irf-  -j- 
probo],.i,  a.,  disapprove  of,  cen- 
sure, condemn,  blame. 

improbus,  -a,  -um,  [in -+probus], 
adj.,  wicked,  bad,  depraved,  base  ; 
shameless,  outrageous. 

impubes,  -eris,  [in-+pubes],adj., 
under  age,  youthful,  beardless. 

impudens,  -entis,  [in-  +  pudens], 
adj.,  without  sense  of  shame, 
shameless,  indecent,  impudent. 

impudenter  [impudens],  adv., 
shamelessly,  indecently,  impu- 
dently. 

impudentia,  -ae,  [impudens],  f.. 
shamelessness,  impttdence. 

impudicus,  -a,  -um,  [in--f-pudi- 
cus],  adj.,  shameless,  immodest, 
unchaste.  As  subst.,  impudicl, 
-orum,  m.,  pi.,  the  unchaste. 

impulsus,  -us,  [impellS],  m.,  strik- 
ing against,  shock ;  impulse,  in- 
fluence. 


IMPUNITUS 


66 


INCOMMODUM 


impumtus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  puni- 
tus],  adj.,  unpunished,  without 
restraint,  unrestrained,  secure. 

impurus,  -a,  -um,  [in- +  purus], 
adj.,  unclean,  filthy  ;  defiled,  aban- 
doned, vile.  As  subst.,  impurl, 
-orum,  m.,  pi.,  the  filthy. 

in,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl. : 

(i)  With  the  ace.:  of  place, 
after  verbs  implying  motion, 
into,  to,  up  to,  towards,  against ; 
of  time,  into,  till,  to,  unto,  for ; 
of  purpose,  for,  with  a  view  to  ; 
of  result,  to,  unto ;  of  other  rela- 
tions, to,  in,  respecting,  concern- 
ing, according  to,  after. 

(2)  With  the  abl. :  of  place, 
in,  within,  on,  upon,  among,  over, 
under ;  of  time,  hi,  in  the  course 
of,  within,  during,  while ;  of 
other  relations,  involved  in,  un- 
der the  influence  of,  in  case  of,  in 
relation  to,  on  the  condition,  re- 
specting. 

In  composition  in  retains  its 
form  before  the  vowels  and 
most  of  the  consonants  ;  is  often 
changed  to  il-  before  1,  ir-  be- 
fore r ;  usually  becomes  im- 
before  m,  b,  p. 

in-,  inseparable  prefix,  =  un-,  not, 
as  in  inaudltus,  unheard;  in- 
certus,  uncertain. 

inanis,  -e,  adj.,  empty,  vacant,  un- 
occupied; useless,  profitless,  worth- 
less, vain. 

inaudltus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  audi- 
tus],  adj.,  unheard-of,  unusual, 
strange. 

inauratus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  in- 
auro,  gild],  adj.,  gilded,  golden. 

incendium,  -I,  [incendo],  n.,fire, 
conflagration ;  of  the  feelings, 
heat,  flame,  vehemence,  passion. 

incendS,  -ere,  incendi,  incen- 
sum,  3,  a.,  set  fire  to,  kindle, 
burn ;  of  the  feelings,  inflame, 
arouse,  incite,  irritate,  enrage. 


incensio,     -onis,     [incendo],    f., 

burning. 

inceptum,  -1,  [incipio],  n.,  begin- 
ning, undertaking;  attempt. 

incertus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  eertus], 
adj.,  unsettled,  not  determined, 
uncertain,  unascertained,  doubt- 
ful;  of  persons  or  character, 
wavering,  irresolute,  at  a  loss. 

incidd,  -ere,  incidl,  incasum,  [in 
-f-  eado],  3,  n.,  fall  in,  strike; 
light  upon,  fall  in  with  ;  fall 
into,  become  involved ;  fall  out, 
happen,  occur. 

incidd,  -ere,  incidl,  inclsum,  [in 
+  caedo],  3,  a.,  cut  into,  cut  open, 
cut  through  ;  carve,  engrave ; 
break  off,  interrupt. 

incipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
[in -f- capio] ,  3,  a.  and  n.,  take 
hold  of ;  begin,  commence,  begin 
to  speak;  begin  to  be  or  to  ap- 
pear. 

incitamentum,  -I,  [incito],  n., 
incentive,  inducement. 

incito,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [in  -f- 
cito,  hasten],  1,  a.,  hasten,  quick- 
en ;  urge  on,  spur  on,  rouse,  stir. 

inclino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a. 
and  n.,  bend,  turn;  incline;  be 
inclined,  be  favorably  disposed. 

includo,  -ere,  inclusi,  inclusum, 
[in-f  claudo],  3,  a.,  shut  in,  en- 
close, confine,  shut  up  in  ;  obstruct, 
hinder  ;  include,  comprehend. 

incognitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  cogni 
tus],  adj.,  not  examined,  untried, 
unknown. 

incohS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a. 
and  n.,  begin,  commence ;  of  a 
subject,  take  in  hand,  begin  to 
discuss,  undertake  to  treat. 

incolumis,  -e,  [in-  +  columis] , 
adj.,  unharmed,  uninjured,  safe, 
sound,  whole. 

incommodum,  -1,  [incommodus], 
n.,  inconvenience,  disadvantage, 
trouble  ;  misfortune,  loss,  defeat. 


1MCORRUPTE 


67 


1NFERO 


incorrupte,  comp.  incorruptius, 
[incorruptus],  adv.,  uncorruptly, 
fairly,  justly. 

incredibilis,  -e,  [in--f  credibilis], 
adj.,  beyond  belief,  incredible,  ex- 
traordinary, unparalleled. 

increpo,  -are,  -ui,  -itum,  [in  -f- 
crepo],  i,  n.  and  a.,  make  a  noise, 
resound,  crash ;  occur,  be  noised 
abroad;  cause  to  resound ;  up- 
braid, scold. 

incumbd,  -ere,  incubui,  incubi- 
tum,  [in  -f  obsolete  cum  bo, 
lie],  3,  n.,  lie  upon,  lean,  rest, 
recline ;  press  upon,  oppress ; 
exert  one's  self,  make  an  effort, 
apply  one's  self ;  be  inclined, 
lean   towards. 

indago,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [indu, 
old  form  of  in,  -f-  ago],  i,  a.,  seek 
out,  investigate,  trace,  explore. 

inde,  adv.,  from  that  place,  thence, 
jrom  that  point;  therefrom,  from 
that;  from  that  time,  thereafter, 
after  that ;  in  consequence,  there- 
fore. 

indemnatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  dam- 
natus],  adj.,  uncondemned,  with- 
out being  sentenced. 

index,  -icis,  [cf.  indico],  m.  and  f., 
discloser,  informer,  witness ;  sign, 
mark;  inscription,  title;  fore- 
finger. 

indicium,  -I,  [indico],  n.,  disclos- 
ure, information ;  mark,  sign, 
proof ;  testimony,  evidence. 

indico, -are, -avi,  -atum,  [index], 
i,  a.,  point  out,  make  known, 
disclose,  reveal,  designate  ;  accuse, 
charge. 

indico,  -ere,  indixl,  indictum, 
[in  +  dico],  3,  a.,  announce,  de- 
clare publicly,  declare,  proclaim  ; 
convoke,  order ;  impose,  enjoin. 

indigeo,   -ere,  -ui,    ,    [indu, 

old  form  of  in, -fegeo],  2,  n., 
need,  want,  lack;  stand  in  need 
of,  require. 


indigne  [indignus],  adv.,  un- 
worthily, undeservedly,  shame- 
fully. 

indignus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  dignus], 
adj.,  unworthy,  undeserving,  un- 
becoming, not  fit ;  shameful,  out- 
rageous. As  subst,  indignum, 
-I,  n.,  outrage,  shame. 

induco,  -ere,  induxl,  inductum, 
[in  +  duc5],  3,  a.,  lead  in,  in- 
troduce, bring  forward,  conduct ; 
spread  over,  overspread,  overlay; 
move,  persuade,  induce.  ani- 
mum  inducere,  to  make  up  one's 
mind,  to  bring  one's  self  to,  to 
resolve. 

industria,  -ae,  [industrius],  f., 
activity,  diligence,  zeal,  indus- 
try. 

industrius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  active, 
diligent,  zealous,  industrious. 

ineo,  -Tre,  -Ivi  or  -ii,  -itum,  [in  + 
eo],  irr.,  a.  and  n.,  go  into,  enter'; 
come  in,  come  on,  begin  ;  under- 
take, engage  in,  adopt. 

inepte  [ineptus],  adv.,  improperly, 
unbecomingly,  absurdly. 

ineptia,  -ae,  [ineptus],  f.,  folly, 
absurdity,  foolishness  ;  pi.,  trifles, 
notions,  absurdities. 

iners,  -ertis,  [in--f  ars],  adj.,  un- 
skilful, awkward ;  idle,  indolent, 
inactive,  sluggish,  worthless. 

inertia,  -ae,  [iners],  f.,  unskilful- 
ness,  want  of  skill ;  idleness,  indo- 
lence, inactivity. 

infamis,  -e,  [in-  +  fama],  adj ,  dis- 
reputable,  notorious,  infamous. 

inferior,  -ius,  [comp.  of  Inferus], 
adj.,  lower,  inferior. 

infero,  -ferre,  intuli,  illatum,  [in 
+  fero],  irr.,  a.,  carry  in,  bring 
in,  introduce  ;  bring  to,  carry  in- 
to, convey,  bring ;  bring  against, 
wage,  direct ;  bring  fonvard,  pro- 
duce ;  excite,  cause,  inflict.  sc 
inferre,  to  present  one's  self,  to 
repair,  to  enter. 


INFERUS 


68 


INIQUUS 


inferus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  inferior, 
sup.  infimus  or  Imus,  [cf.  Infra], 
adj.,  below,  underneath,  lower,  un- 
derground ;  of  the  Underworld. 
As  subst,  infer!,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
folk  of  the  Underworld,  inhabit- 
ants of  the  Lower  World ;  the 
dead,  the  shades. 

infestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unsafe,  dis- 
turbed, molested ;  hostile,  trouble- 
some, dangerous. 

infimus,  -a,  -um,  [sup.  of  inferus], 
adj.,  lowest ',  last;  meanest,  most 
degraded,  basest. 

infinltus,  -a,  -um,  [in- +  f Initus] , 
adj.,  boundless,  unlimited ;  end- 
less, infinite. 

Infirmo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [Infir- 
mus],  i,  a.  and  n.,  weaken;  re- 
fute, disprove. 

Inf irmus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  -f  firmus] , 
adj.,  not  strong,  weak,  infirm, 
feeble,  unhealthy ;  inconstant, 
superstitious  ;  of  no  account, 
trivial,  invalid. 

Infitiator,  -oris,  [infitior],  m.,  de- 
nier, repudiator.  lentus  in- 
fitiator, bad  debtor. 

infitior,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [in-  -f- 
fateor],  I,  dep.,  not  acknowledge, 
deny,  disown  ;  repudiate.  . 

liiflammo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in 
-f  flammo],  l,  Si.,  set  on  fire,  light 
up,  kindle  ;  inflame,  excite,  arouse, 
stir. 

liiflo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in  +  flo], 
I,  a.,  blow  into,  breathe  upon;  in- 
spire ;  puff  up,  elate. 

informs,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in  + 
formo],  I,  a.,  shape,  mould ;  in- 
struct, educate  ;  describe. 

ingenium,  -I,  [in,  cf.  gigno],  n., 
innate  quality,  nature ;  disposi- 
tion, character,  temper ;  ability, 
capacity,  talent,  genius. 

ingens,  -entis,  adj.,  beyond  natural 
size,  huge,  enormous ;  great,  re- 
markable. 


ingenuus,  -a,  -um,  [in,  cf.  gigno], 

adj.,  native ;  free-born,  of  free 
parents;  noble,  upright,  ingenu- 
ous. As  subst.,  ingenui,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  the  free-born,  meaning 
the  better  classes  of  Roman 
citizens. 

ingratus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  gratus], 
adj.,  unacceptable,  unpleasant; 
ungrateful,  thankless. 

ingravesco,  -ere, , ,  [in- 

gravo],  3,  inch.,  grow  burden- 
some ;  grow  worse,  be  aggravated, 
increase. 

ingredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum, 
[in  +  gradior],  3,  dep.,  advance^ 
go  forward,  proceed ;  go  into,  en- 
ter ;  enter  upon,  engage  in,  under' 
take,  begin. 

inhio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in  + 
hio],  1,  n.  and  a.,  gape,  open  the 
mouth  to;  gape  with  amazement, 
be  amazed ;  gaze  eagerly. 

inhumanus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  huma- 
nus],  adj.,  rude,  brutal,  inhu- 
man ;  ill-bred,  coarse,  unculti- 
vated. 

inicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectum,  [in+ 
iacio],  3,  a.,  cast  into,  throw  in; 
hurl  upon,  cast  upon;  heap  up, 
build ;  put  on,  throw  around ;  lay 
hands  upon,  take  possession  of ; 
inspire  in,  cause. 

inimicitia,  -ae,  [inimicus],  f.,  hos- 
tility, enmity. 

inimicus,  -a,  -um,  [in- +  amicus], 
adj.,  unfriendly,  hostile,  mimical; 
hurtful,  injurious.  As  subst., 
inimicus,  -1,  personal  enemy, 
enemy. 

iniquitas,  -atis,  [iniquus],  f.,  in- 
equality ;  unfavorableness,  diffi- 
culty ;  unfairness,  injustice. 

iniquus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  + aequus], 
adj.,  uneven,  sloping,  steep;  ill- 
matched,  unequal ;  unfavorable, 
disadvantageous  ;  unfair,  unjust ; 
adverse,  hostile 


INITIO 


69 


INSOLENTIA 


initio,  -are,  avl,  -atum.  [initium], 

I,  a.,  initiate,  consecrate ;  used 
especially  of  initiation  into  the 
sacred  mysteries. 

initium,  -I,  [ineo],  n.,  entrance; 
beginning,  commencement. 

iniucundus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  iucun- 
dus],  adj.,  unpleasant,  displeas- 
ing, disagreeable. 

iniuria,  -ae,  [iniurius,  from  in-  -j- 
ius],  f.,  outrage,  wrong,  injury, 
injustice;  insult;  abl.  iniuria, 
often  with  the  force  of  an  adv., 
unjustly,  undeservedly,  wrong- 
fully. 

iniiiriose,  comp.  iniuriosius,  [in- 
iuriosus],  adv.,  unfairly,  un- 
justly, unlawfully. 

iniussus,  -us,  found  only  in  abl., 
[in  -\-  iussus],  m.,  without  com- 
mand,  without  bidding  or  orders 

iniustus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  iustus], 
adj.,  unfair,  unjust,  unreason- 
able ;  wrongful;  excessive,  bur- 
densome. 

innocens,  -entis,  [in-  +  nocens], 
adj.,  harmless,  inoffensive  ;  blame- 
less, innocent,  upright. 

innocentia,  -ae,  [innocens],  f., 
blamelessness,  innocence ;  upright- 
ness, integrity. 

innumerabilis,  -e,  [in-  +  numera- 
bilis],  adj.,  countless,  innumera- 
ble. 

inopia,  -ae,  [mops],  f.,  want,  lack  ; 
need,  scarcity,  poverty. 

in  primls,  see  prior. 

inquam,  inquis,  inquit,  def.,  n., 
postpositive,  say. 

inrepo,  -ere,  inrepsi,  inreptum, 
[in+repo],  3,  n.,  creep  in,  steal 
in  ;  be  stealthily  inserted. 

inretio,  -Ire,  -IvI,  -ltum,  [in,  rete, 
net],  4,  a.,  catch  in  a  net,  ensnare  ; 
entangle,  entrap,  involve. 

inrito,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  1,  a.,  in- 
cite, instigate  ;  irritate,  exasperate, 
provoke. 


inruptio,  -onis,  [inrumpo],  f., 
breaking  in ;  inroad,  incursion, 
invasion. 

inscribo,  -ere,  InscrlpsI,  Inscrlp- 
tum,  [in+scrlbo],  3,  a.,  write 
upon,  inscribe;  assign,  appro- 
priate;  mark. 

Insepultus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  se- 
pultus],  adj.,  unburied,  without 
burial. 

Inservio,  -Ire,  ,  -ltum,  [in  -f- 

servio],  4,  n.  and  a.,  devote  one's 
self  to,  be  devoted  to;  be  submis- 
sive to,  serve. 

insideo,  -ere,  Insedl,  Insessum, 
[in  +  sedeo],  2,  n.  and  a.,  sit 
upon ;  settle,  be  inherent  in,  in- 
here ;  take  possession  of,  hold. 

Tnsidiae,  -arum,  [cf.  insideo],  f, 
pi.,  ambush,  ambuscade ;  snare, 
trap,  plot,  artifice,  device. 

insidiator,  -oris,  [Insidior],  m., 
lurker,  waylayer,  highwayman. 

insidior,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  [In- 
sidiae],  1,  dep.,  lie  in  wait  far, 
watch  for,  plot  against. 

insidiosus,  -a,  -um,  [Insidiae], 
adj.,  deceitful,  treacherous,  dan- 
gerous. 

Iiisido,  -ere,  Insedl,  Insessum, 
[in+sldo],  3,  n.  and  a.,  settle 
on,  occupy ;  be  fixed  in,  remai?t, 
adhere  to. 

insigne,  -is,  [Inslgnis],  n.,  mark, 
sign,  token ;  indication,  proof ; 
badge,  decoration,  distinction. 

insimulo,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [in  + 
simulo],  I,  a.,  charge,  bring  as  a 
charge  ;  accuse,  blame. 

insolens,  -entis,  [in-  -f-  solens], 
adj.,  unusual ;  immoderate,  arro- 
gant, haughty,  insolent. 

insolenter,  comp.  Insolentius, 
[Insolens],  adv.,  unusually  ;  im- 
moderately, haughtily,  insolently. 

Insolentia,  -ae,  [Insolens],  f, 
novelty,  strangeness  ;  haughtiness^ 
arrogance,  insolence. 


INSOLITUS 


70 


INTEREA 


Iiisolitus,  -a,  -um,  [in--f  solitus], 
adj.,  unaccustomed,  unwonted,  un- 
usual ;  uncommon,  strange. 

Inspecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  only 
pres.  part,  found  in  classical 
Latin,  [freq.  of  inspicio],  i,  a. 
and  n.,  look  at,  observe,  view. 
inspectante  praetore,  under  the 
eyes  of  the  praetor. 

Insperans,  -antis,  [in-  +  sperans, 
spero],  adj.,  not  hoping,  beyond 
hope,  not  expecting. 

Insperatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  spera- 
tus,  spero],  adj.,  unhoped  for, 
unexpected,  unforeseen. 

Tnstitud,  -ere,  Institui,  Institu- 
tum,  [in  +  status],  3,  a.  and  n., 
put  in  place,  plant ;  found,  estab- 
lish ;  arrange,  draw  up ;  build, 
construct ;  provide,  prepare  ;  un- 
dertake, begin  ;  appoint,  designate  ; 
purpose,  resolve,  decide,  propose ; 
teach,  instruct,  train  up. 

institutum,  -1,  [Instituo],  n.,  pur- 
pose, design,  plan  ;  custom,  usage, 
practice,  precedent ;  institution, 
regulation. 

ins  to,  -stare,  -stitl,  -statum,  [in  -f- 
sto],  1,  h.,  stand  upon,  be  near  at 
hand,  approach,  draw  nigh ,  press 
upon,  pursue,  harass ;  menace, 
threaten  ;   insist  upon,  urge. 

instructus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  In- 
struo],  adj.,  furnished,  provided,. 
equipped ;  arranged ;  versed. 

Inst  rumen  turn,  -T,  [instruS],  n., 
implement,  tool,  appliance ;  set  of 
tools,  stock,  furniture  ;  supply, 
store,  means,  furtherance. 

instruo,  -ere,  Instruxi,  Instruc- 
tum,  [in-f  struo],  3,  a.,  build  in; 
make  ready,  furnish,  provide,  pre- 
pare, equip  ;  of  troops,  draw  up, 
set  in  array,  array 

insula,  ae,  f.,  island,  isle. 

Insum,  inesse,  Inful,  [in  +  sum], 
irr.,  n.,  be  in,  be  on,  exist  in, 
belong  to. 


integer,  -gra,  -grum,  comp.  in- 
tegrior,  sup.  integen  imus,  [in, 
cf.  tango],  adj.,  untouched,  whole, 
entire ;  unimpaired,  unhurt , 
sound,  fresh,  vigorous ;  unde- 
cided, undetermined  ;  impartial  ; 
blameless,  spotless,  pure,  of  a 
seal,  unbroken. 

integre  [integer],  adv.,  faultlessly, 
blamelessly,  irreproachably,  with- 
out prejudice. 

integritas,  -atis,  [integer],  f.,  com- 
pleteness, soundness ;  blameless- 
ness,  integrity,  uprightness. 

intellego,  -ere,  intellexi,  intel- 
lectum,  [inter  -f  lego],  3,  a.,  see 
into,  perceive,  gather  ;  understand, 
discern,  comprehend. 

intendd,  -ere,  intend!,  intentum 
or  -sum,  [in  +  tendo],  3,  a.  and 
n.,  stretch  out,  extend;  stretch, 
fasten  ;  direct,  aim  ;  bend,  strain, 
turn ;  urge  ;  purpose,  intend. 

inter,  prep,  with  ace.  only,  among ; 
of  position  and  relation,  between, 
among,  amid,  surrounded  by,  into 
the  midst  of ;  of  time,  between, 
during,  in  the  course  of,  through, 
while,  in,  within. 

intercalo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in- 
ter -fcalo],  1,  a.,  insert  in  the 
calendar,  intercalate ;  put  off, 
postpone. 

intercedo,  -ere,  intercessi,  inter- 
cessum,  [inter  +  cedo],  3,  n., 
come  between,  intervene,  pass ; 
come  to  pass,  occur ;  interpose ; 
oppose,  withstand. 

intercessid,  -onis,  [intercedo],  f , 
intervention,  protest,  veto. 

intercludo,  -ere,  interclusl,  in- 
terclusum,  [inter  +  claudo],  3, 
a.,  shut  out,  cut  off,  intercept, 
hinder  ;  divide. 

inter dum  [inter  +  dum],  adv., 
now  and  then,  sometimes,  at  times. 

interea  [inter  +  ea],  adv.,  mean- 
while, in  the  meantime. 


INTEREO 


71 


INVIDIA 


intereo,  -Ire,  -ii,  itum,  [inter + 
eo],  irr.,  n.,  go  among;  be  lost 
among,  hence  go  to  ruin,  decay, 
perish,  die. 

interficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum, 
[inter -f  facio],  3,  a.,  destroy; 
slay,  kill,  murder. 

interim,  adv.,  meanwhile,  in  the 
meantime  ;  nevertheless. 

interim 6,  -ere,  interemi,  inter- 
emptum,  [inter -f  emo],  3,  a.,  do 
away  with,  destroy  ;  slay,  kill. 

interior,  -ius,  gen.  -oris,  sup.  in- 
timus,  adj.,  inner,  interior  ; 
nearer,  deeper;  sup.,  inmost,  in- 
nermost, deepest;   intimate,  close. 

interitus,  -us,  [intereo],  m.,  over- 
throw, ruin ;  destruction,  death. 

internecio,  -onis,  [inter,  cf.  nex], 
f.,  massacre,  slaughter ,  utter  de- 
struction, destruction. 

interpello,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in- 
ter -f-  unused  pello],  1,  a.,  in- 
terrupt; hinder,  obstruct,  prevent. 

interpreter,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [in- 
terpres],  1,  dep.,  explain,  inter- 
pret ;  understand,  comprehend, 
make  out ;  conclude,  decide. 

interrogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in- 
ter-I- rogo],  1,  a.,  ask,  inquire  of, 
question. 

intersum,  -esse,  -fui,  [mter  + 
sum],  irr.,  n.,  be  between,  lie  be- 
tween ;  intervene,  elapse ;  be  dif- 
ferent, differ ;  be  present,  take 
part  in.  Impers.,  interest,  it 
concerns,  it  is  important,  it  makes 
a  difference. 

intervallum,  -I,  [inter  +  vallum], 
n.,  lit.  room  between  {two)  pali- 
sades ;  hence,  intermediate  dis- 
tance, distance,  interval ;  intermis- 
sion. 

interventus,  -us,  [intervenio] , 
m.,  coming  between,  coming  in; 
intervention,  appearance. 

intestinus,  -a,  -um,  [intus],  adj., 
internal,  intestine. 


intimus,  -a,  -um,  see  interior. 

intra  [cf  interior],  prep,  with 
ace  only,  within,  inside  oj ,  into; 
during,  in  the  course  of. 

introduco,  -ere,  introduxi,  in- 
troductum,  [intro  -f-  duco],  3, 
a.,  lead  in,  bring  in,  introduce. 

intueor,  -eri,  intuitus  sum,  [in  -f 
tueor],  2,  dep.,  look  upon,  gaze 
at;  contemplate,  consider;  ad- 
mire, wonder  at. 

intus  [in],  adv.,  within,  on  the  in- 
side. 

iimltus,  -a,  -um,  [in-+ultus],adj., 
unavenged ;  unpunished,  unchas- 
tised ;  safe,  with  impunity. 

inuro,  -ere,  inussl,  inustum,  [in 
+  ur5],  3,  a.,  burn  in ;  brand 
upon,  brand,  imprint. 

inusitatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-  +  usita- 
tus],  adj.,  unusual,  uncommon, 
rare. 

inutilis,  -e,  [in-+utilis],  adj.,  use- 
less, unprofitable,  unserviceable ; 
inexpedient,  unavailing,  hurtful. 

invenio,  -ire,  invenl,  inventum, 
[in  +  venio],  4,  a.,  come  upon, 
find,  meet;  discover,  invent,  con- 
trive, devise  ;  find  out,  learn. 

investigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [in 
+  vestigo],  1,  a.,  track;  trace 
out,  search  into,  investigate,  find 
out. 

inveterasco,    -ere,    inveteravl, 

,  [in  +  veterasco],  3,  inch., 

grow  old ;  become  fixed,  be  estab- 
lished, become  rooted. 

invictus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  invictissi- 
mus,  [in-  -f  victus],  adj.,  uncon- 
quered ,  unconquerable,  invinci- 
ble. 

invideo,  -ere,  invldi,  invisum, 
[in  +  video],  2,  n.  and  a.,  look 
askance  at,  be  prejudiced,  be  jeal- 
ous ,  envy,  grudge. 

invidia,  -ae,  [invidus],  f.,  envy, 
jealousy  ;  dislike,  hatred,  grudge  ; 
odium,  unpopularity. 


INVIDIOSUS 


72 


1UGURTHA 


invidiosus,  -a,  -um,  [invidia], 
adj.,  full  of  envy,  invidious;  ex 
citing  envy,  enviable,  envied ;  caus- 
ing hatred,  hateful,  hated,  odious 

invidus,  -a,  -um,  [invideo],  adj., 
envious,  jealous.  As  subst,  in- 
vidus, -I,  m.,  envious  person,  pi., 
the  envious. 

invlso,  -ere,  invisi,  invisum,  [in 
-f  vlso],  3,  a.,  go  to  see,  look  after, 
visit. 

invlsus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  in- 
video],  adj.,  hated,  detested, 
odious,    hostile. 

invito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  i,  a.,  in- 
vite, ask,  urge  ;  attract,  allure  ; 
entertain,  feast. 

invltus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  unwilling, 
reluctant,  against  the  will. 

ipse,  -a,  -um,  gen.  ipsius,  dem. 
pron.,  self,  himself,  herself,  itself; 
often  emphatic,  he ;  often  best 
rendered  freely,  as  very,  pre- 
cisely, likewise,  in  person. 

Ira,  -ae,  f.,  anger,  wrath ;  rage,  pas- 
sion, indignation,  fury. 

Iracundia,  -ae,  [Iracundus],  f., 
pr oneness  to  anger ,  anger,  rage, 
passion,  violence. 

iracundus,  -a,  -um,  [ira],  adj., 
prone  to  anger,  irritable  ;  passion- 
ate, wrathful,  angry. 

irascor,  -ascl,  -atus  sum,  [Ira], 
3,  dep.,  be  in  anger,  get  angry  ; 
fly  into  a  passion,  rave,  be  furious. 

Iratus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  irascor], 
adj.,  angered,  angry,  furious,  vio- 
lent. 

is,  ea,  id,  gen.  eius,  dem.  pron., 
he,  she,  it ,  that,  this,  the,  the  one  ; 
before  ut,  =  talis,  such;  wjth 
comparatives  abl.  eo  =  the,  all 
the,  as  e5  magis,  all  the  more ; 
after  et,  -que,  atque,  and  that 
too,  and  in  fact.  id  temporis, 
see  Idioms. 

iste,  ista,  istud,  gen.  istius,  dem. 
pron.,   referring    to    the    person 


addressed,  sometimes  ironically, 
that,  that  of  yours ;  he,  she,  it; 
this  ;  such. 

istim,  adv.,  thence,  from  thence. 

ita,  adv.,  thus,  so,  in  this  way,  as 
follows ;  such,  of  this  kind ,  to 
such  a  degree,  so  far.  quae 
cum  ita  sint,  and  since  this  is 
so,  and  accordingly. 

Italia,  -ae,  [IraAds],  f.,  Italy. 

Italicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Italy, 
Italic,  Italian. 

itaque  [ita-f  -que],  conj.,  and  so, 
and  thus,  accordingly ;  conse- 
quently, therefore. 

item,  adv.,  likewise,  also,  besides, 
moreover,  too. 

iter,  itineris,  [cf.  eo],  n.,  a  going ; 
way,  journey,  march  ;  road,  path, 
passage,  course. 

iterum,  adv.,  a  second  time,  again  ; 
once  more,  in  turn,  iterum  et 
saepius,  again  and  again. 

iubeo,  -ere,  iussi,  iussum,  2,  a., 
order,  bid,  give  orders,  command, 
direct ;  exhort,  entreat ;  decree, 
ratify,  approve. 

iucunditas,  -atis,  [iucundus],  f., 
pleasantness  ;  delight,  enjoyment. 

iucundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  pleasant, 
agreeable,  pleasing,  delightful. 

iudex,  -icis,  [ius,  cf.  dico],  m.  and 
f.,  judge  ;  juror  ;  decider,  umpire 

iudicialis,  -e,  [iudicium],  adj.,  of 
a  court,  of  the  courts,  judicial. 

iudicium,  -1,  [iudex],  n.,  trial, 
court ;  judgment,  sentence  ;  deci- 
sion, opinion,  conviction. 

iudico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [iudex], 
I,  a.,  judge,  pass  judgment,  de- 
cide;  pronounce  judgment  upon, 
judge  of  ;  declare,  proclaim. 

iugulum,  -1,  [dim.  of  iugum],  n., 
collar-bone ;  throat,  neck. 

Iugurtha,  -ae,  vs\.,Jugurtha,  king 
of  Numidia,  who  came  to  the 
throne  on  the  death  of  Micipsa, 
B.C.  118.    Through  his  treatment 


IULIUS 


73 


LABORO 


of  the  sons  of  Micipsa  he  became 
involved  in  a  war  with  Rome, 
and  was  captured  by  Marius, 
b  c.  106.  After  adorning  the 
triumph  of  Marius,  b.  c.  104,  he 
was  thrown  into  the  lower  cham- 
ber of  the  Mamertine  prison,  and 
there  starved  to  death.  Imp.  P. 
xx. 

Iiilius,  -a,  name  of  a  celebrated 
patrician  gens,  of  which  the  Cae- 
sar family  formed  a  part.  See 
Caesar. 

iungo,  iungere,  iiinxi,  iunctum, 
[cf.  iugum],  3,  a.,  join,  unite,  con- 
nect ;  yoke,  attach  ;  bring  together, 
associate,  ally. 

Iunius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  June.  As 
subst,  Iunius,  -1,  m.,/une. 

Iunius,  -a,  name  of  prominent  ple- 
beian gens,  to  which  the  Brutus 
family  belonged.     See  Brutus. 

Iuppiter,  Iovis,  m.,  Jupittr,  son 
of  Saturn,  chief  of  the  gods ;  by 
metonymy,  heaven,  sky,  air. 

iuratus,  -a,  -um,  [iuro],  adj., 
sworn,  oath-bound,  under  oath. 

ius,  iuris,  n.,  right,  law,  duty ;  jus- 
tice, equity ;  prerogative,  author- 
ity, power  ;  court  of  justice  ,  abl. 
iure  often  with  adverbial  force, 
by  right,  rightfully,  justly. 

ius  iurandum,  iuris  iurandl,  n., 
oath. 

iussum,  -1,  [iubeo],  n.,  order,  com- 
mand, prescription,  direction. 

iussus,  -us,  only  abl.  in  use, 
[iubeo],  m.,  order,  command, 
decree. 

iuste  [iustus],  adv  ,  rightly,  justly; 
fairly,  uprightly. 

iustitia,  -ae,  [iustus],  f.,  justice, 
equity,  uprightness ;  clemency, 
compassion. 

iustus,  -a,  -um,  [ius],  adj.,  just, 
upright;  fair,  lawful,  proper, 
equitable;  right,  suitable ,  sufficient, 
complete. 


inventus,  -utis,  [iuvenis],  f.,  age 
of  youth,  youth,  reckoned  ordi- 
narily from  the  twentieth  to  the 
fortieth  year  ;  by  metonymy, 
young  people,  young  folk,  youth. 

iuvo,  -are,  iuvl,  iutum,  1,  a. 
and  n.,  help,  aid,  assist,  support , 
gratify,  please,  delight. 

K. 

Kal.,  =  Kalendae. 

Kalendae,  -arum,  abbreviated 
Kal.,  [cf.  calo,  convoke'],  f.,  pi., 
the  Calends,  the  first  day  of  the 
month.  Kalendae  Maiae,  the 
first  of  May. 

Karthaginiensis,-e,[Karthag5], 
adj.,  of  Carthage,  Carthaginian. 
As  subst.,  Karthaginienses, 
-ium,  m.,  pi.,  people  of  Carthage, 
Ca  rthaginia  ns. 

Karthago,  -inis,  f.,  Carthage. 

L. 

L.f  —  Lucius. 

labefacto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  labefacio],  1,  a.,  cause  to  totter, 
shake,  disturb ,  weaken,  under- 
mine ;  overthrow,  ruin,  destroy. 

labes,  -is,  [labor],  f.,  sinking  in, 
settling;  spot,  blemish,  stain,  dis- 
grace. 

labor,  labi,  lapsus  sum,  3,  dep., 
glide,  slip,  sink,  fall ;  go  to  ruin, 
perish  ;  fall  into  error,  err,  go 
astray. 

labor,  -oris,  m.,  labor,  toil,  effort, 
exertion,  care  ;  hardship,  trouble. 

labSriosus,  -a,  -um,  [labor],  adj , 
laborious,  toilsome,  wearisome ; 
troubled. 

labor 6,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [labor], 
1,  n.  and  a.,  toil,  labor  ;  be  in  dis- 
tress, be  in  trouble,  suffer  pain,  suf- 
fer; totter,  threaten  to  give  xvay. 


LACESSO 


74 


LATROCINOR 


lacesso,  -ere,  lacesslvi,  laeessi- 
tum,  [lacio,  entice],  3,  a.,  excite, 
provoke ;  irritate,  harass,  defy. 

Laconicus,  -a,  -um,  [AanoopticSs], 
adj.,  of  Laconia,  Laconian.  As 
subst.,  Laconicum,  -1,  n.,  sweat- 
ing-room, sweating-bath,  of  the 
sort  first  used  by  the  Lacedae- 
monians. 

lacrima,  -ae,  f.,  tear. 

lacrimo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [lacri- 
ma], 1,  n.  and  a.,  shed  tears, 
weep  ;  bewail,  lament. 

lactens,  -entis,  [part,  of  unused 
lacteo,  from  lac],  adj.,  taking 
milk,  suckling. 

Laeca,  -ae,  m.,  M.  Porcius  Laeca, 
a  senator  who  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline. 
Cat.  I.  iv.,  II.  vi. 

laedo,  -ere,  laesi,  laesum,  3,  a., 
hurt,  wound,  injure ;  offend, 
grieve,  pain,  vex;  betray,  vio- 
'  late. 

Laelius,  -I,  m.,  Gdius  Laelius 
Sapiens,  whose  friendship  with 
the  younger  Scipio  Africanus 
was  proverbial,  and  is  celebrated 
in  Cicero's  De  Amiatid.  He 
was  born  about  186  B.  c,  per- 
formed heroic  exploits  in  the 
third  Punic  War,  and  was  con- 
sul B.  c.  140.  He  is  Cicero's 
typical  example  of  the  best  re- 
sults of  cultivation  acting  on  a 
character  which  exhibited  in 
their  fullest  extent  the  ideal  Ro- 
man virtues.    Arch.  vii. 

Laenius,  -1,  m.,  see  Flaccus,  (4). 

laetitia,  -ae,  [laetus],  f.,  joy,  re- 
joicing;  delight,  gladness,  pleas- 
ure. 

laetor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [cf.  lae- 
tus], 1,  dep.,  rejoice,  be  joyful,  be 
glad. 

lamentatio,  -onis,  [lamentor],  f., 
wailing,  moaning,  weeping;  la- 
menting, lamentation. 


lamentor,  -an,  -atus  sum,  [la- 
mentum,  wailing],  1,  dep.,  wail, 
moan  ;   lament,  bewail,  bemoan. 

languidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  weak, 
sluggish,  languid ;  feeble,  inac- 
tive, listless. 

largior,  -iri,  -Itus  sum,  [largus], 
4,  dep.,  lavish,  dispense,  distrib- 
ute, bestow  ;  give  largesses,  bribe. 

largitio,  -onis,  [largior],  f.,  lavish 
giving,  dispensing,  bestowing,  dis- 
tribution ;  bribery. 

largitor,  -oris,  [largior],  m.,  lavish 
giver,  dispenser,  spendthrift,  prod- 
igal ;  giver  of  bribes,  briber. 

late  [latus],  adv.,  broadly,  widely; 
extensively,  far  and  wide. 

latebra,  -ae,  [lateo],  f,  hiding- 
place,  lurking-place,  recess,  re- 
treat ;  pretence,  excuse. 

lateo,  -ere,  -ui, ,  2,  n.,  lie  hid, 

be  hidden,  lurk ;  be  concealed, 
escape  notice. 

Latiniensis,  is,  m.,  see  Caelius, 

(1). 

Latmus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Latium, 
Latin  ;  Roman. 

latio,  -onis,  [cf.  latus,  tollo],  f., 
bringing  forward ;  of  a  law, 
proposal. 

Latium,  -I,  n.,  Latium,  the  coun- 
try in  which  Rome  was  situated, 
on  the  west  side  of  Italy,  between 
Etruria  and  Campania. 

lator,  -oris,  [cf.  latus,  tollo],  m., 
bnnger ;  of  a  law,  proposer, 
mover. 

latro,  -onis,  m.,  originally  mer 
cenary  soldier;  hence,  highway- 
man, bandit,  brigand. 

latrocinium,  -I,  [latrocinor],  n., 
highway-robbery,  brigandage,  rob- 
bery ;  band  of  robbers. 

latrocinor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [la- 
tro], 1,  dep.,  originally  be  a  hired 
soldier;  hence  practice  highway 
robbery,  plunder,  rob  along  the 
highways. 


LATUS 


75 


LENTULUS 


latus,  -eris,  n.,  side,  flank;  by 
metonymy,  body,  person,  life. 

laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [laus], 
I,  a.,  praise,  commend,  extol,  eulo- 
gize. 

laus,  laudis,  f.,  praise,  commenda- 
tion', glory,  fame,  renown,  credit, 
merit. 

lectito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  lego],  I,  a.,  read  often,  read 
again  and  again,  peruse. 

lectulus,  -I,  [dim.  of  lectus],  m., 
small  couch,  {little)  bed. 

lectus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  lego], 
adj.,  chosen,  picked,  selected  ; 
choice,  excellent. 

lectus,  -I,  m.,  couch,  bed,  lounge. 

legatio,  -onis,  [lego],  f.,  embassy, 
legation. 

legatus,  -I,  [lego],  m.,  embassador, 
envoy,  legate  ;  lieutenant. 

legio,  -onis,  [cf.  lego],  f.,  legion,  a 
body  of  soldiers  containing  ten 
cohorts  of  infantry,  and  accom- 
panied ordinarily  by  three  hun- 
dred cavalrymen. 

legitimus,  -a,  -um,  [lex],  adj., 
legal,  lawful,  legitimate ,  just, 
proper. 

lego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [lex],  i,  a., 
lit.  appoint  legally;  hence,  com- 
mission, send  as  embassador ; 
send  as  deputy,  commission  as 
lieutenant ;  leave  by  will,  will. 

lego,  -ere,  legi,  lectum,  3,  a., 
bring  together,  collect ;  select, 
choose;  coast  along;  elect,  ap- 
point ;   read,  peruse. 

lenio,  Tre,  -IvT,  -Hum,  [lenis],  4, 
a.,  soften,  mollify,  calm,  soothe  ; 
appease,  mitigate,  pacify. 

lenis,  -e,  adj.,  soft,  gentle,  mild, 
smooth,  calm  ;  kind,  moderate. 

lenitas,  -atis,  [lenis],  f ,  soft- 
ness, gentleness,  mildness,  tender- 
ness. 

lSno,  -onis,  m.,  panderer,. procurer, 
seducer. 


lente  [lentus],  adv.,  slowly,  lei- 
surely;  calmly,  indifferently. 

Lentulus,  -I,  [lens,  lentil],  m., 
name  of  one  of  the  proudest, 
families  of  the  Cornelian  gens. 
Of  the  eighteen  Lentuli  men- 
tioned by  Cicero  the  following 
are  referred  to  in  this  book : 

( 1 )  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus,  con- 
sul 162  B.  c,  afterwards  princeps 
senatus.  He  was  wounded  in 
the  riot  in  which  C.  Gracchus 
was  slain,  B.  c.  121,  and  died 
soon  afterwards.  He  was  grand- 
father of  the  Lentulus  associated 
with  Catiline.     Cat.  IV.  vi. 

(2)  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus,  prae- 
tor b.  c.  89.     Arch.  v. 

(3)  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus, 
tribune  of  the  people  and  the 
following  year  legatus.  Imp.  P. 
XIX. 

(4)  Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus 
Clodidnus,  consul  in  72,  censor 
70  B.C.,  and  one  of  the  lieuten- 
ants of  Pompey  in  the  campaign 
against    the    pirates.      Imp.    P. 

XXIII. 

(5)  L.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Crus, 
consul  B.  C.  49.  In  the  strife  be- 
tween Caesar  and  Pompey  he 
took  sides  with  the  latter.  After 
the  battle  of  Pharsalia  he  fol- 
lowed Pompey  to  Egypt,  and 
was  there  imprisoned  and  put 
to  death.     Ep.  xix. 

(6)  P  Cornelius  Lentulus  Spin- 
ther,  consul  B.C.  57.  On  the  day 
of  his  entering  upon  the  duties 
of  his  office  he  brought  forward 
a  proposal  for  the  recall  of  Cicero 
from  exile.  In  the  Civil  War  he 
joined  the  party  of  Pompey.    Ep. 

IX- 

(7)  P  Cornelius  Lentulus  Siira, 
an  important  member  of  the  Cati- 
linarian  conspiracy.  He  was  con- 
sul  b.  c   71,  but  was  expelled 


LENTUS 


76 


LIBERALITER 


from  the  senate  the  following 
year  on  account  of  his  infamous 
morals.  He  expected,  from  his 
high  rank,  to  become  a  leader  in 
the  conspiracy,  but  he  lacked  the 
resolution  requisite  for  success. 
He  was  executed  along  with  the 
other  conspirators,  Dec.  5,  B.  c. 
63.     Cat.  III.  11.  et  seq. 

lentus,  -a,  -urn,  [cf.  lenis],  adj., 
pliant,  yielding,  tough ;  slow, 
backward ;   easy,  unconcerned. 

lepidus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  lepos],  adj., 
pleasant,  agreeable,  fine;  nice, 
pretty. 

Lepidus,  -I,  [lepidus],  m.,  name 
of  a  distinguished  family  of  the 
Aemilian  gens.  The  following 
members  are  mentioned  in  this 
book: 

( 1 )  M.  Aemilius  Lepidus,  con- 
sul B.C.  78.  He  attempted  to 
overthrow  the  constitution  es- 
tablished by  Sulla,  was  opposed 
by  Catulus,  his  colleague  in  the 
consulship,  and  unsuccessful. 
The  following  year  he  took  up 
arms  against  his  opponents,  was 
defeated  in  a  battle  in  the  Cam- 
pus M artius,  fled  from  Italy,  and 
died  shortly  after.     Cat.  III.  x. 

(2)  M\  Aemilius  Lepidus,  con- 
sul b.  c.  66.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  aristocratic  party,  but 
when  the  war  broke  out  between 
Caesar  and  Pompey  he  went  into 
retirement.     Cat.  I.  vi.,  vin. 

(3)  M.  Aemilius  Lepidus,  con- 
sul with  Julius  Caesar,  b.  c.  46. 
He  rendered  valuable  assistance 
to  Caesar  in  the  war  with  Pom- 
pey, and  afterwards  was  united 
with  Antony  and  Octavianus  in 
the  second  triumvirate.  He  died 
B.C.  13.     Ep.  xlv. 

Lepta,  -ae,  m.,  Q.  Lepta,  a  native 
of  Cales,  in  Campania,  and  com- 
mander of  the  engineering  corps 


(praefectus  fabrum)  under  Cicero 
in  Cilicia,  b.  c.  51.  He  was  a 
debtor  of  Cicero,  with  whom  he 
remained  on  intimate  terms.  Ep. 
xix.,  xxi. 

lev  amen,  -inis,  [levo],  n.,  consola- 
tion, solace. 

levis,  -e,  adj.,  light ;  airy ,  flitting, 
swift,  nimble;  slight,  trifling, 
trivial,  easy;  capricious,  incon- 
stant, fickle. 

le vitas,  -atis,  [levis],  f.,  lightness ; 
light-mindedness ,  fickleness ,  incon- 
stancy. 

leviter,  comp.  levius,  sup.  levis- 
sime,  [levis],  adv.,  lightly; 
slightly,  somewhat ;    easily. 

levo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [levis],  1, 
a.,  lift  up,  raise;  lighten,  make 
lighter,  relieve ;  remove ;  take 
away,  take  down;  console,  re- 
fresh; mitigate,  alleviate,  lessen; 
release,  discharge,  free. 

lex,  legis,  f.,  law,  enactment,  stat- 
ute ;  rule,  regulation  ;  manner ; 
agreement ;  condition,  stipulation, 
terms. 

libellus,  -1,  [dim.  of  liber],  m., 
little  book,  pamphlet ;  memorial, 
notice,  indictment. 

libens,  -entis,  [libet],  adj.,  willing, 
with  good  will ;  glad,  with  plea- 
sure. 

libenter  [libens],  adv.,  willingly, 
cheerfully  ;  gladly,  with  pleasure. 

liber,  -era,  -erum,  [cf.  libet],  adj., 
free  ;  unrestrained,  unrestricted; 
unimpeded,  loose. 

liber,  -bri,  m.,  book. 

liberalis,  -e,  [liber],  adj.,  of  free- 
dom ;  worthy  of  a  freeman,  noble, 
honorable,  .  dignified,  ingenuous  ; 
kind,  gracious  ;  generous,  liberal. 

liberalitas,  -atis,  [liberalis],  f., 
nobility,  kindness,  courtesy ;  gen' 
erosity,  liberality. 

liberaliter  [liberalis],  adv.,  nobly 
kindly  ;  generously,  liberally. 


LIBERE 


77 


LONGINQUITAS 


libere,  comp.  Hberius,  [liber], 
adv.,  freely ;  frankly,  openly, 
boldly. 

liberi,  -orum  or  Uberum,  [liber], 
m.,  properly  free  persons  ;  hence, 
children  of  a  family,  children. 

libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [liber], 
i,  a.,  set  free,  make  free,  free,  lib- 
erate ;  release,  extricate,  deliver ; 
acquit,  absolve. 

libertas,  -atis,  [liber],  i.,  freedom, 
liberty,  independence. 

libertinus,  -a,  -um,  plbertus], 
adj.,  of  a  freedman.  liberti- 
nus homo,  freedman.  As 
subst.,  libertinus,  -I,  m.,  freed- 
man. 

llbertus,  -I,  [liber],  m.,  one  made 
free,  freedman. 

libet,  -ere,  libuit  and  libitum 
est,  2,  n.,  impers.,  it  pleases,  it 
is  pleasing,  it  is  agreeable. 

libido,  -inis,  [libet],  f.,  desire, 
longing,  inclination ;  passion,  sen- 
suality, wantonness,  lust. 

Lib 5,  -onis,  m.,  L.  Scribonius  Libd, 
consul  B.  c.  34.  His  daughter 
married  one  of  the  sons  of  Pom- 
pey,  to  whom  he  rendered  valu- 
able assistance  in  the  Civil  War. 
Ep.  XXIX.,  XXXVI. 

licet,  -ere,  licuit  and  licitum  est, 
2,  n.,  impers.,  it  is  allowed,  it  is 
lawful,  it  is  permitted ;  used  to 
introduce  a  concessive  subj., 
passing  over  into  a  conjunction, 
granted  that,  even  if,  conceding 
that,  notwithstanding. 

Licinius,  -a,  name  of  a  plebeian 
gens,  to  which  belonged  several 
prominent  families  and  many 
distinguished  members.  See 
Archias,  Crassus,  Lucullus, 
Murena. 

lingua,  -ae,  f.,  tongue;  by  met- 
onymy, language,  utterance ; 
speech,  dialect;  garrulity,  boast- 
ful speech. 


linum,  -1,  [Kivov],  n.,  flax  ;  by  met- 
onymy, flaxen  thread,  thread, 
cord;  rope,  cable ;  linen  cloth; 
net. 

liquefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -fac- 
tum, pass,  liquefio,  -fieri,  -fac- 
tus  sum,  [liqueo  +  facio],  3,  a., 
make  liquid,  dissolve,  melt. 

littera,  -ae,  f.,  letter,  xuritten  char- 
acter ;  writing,  document,  inscrip- 
tion ;  letter,  epistle ;  literature, 
letters. 

litteratus,  -a,  -um,  [littera],  adj., 
of  letters  ;  learned,  liberally  edu- 
cated. 

litura,  -ae,  [lino,  smear],  f.,  smear- 
ing, erasure,  especially  of  wax  on 
a  writing-tablet  in  order  to  make 
an  erasure ;  hence,  blotting  out, 
correction. 

loco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [locus], 
1,  a.,  put,  place ;  arrange,  dis- 
pose ;  place  by  contract,  let  a  con- 
tract. 

Locrenses,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  Locrians, 
inhabitants  of  Locri  Epizephyrii, 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  Italy. 

locuples,  -etis,  [locus,  cf.  -pleo], 
adj.,  rich  in  lands,  opulent, 
wealthy ;  richly  stored,  well  sup- 
plied;  trustxvorthy. 

locupleto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [lo- 
cuples], 1,  a.,  enrich,  make  rich. 

locus,  -1,  m.,  pi.  loci,  -orum,  when 
referring  to  single  places,  loca, 
-orum,  when  referring  to  places 
connected,  as  a  region,  place, 
spot ;  post,  station,  position  ;  loca- 
tion, region,  country;  topic,  subject 
under  discussion  or  cited ;  oppor- 
tunity ;  room. 

longg,  comp.  longius,  sup.  longis- 
sime,  [longus],  adv.,  far,  far  off, 
at  a  distance;  for  a  long  time, 
long;  greatly,  much,  by  far. 

longinquitas,  -atis,  pongln- 
quus],  f.,  distance,  remoteness ; 
of  time,  length,  duration. 


LONGINQUUS 


78 


LUXURIA 


longinquus,  -a,  -um,  [longus], 
adj.,  far  removed,  remote,  dis- 
tant;  prolonged,  lasting.  As 
subst,  longinqua,  -orum,  n., 
pi.,  far-off  events,  remote  events. 
Imp.  P.  xn. 

longiusculus,  -a,  -um,  [longior], 
adj .,  rather  long,  quite  long. 

longus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  long,  ex- 
tended, far-reaching,  expanded ; 
of  long  duration,  prolonged,  te- 
dious ;  distant,  remote.  ne 
longum  sit,  not  to  be  tedious,  to 
speak  briefly. 

loquor,  loqul,  locutus  sum,  3, 
dep.,  speak,  say,  talk ;  tell,  men- 
tion, declare ;  show,  indicate,  tes- 
tify. 

Lucius,  -I,  abbreviated  L.,  m., 
Lucius,  a  Roman  forename. 

Lucrinensis,  -is,  [Lucrlnus],  adj., 
Lucrine,  of  the  Lucrine  Lake, 
near  Baiae,  west  of  Naples.  Ep. 
xii. 

luctuosus,  -a,  -um,  [luctus],  adj., 
full  of  sorrow,  lamentable,  sor- 
rowful, mournful. 

luctus,  -us,  [lugeo,  mourn],  m., 
mourning,  grief,  sorrow,  lamenta- 
tion ;  distress,  affliction. 

Lucullus,  -1,  m.,  name  of  a  family 
in  the  Licinian  gens.  Three 
members  of  it,  L.  Licinius  Lu- 
cullus and  his  sons  Lucius  and 
Marcus,  are  mentioned  together 
by  Cicero  as  LuculU,  gen. 
-orum,  (Arch.  hi.  et  al.)  : 

( 1 )  L.  Licinius  Lucullus,  prae- 
tor b.  c.  103.  He  was  sent  the 
following  year  to  quell  an  in- 
surrection of  slaves  in  Sicily. 
Though  at  first  successful,  he 
soon  lost  ground  to  the  enemy 
and  was  recalled.  On  his  return 
to  Rome  he  was  convicted  of 
maladministration  and  exiled. 

(2)  L.  Licinius  Lucullus,  son 
of  the  preceding,  consul  B.C.  74. 


He  distinguished  himself  as 
quaestor  of  Sulla  in  Greece  and 
Asia,  and  afterwards  by  his  suc- 
cesses in  the  war  with  Mithri- 
dates.  As  he  failed  to  bring  this 
to  a  successful  termination,  he 
was  recalled,  and  afterwards  re- 
signed himself  to  a  life  of  luxury. 
Imp.  P.  11.  et  al. 

(3)  M.  Licinius  Lucullus, 
brother  of  (2),  consul  B.  c.  73. 
Having  obtained  Macedonia  as 
his  province,  he  defeated  the 
barbarous  tribes  along  the  north- 
ern frontier  in  numerous  engage- 
ments and  captured  several  sedi- 
tious Greek  cities  on  the  Euxine 
sea.  He  was  honored  with  a 
triumph,  b.  c.  71.    Arch.  iv. 

ludus,  -1,  [cf.  ludoj,  in,  flay, 
game,  sport,  pastime ;  joke,  fun  ; 
pi.  often  public  games,  spectacles. 

lugeo,  -ere,  luxi,  luctum,  2,  a. 
and  n.,  mourn,  lament,  bewail, 
deplore. 

lumen,  -inis,  [cf.  luceo],  n.,  light ; 
by  metonymy,  source  of  light,  as 
lamp,  torch  ;  light  of  the  eye,  eye  ; 
brightness,  glory. 

lupinus,  -a,  -um,  [lupus],  adj.,  of 
a  wolf,  wolf's. 

Lupus,  -1,  m.,  Lupus,  a  friend  of 
Cicero  and  of  D.  Brutus.     Ep. 

XLVI. 

lustro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [lus- 
trum], 1,  a.,  make  light,  light 
up ;  wander  over,  traverse ;  of 
religious  services,  make  pure  by 
expiatory  offerings,  purify,  lus- 
trate. 

lux,  lucis,  [cf.  luceo],  f.,  light, 
brightness;  by  metonymy,  day- 
light, day  ;  light  of  life,  life  ;  eye- 
sight, eye  ;  public  view,  the  pub- 
lic ;  help,  succor. 

luxuria,  -ae,  [luxus],  f.,  extrava- 
gance, riotous  living,  excess,  lux- 
ury. 


M 


79 


MANDATUS 


M. 

M.,  =  Mdrcus,  a  common  Roman 
forename. 

M'.,  =  Mdnius,  a  Roman  forename. 

Macedonia,  -ae,  [Ma/ceSoWa],  f., 
Macedonia,  Macedon.     Ep.  vin. 

machinator,  -oris,  [machinor], 
m.,  contriver,  designer,  deviser, 
inventor. 

machinor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [ma- 
china],  i,  dep.,  contrive,  design, 
devise,  invent ;  scheme,  plot. 

macto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ma- 
ctus,  glorified],  I,  a.,  glorify,  extol; 
sacrifice,  devote  in  honor  of  the 
gods ;  kill,  put  to  death  ;  afflict, 
visit  with  punishment,  punish. 

macula,  -ae,  f.,  spot,  stain;  blem- 
ish, fault,  disgrace. 

Maelius,  -I,  m.,  with  Sp.,  Spurius 
Maelius,  a  wealthy  plebeian  who, 
in  a  time  of  great  famine  at 
Rome,  440  b.  c,  bought  up  grain 
in  Etruria  and  either  distributed 
it  among  the  poor  gratuitously  or 
sold  it  at  a  very  low  price.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  ac- 
cused of  aiming  at  the  supreme 
power  and  slain  by  Servilius 
Ahala,  the  master  of  the  horse, 
while  attempting  to  escape  ar- 
rest.    Cat.  I.  1. 

maeror,  -oris,  [maereo],  m., 
mourning,  sadness,  grief,  sorrow. 

magis  [root  mag  in  magnus], 
adv.,  more,  in  a  greater  measure  ; 
in  a  higher  degree,  far  more, 
rather,  in  preference. 

magister,  -tri,  [cf.  magnus],  m., 
master,  leader,  director ;  instruc- 
tor, teacher  ;  guide,  guardian. 

magistrates,  -us,  [magister],  m., 
office  of  magistrate,  civil  office, 
magistracy ;  by  metonymy,  ma- 
gistrate, public  officer. 

magnifice,  comp.  magnificentius, 
sup.   magnificentissime,    [mag- 


nificus],  adv.,  nobly,  grandly \ 
gloriously ;  splendidly,  magnifi- 
cently. 

magnitudo,  -inis,  [magnus],  f., 
greatness,  size,  magnitude  ;  quan- 
tity, abundance,  extent. 

magnus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  maior, 
sup.  maximus,  adj.,  great,  vast, 
wide,  large,  tall ;  abundant,  con- 
siderable ;  grand,  noble,  mighty ; 
stately,  lofty  ;  eminent,  powerful  ; 
old,  aged ;  proud,  boastful.  As 
subst.,  comp.  maiores,  -um,  m., 
pi.,  fathers,  ancestors. 

Magnus,  -1,  m.,  surname  of  Pom- 
pey.     See  Pompeius. 

maior,  see  magnus. 

Maius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  May.  As 
subst.,  Maius,  -1,  m.,  May. 

male  [maius],  comp.  peius,  sup. 
pessime,  adv.,  ///,  badly,  wretch- 
edly, awkwardly ;  maliciously, 
evilly,  wickedly  ;  unfortunately  ; 
unsuccessfully  ;  excessively,  great- 
ly; sometimes  with  adj.,  scarcely, 
not  at  all. 

maleficium,  -1,  [maleficus],  n., 
evil  deed,  offense,  wickedness ;  mis- 
chief, hurt,  wrong. 

malleolus,  -1,  [dim.  of  malleus, 
hammer],  m.,  small  hammer  ;  by 
metonymy,  fire-dart,  fire-brand. 

maid,  malle,  malul,  [magis  -f 
volo],  irr.,  a.,  wish  rather,  choose 
rather,  prefer. 

malum,  -1,  [maius],  n.,  evil,  mis- 
fortune, calamity  ;  hurt,  punish- 
ment ;  wrong-doing,  crime. 

maius,  -a,  -um,  comp.  peior,  sup. 
pessimus,  adj.,  bad ;  wicked,  de- 
praved, evil,  impious  ;  pernicious, 
hostile,  injurious,  destructive. 

mandatum,  -1,  [mando],  n., 
charge,  commission ;  command, 
order,  instruction. 

mandatus,  -us,  used  only  in  the 
abl.,  [mando],  m.,  order,  com- 
mand. 


MANDO 


80 


MARCELLUS 


mando,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [manus 
+  do],  I,  a.,  put  in  hand,  commit; 
deliver  over,  confide,  intrust ;  en- 
join, order,  command. 

mane,  adv.,  in  the  morning,  early 
in  the  morning. 

maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  mansum,  2, 
n.  and  a.,  stay,  remain,  tarry ; 
continue,  last,  persist,  endure  ; 
await,  wait  for,  expect;  fall  to 
one's  lot,  be  destined  to. 

manicatus,  -a,  -vim,  [manica, 
sleeve],  adj.,  with  long  sleeves, 
long-sleeved. 

manifesto  [manifestus],  adv., 
clearly,  plainly,  manifestly. 

manifestus,  -a,  -um,  [manus,  cf. 
unused  f  e n  d 6] ,  adj.,  clear,  plain ; 
evident,  manifest,  exposed ;  con- 
victed from  direct  evidence, 
caught  in  the  act. 

Manilius,  -a,  name  of  a  plebeian 
gens.  Two  Manilii  are  men- 
tioned in  this  book  : 

( 1 )  C.  Manilius,  tribune  of  the 
people  b.  c.  66.  He  brought  for- 
ward the  bill  placing  Pompey  in 
command  of  the  war  with  Mithri- 
dates.  After  the  expiration  of 
his  term  of  office  he  was  brought 
to  trial  and  condemned.  The 
nature  of  his  offence  is  not  un- 
derstood.   Imp.  P.  xxiv. 

(2)  M\  Mdnllius,  a  celebrated 
jurist,  consul  b.  c.  149.  Cicero 
introduces  him  as  one  of  the 
speakers  in  his  dialogue  De  Re 
publicd,  'On  the  State.'  Ep. 
xxxviii. 

Manius,  -1,  abbreviated  M\, 
[mane],  m.,  Mdnius,  a  Roman 
forename. 

Manlianus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of 
Manlius,  Manlian. 

Manlius,  -a,  name  of  a  patrician 
gens.  Two  of  the  name  are 
mentioned  in  this  book  : 

(1)  C.  Manlius,  an  important 


member  of  the  Catilinarian  con« 
spiracy.  Having  served  with 
distinction  as  a  centurion  under 
Sulla,  he  was  placed  by  Catiline 
in  charge  of  the  troops  at  Fae- 
sulae.  In  the  final  battle  with 
Antony,  Manlius  commanded  the 
right  wing  and  was  killed.  Cat. 
I.  in.  et  al. 

(2)  L.  Mdnlius  Torqudtus, 
consul  with  L.  Aurelius  Cotta, 
B.  C.  65.  He  was  active  in  help- 
ing to  suppress  the  Catilinarian 
conspiracy.     Cat.  III.  vm. 

mano,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  n.  and 
a.,  drip,  trickle,  flow ;  spread 
abroad,   be  diffused. 

mansuete  [mansuetus],  adv., 
gently,   mildly,  calmly. 

mansuetudo,  -inis,  [mansue- 
tus], {.,  gentleness,  mildness, 
clemency. 

manubiae,  -arum,  [manus],  f.,  pi., 
booty  taken  in  war,  spoils ;  pro- 

.  ceeds  from  the  sale  of  booty, 
booty-money,  prize-money. 

manus,  -us,  f.,  hand ;  handwrit- 
ing, style  ;  band,  force,  company, 
forces,  troops. 

Marcellus,  -1,  [Marcus],  m., 
name  of  a  plebeian  family  in  the 
Claudian  gens.  Prominent  mem- 
bers are  together  referred  to  as 
Marcelli,  gen.  -orum  (Arch, 
ix.,  Mar.  iv.).  Three  are  men- 
tioned in  this  book: 

( 1 )  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  the 
most  illustrious  of  the  family, 
five  times  consul.  When  consul 
the  third  time,  B.  C.  214,  he  went 
to  Sicily,  and  after  a  siege  of  two 
years'  duration  took  Syracuse, 
though  it  was  defended  by  the 
engines  of  Archimedes.  He  also 
rendered  other  important  ser- 
vices to  the  state.     Imp.  P.  xvi. 

(2)  M.  Claudius  Marcellus, 
consul    B.  c.   51   and   subject   of 


MARCUS 


81 


MAXIMUS 


the   oration   Pro  Mdrcello  ;    see 
pp.  159-170  and  notes.     Cat.  I. 

VIII. 

(3)  C.  Claudius  Mdrcellus, 
brother  of  the  preceding,  consul 
B.  c.  49.  He  was  an  opponent  of 
Caesar,  but  did  not  follow  Pom- 
pey  to  Greece,  and  easily  ob- 
tained pardon  from  the  dictator, 
with  whom  he  interceded  for  the 
restoration  of  his  brother  to  civil 
rights.     Mar.  iv.,  xi. 

Marcus,  -I,  abbreviated  M.,  m., 
Marcus,  a  common  Roman  fore- 
name ;  our  Mark. 

mare,  -is,  abl.  marl,  sometimes 
mare,  n.,  sea. 

maritimus,  -a,  -um,  [mare],  adj., 
of  the  sea,  marine,  maritime. 

maritus,  -I,  [cf.  mas,  male],  m., 
married  man,  husband. 

Marius,  -a,  name  of  a  plebeian 
gens.  Two  of  the  name  are 
mentioned  in  this  book  : 

(1)  C.  Marius,  famous  as  the 
conqueror  of  the  Teutones  and 
Cimbri,  and  as  a  leader  of  the 
popular  party  ;'  born  157  b.  c, 
near  Arpinum.  He  served  with 
distinction  under  Scipio  in  Spain, 
being  present  at  the  siege  of  Nu- 
mantia.  He  put  an  end  to  the 
war  with  Jugurtha,  B.  c.  106.  He 
annihilated  the  Teutones  near 
Aix,  in  France,  b.  c.  102,  and  the 
Cimbri  the  following  year  near 
Vercelli,  in  Italy.  His  opposi- 
tion to  the  aristocratic  party  led 
to  a  merciless  Civil  War.  He 
was  seven  times  consul,  and  died 
b.  c.  86.     Cat.  I.  11.  et  al. 

(2)  M.  Marius,  a  congenial 
friend  of  Cicero's.     Ep.  xxix. 

marmor,  -oris,  [—  fxdpfxapos],  n., 
marble,  block  of  marble  ;  by  met- 
onymy, marble  monument,  statue. 

Mars,  Martis,  m.,  Mdrs,  the  Ro- 
man god  of  war,  identified  with 


the  Greek  Ares  ;  by  metonymy, 
war,  battle ;   conflict,  contest. 

Martialis,  -e,  adj.,  of  Mars,  Mar- 
tial. As  subst,  Martiales,  -ium, 
m.,  pi.,  men  of  the  Mars  legion, 
soldiers  of  the  Mars  legion. 

Martius,  -a,  -um,  [Mars],  adj., 
of  Mars,  sacred  to  Mars  ;  of  the 
month  of  March,  of  March. 
Martia  legio,  the  Mars  legion. 

Massilia,  -ae,  [=  MaaaiAia],  f., 
Massilia,  an  important  city  of 
Greek  origin  on  the  south  coast 
of  Gaul;  now  Marseilles. 

Massilienses,  -ium,  [Massilia], 
m. ,  people  of  Massilia ,  Massilians. 

mater,  -tris,  f,  mother;  parent, 
nurse  ;  origin,  source. 

matrimonium,  -1,  [mater],  n., 
marriage,  wedlock,  matrimony. 

mature,  comp.  maturius,  sup. 
maturissime,  [maturus],  adv  , 
seasonably,  opportunely ;  early, 
soon,  speedily. 

maturitas,  -atis,  [maturus],  f., 
ripeness,  maturity. 

maturo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ma- 
turus], 1,  a.  and  n.,  make  ripe, 
bring  to  maturity,  ripen  ;  hasten, 
accelerate. 

maturus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  ripe,  ma- 
ture;  fit,  proper;  of  mature 
years ;   early,  speedy. 

maxime  [maximus],  adv.,  in  the 
highest  degree,  especially,  particu- 
larly ;  exceedingly,  very. 

Maximi,  -orum,  pi.  of  Maximus, 
m.,  men  like  Maximus  (referring 
to  Q.  Fabius  Maximus),  Maximi. 
Arch.  ix. 

maximus,  see    magnus. 

Maximus,  -1,  Mdximus,  m.,  name 
of  a  family  of  the  Fabian  gens. 
The  most  famous  was  Q.  Fabius 
Maximus,  whose  policy  of  avoid- 
ing open  battle  wore  out  Hanni- 
bal, and  won  for  him  the  epithet 
Cunctdtor.     Imp.  P.  xvi. 


MEDEA 


82 


METELLUS 


Medea,  -ae,  [M^Seto],  f.,  Medea,  a 
mythical  sorceress,  said  to  have 
been  a  daughter  of  Aeetes,  king 
of  Colchis,  and  to  have  been 
married  to  Jason,  leader  of  the 
Argonauts,  by  whom  she  was 
afterwards  deserted.     Imp.  P.  IX. 

medeor,  -eri,  ,  2,  dep.,  heal, 

cure ;  relieve,  remedy,  correct, 
restore. 

medicina,  -ae,  [medicus],  f.,  the 
healing  art,  medicine;  remedy, 
antidote. 

medicus,  -1,  m.,  physician,  doctor. 

mediocris,  -e,  [medius],  adj., 
middling,  moderate,  ordinary ; 
mean,  poor,  inferior,  indifferent. 

mediocriter  [mediocris],  adv., 
moderately,  ordinarily ;  some- 
what, slightly. 

meditor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  1,  dep., 
reflect  upon,  think  of,  consider ; 
meditate,  plan,  devise  ;  study,  ex- 
ercise, practice,  prepare. 

medius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  middle,  in 
the  middle,  in  the  midst ;  mid- 
way, intervening,  between,  among. 
media  aestate,  at  midsummer. 
ex  media  morte,  from  the  midst 
of  death. 

Megalensia,  -ium,  [Meyd\Tj  /u-fiTTjp, 
i.  e.  Magna  Mater,  a  name  for 
Cybele],  n.,  pi.,  festival  of  Cybele, 
whose  worship  was  introduced 
at  Rome  from  Pessinus,  in  Asia 
Minor,  b.  c.  204.  The  festival 
began  on  April  4th,  and  the 
games,  at  least  in  later  times, 
lasted  till,  the  10th.     Ep.  xviii. 

melior,  see  bonus. 

membrum,  -I,  n.,  limb,  member; 
part,  branch,  portion,  division. 

memini,  -isse,  ,  def.,  n.  and 

a.,  remember,  recollect ;  be  mind- 
ful, bear  in  mind. 

Memmius,  -1,  m.,  C.  Memmius, 
tribune  of  the  people,  b.  c.  in. 
He   exposed  the  bribery   of  in- 


fluential nobles  by  Jugurtha, 
thus  arousing  bitter  hatred. 
When  a  candidate  for  the  con- 
sulship, B.  c.  100,  he  was  slain 
by  a  mob  acting  under  the  di- 
rection of  Saturninus  and  Glau- 
cia.    Cat.  IV.  11. 

memor,  -oris,  [cf.  memini],  adj., 
mindful,  remembering,  heedful. 

memoria,  -ae,  [memor],  f.,  mem- 
ory, remembrance,  recollection ; 
narration,  tradition. 

mendicitas,  -atis,  [mendlcus, 
beggarly],  £.,  beggary,  indigence, 
extreme  poverty. 

mens,  mentis,  f.,  mind,  intellect, 
soul ;  feeling,  disposition,  heart, 
spirit ;  plan,  purpose,  design,  in- 
tent ;  boldness,  courage.  captus 
mente,   beside  himself. 

mensis,  -is,  m.,  month. 

mentio,  -onis,  f.,  mention. 

mercator,  -oris,  [mercor,  trade], 
m.,  trader,  merchant,  dealer. 

merces,  -edis,  f.,  price,  pay,  wages  ; 
reward,  recompense. 

mereor,  -eri,  -itus  sum,  2,  dep., 
deserve,  be  entitled  to,  merit ; 
merit  recompense,  behave. 

merito  [meritum],  adv.,  deserved- 
ly, justly. 

meritum,  -1,  [meritus],  n.,  merit, 
service,  kindness,  favor. 

meritus,  -a,  -um,  [part  of  mereo], 
adj.,  deserving ;  deserved,  just, 
due,  proper. 

merx,  mercis,  f.,  goods,  merchan- 
dise, commodities,  wares. 

-met,  enclitic  suffix  used  with 
most  of  the  personal  pronouns, 
adding  an  intensive  force. 

Metellus,  -1,  m.,  name  of  a  promi- 
nent plebeian  family  of  the  Cae- 
cilian  gens.  The  Metelli  men- 
tioned in  this  book  are: 

(1)  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Nu- 
midicus,  consul  B.  C.  109.  For 
two   years,   first   as    consul,   then 


METUO 


83 


MIRIFICE 


as  proconsul,  he  conducted  the 
war  against  Jugurtha,  with  such 
success  that,  although  super- 
seded in  command  by  Marius, 
he  was  honored  with  a  triumph 
on  his  return  to  Rome  B.  c.  107, 
and  received  the  honorary  sur- 
name Numidicus.  Having  in- 
curred the  enmity  of  the  leaders 
of  the  popular  party,  he  was 
driven  into  exile,  b.  c.  100,  but 
was  recalled  the  following  year. 
Arch.  hi. 

(2)  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius, 
son  of  the  preceding,  praetor 
B.  c.  89,  consul  B.  c.  80.  He  re- 
ceived the  surname  Pius  (= 'De- 
voted') because  of  his  activity  in 
procuring  the  recall  of  his  father 
from  exile.  He  was  a  successful 
general  under  Sulla  in  the  war 
against  the  Marian  party.  Like 
his  father  he  was  a  patron  of  lit- 
erature and  the  arts.  Arch.  hi. 
etal. 

(3)  Q-  Caecilius  Metellus  Creti- 
cus,  tribune  of  the  people  B.  c. 
75  ;  legatus  the  following  year, 
and  consul  b.  c.  69.  He  gained 
his  honorary  surname  from  his 
conquest  of  Crete,  which  he  com- 
pleted in  two  years,  returning  to 
Rome  b.  c.  66.    Imp.  P.  xix. 

(4)  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Celer, 
praetor  b.  c.  63,  consul  B.  c  60. 
He  rendered  valuable  assistance 
to  Cicero  in  suppressing  the  con- 
spiracy of  Catiline,  and  was  an 
ardent  supporter  of  the  aristo- 
cratic party.  He  died  B.  c  59. 
Cat.  I.  viii.,  II.  in.,  xii. 

(5)  M.  Metellus,  an  associate 
of  Catiline,  about  whom  nothing 
further  is  known.     Cat.  I.  viii. 

metud,  -ere,  -ui,  -utum,  [metus], 
3,  a.  and  n.,  fear,  be  afraid, 
dread ;  be  apprehensive  of, 
avoid. 


metus,  -us,  m.,  fear,  dread,  appre- 
hension, anxiety. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  [me],  poss.  pron., 
adj.,  of  me,  mine,  my,  my  own. 
As  subst.,  mel,  -orum,  m.,  my 
kindred,  my  friends. 

mi,  voc.  of  meus. 

miles,  militis,  m.  and  f.,  soldier, 
common  soldier ;  foot-soldier,  in- 
fantry; by  metonymy,  soldiery, 
army. 

militaris,  -e,  [miles],  adj.,  of  a 
soldier,  of  war,  warlike,  military. 
res  militaris,  art  of  war.  signa 
militaria,  military  standards. 

militia,  -ae,  [miles],  f.,  military 
service,  warfare,  service,  war ;  by 
metonymy,  soldiery. 

millesimus,  -a,  -um,  [mille],  adj., 
the  thousandth. 

minae,  -arum,  f.,  pi.,  of  a  wall, 
projecting  points,  pinnacles  ; 
threats,  menaces. 

minime,  see  parum. 

minimus,  -a,  -um,  see  parvus. 

minitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [freq. 
of  minor],  1,  dep  ,  keep  threaten- 
ing, threaten,  menace. 

minor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [minae], 
1,  dep.,  project ;  threaten,  men- 
ace. 

minor,  see  parvus. 

Minucius,  -a,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens,  with  both  patrician  and 
plebeian  branches.  Minucius, 
-1,  Minucius,  an  associate  of  Cati- 
line. Cat.  II.  11.  See  also 
Basilus,   Thermus. 

minuo,  -ere,  minui,  minutum, 
[cf.  minor],  3,  a.  and  n.,  make 
small,  lessen,  diminish ;  reduce, 
lo7ver,  weaken. 

minus,  see  parvus  and  parum. 

mirabilis,  -e,  [miror],  adj.,  mar- 
vellous, wonderful,  admirable;  ex- 
traordinary, strange,  singular. 

mirifice  [mirificus],  adv.,  wonder 
fully,  exceedingly. 


MIROR 


84 


MODUS 


miror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [mirus],  i, 
dcp.,  wonder  at,  marvel ;  be  as- 
tonished, be  amazed ;  admire,  es- 
teem, regard. 

minis,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wonderful, 
marvellous,  strange,  amazing,  ex- 
traordinary. Nee  mirum,  and 
no  wonder,  and  it  is  not  strange. 

misceo,  -ere,  miscui,  mixtum, 
2,  a.,  mix,  mingle,  blend ;  unite, 
join,  associate,  assemble  ;  stir  up, 
disturb,  embroil. 

misellus,  -a,  -um,  [miser],  adj., 
poor,  wretched.  As  subst.,  mi- 
sella,  -ae,  f.,  unhappy  one,  poor 
thing.     Ep.  viii. 

Misenum,  -I,  [=  Ml<rr]v6v],  n., 
Misenum,  a  promontory  and 
town  on  the  coast  of  Campania, 
west  of  Neapolis  (=  Naples)  ; 
now  Capo  Miseno,  Miseno. 

miser,  -era,  -erum,  adj.,  wretched, 
miserable,  unhappy,  pitiable  ;  sad, 
distressing ;  poor,  worthless,  vile. 
Me  miserum  !  ah,  unhappy  me  ! 
wo  me  ! 

miserandus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
miser  or],  adj.,  to  be  pitied,  pitia- 
ble, deplorable;  wretched,  touch- 
ing. 

miseria,  -ae,  [miser],  f.,  wretch- 
edness, affliction,  misery,  distress. 

misericordia,  -ae,  [misericors] , 
{.,  tender-heartedness,  compassion, 
mercy,  pity. 

misericors,  -cordis,  [misereor  + 
cor],  adj.,  tender-hearted,  compas- 
sionate ;  merciful,  pitiful. 

Mithridates,  -is,  [=  MiepMrrjs, 
name  of  Persian  origin,  =  given 
to  Mithras,  gift  to  the  Sun],  m., 
Mithridates,  name  of  several 
kings  of  Pontus,  of  whom  the 
best  known  is  Mithridates  Eupa- 
tor,  also  called  the  Great.  He 
waged  war  with  Rome  for  many 
years.  He  committed  suicide, 
b.  c.  63.     Imp.  P.  viii.  et  al. 


Mithridaticus,  -a,  -um,  [Mi- 
thridates], adj.,  of  Mithridates. 
Mithridaticum  bellum,  the  war 
with  Mithridates.     ARCH.  IX. 

mitis,  -e,  adj.,  mild,  mellozu,  ripe  ; 
soft,  gentle,  kind. 

mitto,  -ere,  misi,  missum,  3,  a., 
send,  despatch ;  announce,  report, 
suggest ;  furnish,  produce  ;  dis- 
miss, let  go ;  forget,  cease  ;  re- 
lease; put  forth,  send  forth;  hurl, 
cast,  throw. 

mixtus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  misceo], 
adj.,  mixed,  confused. 

mobilis,  -e,  [moveo],  adj.,  easy  to 
be  moved,  movable  ;  pliant,  flex- 
ible ;  nimble,  quick;  inconstant, 
fickle,  changeable. 

moderate  [moderatus],  adv., 
with  moderation,  with  self-control, 
moderately. 

moderatio,  -onis,  [moderor],  f., 
keep i fig  within  bounds,  regula- 
tion ;  self-restraint,  self-control, 
moderation,  temperance. 

moderatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  mo- 
deror], adj.,  kept  within  bounds, 
restrained ;  self -restrained,  mod- 
erate. 

moderor,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  [mo- 
dus], I,  dep.,  to  keep  within 
bounds,  limit,  regulate ;  control, 
restrain,  govern. 

modestus,  -a,  -um,  [modus],  adj., 
keeping  within  bounds ;  gentle, 
forbearing,  modest,  discreet. 

modo  [modus],  adv.  and  conj. : 

(1)  As  adv.,  only,  merely,  sim- 
ply, but ;  just  now,  lately,  a  little 
while  ago,  recently.  non  modo 
.  .  .  sed,  not  only  .  .  .  but. 
See  dum. 

(2)  As  conj.,  if  only,  on  condi- 
tion that,  provided  that. 

modus,  -I,  m.,  measure,  extent; 
rhythm,  melody  ;  proper  measure, 
moderation;  limit,  bound;  way, 
manner,  fashion,  method.         hvi 


MOENIA 


85 


MULTUS 


iusce  modi,  of  this  sort,  of  such  a 
kind. 

moenia,  -ium,  n.,  pi.,  walls  for 
defence,  city  walls,  fortifications  ; 
by  metonymy,  walled  town,  city. 

moles,  -is,  f.,  mass,  bulk  ;  massive 
structure,  dam,  dyke,  foundation  ; 
weight,  greatness,  strength,  quan- 
tity ;  difficulty,  labor. 

moleste  [molestus],  adv.,  with 
difficulty,  with  vexation.  mo- 
leste ferre,  to  bear  with  vexa- 
tion, to  be  annoyed. 

molestia,  -ae,  [molestus],  f.,  trou- 
ble, annoyance,  vexation,  distress. 

molestus,  -a,  -um,  [moles],  adj., 
troublesome,  annoying,  irksome, 
grievous.  quibus  erat  moles- 
turn,  who  were  annoyed. 

molior,  -irl,  -itus  sum,  [moles], 
4,  dep.,  endeavor,  strive,  toil ;  set 
in  motion,  labor  upon ;  direct, 
continue ;  undertake,  attempt  ; 
build,  construct. 

mollis,  -e,  adj.,  supple,  pliant; 
tender,  delicate,  soft ;  mild,  easy, 
agreeable  ;  effeminate,  weak. 

moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  2,  a.,  re- 
mind, admonish,  warn  ;  instruct, 
teach  ;  foretell,  announce. 

monstrum,  -1,  [moneo],  n.,  omen, 
portent,  miracle ;  prodigy,  mon- 
ster, monstrosity,  abomination. 

nionumentum,  -1,  [moneo],  n., 
lit.  means  of  reminding ;  memo- 
rial, monument;  chronicle,  rec- 
ord. 

mora,  -ae,  f.,  delay,  pause ;  cause 
of  delay,  hindrance,  obstacle. 

morbus,  -1,  [morior],  m.,  sickness, 
disease,  ailment,  disorder. 

morior,  mori  and  moriri,  mor- 
tuus  sum,  3  and  4,  dep.,  die, 
expire  ;  wither,  decay,  pass  away. 

mors,  mortis,  f.,  death  ;  by  met- 
onymy, dead  body,  corpse. 

morsus,  -us,  [mordeo],  m.,  biting, 
bite  ;  pain,  sting. 


mortalis,  -e,  [mors],  adj.,  subject 
to  death,  mortal ;  of  a  mortal, 
human,  transitory.  As  subst., 
mortales,  -ium,  m.,  pi.,  mortals, 
mortal  men,  men,  mankind. 

mortuus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  mo- 
rior], adj.,  dead ;  decayed.  As 
subst.,  mortui,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
the  dead. 

mos,  moris,  m.,  manner,  habit, 
custom,  way,  humor  ;  usage,  prac- 
tice, fashion ;  pi.,  mores,  -um, 
manners,  morals,  often  charac- 
ter. 

motus,  -us,  [moveo],  m.,  motion, 
movement ;  graceful  movement, 
gesticulation ;  emotion,  affection, 
impulse,  agitation ;  disturbance, 
tumult,  commotion.  terrae  mo- 
tus, earthquake. 

moveo,  -ere,  movi,  motum,  2,  a. 
and  n.,  move,  set  in  motion,  dis- 
turb, remove;  excite,  affect,  stir 
up  ;  produce,  promote ;  change, 
transform. 

mox,  adv.,  soon,  presently ;  after- 
wards ;  thereupon,  then,  in  the 
next  place. 

mucro,  -onis,  m.,  point,  edge,  es- 
pecially of  a  sword  ;  by  metony- 
my, sword ;  sharpness,  edge. 

mulier,  -eris,  f.,  woman,  female ; 
wife. 

muliercula,  -ae,  [dim.  of  mulier], 
f.,  little  woman,  girl. 

multitudo,  -inis,  [multus],  f., 
great  number,  multitude,  crowd, 
throng. 

multo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [multa, 
fine'],  1,  a.,  punish. 

multo  [abl.  n.  of  multus],  adv., 
by  much,  much  ;  far,  by  far,  very, 
greatly. 

multum  [multus],  adv.,  much, 
greatly,  far  ;  often,  frequently. 

multus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  plus,  sup. 
plurimus,  adj.,  much,  pi.  many, 
in     large     numbers;     abundant, 


MULVIUS 


86 


NATURA 


considerable ;  often  used  as  subst. 
in  m.  and  n.,  pos.,  comp.,  and  sup. 

Mulvius,  adj.,  Mulvian.  Mul- 
vius  pons,  the  Mulvian  bridge, 
which  crossed  the  Tiber  two 
miles  north  of  Rome  ;  now 
Ponte  Molle.  It  was  built 
by  M.  Aemilius  Scaurus,  the 
censor,  b.  c.  109.     Cat.  III.  11. 

municeps,  -ipis,  [munia,  official 
duties,  capio],  m.  and  f.,  inhabi- 
tant of  a  free  town,  citizen,  bur- 
gher ;  fellow  citizen. 

municipium,  -1,  [municeps],  n., 
free  city,  free  town,  municipality, 
a  city  which  had  lost  its  inde- 
pendence and  submitted  to 
Rome,  but  which  was  permitted 
to  retain  self-government  in  local 
affairs,  its  citizens  becoming  Ro- 
man plebeians. 

munio,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  [moenia], 
4,  a.,  defend  with  a  wall,  wall ; 
fortify,  defend, .  protect ;  secure, 
guard,  strengthen. 

munitus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  mu- 
nio], adj.,  fortified,  defeitded  ; 
secure,  safe. 

munus,  -eris,  n.,  service,  office, 
employment,  function,  duty ;  fa- 
vor, kindness  ;  present,  gift. 

Murena,  -ae,  m.,  L.  Licinius  Mu- 
rena.  He  went  with  Sulla  to 
Asia  Minor  b.  c.  84,  and  re- 
mained there  as  propraetor  two 
years.  He  provoked  Mithri- 
dates,  who  had  made  a  treaty 
with  the  Romans,  to  hostilities, 
and  after  some  successes  suf- 
fered defeat.  He  returned  to 
Rome  in  81  B.  C.  and  celebrated 
an  ill-deserved  triumph.  Imp. 
P.  in. 

murus,  -1,  m.,  wall,  especially  of  a 
city,  city  wall. 

Musa,  -ae,  [Mov<ra],  f.,  Muse,  one 
of  the  nine  Muses,  goddesses  of 
music,  poetry,  and  the  sciences. 


Mutinensis,  -e,  [Mutina],  adj., 
of  Mutina,  an  important  city  of 
Cisalpine  Gaul,  now  Modena. 
proelium  Mutinense,  the  battle 
at  Mutina,  April  27,  B.  c.  43,  in 
which  Antony  was  defeated  and 
forced  to  leave  the  city. 

muto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq.  of 
moveo],  1,  a.  and  n.,  move,  re- 
move ;  change,  alter,  transform  ; 
interchange,  exchange. 

mutue  [mutuus],  adv.,  in  return, 
mutually. 

mutus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dumb,  with- 
ottt  speech,  speechless,  voiceless ; 
silent,  mute,  still. 

mysterium,  -1,  [fxva-T-fjpiov],  n.,  se- 
cret rite,  divine  mystery,  a  secret 
service  in  honor  of  some  divinity 
which  only  the  initiated  were 
permitted  to  witness. 

Mytilenaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Mytile- 
ne],  adj.,  of  Mytilene,  a  city  on 
the  island  of  Lesbos;  now  My- 
tilini. 

N. 

nam,  conj.,  explanatory  and  causal, 
for,  for  instance  ;  for,  seeing  that, 
because,  inasmuch  as. 

nanciscor,  -1,  nactus  and  nanc- 
tus  sum,  3,  dep.,  obtain,  secure, 
get,  receive ;  meet  with,  fall  in 
with,  find,  reach  ;  incur. 

nascens,  -entis,  [part,  of  nascor], 
adj.,  rising,  young,  newly  fledged. 

nascor,  nasci,  natus  sum,  3,  dep., 
be  born,  be  produced ;  spring  up, 
grow,  start ;  arise,  begin. 

natio.  -onis,  [nascor,  natus],  f., 
birth  ;  breed,  stock,  kind ;  nation, 
people. 

natura,  -ae,  [nascor],  f.,  birth ; 
innate  quality,  disposition ;  in- 
clination, temper,  character ;  law 
of  nature,  course  of  things,  nature, 
world. 


NATUS 


87 


NEGLEGENTIA 


natus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  nascor], 
adj.,  born,  produced,  sprung  from  ; 
designed  by  nature,  constituted  by 
nature.  As  subst.,  natus,  -I, 
m.,  son. 

naufragus,  -a,  -um,  [navis  +  fran- 
go],  adj.,  shipwrecked,  wrecked  ; 
ruined.  As  subst.,  naufragi, 
-orum, m.,  pi.,  castaways;  ruined 
men,  bankrupts. 

nausea,  -ae,  [vavala,  t/avs],  f.,  sea- 
sickness. 

nauta,  -ae,  [for  navita,  from 
navis],  m.,  sailor,  seaman. 

nauticus,  -a,  -um,  [=  vo,vtik6s], 
adj.,  of  ships,  of  sailors,  naval, 
nautical. 

navalis,  -e,  [navis],  adj.,  of  ships, 
ship-,  naval,  nautical. 

navicularius,  -a,  -um,  [navicula], 
adj.,  of  a  boat.  As  subst.,  na- 
vicularius, -I,  m.,  ship-master, 
boat-owner. 

navigatio,  -5nis,  [navigo],  f.,  sail- 
ing, navigation. 

navigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [navis 
-f  ago],  i,  n.  and  a.,  sail,  set  sail, 
cruise  ;  sail  over,  navigate. 

navis,  -is,  f.,  ship.  navis  longa, 
ship  of  war,  war-ship. 

ne,  adverb  and  conj. : 

( i )  As  adv.,  not.  ne  —  qui- 
dem,  not  —  even. 

(2)  As  conj.,  in  order  that  not, 
that  not,  lest,  for  fear  that. 

ne,  [=vai,  vfi],  interj.,  truly,  indeed, 
verily.     Cat.  II.  III. 

-ne,  enclitic  adv.  and  conj. : 

(1)  As  adv.,  purely  interroga- 
tive and  marking  a  direct  ques- 
tion, untranslatable  except  in  the 
inflection  of  the  voice. 

(2)  As  conj.,  introducing  an 
indirect  question,  whether.  -ne 
—  an,  -ne ne,  whether— -or. 

Neapolitan!,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  Nea- 
politans, inhabitants  of  Neapolis, 
now  Napoli,  Naples. 


nec,  neque,  [ne-f-  -que],  adv.  and 
conj.,  and  not,  also  not,  nor,  nor 
yet,  nor  however.  nec  —  nec, 
neither  —  nor.         nec  —  et,  nec 

que,  on  the  one  hand  not  — 

on  the  other,  not  only  not  —  but 
also.  nec  non,  and  certainly, 
and  indeed.  neque  enim,  for 
—  not,  and  yet  —  not. 

necessario,  [necessarius],  adv., 
unavoidably ,  inevitably. 

necessarius,  -a,  -um,  [necesse], 
adj.,  unavoidable,  inevitable,  press- 
ing, needful.  As  subst.,  neces- 
sarius, -1,  m.,  kinsman,  relative, 
friend,  client. 

necesse,  adj.,  n.,  indecl.,  unavoid- 
able, inevitable,  necessary.  ne- 
cesse est,  it  is  inevitable,  it  is 
necessary,  one  must. 

necessitas,  -atis,  [necesse],  f., 
unavoidableness,  necessity,  exigen- 
cy ;  need,  want ;  connection,  rela- 
tion sh  ip,  fr  lends  h  ip. 

necessitudo,  -inis,  [necesse],  f., 
inevitableness,  necessity;  intimate 
relation,  relationship,  intimacy, 
friendship. 

necne  [nec  +  -ne],  conj.,  found  in 
the  second  part  of  a  double  ques- 
tion, direct  or  indirect,  or  not. 

neco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [nex],  1, 
a.,  kill,  slay,  put  to  death,  destroy. 

nefandus,  -a,  -um,  [ne  +  fandus, 
from  for],  adj.,  not  to  be  men- 
tioned, unutterable ;  wicked,  im- 
pious, heinous,  abominable. 

nefarie  [nefarius],  adv.,  impiously, 
heinously,  abominably. 

nefarius,  -a,  -um,  [nefas],  adj., 
impious,  heinous,  abominable,  ne- 
farious ;  wicked,  dastardly. 

neglegenter,  comp.  neglegen- 
tius,  [neglegens],  adv.,  care- 
lessly, negligently,  heedlessly. 

neglegentia,  -ae,  [neglegens],  f., 
carelessness,  negligence,  heedless- 
ness,  neglect. 


NEGLEGO 


88 


NOBILIOR 


neglego,  -ere,  neglexi,  negle- 
ctum,  [nee  +  lego],  3,  a.,  disre- 
gard, neglect,  not  attend  to,  not 
heed,  slight ;  despise,  contemn, 
treat  with  indifference. 

nego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  n.  and 
a.,  say  no  ;  deny,  refuse,  decline. 

negotiolum,  -1,  [dim.  of  nego- 
tium],  n.,  small  matter  of  busi- 
ness, small  affair. 

negotior,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [nego- 
tium],  1,  dep.,  do  business,  carry 
on  business,  trade,  traffic. 

negotium,  -1,  [nee  +  otium],  n., 
business,  employment,  occupation  ; 
difficulty,  trouble  ;  matter,  affair. 

n§mo,  pi.  and  gen.  and  abl.  sing, 
not  in  use,  being  replaced  by 
forms  from  nullus,  [ne  +  homo], 
m.  and  f.,  no  one,  no  body.  non 
nemo,  many  a  one,  somebody. 

nempe  [nam  +  -pe],  conj.,  cer- 
tainly, without  doubt,  obviously,  in- 
deed ;  of  course, forsooth,  to  be  sure. 

nepos,  -otis,  m.,  grandson  ;  spend- 
thrift, prodigal. 

nequam,  pos.  indecl.,  comp.  ne- 
quior,  sup.  nequissimus,  adj., 
worthless,  vile,  bad. 

neque,  see  nee. 

nequior,  see  nequam. 

nequitia,  -ae,  [nequam],  {.,  worth- 
lessness,  inefficiency  ;  wickedness, 
vileness. 

nervus,  -1,  m.,  sinew,  muscle,  ten- 
don;  by  metonymy,  string  of  a 
bow,  bow-string ;  of  a  musical  in- 
strument, string,  chord. 

nescio,  -ire,  -Ivi  or  -ii,  -Itum,  [ne 
+  scio],  4,  a.,  not  know,  be  igno- 
rant; often  used  in  parenthetical 
phrases  expressing  uncertainty. 
nescio  an,  /  know  not  whether 
=  perhaps,   probably.  nescio 

quid,  nescio  quod,  /  know  not 
what  =■  something,  some,  certain. 
nescio  quo  modo,  I  know  not 
how  =■  somehow. 


neu,  see  neve. 

neve,  or  neu,  [ne  4-  -ve],  conj., 
and  not,  nor  ;  and  that  not,  and 
lest,  and  in  order  that  not. 

nex,  necis,  f.,  death  by  violence, 
murder,  slaughter. 

nihil,  or  nil,  [ne  +  hilum,  triffe], 
n.,  indecl.,  nothing ;  ace.  often 
with  adverbial  force,  not  at  all, 
in  no  respect,  by  no  means. 

Nilus,  -1,  [NelXos],  m.,  Nile,  the 
great  river  of  Egypt.     Mar.  ix. 

nimirum  [nl  4-  mirum],  adv., 
doubtless,  without  doubt,  certainly; 
to  be  sure,  truly. 

nimis,  adv.,  too,  too  much,  beyond 
measure,  excessively. 

nimium  [nimius],  adv.,  too  much, 
too;  very, greatly,  exceedingly. 

nimius,  -a,  -um,  [nimis],  adj.,  ex- 
cessive, beyond  measure,  too  great, 
too  much.  As  subst.,  nimium, 
-1,  n.,  too  much,  excess. 

nisi  [ne  +  si],  conj.,  if  not,  unless, 
except,  save  only.  nisi  vero, 
ironical,  unless  perchance,  unless 
perhaps,     nisi  quod,  except  that. 

niteo,  -ere,  -ui, ,  2,  n.,  shine, 

glisten ;  be  sleek,  look  spruce ; 
thrive. 

nitidus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  niteo],  adj., 
shining,  bright,  glittering;  sleek, 
spruce,  trim,  blooming. 

nix,  nivis,  f.,  snow. 

Nobilior,  -oris,  [nobilis],  m., 
name  of  a  family  of  the  Fulvian 
gens.  The  most  distinguished 
member  was  M.  Fulvius  Nobi- 
lior, who  was  curule  aedile  b.  c. 
195,  and  praetor  two  years  later. 
When  consul,  B.  c.  189,  he  set 
out  against  the  Aetolians,  taking 
the  poet  Ennius  with  him.  Hav- 
ing been  successful  in  his  expe- 

t  dition,  he  returned  to  Rome  B.  C. 
187,  and  celebrated  the  most 
magnificent  triumph  and  games 
witnessed  up  to  that  time.    He 


NOBILIS 


89 


NOVUS 


was  a  patron  of  the  liberal  arts, 
and  left  many  public  works. 
Arch.  xi. 

nobilis,  -e,  [cf.  nosco],  adj.,  well- 
known,  famous,  renowned,  il- 
lustrious ;  high-born,  of  noble 
descent ;   noble,  excellent,  fine. 

nobilitas,  -atis,  [nobilis],  f.,  ce- 
lebrity, fame ;  high  birth,  noble 
origin ;  aristocracy,  nobles ;  no- 
bility, excellence,  superiority. 

nocens,  -entis,  [noceo],  adj., 
harmful,  hurtful ;  guilty,  crim- 
inal. As  subst,  nocens,  -entis, 
m.,  culprit,  criminal. 

nooeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  2,  n.  and 
a.,  harm,  hurt,  injure;  inflict 
injury,  do  mischief. 

nocturnus,  -a,  -um,  [nox],  adj., 
of  night,  by  night,  nocturnal. 

nolo,   nolle,    nolui,   ,   [ne  + 

volo],  irr.,  n.,  wish  not,  will  not, 
not  wish,  not  will,  be  unwilling. 
noli  esse,  be  not. 

nomen,  -inis,  [cf.  nosco],  n., 
name,  appellation,  designation ; 
fame,  renown,  repute. 

nominatim  [nomino],  adv.,  by 
name ;  expressly,  in  particular, 
especially. 

nomino,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[nomen],  1,  a.,  call  by  name, 
name  ;  render  famous,  make  re- 
nowned :  nominate,  designate ; 
mention,  report ;  accuse,  charge. 

11611,  [old  noenum,  from  ne  + 
oenum,  =  unum],  adv.,  not,  not 
at  all,  by  no  means.  non  modo 
—  sed,  not  only  —  but.  non 
nisi,  only.  non  tam,  not  par- 
ticularly, not  so  very. 

Nonae,  -arum,  abbreviated  Non., 
[nonus],  f.,  the  Nones,  one  of  the 
days  of  the  month  to  which  dates 
were  reckoned  in  the  Roman 
calendar.  It  was  the  ninth  day 
before  the  Ides,  and  hence  came 
on  the  fifth  day  of  the  month, 


except  in  March,  May,  July,  and 
October,  when  it  fell  on  the 
seventh.     See  Idus,  Kalendae. 

iioiidum  [non-f-dum],  adv.,  not 
yet. 

1161111  e  [non  -f  -ne],  inter,  adv. 
expecting  an  affirmative  answer, 
in  a  dir.  question,  not ;  in  an 
indir.  question,  if  not,  whether 
not. 

nonus,  -a,  -um,  [novem],  num. 
adj.,  ninth. 

nos,  nostrum,  see  ego. 

nosco,  -ere,  novi,  notum,  3,  a., 
become  acquainted  with,  get  knowl- 
edge of,  learn ;  in  tenses  from 
pf.  stem,  have  learned,  hence 
know,  be  familiar  with,  under- 
stand. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  [nos],  poss. 
pron.  adj.,  our,  ours,  our  own, 
of  us.  de  nostro  omnium  in- 
teritu,  about  the  destruction  of  us 
all.     Cat.  I.  iv. 

nostras,  -atis,  [noster],  adj.,  of 
our  country,  native.     Ep.  xvni. 

nota,  -ae,  [cf.  nosco],  f.,  mark, 
sign ;  stamp,  spot ;  letter ;  nod, 
token ;  mark  of  ignominy,  dis- 
grace. 

noto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [nota],  1, 
a..,  mark,  stamp ;  note,  observe  ; 
single  out,  designate ;  censure, 
reprimand. 

notus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  nosco], 
adj.,  known,  familiar  ;  well- 
known,  famous,  notorious  ;  of  ill 
repute,  ill-reputed. 

novem  or  Villi.,  IX.,  num.  adj., 
nine. 

November,  -bris,  -bre,  [novem], 
adj.,  lit.  of  the  ninth  ;  of  Novem- 
ber, the  ninth  month  reckoning 
from  March,  which  the  early 
Romans  considered  the  first 
month  of  the  year. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  new,  re- 
cent, fresh,  young ;   unfamiliar 


NOX 


90 


OBEO 


strange ;  last,  latest,  extreme. 
res  novae,  new  things  ;  in  a  po- 
litical sense,  innervations,  revolu- 
tion, tabulae  novae,  new  ac- 
counts, a  new  account,  meaning 
the  cancelling  or  abolition  of 
debts. 

nox,  noctis,  f.,  night;  by  meto- 
nymy, darkness,  obscurity. 

nudius  [for  nunc  dies,  sc.  est], 
adv.,  used  only  with  an  ordinal 
number  in  phrases  expressing 
time,  it  is  nozu  the  .  .  .  day 
since,  nudius  tertius,  it  is  now 
the  third  day,  day  before  yester- 
day. 

nudus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  naked,  bare, 
uncovered ;  often,  without  an 
ottter  garment  or  without  a  shield, 
lightly  clad,  exposed  ;  vacant,  des- 
titute, without ;  mere,  only. 

nullus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  nuUius,  [ne 
-f-  ullus],  adj.,  not  any,  none, 
no.  As  subst,  nullus,  -lus,  m., 
nobody,  no  one,  ?to  man.  non 
nullus,  some  one,  pi.  some.  nul- 
lus non,  every,  all. 

num,  inter,  adv.,  usually  expecting 
a  negative  answer,  in  a  direct 
question,  now,  theft,  or,  following 
a  negative  translation  of  the 
question,  .  .  .  not  so,  .  .  .  is  it? 
in  an  indirect  question,  whether, 

if- 
Numantia,  -ae,  f.,  Numantia,  an 

important  city  in  Spain  near  the 

upper  course  of  the  river  Durius. 

It  was  besieged  and  destroyed  by 

Scipio  Africanus  B.C.  134. 

nunien,  -inis,  [nuo],  n.,  nod ;  will, 
command;  divine  will,  divhie 
power,  divinity,  deity  ;  divine  fa- 
vor, favor  of  the  gods. 

numerus,  -1,  m.,  number;  large 
number,  multitude,  quantity, 
body;  rank,  position,  place; 
measure  of  music  or  poetry, 
rhythm,  time,  numbers. 


Numidicus,  -a,  -um,  [Numidia], 
adj.,  Numidian,  of  Numidia,  a 
country  in  northern  Africa  be- 
tween Mauritania  and  the  terri- 
tory of  Carthage  ;  modern  A 1- 
giers.     See  Metellus  (1). 

iiummus,  -I,  m.,  coin,  money  ;  re- 
ferring to  the  Roman  silver  coin 
.  of  account,  sestertius,  sesterce; 
penny,  farthing,  trifle. 

numquam  [ne  +  umquam] ,  adv., 
never,  at  no  time  ;  by  no  means. 

nunc  [num  +  -ee],  adv.,  now,  at 
this  time,  at  present,  at  the  pres- 
ent time ;  under  these  circum- 
stances, as  it  is,  as  matters  are. 

nuntio,  -ares  -avl,  -atum,  [nun- 
tius],  1,  a.,  announce,  declare; 
report,  communicate. 

nuntius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  that  brings 
tidings,  announcing,  informing. 
As  subst.,  nuntius,  -1,  m.,  news- 
carrier,  messenger,  reporter ; 
nezvs,   message,  tidings. 

nuper,  sup.  nuperrime,  [novus  + 
per],  adv.,  lately,  recently,  not 
long  since. 

nuptiae,  -arum,  [nupta,  bride],  f., 
pi.,  jnarriage,  wedding,  nuptials. 

nutus,  abl.  -u,  found  only  in  nom.j 
ace,  and  abl.  sing.,  ace.  and  abl. 
pi.,  [nuo],  m.,  nod ;  compliance, 
assent ;  will,  command. 


O,  interj.,  Of  oh! 

ob,  prep,  with  ace,  to,  towards, 
for,  on  account  of,  by  reason  of. 
quam  ob  rem,  wherefore,  hence. 
In  composition  ob  is  usually 
assimilated  before  c,  f,  g,  p,  but 
remains  unchanged  before  other 
letters.  It  adds  the  meaning  to* 
wards,  at,  before,  against* 

obeo,  -ire,  -IvI,  -itum,  [ob  +  eo], 
irr.,  n.  and  a.,  go  to  meet ;  come 


OBICIO 


91 


OBSTO 


up  to,  reach ;  go  over,  traverse, 
visit;  engage  in,  undertake,  enter 
upon  ;  perform,  discharge,  ex- 
ecute, accomplish ;  of  a  crime, 
commit. 

obicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectum,  [ob 
+  iacio],  3,  a.,  throw  before; 
offer,  present,  expose ;  upbraid, 
reproach  with,  taint. 

obiurgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob  + 
iurgo],  i,  a.,  chide,  rebuke,  re- 
prove ;  urge,  adjure. 

oblectatio,  -onis,  [oblecto],  f., 
delight,  charm. 

oblecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob 
+  lacto,  allure],  I,  a.,  delight, 
amuse,  entertain,,  divert,  inter- 
est. 

obligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob  + 
ligo],  I,  a.,  bind  up;  bind,  ob- 
lige, put  under  obligation  ;  pledge, 
mortgage. 

oblino,  -ere,  oblevi,  oblitum, 
[ob  +  lino],  3,  a.,  besmear,  smear, 
stain,  daub  ;  cover  with,  defile. 

oblitus,  see  oblino. 

oblitus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  obli- 
viscor], adj.,  forgetful,  unmind- 
ful, regardless. 

oblivio,  -onis,  [obliviscor],  f., 
forgetfulness,  oblivion. 

obliviscor,  -vlsci,  oblitus  sum, 
3,  dtp.,  forget,  be  forgetful ;  dis- 
regard, neglect,  omit. 

oboedio,  ire,  -ivi,  -itum,  [ob  + 
audio],  4,  n.,  hearken,  listen; 
give  heed  to,  obey,  yield  obedience, 
be  subject. 

obruo,  -ere,  obrui,  obrutum,  [ob 
+  ruo],  3,  a.,  overwhelm,  cover, 
bury  ;  overthrotv,  destroy. 

obscure  [obscurus],  adv.,  darkly, 
indistinctly,  obscurely,  covertly. 

obscuritas,  -atis,  [obscurus],  f., 
obscurity,  indistinctness,  uncer- 
tainty. 

obscuro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob- 
scurus], I,  a.,  make  dark,  darken, 


obscure  ;  hide,  conceal ;  keep  hid- 
den, suppress. 

obscurus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dark, 
dusky,  dim,  obscure ;  not  known, 
unfamiliar ;  indistinct,  unintel- 
ligible, hard  to  understand ;  ig- 
noble, mean,  low. 

obsecro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob  -f- 
sacro],  I,  a.,  beseech,  implore,  en- 
treat. 

obsecundd,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[ob+  secundo],  I,  n.,  be  favor- 
able, comply  with,  humor,  accom~ 
modate. 

observans,  -antis,  [part,  of  ob- 
servo],  adj.,  watchful,  attentive, 
respectful. 

observo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob  + 
servo],  i,  a.,  watch,  heed,  observe, 
take  notice  of ;  guard,  keep  ;  treat 
with  respect,  pay  attention  to,  re- 
gard, honor. 

obses,  -idis,  [ob,  cf.  sedeo],  m. 
and  f.,  hostage;  security,  pledge, 
surety,  assurance. 

obsideo,  -ere,  obsedi,  obsessum, 
[ob  +  sedeo],  2,  n.  and  a.,  stay, 
remain;  beset,  invest,  besiege ;  lie 
in  wait  for,  look  out  for. 

obsidio,  -onis,  [obsideo],  f.,  siege, 
blockade. 

obsisto,  -ere,  obstiti,  obstitum, 
[ob  -f-  sisto],  3,  n.,  take  one's 
stand  before,  stand  in  the  way ; 
withstand,  oppose,  resist. 

obsolesco,  -lescere,  -levi,  -le- 
tum,  [obs,  old  form  of  ob,  + 
unused  olescS,  grozv],  3,  inch., 
grow  old,  become  antiquated ;  lose 
force,  become  obsolete. 

obstipesco,  -ere,  obstipui,  , 

3,  inch.,  be  astounded,  stand 
amazed,  be  amazed ;  become  sense- 
less, be  stupefied. 

obsto,  -are,  obstiti,  obstatum, 
[ob  +  st5],  1,  n.,  stand  before; 
be  in  the  way  ;  withstand,  oppose^ 
hinder,  thwart,  restrain. 


OBSTREPO 


92 


OCTAVIANUS 


obstrepo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [ob  + 
strepo],  3,  n.  and  a.,  roar  at, 
resound,  make  a  noise;  outbawl, 
drown  out  by  cries. 

obstupefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -fac- 
tum, pass,  obstupefio,  -fieri, 
-f actus  sum,  [ob  +  stupefacio], 
3,  a.,  astonish,  amaze,  astound, 
benumb. 

obsum,  -esse,  -fui,  [ob  +  sum], 
irr.,  n.,  be  against;  injure,  hurt, 
be  prejudicial  to. 

obtempero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[ob  +  tempero],  i,  n.,  comply, 
conform,  submit,  obey. 

obtined,  -ere,  obtinui,  obten- 
tum,  [ob  +  teneo],  2,  a.  and  n., 
hold  fast,  keep,  maintain  ;  assert, 
prove,  show. 

obtingo,  -ere,  obtigi, ,  [ob  + 

tango],  3,  a.  and  n.,  fall  to  one's 
lot,  befall ;  happen,  occur. 

obtrecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob  + 
tracto],  I,  a.  and  n.,  disparage, 
underrate,  decry ;  raise  objections 
to,  be  opposed  to,  thwart. 

obturbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob  + 
turbo],  i,  a.,  stir  up,  trouble; 
confuse,  disturb,  distract. 

obviam  [ob  +  viam],  adv.,  in  the 
way,  against,  in  face  of,  to  meet. 
mihi  obviam  venit,  he  came  to 
meet  me. 

occaeco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob  + 
caeco,  from  caecus],  i,  a.,  make 
blind,  blind,  darken  ;  delude. 

occasio,  -onis,  [ob,  cf.  casus, 
cado],  {.,  opportunity,  suitable 
time,  favorable  moment,  occasion  ; 
pretext,  excuse. 

occasus,  -us,  [ob  +  casus,  from 
cado],  m.,  of  the  heavenly  bod- 
ies, going  down,  setting;  by  met- 
onymy, sunset,  west;  downfall, 
destruction,  ruin,  death. 

occidens,  -entis,  pi.  wanting, 
[part,  of  occido],  m.,  sunset,  west. 
ab  occidente,  in  the  west. 


occido,  -ere,  occidi,  occisum, 
[ob  +  caedo],  3,  a.,  strike  down  ; 
cut  down,  kill,  slay,  murder. 

occidS,  -ere,  occidi,  occasum, 
[ob  +  cado],  3,  n.,  fall  down, 
fall ;  die,  perish,  be  slain ;  of 
heavenly  bodies,  go  down,  set. 

occludo,  -ere,  occlusi,  occlusum, 
[ob  -f  claudo],  3,  a.,  shut  up, 
close. 

occulte  [occultus],  adv.,  secretly, 
privately ;  in  concealment,  in 
secret. 

occulto,  are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  occulo,  cover],  I,  a.,  conceal, 
hide,  secrete. 

occultus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  oc- 
culo, cover],  adj.,  concealed,  cov- 
ered up  ;  hidden,  secret. 

occupatio,  -onis,  [occupo],  f., 
taking  possession,  seizure;  busi- 
ness, employment. 

occupatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
occupo],  adj.,  absorbed,  busy,  en- 
gaged, employed. 

occupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob, 
cf.  capio],  1,  a.,  take  possession  of, 
seize,  gain  ;  fall  upon,  surprise, 
attack;  anticipate,  outstrip ;  take 
up,  e?nploy. 

occurro,  -ere,  occurri,  occur- 
sum,  [ob  +  curro],  3,  n.,  run  to, 
run  to  meet,  meet,  fall  in  with  ; 
rush  upon,  attack  ;  oppose,  resist ; 
present  itself  or  one's  self,  occur, 
suggest  itself,  be  thought  of. 

Sceanus,  -i,  ['fi/ceaj/os],  m.,  the 
great  sea  that  encompasses  the 
land,  outer  sea,  ocean. 

Octavianus,  -i,  [Octavius],  m., 
Octavian,  usually  called  Augus- 
tus ;  born  b.  c.  63,  son  of  C. 
Octavius  and  Atia,  daughter  of 
Julia,  sister  of  Julius  Caesar. 
His  name  was  at  first  the  same 
as  that  of  his  father,  C.  Octdvius. 
He  was  adopted  by  Julius  Cae- 
sar, and  his  name   became,  ac- 


OCTAVIUS 


93 


OPIMIUS 


cording  to  the  rule  in  such  cases, 
C.  Iulius  Caesar  Octdvidnus. 
The  title  Augustus  was  added 
B.  c.  27,  when  the  supremacy  of 
Octavian  as  emperor  was  for- 
mally recognized.  His  reign 
lasted  till  his  death,  a.  d.  14. 
Ant.  IV.  1.  et  seq.,  Ep.  xliv. 

Octavius,  -a,  [octavus],  name  of 
a  plebeian  gens,  raised  to  patri- 
cian standing  by  Julius  Caesar. 
Cn.  Octavius,  consul  B.  C.  76,  L. 
Octavius,  consul  75,  and  perhaps 
other  members  of  the  family  are 
mentioned  together  by  Cicero  as 
Octavii,gen.  -orum  (Arch.  hi.). 
The  father  of  L.  Octavius  was 
Cn.  Octdvius,  a  partisan  of  Sulla, 
consul  with  Cinna  B.  c.  87.  As 
Cinna  endeavored  to  bring  back 
the  party  of  Marius  to  power, 
Octavius  opposed  him  with  force. 
In  the  violent  conflict  that  en- 
sued he  was  murdered.  Cat. 
III.  x. 

octavus,  -a,  -urn,  or  VIII.,  [octo], 
num.  adj.,  eighth. 

October,  -bris,  -bre,  [octo],  adj., 
lit.  of  the  eighth  ;  of  October. 

oculus,  -1,  m.,  eye. 

6dT,  odisse,  fut.  part,  ostums,  def., 
a.,  hate  ;  dislike,  be  displeased  with. 

odiosus,  -a,  -una,  [odium],  adj., 
hateful,  offensive ;  unpleasant, 
disagreeable. 

odium,  -1,  [cf.  odi],  n.,  hatred, 
grudge,  ill-will,  enmity ;  offence, 
aversion,  abomination,  nuisance; 
disgust,  dissatisfaction. 

offendd,  -ere,  offendl,  offensum, 
[ob  +  unused  fendo],  3,  a.  and 
n.,  strike  against,  stumble ;  hit 
upon,  find ;  commit  a  fault,  of- 
fend, be  offensive  ;  vex,  displease. 

offensio,  -orris,  [offendo],  f.,  stum- 
bling ;  aversion,  dislike,  disgust, 
hatred ;  mishap,  misfortune,  de- 
feat. 


offensus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  of- 
fendo], adj.,  offended,  vexed, 
imbittered ;  offensive,  odious. 

ofifero,  -ferre,  obtuli,  oblatum, 
[ob  +  fero],  irr.,  a..,  present,  offer, 
exhibit;  bring  forward,  adduce  ; 
bestow,  confer. 

officiosus,  -a,  -um,  [officium], 
adj.,  courteous,  obliging,  servicea- 
ble. 

officium,  -1,  [for  opificium,  opus 
+  facio],  n.,  service,  kindness,  fa- 
vor, courtesy;  duty,  obligation; 
office,  function,  employment. 

offundo,  -ere,  offudi,  offusum, 
[ob  +  fundo],  3,  a.,  pour  out, 
pour  down;  fill  to  overflowing, 
flood,  fill. 

olini  [cf.  ollus,  old  form  of  ille], 
adv.,  at  that  time,  formerly,  once, 
long  since  ;  ever  ;  some  time,  some 
day,  hereafter. 

omen,  -irris,  n.,  omen,  sign,  token, 
harbinger. 

omitto,  -ere,  omlsl,  omissum, 
[ob  +  mitto],  3,  a.,  let  go,  let 
loose ;  lay  aside,  give  up,  dis- 
miss, neglect ;  pass  by,  pass  over, 
omit. 

omnino  [omnis],  adv.,  altogether, 
wholly,  at  all,  by  all  means,  cer- 
tainly ;  with  numerals,  in  all, 
just. 

omnis,  -e,  adj.,  all,  every,  entire  ; 
all  sorts  of.  As  subst.,  pi., 
omnes,  -ium,  m.  and  f.,  all  men, 
all ;  omnia,  -ium,  n.,  everything, 
all  things. 

onus,  -eris,  n.,  load,  bur  den,  freight, 
cargo ;  weight,  trouble,  difficulty. 

opera,  -ae,  [opus],  f.,  effort,  exer- 
tion, work,  labor ;  service. 

Opimius,  -1,  m.,  L.  Opimius,  con- 
sul-B.  c.  121.  He  was  an  ardent 
and  unscrupulous  adherent  of  the 
aristocratic  party,  and  was  re- 
sponsible for  the  death  of  C. 
Gracchus.    Cat.  1. 11. 


OPLMUS 


94 


ORIENS 


opimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  fat ;  fertile, 
fruitful,  rich ;  abundant,  sump- 
tuous,  noble. 

opinio,  -onis,  [opinor],  f.,  opinion, 
supposition,  conjecture,  expectation. 
praeter  opinionem,  contrary  to 
expectation,  opmione  celerius, 
sooner  than  was  expected. 

opinor,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  I,  dep., 
be  of  the  opinion,  suppose  ;  conjec- 
ture, imagine,  think,  judge. 

opitulor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [ops, 
cf.  tuli],  i,  dep.,  bear  aid,  aid, 
help,  assist,  succor, 

oportet,  -ere,  oportuit,  2,  impers., 
it  is  necessary,  it  behooves.  me 
oportet,  J  ought,  I  must. 

oppeto,  -ere,  -IvI,  -Itum,  [ob  + 
peto],  3,  a,,  go  to  meet,  encounter. 

oppido  [abl.  of  oppidum],  adv., 
very,  exceedingly,  very  much. 

oppidum,  -1,  n.,  town,  city. 

oppono,  -ere,  opposui,  opposi- 
tum,  [ob  +  pono],  3,  a.,  place 
opposite,  set  before,  oppose ;  bring 
forward,  present,  adduce. 

opportunities,  -atis,  [opportu- 
nus],  I.,  suitableness,  fitness ,  ad- 
vantage. 

opportunus,  -a,  -um,  [ob,  porto], 
adj.,  suitable,  fit,  convenient ; 
meet,  advantageous,  useful. 

oppositus,  -us,  used  only  in  abl. 
sing,  and  ace.  pi.,  [oppono],  m., 
placing  against,  opposition,  inter- 
position. 

oppressus,  see  opprimo. 

opprimo,  -ere,  oppress!,  oppres- 
sum,  [ob  +  premo],  3,  a.,  press 
against,  press  upon ;  oppress, 
weigh  down,  overwhelm,  cover ; 
put  down,  suppress ;  overthrow, 
crush,  subdue;  of  a  fleet,  sink. 

oppugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [ob 
+  pugno],  1,  a.,  attack,  assail; 
assault,  storm,  besiege. 

ops,  opis,  nom.  and  dat.  sing,  not 
in  use,   f.,   aid,  assistance,   help, 


support ;  power,  ability  ;  often  in 
pi.,  property,  riches,  means,  re- 
sources, treasure,  wealth. 

optimas,  -atis,  [optimus],  adj.,  of 
the  best,  aristocratic.  As  subst, 
optimas,  -atrs,  m.,  adherent  of 
the  nobility,  aristocrat. 

optime,  see  bene. 

optimus,  see  bonus. 

opto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a., 
choose,  select,  prefer ;  wish,  desire, 
wish  for,  long  for. 

opus,  -eris,  n.,  work,  task,  labor, 
toil ;  structure,  building ;  work 
of  art,  book;  deed,  action,  effect; 
in  phrases  with  esse,  necessity ; 
as  opus  est,  it  is  necessary,  there 
is  need  of,  often  followed  by  the 
abl.  magno  opere,  very  much, 
exceedingly,  greatly ;  earnestly, 
vehemently,    urgently.  tanto 

opere,  so  much,  so  very,  in  so 
great  a  measure. 

6r a,  -ae,  f.,  edge,  border ;  boundary, 
limit;  coast,  sea-coast;  by  met- 
onymy, territory,  region,  coun- 
try. 

6rati5,  -onis,  [oro],  f.,  speaking, 
speech,  discourse  ;  diction,  style  ; 
set  speech,  harangue,  oration;  sub- 
ject, theme  ;  oratorical  power,  elo- 
quence. 

oratSrius,  -a,  -um,  [orator],  adj., 
of  an  orator,  of  oratory,  oratori- 
cal. 

orbis,  -is,  m.,  ring,  circle;  orb, 
disk;  by  metonymy,  wheel ;  re- 
gion, country,  territory ;  round, 
circuit.  orbis  terrae  or  terra- 
rum,  earth,  world,  universe. 

ordior,  -ire,  orsus  sum,  4,  dep., 
begin,  commence ;  set  about,  un- 
dertake. 

ordo,  -inis,  m.,  row,  line ;  order, 
rank ;  series,  array. 

oriens,  -ientis,  [part,  of  orior], 
m.,  rising  sun,  morning  sun  ;  by 
metonymy,  east,  Orient. 


ORIOR 


95  . 


PAETUS 


orior,  oriri,  ortus  sum,  4,  dep., 
arise,  rise,  become  visible  ;  spring, 
descend,  begin,  originate  ;  be  born, 
be  descended. 

ornamentum,  -1,  [orno],  n.,  out- 
fit, equipment,  apparatus  ;  mark 
of  honor,  decoration  ;  distinction, 
ornament. 

5rnate  [ornatus],  adv.,  elegantly, 
ornately. 

ornatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  orno], 
adj.,  fitted  out,  equipped, provided ; 
furnished,  decorated,  adorned; 
eminent,  illustrious. 

orno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a.,  fit 
out,  equip,  prepare ;  adorn,  em- 
bellish, decorate;  honor,  distin- 
guish. 

6r6,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [os,  mouth], 
1,  n.  and  a.,  speak  ;  argue,  plead, 
entreat,  implore,  beseech, 

Orpheus,  -el  or  -eos,  ace.  -eum, 
-eaor-ea,  ['Op(£ei5s],m.,  Orpheus: 

(1)  A  mythical  singer  of  Thrace, 
son  of  Apollo  and  Calliope. 

(2)  A   slave   or   freedman   of 
Cicero.     Ep.  viii. 

Ortus,  -us,  [orior],  m.,  a  rising, 
rise ;  beginning,  origin,  source. 
ortus  solis,  sunrise  ;  by  metony- 
my, east. 

os,  oris,  n.,  mouth  ;  by  metonymy, 
face,  look,  countenance,  features  ; 
orifice,  aperture. 

ostendo,  -ere,  ostendi,  osten- 
tum,  [obs,  old  form  of  ob,  + 
tendo],  3,  a.,  stretch  out,  spread 
before;  show,  disclose,  manifest, 
point  out ;  make  known,  tell,  de- 
clare. 

ostentatio,  -onis,  [ostento],  f., 
exhibition,  display  ;  vain  display, 
pomp,  ostentation,  boasting. 

ostento,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  ostendo],  1,  a.,  show,  exhibit ; 
show  off,  display,  parade,  boast. 

Ostieilsis,  -e,  [ostium],  adj.,  of 
Ostia,  the  seaport  of   Rome   at 


the  mouth  of  the  Tiber.  6s- 
tiense  incommodum,  the  disas- 
ter at  Ostia.    Imp.  P.  xii. 

ostium,  -1,  [os],  n.,  door;  by 
metonymy,  mouth,  entrance. 
Ocean!  ostium,  the  mouth  of 
the  Ocean,  i.  e.  the  Straits  of 
Gibraltar. 

otiosus,  -a,  -um,  [otium],  adj.,  ai 
leisure,  unoccupied,  disengaged ; 
indifferent,  neutral ;  calm,  quiet, 
peaceful.  As    subst.,    otiosi, 

-orum,  m.,  pi  ,  the  idle,  the  neu- 
tral, the  peaceable. 

otium,  -I,  n.,  leisure,  ease,  idleness; 
repose,  rest ;  quiet,  peace. 


P. 

P.,  see  Publius. 

paciscor,  paciscl,  pactus  sum, 
3,  dep.,  agree,  agree  upon ;  con- 
tract, covenant,  stipulate. 

paco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [pax],  1, 
a.,  make  peaceful,  pacify,  subdue. 

pactid,  -onis,  [paciscor],  f.,  agree- 
ment, covenant,  contract,  stipula- 
tion. 

pactum,  -i,  [pactus],  n.,  agree- 
ment, compact,  manner,  way, 
means.  nullo  pacto,  by  no 
means. 

pactus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  paci- 
scor], adj.,  agreed,  settled,  stipu- 
lated. 

paene,  adv.,  almost,  nearly. 

paeniteo,  -ere,  -ui,  ,  2,  a., 

make  sorry ;  be  sorry,  repent. 
Impers.,  paenitet,  -ere,  paeni- 
tuit,  it  makes  sorry,  it  repents, 
it  grieves,  it  displeases,  it  offends. 
me  numquam  paenitebit,  1 
shall  never  regret.     Cat.  IV.  X. 

Paetus,  -1,  m.,  L.  Papirius  Paetus, 
a  friend  of  Cicero,  who  had  a 
residence  near  Naples.  Ep.  xxx. 
See  also  Aelius. 


PAGELLA 


96 


PARUM 


pagella,  -ae,  [dim.,  cf.  pagina],  f., 
small  page,  little  page,  sheet  of 
writing-material. 

palaestra,  -ae,  [iraKalarpa],  £., 
wrestling-place,  wrestling-school, 
gymnasium  ;  by  metonymy, 
wrestling,  wrestling-match  ;  school 
of  rhetoric,  school ;  practice,  skill, 
art. 

palam,  adv.,  openly,  plainly,  pub- 
licly. 

Palatums,  -a,  -urn,  [Palatium], 
adj.,  of  the  Palatine  hill,  Palatine. 
Palatina  palaestra,  Cicero's 
gymnasium  on  the  Palatine.  Ep. 
III. 

Palatium,  -I,  [Pales,  an  ancient 
divinity  of  shepherds],  n., 
Palatine,  one  of  the  seven  hills 
of  Rome,  southeast  of  the  Fo- 
rum.    See  Map,  p.  76. 

Pamphylia,  -ae,  [Ua/x(pv\ta],  f., 
Pamphylia,  a  narrow  country  on 
the  south  coast  of  Asia  Minor, 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Cilicia, 
on  the  north  by  Pisidia,  and  on 
the  west  by  Lycia. 

Pansa,  -ae,  m.,  C.  Vibius  Pdnsa, 
consul  with  A.  Hirtius  B.C.  43. 
He  was  a  partisan  of  Caesar. 
Both  Pansa  and  Hirtius  set  out 
against  Antony,  and  fell  before 
Mutina.    Ep.  xli.,  xliv. 

panthera,  -ae,  [irdvdiip],  f,  pan- 
ther. 

Papius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  a  Papius. 
lex  Papia,  the  law  of  Papius,  a 
law  proposed  by  C.  Papius  con- 
cerning the  expulsion  of  foreign- 
ers from  Rome.    Arch.  v. 

par,  paris,  adj.,  equal ;  as  large  as, 
like;  well-matched ;  suitable. 

paratus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  paro], 
adj.,  prepared,  ready ;  furnished, 
provided ;  versed,  skilled. 

par co,  -ere,  peperci  and  parsi, 
parsum,  3,  n.,  spare  ;  treat  with 
forbearance,  use  carefully,  be  in- 


dulgent ;  abstain,  cease,  refrain, 
stop  ;  let  alone,  omit. 

parens,  -entis,  [pario],  m.  and  f., 
parent,  father,  mother ;  ancestor, 
progenitor. 

pared,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  2,  n.,  ap- 
pear, be  visible  ;  obey,  submit, 
comply  ;  gratify,  yield. 

paries,  -etis,  m.,  wall,  house  wall. 

Parilis,  -e,  [Pales],  adj.,  of  Pales, 
an  ancient  Italian  divinity  of 
flocks  and  shepherds.  As  subst., 
Parilia,  -ium,  n.,  pi.,  Parilia, 
festival  of  Pales,  celebrated  an- 
nually on  April  21. 

pario,  parere,  peperi,  partum, 
fut.  part,  pariturus,  3,  a.,  bring 
forth,  give  birth  to,  produce  ;  ac- 
quire, obtain,  secure  ;  procure,  get, 
gain. 

paro,  -are,  -avT,  -atum,  1,  a.  and 
n.,  make  ready,  prepare,  provide, 
furnish,  arrange ;  intend,  pur- 
pose, design ;  procure,  acquire, 
get. 

parricida,  -ae,  [pater,  caedo],  m., 
murderer  of  a  parent,  parricide  ; 
murderer,  assassin ;  murderous 
criminal,  outlaw. 

parricidium,  -I,  [parricida],  n., 
murder  of  a  parent,  parricide  ; 
murder,  assassination ;  horrible 
crime,  treason. 

pars,  partis,  f., part,  portion,  share, 
division ;  several,  some ;  pa7'ty, 
side  ;  office,  function  ;  rdle,  char- 
acter ;  region,  country  ;  direction, 
end. 

particeps,  -cipis,  [pars  +  capio], 
adj.,  sharing,  partaking.  As 
subst.,  particeps,  -cipis,  m., 
sharer,  partner,  comrade,  col- 
league. 

partim  [pars],  adv.,  partly,  in 
part. 

parum,  comp.  minus,  sup.  mini- 
me,  [cf.  parvus],  adv.,  too  little, 
not  enough,  insufficiently  ;  comp., 


PARVULUS 


97 


PAULUS 


less,  too  little  ;  sup.,  least,  in  the 
smallest  degree,  very  little,  not  at 
all,  not  in  the  least. 

parvulus,  -a,  -um,  [dim.  of  par- 
vus], adj.,  very  small,  little ; 
young. 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  comp.  minor, 
sup.  minimus,  adj.,  little,  small ; 
inconsiderable,  insignificant.  As 
subst,  parvum,  -I,  n.,  a  little. 
parvi,  of  little  value,  of  slight 
moment,  of  small  account.  par- 
vi refert,  it  matters  little,  it 
makes  little  difference. 

pasco,  -ere,  pavi,  pastum,  3,  a. 
and  n.,  feed,  nourish,  support, 
sustain ;  pasture,  attend ;  feed 
upon,  feast ;  pass.,  pascor,  -1, 
pastus  sum,  often  with  reflex, 
sense,  be  fed,  feed,  feast  upon. 

passus,  -us,  [cf.  pando],  m.,  step, 
pace,  footstep  ;  track,  trace. 

pastio,  -onis,  [pasco],  f.,  grazing, 
pasturage,  pasture. 

pastor,  -oris,  [pasco],  m.,  shep- 
herd, herdsman. 

patefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  patefac- 
tum,  [pateo  +  facio],  3,  a.,  open 
up,  lay  open,  throw  open  ;  disclose, 
bring  to  light. 

pateo,  -ere,  -ui,  ,  2,  n.,  lie 

open,  be  open,  stand  open ;  be 
accessible,  be  exposed ;  extend ;  be 
evident,  be  clear,  be  well  known. 

pater,  -tris,  m.,  father  ;  pi., fathers, 
forefathers,  ancestors  ;  elders,  sen- 
ators.    See  conscriptus. 

paternus,  -a,  -um,  [pater],  adj., 
of  a  father,  father's,  paternal  ; 
of  one's  native  country,  of  the 
fatherland. 

patientia,  -ae,  [pattens],  f.,  long- 
suffering,  endurance,  submission, 
patience ;  forbearance,  indulgence, 
lenity. 

patior,  pati,  passus  sum,  3,  dep., 
suffer,  bear,  endure,  undergo,  meet 
with  ;  allow,  permit,  let. 


Patiscus,  -I,  m.,  Patiscus,  an  ac- 
quaintance of  Cicero,  who,  while 
Cicero  was  proconsul  of  Cilicia, 
obtained  panthers  for  the  shows 
of  the  aediles  at  Rome.  In  B.  c. 
43  he  was  pro-quaestor  in  Asia. 
Ep.  xviii. 

Patrensis,  -e,  [Patrae],  adj.,  of 
Patrae,  a  city  on  the  south  shore 
of  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of 
Corinth;  now  Patras.  Ep. 
xxxii. 

patria,  -ae,  [patrius],  f.,  father- 
land, native  country,  native  place ; 
dwelling-place,  home. 

patricius,  -a,  -um,  [pater],  adj., 
of  fatherly  dignity  ;  patrician,  no- 
ble. As  subst.,  patricii,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.)  patricians,  nobility. 

patrimonium,  -1,  [pater],  n.,  in- 
heritance from  a  father,  inherit- 
ance, patrimony. 

patrius,  -a,  -um,  [pater],  adj.,  of 
a  father,  father's,  fatherly ;  of 
one's  fathers,  ancestral. 

patruus,  -1,  [pater],  m.,  father's 
brother,  uncle  on  the  father's  side. 

paucitas,  -atis,  [paucus],  f.,  few- 
ness, scarcity. 

paucus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  few,  small, 
little.  As  subst.,  pi.,  pauci, 
-orum,  m.,  few,  a  few  ;  pauca, 
-orum,  n.,  a  few  things,  little,  a 
few  words,  few  words. 

paulisper  [paulum  -f  per],  adv., 
for  a  little  while,  for  a  short  time. 

paulo  [abl.  of  paulum],  adv.,  by  a 
little,  a  little,  somewhat.  paulo 
ante,  a  little  while  ago,  shortly 
before. 

paulus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  little,  small, 
slight.  As  subst.,  paulum,  -I, 
n.,  a  little,  trifle. 

Paulus,  -I,  [paulus],  m.,  L.  Aemi- 
lius  Paulus,  named  also  Macedoni- 
cus  after  his  victory  over  Perseus, 
born  b.  c.  230  or  229  ;  consul  182 
and  168  B.  c.     When  consul  the 


PAX 


98 


PERCULSUS 


first  time  he  subdued  the  Ingauni, 
a  piratic  people  of  Liguria,  and 
was  honored  with  a  triumph.  In 
168  b.  c.  he  took  command  of  the 
war  with  Perseus,  king  of  Mace- 
donia, whom  he  completely  de- 
feated at  the  battle  of  Pydna. 
He  celebrated  a  splendid  triumph 
the  following  year,  and  died  b.  c. 
160.    Cat.  IV.  x. 

pax,  pacis,  f.,  peace  ;  treaty,  agree- 
ment, reconciliation  ;  concord,  har- 
mony ;  tranquillity,  rest,  quiet. 
pace  tua,  by  your  leave,  with 
your  permission.     Mar.  II. 

peccatum,  -I,  [pecco],  n.,  fault, 
transgression,  sin. 

pecco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  I,  n.  and 
a.,  make  a  mistake,  transgress,  of- 
fend;  commit  a  fault,  sin,  do 
wrong. 

pecto,  -ere,  pexi,  pezum,  3,  a., 
comb,  comb  out. 

pectus,  -oris,  n.,  breast,  breast- 
bone ;  by  metonymy,  heart,  soul, 
feeling  ;  mind,  understanding. 

pecuarius,  -a,  -urn,  [pecu,  cattle'], 
adj.,  of  cattle.  As  subst,  pecu- 
aria,  -ae,  (properly  sc.  res),  f., 
stock-  raising,  cattle-breeding. 

pecunia,  -ae,  [pecus],  f.,  lit. 
wealth  in  cattle ;  hence  property, 
wealth  ;  money. 

pecus,  -udis,  f.,  a  head  of  cattle, 
meaning  one  of  a  number ;  brute, 
animal,  beast ;  especially,  a  sheep. 

pedester,  -tris,  -tre,  [pes],  adj., 
on  foot,  pedestrian ;  on  land. 
pedestres  copiae,  forces  of  in- 
fantry. 

peior,  see  malus. 

pello,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsum,  3,  a., 
strike,  push  ;  drive  away,  force 
back,  banish,  rout;  remove,  dis- 
pel; of  a  musical  instrument, 
strike,  touch,  play. 

Penates,  -ium,  [penus,  provision], 
m.,  pi.,  household  gods,  guardian 


deities  of  the  house,  Penates  ;  by 
metonymy,  hearth,  home. 

pendeo,     -ere,     pependi,    , 

[pendo],  2,  n.,  hang,  hang  down ; 
be  suspended,  overhang,  float; 
rest,  be  dependent ;  be  in  sus- 
pense, be  undecided,  hesitate. 

penetro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a. 
and  n.,  enter,  penetrate ;  make 
way  to,  reach. 

penitus,  adv.,  inwardly,  deeply, 
far  within ;  thoroughly,  utterly, 
through  and  through. 

pensito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  penso],  1,  a.,  weigh  out, 
pay. 

per,  prep,  with  ace.  only,  through  ; 
of  space,  through,  across,  along, 
over,  among ;  of  time,  through, 
during,  in  the  course  of,  at  the 
time  of ;  of  agency,  means,  and 
manner,  through,  by,  by  the  hands 
of,  by  means  of,  under  pretence  of, 
for  the  sake  of ;  in  oaths,  in  the 
name  of  by. 

In  composition  per  adds  the 
force  of  through,  thoroughly ,  per- 
fectly, completely,  very  much, 
very. 

peradulescens,  -entis,  [per  + 
adulescens],  adj.,  very  young. 

peragro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [per, 
ager],  1,  a.,  wander  through,  pass 
over,  traverse. 

perbenevolus,  -a,  -um,  [per  + 
benevolus],  adj.,  very  friendly, 
exceedingly  kind. 

perbrevis,  -e,  [per-f-brevis],  adj., 
very  short,  very  brief. 

percello,  -ere,  perculi,  percul- 
sum,  3,  a.,  beat  down,  strike 
denvn,  smite  ;  overthrow,  destroy  ; 
deject,  dishearten. 

percipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  -ceptum, 
[per  +  capio],  3,  a.,  take  wholly, 
seize ;  perceive,  observe ;  learn, 
know,  understand. 

perculsus,  see  percello. 


PERCUSSOR 


99 


PERINDE 


percussor,  -oris,  [percutio],  m., 

striker,  smiter ;  murderer,  assas- 
sin. 

percutio,  -cutere,  percussl,  per- 
cussum,  [per+quatio,  shake],  3, 
a.,  strike  through,  thrust  through, 
pierce,  transfix ;  strike  hard, 
smite,  hit,  kill,  slay.  de  caelo 
percussus,  struck  by  lightning. 

perditus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  perdo], 
adj.,  lost,  hopeless,  rtiined,  desper- 
ate ;  corrupt,  profligate,  incorri- 
gible. 

perdo,  -ere,  perdidi,  perditum, 
[per  +  do],  3,  a.,  make  way  with, 
waste,  destroy,  ruin ;  squander, 
dissipate,  lose  utterly. 

perduco,  -ere,  perduxl,  perduc- 
tum,  [per  +  duco],  3,  a.,  lead 
through,  conduct,  guide;  lengthen, 
prolong ;  win  over,  gain  over,  in- 
duce. 

peregrinatio,  -onis,  [peregrinor], 
f.,  sojourning  abroad,  travelling, 
wandering,  travel. 

peregrinor,  -arc,  -atus  sum,  [per- 
egrinus], I,  dep.,  sojourn  abroad, 
travel,  wander,  roam. 

peregrinus,  -a,  -um,  [per+  ager], 
adj.,  strange,  foreign,  alien.  As 
subst.,  peregrinus,  -1,  m.,  for- 
eigner, stranger. 

pereo,  -ire,  -ii  or  -Ivi,  -itum,  [per 
+  eo],  irr.,  n.,  pass  away,  vanish, 
disappear ;  perish,  be  destroyed, 
die  ;  be  wasted,  fail,  be  lost. 

perfectio,  -onis,  [perficio],  f.,  fin- 
ishing, completion,  perfecting,  ac- 
complishment. 

perfectus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  per- 
ficio], adj., finished,  complete, per- 
fect, excellent. 

perfero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  [per 
-f-  fero],  irr.,  a.,  bear  through ; 
bring,  convey ;  carry  news,  an- 
nounce, report;  carry  through, 
accomplish,  bring  about ;  fut  up 
withy  bear,  suffer,  endure. 


perficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum, 
fut.  part,  perfecturus,  [per  + 
facio],  3,  a.,  carry  through,  com- 
plete, accomplish  ;  bring  about, 
cause,  effect. 

perfringo,  -ere,  perfregi,  per- 
fractum,  [per  +  frango],  3,  a., 
break  through,  break  in  pieces, 
shatter,  fracture  ;  of  laws,  violate, 
break. 

perfruor,  -frui,  -fructus  sum, 
[per  +  fruor],  3,  dep.,  enjoy  fully, 
be  greatly  delighted. 

perfugium,  -1,  [perfugio],  n., 
refuge,  shelter,  asylum. 

perfungor,  -fungi,  -functus  sum, 
[per  -{-  fungor],  3,  dep.,  perform, 
discharge  ;  go  through  with,  un- 
dergo, get  rid  of,  pass  throtcgh. 

pergo,  -ere,  perrexi,  perrectum, 
[per  +  reg5],  3,  a.  and  n.,  go  on, 
proceed,  advance,  march  ;  hasten, 
make  haste. 

pergratus,  -a,  -um,  [per -f  gra- 
tus],  adj.,  very  agreeable,  exceed- 
ingly pleasant.  As  subst.,  per- 
gratum,  -1,  n.,  a  great  favor,  as 
fecisti  mihi  pergratum,  you 
have  do7ie  me  a  great  favor. 

perhorresco,     -ere,     perhorrui, 

,  [per  +  horresco],  3,  inch., 

become  rough,  bristle  up ;  quake 
with  terror,  tremble  greatly ; 
shudder  at,  shudder  to  think  of, 
have  a  great  horror  of. 

periclitor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [peri- 
culum],  1,  dep.,  try,  test,  make 
trial  of;  imperil,  risk,  endanger. 

periculosus,  -a,  -um,  [pericu- 
lum],  adj.,  full  of  danger,  dan- 
gerous, perilous. 

periculum,  -1,  n.,  trial,  attempt ; 
risk,  hazard,  danger,  peril ;  legal 
action,  lawsuit,  suit. 

perinde  [per  -f  inde],  adv.,  in 
the  same  manner,  just  so,  equally, 
in  like  manner.  perinde  ac, 
or  &tque,  just  as. 


PERINIQUUS 


100 


PERSPICIO 


periniquus,  -a,  -um,  [per  -f  inl- 
quus],  adj.,  very  unfair,  exceed- 
ingly unjust. 

peritus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  experienced, 
practised ',  trained ;  skilled,  skilful, 
expert. 

periucundus,  -a,  -um,  [per  +  iu- 
cundus],  adj.,  very  agreeable, 
very  acceptable. 

permagnus,  -a,  -um,  [per  -f  mag- 
nus],  adj.,  very  great,  very  exten- 
sive, exceedingly  important.  As 
subst.,  permagnum,  -I,  n., 
a  very  great  thing.  permagni 
interest,  it  is  of  very  great  im- 
portance. 

permaned,  -ere,  permansl,  per- 
mansum,  [per  +  maneo],  2,  n., 
remain,  stay;  hold  out,  continue, 
persist. 

permitto,  -ere,  permlsi,  permis- 
sum,  [per  +  mitto],  3,  a  ,  let  go; 
commit,  surrender,  intrust,  put  in 
charge  of ;  allow,  suffer,  permit, 
grant. 

permodestus,  -a,  -um,  [per  + 
modestus],  ad].,  exceedingly  mod- 
est, very  shy. 

permoveo,  -ere,  permovi,  per- 
motum,  [per  +  moveo],  2,  a., 
move  deeply  ;  arouse,  agitate,  in- 
fluence, prevail  upon. 

permultum  [permultus],  adv., 
very  much,  very  far. 

permultus,  -a,  -um,  [per  4-  mul- 
tus],  adj.,  very  much  ;  pi.,  very 
many,  in  great  numbers.  As 
subst.,  permultum,  -1,  n.,  a  great 
deal,  very  much. 

permutatio,  -onis,  [permuto],  f., 
complete  change,  revolution ;  ex- 
change, interchange,  barter. 

perniciSs,  -el,  [per  +  nex],  f., 
destruction,  ruin,  overthrow,  dis- 
aster. 

pernicidsus,  -a,  -um,  [pernicies], 
adj.,  destructive,  ruinous,  baleful, 
pernicious. 


pernocto,  -are,  -avi,  fut.  part,  per- 
noctattirus,  [per  -f  nocto],  1,  n. 
remain  all  night,  stay  all  night, 
pass  the  night. 

perpetuus,  -a,  -um,  [per,  cf.  peto], 
adj.,  continuous,  uninterrupted, 
constant,  perpetual ;  whole,  entire. 
As  subst.,  n.,  in  the  phrase  in 
perpetuum,  for  all  time,  forever. 

persaepe  [per  +  saepe],  adv., 
very  often,  very  frequently. 

perscribo,  -ere,  perscripsi,  per- 
scriptum,  [per  -f-  scribo],  3,  a., 
write  in  full,  write  out ;  describe 
fully  in  writing,  recount,  detail ; 
of  public  documents,  put  on 
record,  record. 

persequor,  -sequl,  -secutus  sum, 
[per  +  sequor],  3,  dep.,  follow 
persistently ,  follow  after,  pursue  ; 
prosecute,  avenge;  perform,  ac- 
complish ;  set  forth,  relate. 

Perses,  -ae,  [Ileptrrjs],  m.,  Perses 
or  Perseus,  last  king  of  Macedo- 
nia. He  came  to  the  throne  B.  c. 
179.  He  entered  into  a  war  with 
Rome  B.C.  171,  and  was  totally 
defeated  by  L.  Aemilius  Paulus 
at  Pydna,  b.  c.  168.  He  adorned 
the  triumph  of  Paulus,  B.  c.  167 
and  passed  the  remainder  of  his 
life  in  captivity.  Cat.  IV".  x. 
Imp.  P.  xviii. 

perseverantia,  -ae,  [persevero] 
f.,  steadfastness,  persistency,  per- 
severance. 

persevero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum 
[per,  severus],  1,  n.  and  a.,  con- 
tinue steadfastly,  persist,  perse- 
vere. 

persona,  -ae,  [per,  cf.  sonus],  f. 
mask,  part,  character,  role  ;  per 
sonage,  person. 

perspicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  per 
spectum,  [per  +  specio],  3,  a. 
look  through,  look  into;  inspect 
examine;  perceive  clearly,  see 
plainly,  observe,  discern,  note. 


PERSUADEO 


101 


PHILIPPUS 


persuaded,  -ere,  persuasi,  per- 
suasum,  [per  +  suadeo],  2,  n. 
and  a.,  convince,  persuade  ;  induce, 
prevail  upon. 

perterreo,  -ere,  perterrul,  per- 
territum,  [per  +  terreo],  2,  a., 
frighten  greatly,  terrify. 

pertimesco,  -ere,  pertimui, , 

[per  -+-  timesco],  3,  inch.,  be 
greatly  alarmed,  be  much  fright- 
ened;  fear  greatly,  be  much  afraid 
of 

pertinacia,  -ae,  [pertinax],  f., 
persistency,  obstinacy,  stubborn- 
ness. 

pertineo,  -ere,  -ui,  ,  [per  + 

teneo],  2,  n.,  reach,  extend ;  be- 
long, pertain,  concern,  refer  ;  tend, 
lead,  be  conducive,  conduce. 

perturbatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
perturbo],  adj.,  disturbed,  agi- 
tated, embarrassed,  unsettled. 

perturbo,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [per 
-j-  turbo],  1,  a.,  greatly  disturb, 
throw  into  disorder  ;  disturb,  con- 
fuse, unsettle. 

pervado,  -ere,  pervasi,  perva- 
sum,  [per  4-  vado],  3,  n.  and  a., 
go  through,  spread  through,  pre- 
vail;  penetrate,  pervade,  extend, 
reach. 

pervagatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
pervagor],  adj  ,  wide-spread, 
well-known.  • 

pervenio,  -ire,  pervenl,  perven- 
tum,  [per  +  venio],  4,  n.,  come 
through,  come  up,  arrive,  reach  ; 
attain,  come  to  ;  come,  fall. 

Pescennius,  -I,  m.,  Pescennius,  a 
friend  of  Cicero  who  befriended 
him  during  his  exile,  especially 
during  his  stay  at  Brundisium. 
Ep.  viii. 

pestifer,  -era,  -erum,  [pestis, 
fero],  adj.,  destructive, pernicious, 
noxious,  baleful. 

pestilentia,  -ae,  [pestilens] ,  f., 
infectious  disease,  epidemic,  pesti- 


lence ;  unhealthful  climate,  un~ 
wholesome  atmosphere. 

pestis,  -is,  f.,  plague,  pest,  pesti- 
lence;  bane,  curse  ;  ruin,  destruc- 
tion, death. 

petitio,  -onis,  [peto],  f.,  in  fen- 
cing or  fighting,  thrust,  blow, 
aim,  attack ;  canvass  for  votes, 
candidacy  ;  claim,  suit. 

peto,  -ere,  petlvx  and  -il,  peti- 
tum,  3,  a.,  strive  for,  aim  at, 
seek  ;  rush  at,  attack,  assail ;  de- 
mand, require;  beg,  beseech,  en- 
treat;  woo,  court ;  pursue ;  wrest, 
draw  from. 

petulantia,  -ae,  [petulans,  pert], 
f .,  pertness,  sauciness,  impudence. 

pexus,  -a,  -um,  see  pecto. 

Philhetaerus,  -1,  [(f>i\4raipos,  true 
to  comrades],  m.,  Clodius  Philhe- 
taerus, a  freedman  of  Cicero's. 
Ep.  viii. 

Philippus,  -1,  [*iAi7T9ros],  m., 
Philip,  name  of  three  persons 
mentioned  in  this  book  : 

(1)  Philippus  V.,  Philip  V., 
king  of  Macedonia  B.  c.  220- 
179.  He  was  an  active  and  able 
ruler,  and  for  a  time  greatly  in- 
creased the  power  of  his  state. 
He  entered  into  an  alliance  with 
Hannibal,  but  rendered  little 
assistance  against  the  Romans, 
who,  after  the  close  of  the  second 
Punic  War,  engaged  in  active 
hostilities  against  him.  He  was 
conquered  in  B.  C.  196  and  ob- 
liged to  submit  to  humiliating 
terms.     Imp.  P.  vr. 

(2)  L.  Mdrcius  Philippus,  con- 
sul B.C.  91.  He  was  prominent 
as  an  orator  and  as  a  political 
leader.     Imp.  P.  xxi. 

(3)  L.  Mdrcius  Philippus,  pro- 
praetor in  Syria  b.  C.  59,  consul 
b.  c.  56.  He  was  the  stepfather 
of  C.  Octavius.  During  the  civil 
wars,  however,  he  remained  neu- 


PHILOGENES 


102 


PLEBS 


tral,  and  lived  to  see  his  step- 
son the  emperor  Augustus.  Ep. 
xvi.,  xxxv, 

Philogenes,  -is,  [<f>i\os,  cf.  ydvos], 
m.,  Philogenes,  a  freedman  of  At- 
ticus.    Ep.  xvi. 

philosophia,  -ae,  [<piXo<ro<pia\,  f., 
philosophy. 

philosophus,-a,  -um,  [<pi\6<ro<po<f\, 
adj.,  philosophical.  As  subst., 
philosophus,  -I,  m.,  philosopher. 

Philotimus,  -I,  [QiKSrifios],  m., 
Philotimus,  a  freedman  of  Cicero 
or  of  Terentia.     Ep.  hi.  et  al. 

piaculum,  -I,  [pio],  n.,  propitia- 
tory sacrifice,  expiatory  offering ; 
victim  offered  in  sacrifice,  offering ; 
atonement,  sacrifice. 

Picenum,  -I,  n.,  Picenum,  z  dis- 
trict on  the  east  coast  of  Italy, 
lying  northeast  from  Rome  and 
east  of  Umbria. 

Picenus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  Pice- 
num,  Picene. 

pietas,  -atis,  [pius],  f.,  dutiful 
conduct,  dutifulness,  sense  of 
duty  ;  religiousness  ;  faithfulness 
in  discharge  of  duty,  particularly 
toward  kindred ;  duty,  fealty,  af- 
fection, gratitude,  loyalty,  devotion  ; 
towards  one's  country , patriotism. 

piget,  -ere,  piguit  and  pigitum 
est,  2,  a.,  impers.,  it  annoys,  it 
troubles,  it  disgusts ;  it  causes  to 
repent,   it  makes  sorry.  nee 

me  piget,  and  I  am  not  sorry. 

pila,  -ae,  f.,  ball;  by  metonymy, 
ball-playing,  game  of  ball. 

Pilia,  -ae,  f.,  Pilia,  wife  of  Cicero's 
friend  Atticus,  to  whom  she  was 
married  B.  c.  56.     Ep.  xix. 

plnguis,  -e,  adj.,  fat,  rich,  fertile  ; 
dull,  stupid. 

Piso,  -onis,  m.,  C.  Calpurnius  Piso 
Frugt,  son-in-law  of  Cicero.  He 
was  betrothed  to  Cicero's  daugh- 
ter Tullia  B.  C.  67,  married  B.  c. 
63.     He  was  quaestor,  b.  c.  58, 


and  made  every  effort  to  secure 
the  recall  of  Cicero  from  banish- 
ment. He  died  the  following 
year.     Ep.  viii.,  ix. 

pius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  dutiful,  con- 
scientious, devout,  religious  ;  de- 
voted, especially  to  kindred ; 
faithful,  loving,  filial. 

Pius,  -1,  [pius],  m.,  Pius,  honorary 
surname  of  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus. 
See  Metellus,  (2). 

pi.,  see  plebs. 

placeo,  -ere,  -ui  or  -itus  sum,  2, 
n.,  please,  be  pleasing  ;  give  pleas- 
ure, meet  with  approval,  suit, 
satisfy;  often  impers.,  placet, 
-ere,  -itum  est,  it  pleases,  it  is 
agreed,  it  seems  right,  it  is  re- 
solved, it  is  decided. 

placo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cf.  pla- 
ced], 1,  a.,  quiet,  soothe,  calm; 
appease,  conciliate,  reconcile. 

Plancius,  -1,  m.,  Cn.  Plancius, 
quaestor  in  Macedonia  B.  c.  58, 
where  he  showed  great  kindness 
to  Cicero,  then  in  exile.  Some 
years  later  Plancius  was  charged 
with  bribery  at  an  election  and 
defended  by  Cicero,  who  secured 
his  acquittal.     Ep.  ix. 

Plancus,  -I,  m.,  L.  Mundtius  Plan- 
cus,  consul  b.  c.  42.  He  was  a 
lieutenant  of  Caesar  in  Gaul 
(Caes.  Bel.  Gal.  v.  24,  25),  and 
afterwards  a  partisan  of  the  Dic- 
tator. After  the  death  of  Caesar 
he  was  active  in  political  affairs 
until  .the  establishment  of  the 
Empire.     Ep.  xlv. 

plane  [planus],  adv., plainly,  clear- 
ly, distinctly ;  wholly,  quite. 

Plato,  -onis,  SJ1\6,twv\,  m.,  Plato, 
a  Greek  philosopher. 

plebs,  plebis,  and  plebes,  -ei  or 
-1,  often  abbreviated  pi.,  plural 
wanting,  f.,  common  people,  com- 
mons, common  folk,  populace; 
mass,  throng,  multitude. 


PLENUS 


103 


POPINA 


plgnus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  -pleo],  adj., 

full,    filled;      complete,     whole; 
abounding,  rich. 

plerumque  [plerusque],  adv.,  for 
the  most  part,  generally,  common- 
ly, very  often. 

plerusque,  -raque,  -rumque, 
[plerus],  adj.,  a  very  great  part, 
the  majority,  most.  As  subst., 
plerlque,  -orumque,  m.,  pi.,  the 
greater  part,  the  majority,  about 
all. 

Plotius,  -I,  m.,  L.  Plotius  Gallus, 
a  native  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  and 
a  rhetorician.  He  opened  a 
school  for  the  study  of  Latin  and 
rhetoric  at  Rome  about  88  b.  c. 
Arch.  ix. 

plurimum  [plurimus],  adv.,  very 
much,  very  greatly  ;  for  the  most 
part,  commonly. 

plurimus,  -a,  -um,  see  multus. 

plus,  pluris,  see  multus. 

podagra,  -ae,  [iroddypa],  f.,  gout. 
Ep.  xxix. 

poena,  -ae,  [iroivij],  f.,  compensa- 
tion, recompense  ;  penalty,  pun- 
ishment, retribution,  vengeance. 

Poem,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  Phoeni- 
cians;   Carthaginians. 

poeta,  -ae,  [TroirjT-fis],  m.,  poet. 

polio,  -Ire,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  4,  a.,  smooth, 
polish ;  adorn,  decorate,  embel- 
lish. 

polliceor,  -erl,  -itus  sum,  [por, 
for  pro,  +  liceor],  2,  dep.,  offer, 
promise. 

Pompeianus,  -a,  -um,  [Pompeii], 
adj.,  Pompeian,  of  Pompeii,  a  city 
in  the  southern  part  of  Campa- 
nia, near  Neapolis  (Naples),  bu- 
ried by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius, 
A.  D.  79.  As  subst.,  Pompeia- 
num,  -1,  n.,  estate  near  Pompeii, 
Pompeian  villa,  belonging  to 
Cicero.     Ep.  hi.,  xxix. 

Pompeius,  -a,  name  of  a  plebeian 
gens.      The   most   distinguished 


person  bearing  the  name  was 
Cn.  Pompeius  Magnus,  born 
Sept.  30,  b.  c.  106.  He  was 
victorious  over  the  pirates  and 
over  Mithridates,  was  a  member 
of  the  first  triumvirate,  and  was 
killed  in  Egypt,  whither  he  had 
fled  for  refuge,  after  the  battle  of 
Pharsalia,  Sept.  29,  b.  c.  48. 

Pomponia,  -ae,  f.,  Pomponia,  sis- 
ter of  Cicero's  friend  Atticus,  and 
wife  of  Q.  Cicero,  the  orator's 
brother.    Ep.  hi. 

Pomponius,  -a,  name  of  a  ple- 
beian gens.  The  best  known 
member  is  T.  Pomponius  Atticus. 
See  Atticus. 

Pomptlnus,  -1,  m.,  C.  Pomptinus, 
praetor  when  Cicero  was  consul, 
b.  c.  63.  He  rendered  important 
service  in  crushing  the  Catilina- 
rian  conspiracy.  In  B.  c.  51  he 
was  legatus  to  Cicero  in  Cilicia. 
Cat.  III.  11.,  in.,  vi. 

pond,  -ere,  posui,  positum,  3,  a., 
set  down,  place,  set,  put ;  lay,  fix, 
station  ;  lay  aside,  take  off ;  allay, 
quiet ;  spend,  employ ;  count, 
reckon,  consider ;  assert,  allege, 
maintain  ;  propose,  offer ;  put 
away,  dismiss ;  of  arms,  lay 
down. 

pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 

pontifex,  -icis,  [pons,  cf.  facio], 
m.,  high-priest,  pontiff,  pontifex. 
Pontifex  Maximus,  supreme 
pontiff,  chief  of  the  priests,  the 
chief  of  the  guild  of  pontifices,  or 
pontiffs,  who  had  the  supervision 
of  all  sacred  observances  at 
Rome. 

Pontus,  -T,  [u6vros],  m.,  Pontus, 
a  large  country  in  the  northeast- 
ern part  of  Asia  Miaor,  south  of 
the  Pontus  Euxinus,  from  which 
it  received  its  name. 

popina,  -ae,  f.,  eating-house,  cook* 
shot). 


POPULARIS 


104 


POTIS 


popularis,  -e,  [populus],  adj.,  of 
the  people  ;  devoted  to  the  people, 
democratic  ;  acceptable  to  the  peo- 
ple, popular. 

populus,  -X,  m.,  people,  nation  ; 
multitude;  host,  throng.  po- 
pulus Eomanus,  the  Roman  peo- 
ple, meaning  the  whole  body  of 
citizens  taken  together,  as  distin- 
guished from  foreign  peoples  or 
from  the  classes  and  factions  at 
Rome. 

porta,  -ae,  f.,  gate  of  a  city,  city- 
gate,  gate  ;  passage,  outlet. 

portentum,  -I,  [portendo],  n., 
omen,  sign,  portent;  monster, 
monstrosity. 

portuosus, -a,  -urn,  [portus],  adj., 
rich  in  harbors,  supplied  with 
harbors. 

portus,  -us,  m.,  harbor,  port ;  ha- 
ven, refuge.  ex  portu  vecti- 
gal,  revenue  from  customs. ' 

positus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  pono], 
adj., placed,  situated,  lying. 

possessio,  -onis,  [por,  for  pro,  + 
sedeo],  f.,  taking  possession,  seiz- 
ure ;  occupation,  possession ;  es- 
pecially in  pi.,  property,  estates, 
possessions. 

possideo,  -sidere,  -sedl,  -sessum, 
[por,  for  pr5,  -f  sedeo],  2,  a., 
possess,  be  master  of,  own ;  hold 
possession  of,  occupy. 

possido,  -sidere,  -sedi,  -sessum, 
[por,  for  pro,  +  sido],  3,  a.,  take 
possession  of,  possess  one's  self  of, 
occupy,  seize. 

possum,  posse,  potui,  [potis  + 
sum],  irr.,  n.,  be  able,  can,  have 
power ;  have  influence,  avail. 

post,  adv.,  of  place,  behind,  back, 
backwards  ;  of  time,  afterwards, 
after,  later,  next. 

post,  prep,  with  ace,  after ;  of 
place,  behind;  of  time,  after, 
since ;  of  other  relations,  after, 
inferior  to,  beneath,  next  to. 


postea  [post  +  ea],  adv.,  after 
that,  thereafter,  later ;  then,  after- 
wards, postea  quam,  fol- 
lowed by  a  clause,  after,  after 
that. 

posteritas,  -atis,  [posterus],  f., 
future  time,  the  future  ;  future 
generations,  posterity.  in  pos- 
teritatem,/<?r  the  future. 

posterus,  -a,  -um,  nom.  sing.  m. 
not  found,  comp.  posterior,  sup. 
postremus,  [post],  adj.,  follow- 
ing, coming  after,  subsequent,  fu- 
ture. Comp.,  posterior,  -us, 
later,  inferior,  less  important. 
Sup.,  postremus,  -a,  -um,  last, 
hindmost  ;  lowest,  worst.  As 
subst,  posteri,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
men  of  the  future,  descendants, 
posterity;  also,  n.  sing,  in  the 
phrase  in  posterum,  =  in  pos- 
terum  tempus,  for  the  future. 

posthac  [post  +  hac],  adv.,  after 
this,  henceforth,  hereafter,  in  the 
future. 

postremo  [postremus],  adv.,  at 
last,  finally,  lastly. 

postremus,  see  posterus. 

postridie  [posterX  -f-  die],  adv., 
the  next  day,  the  day  after. 

postulo,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  1,  a., 
ask,  request ;  demand,  require, 
claim,  desire. 

potSns,  -entis,  [part,  of  possum], 
adj.,  able,  strong,  powerful, 
mighty  ;  potent,  influential. 

potestas,  -atis,  [potis],  f.,  ability, 
power,  capacity  ;  authority,  sover- 
eignty ;  magistracy,  office  ;  oppor- 
tunity, privilege. 

potior,  -Xrl,  -Xtus  sum,  [potis],  4, 
dep.,  become  master  of,  take  pos- 
session of,  obtain,  acquire;  be 
master  of,  hold,  possess. 

potis  or  pote,  comp.  potior,  sup. 
potissimus,  pos.  indecl.,  adj., 
able,  capable.  Comp.,  better, 
preferable,  superior,  more  impor- 


POTISSIMUM 


105 


PRAEFERO 


tant.  Sup.,    chief,   principal, 

most  prominent. 

potissimum  [potissimus] ,  adv., 
chiefly,  principally ;  especially, 
above  all,  most  of  all. 

potius  [potis],  adv.,  comp.,  rather, 
more. 

potus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  that  has  drunk, 
drunken.  bene  potus,  having 
drunk  freely.     Er.  xxxvm. 

pr.,  see  pridie. 

PR.,  see  praetor. 

prae,  prep,  with  abl.,  before,  in 
front  of ;  in  comparison  with, 
compared  with,  in  view  of;  by 
reason  of  on  account  of,  because 
of.     In  composition,  before,  very. 

praebeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [prae  + 
habeo],  2,  a.,  hold  forth,  offer; 
give,  furnish,  supply,  grant ;  pre- 
sent, show. 

praeceps,  -cipitis,  [prae  +  caput] , 
adj.,  headlong,  head  foremost,  in 
haste  ;  steep,  precipitous,  abrupt ; 
rash,  hasty,  inconsiderate. 

praeceptum,  -I,  [praecipio],  n., 
maxim,  precept,  teaching;  injunc- 
tion, direction,  order. 

praecipio,  -cipere,  -cepi,  prae- 
ceptum, [prae  +  capio],  3,  a. 
take  beforehand,  anticipate;  ad- 
vise, admonish,  instruct,  enjoin, 
bid. 

praecipue  [praecipuus],  adv., 
especially,  chiefly,  eminently. 

praecipuus,  -a,  -um,  [prae,  cf. 
capiS],  adj.,  lit.  taken  before 
others  ;  hence,  special,  particular, 
peculiar ;  eminent ;  distinguished; 
extraordinary . 

praeclare  [praeclarus],  adv.,  very 
clearly,  very  plainly  ;  excellently, 
admirably. 

praeclarus,  -a,  -um,  [prae  + 
clarus],  adj.,  very  bright;  splen- 
did, admirable,  excellent ;  distin- 
guished, famous,  illustrious,  re- 
nowned. 


praeco,  -onis,  [prae-1-  voco],  m., 

crier,  herald  ;  auctioneer ;  eulogist. 

praeconium,.-!,  [praeconius,  from 
praeco],  n.,  proclaiming,  herald- 
ing ;  commendation,  eulogy. 

praecurro,     -ere,     praecucurri, 

,  [prae  +  curro],  1,  n.  and  a., 

run  before,  hasten  on  before ;  out- 
strip, surpass,  excel. 

prae  da,  -ae,  f.,  booty,  plunder, 
spoil ;  by  metonymy,  gain,  profit. 

praedator,  -oris,  [praedor],  m., 
plunderer,  pillager. 

praedicatio,  -onis,  [praedico],  f., 
proclaiming,  proclamation  ;  com- 
mendation, praise. 

praedico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [prae 
-f  dico],  1,  a.  and  n.,  proclaim, 
announce ;  relate,  declare  openly, 
assert ;  praise,  boast.  ut  prae- 
dicas,  as  you  assert. 

praedico,  -dicere,  -dixi,  -dictum, 
[prae  -f-  dico],  3,  a.,  tell  before- 
hand, foretell,  predict;  advise, 
warn,  admonish. 

praeditus,  -a,  -um,  [prae  + 
datus],  adj.,  gifted,  endowed, 
provided. 

praedium,  -1,  n.,farm,  estate. 

praedd,  -onis,  [praeda],  m.,  plun- 
derer, robber. 

praedor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [prae- 
da], I,  dep.,  take  booty,  plunder, 
rob,  spoil. 

praefectiira,  -ae,  [praefectus],  f., 
overseership,  office  of  prefect,  pre- 
fectship ;  prefecture,  a  subject 
community  governed  by  a  pre- 
fect sent  from  Rome. 

praefectus,  -1,  [praeficio],  m., 
overseer,  director,  prefect;  gov- 
ernor, commander  ;  cavalry  cap- 
tain. 

praeferS,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum, 
[prae  +  fero],  irr.,  a.,  carry  in 
front  of,  bear  before,  bear  for- 
ward;  place  before,  set  before, 
prefer ;  manifest,  reveal. 


PRAEFICIO 


106 


PRAETEXTATUS 


praeficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  praefec- 
tum,  [prae  +  facio],  3,  a.,  set 
over,  put  in  charge ;  appoint  to 
command,  place  at  the  head. 

praefulciS,  -ire,  praefulsi,  prae- 
fultum,  [prae  -f  fulcio],  4,  a., 
prop  up,  support ;  make  sure. 

praemitto,  -ere,  praemisi,  prae- 
missum,  [prae  +  mitto],  3,  a., 
send  forward,  despatch  in  ad- 
vance. 

praemium,  -1,  [prae,  cf.  emo],  n., 
advantage,  favor  ;  reward,  recom- 
pense, prize,  booty. 

praemunio,  -ire,  -IvT,  -itum,  [prae 
+  munio],  4,  a.,  fortify  in  front, 
protect ;  set  forth  as  a  defence ; 
secure  beforehand. 

Praeneste,  -is,  n.,  Praeneste,  an 
ancient  city  of  Latium,  23  miles 
east  of  Rome ;  now  Palestrina. 
Cat.  I.  in. 

praepono,  -ere,  praeposul,  prae- 
positum,  [prae  +  pono],  3,  a., 
place  before ;  set  over,  put  in 
charge,  place  in  command,  ap- 
point;  set  before,  prefer. 

praescribo,  -ere,  praescripsi, 
praescriptum,  [prae  +  scrlbo], 
3,  a.,  write  before  ;  determine  be- 
forehand, order,  prescribe,  give 
directions. 

praesens,  -entis,  [part,  of  prae- 
sum],  adj.,  at  hand,  present,  in 
person  ;  prompt,  instant,  impend- 
ing ;  powerful,  influential ;  fa- 
voring, propitious. 

praesentia,  -ae,  [praesens],  f., 
presence  ;  present  time. 

praesentio,  -ire,  praesens!,  prae- 

'  sensum,  [prae  +  sentio],  4,  a., 
perceive  in  advance,  presage,  di- 
vine. 

praesertim  [prae,  cf.  sero],  adv., 
especially,  chiefly ;  particularly, 
principally. 

praesided,  -ere,  praesedi,  , 

[prae  4-sedeol,  2,  n    and  a.,  lit. 


sit  before ;  hence  watch  over, 
guard,  protect ;  preside  over,  di- 
rect, manage. 

praesidium,  -1,  [praeses],  n.,  de- 
fence,  protection  ;  guard,  garri- 
son ;  post,  intrenchment,  fortifi' 
cation;  aid,  help,  assistance. 

praestans,  -antis,  [part,  of  prae- 
sto],  adj.,  pre-eminent,  excellent, 
superior,  distinguished. 

praesto,  adv.,  at  hand,  present, 
here. 

praesto,  -are,  -stiti,  -statum  or 
-stitum,  [prae  +  sto],  1,  n.  and 
a.,  stand  before  ;  stand  out,  excel, 
be  pre-eminent,  be  excellent ;  vouch 
for,  be  responsible  for,  answer  for ; 
fulfil,  perform,  discharge  ;  main- 
tain, keep,  preserve. 

praestolor,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  1, 
dep.,  stand  ready  for,  wait  for. 

praesum,  -esse,  -fui,  [prae  + 
sum],  irr.,  n.,  be  set  over,  have 
charge  of,  rule,  command. 

praeter  [prae],  prep,  with  ace, 
past,  by,  before,  in  front  of,  along ; 
contrary  to,  against;  except,  be- 
sides, apart  from.  In  composi- 
tion, past,  by,  beyond,  besides. 

praeterea  [praeter  +  ea],  adv., 
besides,  moreover,  further. 

praetereo,  -ire,  -ivi  or  -ii,  -itum, 
[praeter  +  eo],  irr.,  a.  and  n.,  go 
by,  go  past,  pass  by ;  pass  over, 
disregard,  omit. 

praeteritus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
praetereo],  adj.,  gone  by,  past. 
As  subst.,  praeterita,  -orum,  n., 
pi.,  the  past,  bygones. 

praetermitto,  -mittere,  -misi, 
-missum,  [praeter  +  mitto],  3, 
a.,  let  pass  ;  omit,  leave  undone, 
neglect ;  pass  over,  overlook. 

praeter quam  [praeter  +  quam], 
adv.,  except,  besides,  save. 

praetextatus,  -a,  -um,  [prae- 
texta],  adj.,  wearing  the  toga 
praetexta  ;  juvenile. 


PRAETEXTUS 


107 


PRO 


praetextus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
praetexo,  border],  adj ,  bordered, 
edged.  toga  praetexta,  or,  as 
subst.,  praetexta,  -ae,  f.,  bor- 
dered toga,  toga  praetexta,  the 
praetexta,  a  toga  having  a  pur- 
ple border,  worn  as  the  official 
robe  of  the  higher  magistrates, 
and  by  the  children  of  Roman 
citizens  until  they  became  of  age. 

praetor,  -oris,  sometimes  abbre- 
viated PR.,  [for  unused  prae- 
itor,  from  praeeo],  m.,  chief 
magistrate,  commander ;  as  an 
officer  of  Rome,  praetor,  a  magis- 
trate intrusted  with  the  adminis- 
tration of  justice. 

praetorius,  -a,  -um,  [praetor], 
adj.,  of  a  praetor,  of  praetors, 
praetorian ;  of  a  general,  of  a 
commander. 

praettira,  -ae,  [praeeo],  f.,  office 
of  praetor,  praetorship. 

pravitas,  -atis,  [pravus],  f.,  crook- 
edness, irregularity ;  perverse- 
ness,  viciousness. 

precor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [cf.  prex], 
i,  dep.,  entreat,  pray,  supplicate, 
beg,  beseech  ;  call  upon,  invoke. 

premo,  -ere,  press!,  pressum,  3, 
a.,  press ;  press  hard,  pursue 
closely,  crowd ;  cover,  crown, 
adorn  ;  press  down,  cause  to  sink ; 
load,  burden,  oppress;  overwhelm, 
crush,  restrain,  check  ;  urge. 

pretium,  -1,  n.,  price,  value,  worth  ; 
reward,  recompense,  return. 
operae  pretium  est,  it  is  worth 
the  effort,  it  is  worth  while. 

prex,  precis,  nom.  and  gen.  sing, 
not  found,  [cf.  precor],  i.,  prayer, 
petition,  entreaty ;  imprecation, 
curse. 

prid.,  see  pridie. 

pridem,  adv.,  long  ago,  long  since. 
iam  pridem,  this  long  time. 

pridie,  in  dates  often  abbreviated 
pr.,  prid.,  [root   pri  in  prior,  + 


die],  adv.,  on  the  day  before,  thi 
previous  day. 

primo  [primus],  adv.,  at  first,  first, 
in  the  first  place. 

primum  [primus],  adv.,  at  first, 
in  the  first  place,  first ;  for  the 
first  time.  ut  primum,  as  soon 
as.  cjuam  primum,  as  soon  as 
possible. 

primus,  see  prior. 

princeps,  -ipis,  [primus,  cf. 
capio],  did].,  first,  foremost,  chiej. 
As  subst.,  princeps,  -ipis,  m., 
chief,  leader,  head ;  founder,  ori- 
ginator, contriver. 

prlneipium,  -i,  [princeps],  n., 
beginning,  commencement,  origin, 
principle.  principio,  abl.,  in 
the  beginning,  at  first,  in  the  first 
place. 

prior,  -us,  gen.  -oris,  adj.  in  the 
com  p.  degree,  sup.  primus,  for- 
mer, previous,  prior,  first.  Sup. 
primus,  -a,  -um,  first,  fore?nost ; 
chief ;  first  in  excellence,  noble, 
eminent,  distinguished.  As  subst., 
n.,  pi.,  in  the  phrase  in  primis, 
among  the  first,  especially,  chiefly, 
principally. 

pristinus,  -a,  -um,  [prius],  adj., 
former,  early,  original. 

prius  [prior],  adv.,  in  the  comp. 
degree,  sooner,  before  ;  previously. 
prius  quam,  sooner  than,  earlier 
than,  before,  before  that. 

privatus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  privo], 
adj.,  personal,  individual,  private, 
retired.  As  subst.,  privatus,  -i, 
m.,  private  citizen,  private  per- 
son, as  opposed  to  one  holding 
office. 

privo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [privus, 
one's  own],  I,  a.,  deprive t  strip, 
rob  ;  free,  release,  deliver. 

pro,  prep,  with  abl.,  before,  in  front 
of,  in  the  presence  of ;  for,  in  be- 
half of;  instead  of,  in  place  of, 
in  return  for,  for  ;  in  comparison 


PRO 


108 


PROHIBEO 


with,  according  to,  because  of,  on 
account  of.  pro  eo  atque,  just 
the  same  as,  just  as,  even  as. 
In  composition,  before,  forwards, 
for. 

pr5,  interj.,  Of  ah!  alas! 

proavus,  -I,  [pro  +  avus],  m., 
great-grandfather  ;  forefather,  an- 
cestor. 

pr  obit  as,  -atis,  [probus,  good], 
f.,  goodness,  uprightness,  worth. 

probo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [probus, 
good],  I,  a.,  approve,  commend, 
esteem,  recommend ;  make  credi- 
ble, show,  prove,  demonstrate. 

procedo,  -ere,  process!,  ptoces- 
sum,  [pro  -f-  cedo],  3,  n.,  go  be- 
fore, go  forward,proceed,  advance  ; 
appear,  arise. 

procella,  -ae,  f.,  violent  wind, 
storm,  tempest ;  by  metonymy, 
violence,  commotion. 

processid,  -onis,  [procedo],  f., 
a  marching  forward,  advance. 

procul,  adv.,  afar  off,  at  a  distance, 
far  away  ;  from  afar. 

procuratio,  -onis,  [procuro],  f., 
charge,  management,  administra- 
tion. 

prodigium,  -1,  n.,  omen,  sign,  por- 
tent ;  prodigy,  monster. 

prodigus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  lavish, 
wasteful,  prodigal.  As  subst., 
prodigus,  -1,  m.,  spendthrift, 
prodigal. 

prodo,  -ere,  prodidi,  proditum, 
[pro  +  do],  3,  a.,  put  forth,  ex- 
hibit;  relate,  report,  hand  down, 
transmit;  make  known,  disclose, 
betray. 

proelior,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [proe- 
lium],  1,  dep.,  join  battle,  engage 
in  battle,  fight. 

proelium,  -I,  n.,  battle,  strife,  con- 
test, combat. 

profectio,  -onis,  [profectus,  from 
proficiscor],  i.,  setting  out,  de- 
parture. 


profecto  [pro  +  facto],  adv.,  act 

ually,  indeed,  in  fact,  really,  by 
all  means* 

profero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  [pro 
-f  fero],  irr.,  a.,  carry  out,  bring 
out,  bring  forth,  produce  ;  put 
forth,  stretch  out,  extend ;  make 
known,  reveal,  show. 

professio,  -onis,  [profiteor],  (., 
acknowledgment,  declaration,  pro- 
fession, promise. 

proficio,  -ficere,  -feci,  -fectum, 
[pro  -f  facio],  3,  n.  and  a.,  make 
progress,  advance,  succeed;  ac- 
complish, effect,  bring  about,  gain ; 
help,  avail,  be  serviceable. 

proficiscor,  -ficisci,  -fectus  sum, 
[proiicio],  3,  dep.,  set  out,  go 
forward,  start,  go,  depart,  pro- 
ceed ;  begin,  commence. 

profiteor,  -fiterl,  -fessus  sum, 
[pro  -f  fateor],  2,  dep.,  declare 
publicly,  make  a  declaration  ;  ac- 
knowledge, own,  profess ;  avow 
one's  self,  profess  to  be  ;  promise. 

profligatus,  -a,  -urn,  [part,  of 
profligo],  adj.,  abandoned,  vile, 
dissolute,  profligate. 

profligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a., 
strike  to  the  ground,  overthrow, 
overcome  ;  destroy,  crush,  ruin. 

profugio,    -fugere,    -fugl,    , 

[pro  +  fugio],  3,  n.  and  a.,  flee, 
run  away,  escape  ;  flee  for  refuge, 
take  refuge. 

profundo,  -ere,  profudi,  pro- 
fusum,  [pr5  -f-  fundo],  3,  a., 
pour  out,  pour  forth  ;  spend  free- 
ly, lavish ;  squander,  dissipate., 
waste. 

progredior,  -gredi,  -gressus  sum, 
[pro  -I-  gradior],  3,  dep.,  go  forth, 
go  forward,  proceed,  advance. 

prohibeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  [pro 
-|-  habeo],  2,  a.,  hold  before;  hold 
back,  hold,  restrain,  check,  re- 
press ;  hinder,  prevent ;  keep, 
protect,  defend,  preserve. 


PROICIO 


109 


PROSPICIO 


proicio,  -icere,  -ieci,  -iectum, 
[pro  +  iacio],  3,  a.,  throw  forth, 
cast  out,  expel,  banish  ;  hold  forth, 
extend ;  throw  away,  give  up, 
resign. 

proinde  [pro  +  inde],  adv.,  hence, 
accordingly,  then  ;  just  so,  in  like 
manner,  equally,  even. 

prolato,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [prola- 
tus,  from  profero],  1,  a.,  extend, 
enlarge ;  put  off,  postpone,  defer, 
delay. 

promissum,  -1,  [promitto],  n., 
thing  promised,  promise. 

promitto,  -ere,  promisi,  promis- 
sum, [pro  +  mitto],  3,  a.,  put 
forth  ;  foretell ;  promise,  assure  ; 
hold  out,  give  hope  of,  cause  to 
expect. 

promulgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1, 
a..,  propose  openly,  bring  fonvard, 
publish. 

pronuntio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [pro 
4-nuntio],  I,  n.  and  3.., proclaim, 
announce,  publish ;  decide,  pro- 
nounce ;  promise,  offer. 

propago,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a., 
extend,  enlarge,  increase;  gener- 
ate, propagate  ;  prolong,  continue, 
preserve. 

orope,  comp.  propius,  sup.  proxi- 
me,  adv.,  near,  near  by,  nigh ; 
nearly,  almost ;  often  having  the 
force  of  a  preposition  and  fol- 
lowed by  the  ace.,  near,  near 
to,  almost  to,  in  the  vicinity  of. 
Comp.,  propius,  nearer.  Sup., 
proxime,  next,  most  nearly,  very 
near,  nearest. 

propero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [pro- 
perus,  quick"],  1,  n.  and  a.,  make 
haste,  hasten,  hurry  ;  quicken,  ac- 
celerate, do  quickly. 

propinquus,  -a,  -um,  [prope], 
adj.,  near,  neighboring,  near  at 
hand ;  kindred,  related.  As 
subst.,  propinquus,  -I,  m.,  rela- 
tive, kinsman. 


propior,  -us,  gen.  -oris,  adj.  in 
comp.  degree,  sup.  proximus, 
nearer,  closer,  nigher ;  later,  more 
recent;  of  more  concern,  of  greater 
importance.  Sup.  proximus,  -a, 
-um,  nearest,  next,  closest ;  latest, 
last,  most  recent ;  most  important. 

propius,  see  prope. 

propono,  -ere,  proposul,  proposi- 
tum,  [pro  +  pono] ,  3,  a.,  put 
forth,  set  before,  display ;  propose, 
resolve,  intend;  point  out,  declare; 
determine  upon,  settle,  determine. 

proprius,  a,  -um,  adj.,  own,  indi* 
vidual,  peculiar ;  personal,  char- 
acteristic ;  exact,  appropriate  ,- 
lasting,  enduring. 

propter  [prope],  adv.  and  prep., 
nsar : 

(1)  As  adv.,  near,  at  hana, 
hard  by,  near  by. 

(2)  As  prep.,  with  ace,  near, 
next  to,  close  to;  on  account  of, 
by  reason  of,  for,  because  of,  for 
the  sake  of 

propterca.  [propter  -f  ea],  adv., 
therefore,  for  this  reason,  on  that 
account.  propterea  quod,  be- 
cause. 

propugnaculum,  -i,  [propugno], 
n.,  bulwark,  rampart,  place  of  de- 
fence ;  defence,  protection. 

propulso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  propello],  1,  a.,  ward  off,  repel, 
repulse,  avert. 

proscrlptio,  -onis,  [proscribo], 
f o,  public  notice  of  sale ;  confisca- 
tion, proscription. 

prosequor,  -sequi,  -secutus  sum, 
[pro-f  sequor],  3,  dep.,  follow, 
attend,  accompany,  escort ;  follow 
up,  pursue  ;  honor,  distinguish. 

prospere  [prosperus],  adv.,  favor- 
ably, fortunately,  luckily,  prosper- 
ously. 

prospicio,  -spicere,  -spexi,  pro- 
spectum,  [pro  -f  specio],  3,  n. 
and    a .,    look  forward,  look    out, 


PROSTERNO 


110 


PUERILIS 


behold  ;  look  out  for,  provide  for, 
take  care  of. 

prosterno,  -ere,  prostravl,  pro- 
stratum,  [pro  +  sterno],  3,  a., 
spread  out ;  cast  down,  overthrow, 
prostrate;  throw  to  the  ground, 
ruin,  destroy. 

prostratus,  see  prosterno. 

prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  [pro  + 
sum],  irr.,  n.,  be  of  use,  profit, 
serve,  help. 

providentia,  -ae,  [providens],  f., 
foresight ;  forethought,  precau- 
tion. 

provideo,  -ere,  provldi,  provi- 
sum,  [pro  -f-  video],  2,  a.  and  n., 
see  beforehand,  see  in  advance, 
foresee,  discern  ;  see  to,  take  care, 
look  after,  provide,  be  careful. 

provincia,  -ae,  f.,  office,  duty; 
public  office,  command ;  province, 
territory  governed  by  a  magis- 
trate sent  out  from  Rome ;  ad- 
ministration of  a  province,  pro- 
vincial government. 

provincialis,  -e,  [provincia], 
adj.,  of  a  province,  provincial. 

provoco,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [pro 
+  voco],  1,  a.  and  n.,  call  out, 
summon,  challenge  ;  arouse,  pro- 
voke, exasperate. 

proxime,  see  prope. 

proximus,  -a,  -um,  see  propior. 

prudens,  -entis,  [for  providens], 
adj.,  foreseeing ;  knmving,  experi- 
enced, versed ;  with  kno?vledge, 
deliberate  ;  discreet,  wise,  prudent, 
circumspect. 

prudentia,  -ae,  [prudens],  {^fore- 
sight ;  knowledge,  acquaintance, 
skill ;  sagacity,  discretion,  practi- 
cal wisdom,  good  sense. 

pruina,  -ae,  f.,  hoarfrost,  frost, 
rime. 

Ptolemaeus,  -T,  m.,  Ptolemy,  name 
of  a  line  of  Egyptian  kings  ;  in 
this  book  Ptolemy  XL,  surnamed 
Auletes.     He  came  to  the  throne 


of  Egypt  B.  c.  80,  was  driven  out 
of  the  country  on  account  of  his 
vices  and  extortionate  govern- 
ment b.  c.  58,  but  was  restored 
with  the  help  of  Gabinius  three 
years  later.  He  died  b.  c.  51. 
Ep.  xii. 

publicanus,  -a,  -um,  [publicus], 
adj.,  of  the  public  revenue.  As 
subst.,  publicanus,  -1,  m.,  farmer 
of  the  public  revenue,  revenue 
farmer,  publican. 

publicatio,  -onis,  [publico],  f., 
seizure  for  the  state,  confiscation. 

publice  [publicus],  adv.,  for  the 
state,  in  the  name  of  the  state,  pub- 
licly, officially. 

Publicius,  -1,  m.,  Publicius,  an  in- 
timate of  Catiline's.     Cat.  II.  11. 

publico,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [pub- 
licus], 1,  a.,  seize  for  the  state, 
confiscate. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  [for  populi- 
cus,  from  populus],  adj.,  of  the 
people,  public  ;  common,  general ; 
usual,  ordinary.  res  publica, 
commonwealth,  state,  republic. 

Publius,  -1,  abbreviated  P.,  m., 
Publius,  a  Roman  forename. 

pudeo,  -ere,  -ul,  and  puditum  est, 
2,  n.  and  a.,  be  ashamed,  make 
ashamed,  put  to  shame.  Com- 
monly impers.,  pudet,  -ere,  pu- 
ditum est,  /'/  makes  ashamed. 
me  pudet,  I  am  ashamed. 

pudicitia,  -ae,  [pudicus],  f.,  mod- 
esty, virtue,  chastity. 

pudor,  -oris,  [pudeo],  m.,  shame, 
sense  of  shame ;  sense  of  right, 
conscientiousness  ;  feeling  of  de- 
cency, modesty,  propriety  ;  cause 
for  shame,  ignominy,  disgrace. 

puer,  -eri,  m.,  boy,  lad,  youth, 
properly  used  of  boys  and  young 
men  till  they  reached  the  seven- 
teenth year. 

puerilis,  -e,  [puer],  adj.,  boyish, 
childish,  youthful ;  puerile,  triv- 


PUERITIA 


111 


QUAESTOR 


idt.         aetas  puerilis,  the  age  of 
childhood. 

pueritia,  -ae,  [puer],  f.,  boyhood, 
childhood,  youth. 

pugna,  -ae,  f.,  fight,  battle,  engage- 
ment, contest. 

pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [pugna], 
i,  n.  and  a.,  fight,  give  battle ; 
contend,  engage  in  strife,  dispute  ; 
struggle,  strive,  endeavor. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  comp. 
pulchrior,  sup.  pulcherrimus, 
adj.,  beautiful,  handsome,  lovely, 
fair  ;  fine,  excellent ;  noble,  hon- 
orable ;  illustrious,  glorious. 

Pulcher,  -chri,  n».,  a  surname  in 
the    Claudian   gens.  Appius 

Claudius  Pulcher,  praetor  B.  c. 
•89.    Arch.  v. 

pulvinar,  -aris,  [pulvinus,  bol- 
ster], n.,  couch  of  the  gods,  placed 
before  a  statue  of  a  deity  at  the 
time  of  a  religious  festival  ;  by 
metonymy,  shrine,  temple. 

punctum,  -1,  [pungo],  n.,  punc- 
ture ;  point.  punctum  tem- 
poris,  moment,  instant. 

Punicus,  -a,  -urn,  [Poeni],  adj., 
Punic,  Carthaginian. 

punio,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  [poena], 
4,  a.,  punish,  chastise. 

purgo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [for 
purigo.  purus  +  ago],  1,  a., 
make  clean,  cleanse,  purify  ;  jus- 
tify, vindicate. 

purpura,  -ae,  [irop<pvpa,purple-fish, 
purple],  f.,  purple  color,  purple ; 
purple  cloth,  purple  garment.  The 
color  meant  is  not  our  purple, 
but  more  like  our  crimson  or 
scarlet. 

purpuratus,  -a,  -um,  [purpura], 
adj.,  clad  in  purple.  As  subst., 
purpuratus,  -1,  m.,  purple-clad 
attendant,  as  those  about  a  king, 
courtier. 

Puteolanus,  -a,  -um,  [Puteoli], 
adj.,  of  Puteoli,  Puteolan.         As 


subst.,  Puteolanum,  -1,  n.,  estate 
at  Puteoli,  Puteolan  villa,  belong- 
ing to  Cicero. 

Puteoli,  -orum,  m.,  pi.,  Puteoli,  a 
city  of  Campania,  situated  on  the 
coast  seven  miles  west  of  Nea- 
polis  (Naples);  now  Pozzuoli. 

puto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a., 
cleanse;  reckon,  estimate,  esteem, 
value,  deem,  regard ;  think,  judge, 
consider,  suspect,  believe,  suppose. 


Q. 


Q.,  see  Qulntus. 

qua.  [abl.  fern,  of  qui],  adv.,  on 
which  side,  at  what  place,  by  what 
way,  where. 

quaero,  -ere,  quaesivi,  quaesi- 
tum,  3,  a.,  seek,  look  for,  strive  to 
obtain ;  save,  acquire,  get,  gain  ; 
miss,  lack  ;  demand,  require ; 
make  inquiry,  investigate ;  aim 
at,  plan. 

quaesitor,  -oris,  [quaero],  m., 
investigator,  prosecuting  officer. 

quaeso,    -ere,    ,    ,    [cf. 

quaero],  def.,  a.  and  n.,  beg, pray, 
beseech,  entreat ;  often  parenthet- 
ical, quaeso,  I  pray,  please. 

quaestio,  -onis,  [quaero],  f.,  ex- 
amination, inquiry,  investigation  ; 
judicial  investigation,  trial,  court ; 
subject  of  investigation,  question, 
case. 

quaestor,  oris,  [for  quaesitor, 
from  quaero],  m.,  quaestor,  an 
officer  charged  with  public  du- 
ties which  varied  according  to 
the  period  and  circumstances. 
At  first  there  were  but  two 
quaestors,  but  the  number  was 
increased  from  time  to  time  until 
it  reached  forty  under  Caesar's 
administration,  B.  C.  45.  At  that 
time  the  quaestors  were  engaged 
in  the  care  of  public  moneys  and 


QUAESTUS 


112 


QUERELLA 


of  military  stores,  partly  at  Rome 
and  partly  in  the  provinces, 
which  were  assigned  by  lot. 
They  were  chosen  annually,  at 
the  comitia  tributa. 

quaestus,  -us,  [quaero],  m.,gain, 
acquisition  ;  profit,  advantage,  in- 
terest;  business,  employment,  occu- 
pation. 

qualis,  -e,  [cf.  qui],  pron.  adj., 
inter,  and  rel.,  of  what  sort  ?  what 
kind  of?  of  stick  a  kind,  such. 
talis  —  qualis,  such  —  as. 

quam  [qui],  adv.,  in  what  man- 
ner ?  how,  how  much,  as,  just  as, 
even  as;  after  comparatives,  than. 
quam  diu,  as  long  as,  how  long  ? 
quam  primum,  as  soon  as  possi- 
ble,       tarn  —  quam,  so  —  as. 

quam  ob  rem,  see  ob. 

quamquam  [quam  f  quam], 
conj.,  though,  although,  notwith- 
standing that  /  and  yet,  how- 
ever. 

quam  vis  [quam  +  vis,  from  volo], 
adv.  and  conj. : 

(i)   As   adv.,  as  you  will,  as 
much  as  you  will,  however  much. 
(2)  As  conj.,  hotvever  much,  al- 
though, albeit,  no  matter  how  much 
or  many. 

quando  [quam],  adv.  and  conj., 
when : 

(1)  As  adv.,  when,  at  what 
time  ;  inter.,  when  ?  at  what 
time  ?  after  ne,  nisi,  num,  or  si, 
some  ti?ne,  at  any  time,  ever. 

(2)  As  conj.,  when,  at  the  time 
that ;  since,  because,  seeing  that, 
inasmuch  as. 

quantum  [quantus],  adv.,  rel  at., 
so  much  as,  so  far  as,  as  far  as  ; 
inter.,  how  much  ?  how  far  ? 

quantumcumque  [quantuseum- 
que],  adv.,  as  much  soever,  how- 
ever much. 

quantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  inter.,  how 
great  ?  how  much  ?    rel.,  as  great 


as,  as  much  as.  tantus  —  quan- 
tus, as  great  as,  as  much  as. 

quantuscumque,  -tacumque, 
-tumcumque,  [quantus +-cum- 
que],  rel.  adj.,  of  whatsoever  size, 
however  great,  no  matter  how 
great ;  hcnvever  small,  hotvever 
trifling. 

quapropter  [qua  +  propter], 
adv.,  inter.,  wherefore  ?  for  what 
reason  ?  why  ?  rel.,  zvhereforet 
and  oit  this  account. 

qua.  re,  adverbial  phrase,  inter., 
by  what  means  ?  whereby  ?  how  ? 
on  what  account  ?  wherefore  ? 
why?  rel.,  wherefore,  and  for 
that  reason,  therefore ;  by  reason 
of  which,  so  that. 

quartus,  -a,  -um,  or  IV.,  [quat- 
tuor],  num.  adj.,  fourth. 

quasi  [qua  +  si],  adv.  and  conj., 
as  if,  just  as  if,  as  though,  as  it 
were,  as  one  might  say. 

quasso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  quatio],  1,  a.  and  n.,  shake 
violently,  brandish ;  dash  to 
pieces,  shatter;  shake,  impair, 
weaken. 

quattuor,  or  IIIL,  IV.,  num.  adj., 
indecl.,/f//r. 

quattuordecim,  XIIIL,  or 
XIV.,  [quattuor  -f  decern], 
num.  adj.,  mdecl.,  fourteen. 

-que,  enclitic  conj.,  and,  and  so; 
adversatively,  usually  after  a  neg- 
ative, but.        -que que,  -que 

—  et  or  atque,  both  —  and,  as 
well  —  as. 

quern  ad  modum,  adverbial 
phrase,  inter.,  in  what  way  ? 
how  ?  rel.,  in  what  way,  how, 
just  as,  as. 

queo,  quire,  quivi  or  quii,  qui- 
tum,  irr.,  n.,  be  able,  can. 

quercus,  -us,  f.,  oak-tree,  oak. 

querella,  -ae,  [queror],  f.,  com- 
plaining, coinplaint,  lament,  lam- 
entation, plaint. 


QUERIMONIA 


113 


QUIS 


querimSnia,    -ae,    [queror],    f., 

complaining,  lamentation ;  com- 
plaint, accusation,  charge,  re- 
proach. 

queror,  queri,  questus  sum,  3, 
dep.,  complain,  lament ;  bewail, 
bemoan  ;  make  complaint. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  gen.  cuius,  inter, 
adj.  pron.,  which  ?  what?  what 
sort  of  a  ? 

qui,  quae,  quod,  gen.  cuius,  rel. 
pron.,  who,  which,  what,  that ;  at 
the  beginning  of  a  clause  often 
best  rendered  by  a  personal  or 
demonstrative  pron.,  with  or 
without  and  or  but. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  gen.  cuius,  indef. 
adj.  pron.,  used  after  si,  nisi,  ne, 
and  num,  any. 

qui  [old-  abl.  of  rel.  qui],  adv.,  in- 
ter., how  ?  in  what  way  ?  by  what 
means  ?  rel.,  whereby,  wherewith. 

quia,  conj.,  because,  since. 

quicum  [old  abl.  of  rel.  and  inter. 
qui  +  cum  J,  =  cum  qu5  or  cum 
qua,  with  whom,  together  with 
whom. 

quicumque,  quaecumque,  quod- 
cumque,  [qui+-cumque],  indef. 
rel.  pron.,  whoever,  whatever, 
whichever ;  whosoever,  whatsoever; 
any  whatever,  every,  all  that. 

quid,  see  quis. 

quidam,  quaedam,  quiddam, 
and,  as  adj.,  quoddam,  [qui], 
indef.  pron.,  a  certain  one,  a  cer- 
tain;  a  certain  man,  one,  some- 
body, something;  pi.,  some,  cer- 
tain, certain  ones. 

quidem  [qui],  adv.,  indeed,  in  fact, 
certainly  ;  at  least,  yet.  ne  — 
quidem,  setting  off  an  emphatic 
word,  not  —  even. 

quies,  -etis,  f .,  rest,  repose,  quiet ; 
sleep. 

quiescS,  -ere,  quievi,  quietum, 
[quies],  3,  n.,  rest,  repose,  be  at 
rest,  keep  quiet ;  sleep,  be  silent. 


quietus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  qui- 
esco],  adj.,  at  rest,  undisturbed, 
quiet,  at  peace. 

quin  [qui  -f-  -ne],  adv.  and  conj., 
why  not  ?  wherefore  not  ?  but  in- 
deed, in  fact,  nay  indeed ;  in  de- 
pendent clauses,  so  that  not,  but 
that,  but,  without ;  after  words  of 
doubting,  that;  after  words  of 
hindering  translate  by  from  with 
a  participle,  quin  etiam,  more- 
over, nay  more. 

quinam,  quaenam,  quodnam, 
[qui  +  nam],  inter,  adj.  pron., 
which  then  ?  what,  pray  ? 

Qumctilis,  -e,  [quintus],  adj.,  of 
the  fifth  month,  i.  e.  of  July.  The 
name  of  the  month  was  changed 
to  Julius  (July)  in  honor  of  Julius 
Caesar. 

quindecim,  or  XV.,  [quinque  -f 
decem],  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  fif- 
teen. 

quingentesimus,  -a,  -um,  [quin- 
genti],  num.  adj.,  five  hundredth. 

quinque,  or  V.,  num.  adj.,  indecl., 
five. 

quintus,  -a,  -um,  or  V.,  [quin- 
que], num.  did).,  fifth. 

Quintus,  -i,  abbreviated  Q.t 
[quintus],  m.,  Quintus,  a  common 
Roman  forename.  See  especially 
Cicero  (2). 

Quirites,  -ium,  [Cures,  an  an- 
cient town  of  the  Sabines] ,  m. ,  pi., 
originally  people  of  Cures ;  after 
the  union  of  the  Sabines  with  the 
Romans,  Roman  citizens,  Quiri- 
tes;  sometimes  in  sing.,  Quiris, 
-itis,  a  Roman  citizen,  Quirite. 

quis,  quae,  quid,  inter,  pron., 
who  ?  which  ?  what  ?  ace.  n. 
quid,  often  with  an  adverbial 
force,  why? 

quis,  qua,  quid,  indef.  pron., 
often  found  after  si,  nisi,  ne, 
and  num,  any  onet  any,  any- 
thing. 


•3 


QUISNAM 


114 


RATIO 


quisnam,  quaenam,  quidnam, 
[quis  +  nam],  inter,  pron.,  who 
then  ?  which,  what,  pray  ?  who 
in  the  world  ? 

quispiam,  quaepiam,  quidpiam, 
and,  as  adj.,  quodpiam,  indef. 
pron.,  any  one,  anybody,  any- 
thing; some  one,  something,  some, 
any. 

quisquam,  quaequam,  quic- 
quam,  indef.  adj.  pron.,  any; 
often  as  subst.,  any  one,  anybody, 
anything.  neque  quisquam, 
and  no  one,  and  none. 

quisque,  quaeque,  quidque, 
and,  as  adj.,  quodque,  indef. 
pron.,  each,  every,  every  one, 
everything,  all. 

quisquis,    ,    quicquid,  and, 

as  adj.,  quodquod,  indef.  rel. 
pron.,  whoever,  whatever,  what- 
soever, every  one  who,  everything 
which. 

quivis,  quae  vis,  quid  vis,  and,  as 
adj.,  quodvls,  [qui  -f-  vis,  from 
volo],  indef.  pron.,  whom  you 
please,  what  you  please,  any  you 
please;  any  at  all,  any  one,  any- 


quo  [old  dat.  and  abl.  of  qui], 
adv.  and  conj.  : 

(i)  As  adv.,  inter.,  whither? 
to  what  place  ?  to  what  end  ? 
wherefore  ?  why  ?  rel.,  whither, 
where,  at  what  time,  when;  of 
degree  of  difference,  by  what,  by 
as  much  as ;  of  result,  by  reason 
of  which,  wherefore,  whereby, 
and  so.  ' 

(2)  As  conj.,  that,  in  order 
that,  that  thereby.  quo    mi- 

nus, that  not,  usually  best  trans- 
lated by  from  with  a  participle. 

quoad  [quo  +  ad],  adv.,  as  far  as, 
till,  until ;  as  long  as,  while. 

quocumque  [quo  +  -eumque], 
adv.,  whithersoever,  to  whatever 
place. 


quod  [ace.  neut.  of  qui],  conj., 
that,  in  that,  the  fact  that ;  be- 
cause, since,  inasmuch  as ;  in 
view  of  the  fact  that,  as  regards 
the  fact  that,  wherein  ;  so  far  as, 
to  the  extent  that. 

quondam  [quom,  old  form  of 
cum,  +  -dam],  adv.,  once  on  a 
time,  at  one  time,  once,  formerly ; 
at  times,  sometimes,  once  in  a 
while. 

quoniam  [quom,  old  form  of 
cum,  -f  iam],  conj.,  since,  seeing 
that,  whereas,  because. 

quoque,  conj.,  placed  after  the 
emphatic  word,  also,  too,  even. 

quot,  indecl.  adj.,  how  many  ? 

quotannis  [quot  +  annis,  from 
annus],  adv.,  annually,  every 
year,  year  by  year. 

quotiens  [quot],  adv.,  how  often  ? 
as  often  as,  as  many  as,  as. 

quotienscumque  [quotiens  + 
-eumque],  adv.,  Just  as  often  as, 
as  often  as. 

quo  usque,  adverbial  phrase,  till 
what  time?  how  long? 

R. 

radix,  -icis,  f.,  root ;  by  metonymy, 
foot,  foundation,  base,  source. 

rapina,  -ae,  [rapid],  f.,  robbery, 
plundering  ;  pillage,  plunder. 

rapio,  rapere,  rapui,  raptum,  3, 
a.,  seize,  snatch,  tear  away,  carry 
off ;  snatch  away,  hurry  along, 
impel ;  rob,  ravage,  plunder,  lay 
waste. 

ratio,  -onis,  [reor],  f.,  reckoning, 
calculation,  account ;  transaction, 
business,  matter,  affair;  respect, 
regard,  consideration ;  relation, 
condition ;  manner,  way,  mode, 
plan,  kind,  style ;  judgment,  rea- 
son, understanding  ;  propriety, 
order,  rule ;  theory,  doctrine, 
science,  knowledge. 


RAUDUSCULUM 


115 


REDIMIO 


raudusciilum,  i,  [raudus,  bit  of 
bronze],  n.,  small  bronze  coin  ;  by 
metonymy,  small  debt,  tri/ling 
debt. 

re-  or  red-,  inseparable  prefix, 
again,  back,  aneiu,  against. 

Reatinus,  -a,  -urn,  [Reate],  adj., 
of  Reate,  an  important  town  in 
the  Sabine  country,  48  miles 
northeast  of  Rome.  In  Cicero's 
time  it  was  governed  as  a  pre- 
fecture.    Cf.  praefectura. 

recens,  -entis,  adj.,  fresh,  young, 
recent,  new  ;  vigorous. 

receptus,  see  recipio. 

recessus,  -us,  [recedo],  m.,  re- 
treat, withdrawal,  departure  ;  by 
metonymy,  retired  spot,  recess, 
nook,  corner,  retired  place. 

recido,  -ere,  reccidi,  recasum, 
[re-  +  cado],  3,  n.,fall  back;  fall, 
sink,  be  reduced ;  fall  to,  be 
handed  over ;  of  evil,  recoil,  re- 
turn, be  visited. 

recipio,  -ere,  recepi,  receptum, 
[re-  +  capio],  3,  a.,  take  back, 
receive  back,  regain,  recover ;  ad- 
mit, receive,  welcome;  acquire, 
gain  ;  promise.  se  recipere, 
to  withdraw,  to  retire. 

recito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re-  + 
cito],  1,  a.,  read  aloud,  declaim, 
rehearse. 

reclamatio,  -onis,  [reclamo],  f., 
shout  of  disapproval. 

reclamS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re- 
+  clamo],  1,  n.  and  a.,  cry  out 
against,  exclaim  against,  pro- 
test. 

recognosco,  -gnoscere,  -gnovi, 
-gnitum,  [re-  +  cognosc5],  3,  a., 
recall  to  mind,  recollect,  recall ; 
review,  examine,  look  over. 

recolo,  -ere,  recolui,  recultum, 
[re-  +  colo] ,  3,  a.,  cultivate  again ; 
practice  again,  resume,  renew. 

reconciliatio,  -onis,  [reconcilio], 
f.,  restoration,  renewal. 


recondo,  -ere,  recondidl,  recoa 
ditum,    [re-  +  condo],    3,    a 

put   back ;   put  away,   shut    up, 
hide,  conceal,  cover. 

recordatio,  -onis,  [recordor],  f., 
recollection,  remembrance. 

recordor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [re-, 
cor],  1,  dep.,  call  to  mind,  recall, 
remember,  recollect. 

recreo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re-  + 
creo],  1,  a.,  recreate;  renew,  re- 
store, revive,  invigorate. 

recta  [abl.  of  rectus,  sc.  via],  adv., 
straightway,  directly,  straight. 

recte  [rectus],  adv.,  in  a  straight 
line  ;  rightly,  correctly,  properly  ; 
suitably,  well,  duly,  appropriately. 

rectus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  rego], 
adj.,  straight;  upright;  correct, 
proper,   befitting;  just,  virtuous. 

recupero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a., 
get  back,  regain,  recover. 

recurro,  -ere,  recurri,  ,  [re- 

+  curro],  3,  n.,  run  back,  hasten 
back;  return,  revert,  recur. 

recusatio,  -onis,  [recuso],  f.,  de- 
clining, refusal,  protest. 

recuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re-, 
causa],  1,  a.  and  n.,  raise  objec- 
tions to,  decline,  refuse,  reject ; 
protest. 

red-,  see  re-. 

redactus,  see  redigo. 

reddo,  -ere,  reddidi,  redditum, 
[red-  +  do],  3,  a.,  give  back,  re- 
turn, restore  ;  pay  back,  requite  ; 
render,  make  ;  give,  grant ;  sur- 
render, resign  ;  report,  declare. 

redeo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itum,  [red-  +  eo], 
irr.,  n.,  go  back,  return,  come  back  ; 
be  brought  back,  be  restored. 

redigo,  -ere,  redegi,  redactum, 
[red-  +  ago],  3,  a.,  drive  back, 
lead  back,  bring  back  ;  bring  un- 
der, reduce,  subdue. 

redimio,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itum,  4,  a., 
wreathe  around,  encircle,  crown% 
deck. 


REDIMO 


116 


RELIGIOSUS 


redimo,  ere,  redfimi,  redemp- 
tum,  [red-  +  emo],  3,  a.,  buy 
back,  redeem,  ransom;  buy  up, 
take  by  contract,  farm  ;  gain,  ac- 
quire, secure. 

reditus,  -us,  [redeo],  m.,  going 
back,  returning,  return  ;  income, 
revenue. 

redundo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [red- 
+  undo,  from  unda],  I,  n.,  run 
over,  overflow ;  swim,  reek;  re- 
main, be  left,  be  in  excess, 
abound. 

refero,  -ferre,  rettuli,  relatum, 
[re-  +  fero],  irr.,  a.,  bring  back, 
lead  back,  carry  back  ;  give  back, 
restore,  repay ;  reply,  answer ; 
repeat ;  report,  announce,  relate  ; 
consider,  refer.  ad  senatum 
referre,  lay  before  the  senate,  sub- 
mit to  the  senate  for  consideration. 
se  referre,  to  go  back,  to  return. 
Cf.  gratia. 

refert,  referre,  retulit,  [re,  from 
res,  +  fero],  impers.,  /'/  is  of  ad- 
vantage, it  profits  ;  it  is  of  impor- 
tance,  it  matters. 

refertus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  refer- 
cio],  adj.,  crowded  full,  stuffed, 
filled ;  thronged,  replete. 

reficio,  -ficere,  refeci,  refectum, 
[re-  +  facio],  3,  a.,  make  over, 
reconstruct,  restore;  renew,  re- 
fresh, reinvigorate,  recruit. 

reformido,  -are, ,  -atum,  [re- 

+  formldo],  1,  a.,  dread  greatly, 
shrink  from,  shudder  at,  be  afraid 
of 

refrico,  -are,  -ui,  -atum,  [re-  + 
frico],  i,  a.  and  n.,  rub  again, 
irritate ;  of  a  wound,  reopen. 

refugio,  -fugere,  refugl, ,  [re- 

-f-  fugio],  3,  n.  and  a.,  flee  back, 
take  refuge,  flee;  turn  away, 
avoid,  shun. 

refuto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a., 
repel,  resist,  oppose  ;  disprove,  re- 
but, refute. 


regie  [regius],  adv .,  after  the  man* 
ner  of  a  king,  despotically,  impe- 
riously. 

Reginus,  -a,  -um,  [Begium],  adj., 
of  Regium,  a  city  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Italy,  on  the 
Sicilian  strait:  now  Reggio. 
As  subst,  Kegini,  -orum,  m., 
pi.,  people  of  Regium. 

regio,  -onis,  [rego],  f.,  direction, 
line ;  by  metonymy,  boundary 
line,  limit ;  region,  territory, 
country;  tract,  quarter. 

regius,  -a,  -um,  [rex],  adj.,  of  a 
king,  like  a  king,  kingly,  royal, 
regal.  bellum  regium,  war 
with  the  king. 

regno,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [reg- 
num],  1,  n.  and  a.,  be  king,  rule, 

.    reign  ;  hold  sway,  prevail. 

regnum,  -1,  [rego],  n.,  kingship; 
dominion,  rule,  government, power, 
authority  ;  realm,  kingdom. 

rego,  regere,  rexi,  rectum,  3,  a., 
keep  straight,  lead  straight ;  direct, 
lead,  guide  ;  control,  regulate  ; 
rule,  govern,  be  master  of. 

reicio,  -icere,  reieci,  reiectum, 
[re-  +  iacio],  3,  a.,  throw  back, 
force  back  ;  cast  off,  repel,  reject ; 
refuse,  disdain. 

relaxo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re-  + 
laxo],  1,  a.,  make  wide,  loosen, 
open  ;  relieve,  ease,  cheer,  lighten. 

relevo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re-  + 
levo,  lift  up],  l,  a.,  lift  up  ;  make 
light,  lighten  ;  relieve,  free,  ease ; 
soothe,  alleviate,  mitigate,  con- 
sole. 

religio,  -onis,  f.,  conscientiousness, 
sense  of  right ;  devoutness,  piety, 
reveretice,  devotion ;  religious  scru- 
ple, fear  of  the  gods,  religious  ob- 
ligation ;  worship  of  the  gods, 
religion,  faith,  cult ;  sacredness, 
holiness. 

religiosus,  -a,  -um,  [religio],  adj., 
conscientious,   scrupulous,  devout* 


RELINQUO 


117 


REQUIES 


pious;  sacred,  consecrated,  holy, 
venerable. 

relinquS,  -ere,  rellqu!,  rellctum, 
[re-  +  linquo],  3,  a.,  leave  behind, 
leave,  abandon  ;  forsake,  desert ; 
relinquish,  dismiss,  give  up ;  be- 
queath, transmit. 

reliquus,  -a,  -um,  \ci.  relinquo], 
adj.,  left,  remaining ;  future,  sub- 
sequent; other,  rest.  As  subst., 
reliquum,  -1,  n.,  the  rest,  the 
future  ;  also,  reliqua,  -orum,  n., 
pi.,  the  balance,  the  future.  re- 
liquum est  ut,  it  remains  that, 
it  only  remains  to. 

remaned,    -ere,    remans!,  , 

[re-  ■+■  maneo],  2,  n.,  stay  behind, 
remain,  be  left ;  continue,  last, 
abide,  endure. 

remex,  -igis,  [remus  +  ago],  m., 
rower,  oarsman. 

remissio, -onis,  [remitto],  {^send- 
ing back  ;  easing,  relaxing,  abate- 
ment;  relaxation,  recreation. 

remissus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
remitto],  adj.,  relaxed;  mild, 
gentle,  indulgent;  negligent,  slack, 
remiss  ;  light,  merry. 

remitto,  -ere,  renrisl,  remissum, 
[re-  +  mitto],  3,  a.  and  n.,  send 
back,  cause  to  return  ;  loosen, 
slacken,  relax ;  give  back,  return, 
restore  ;  give  up,  grant,  pardon. 

remoror,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  [re-  + 
moror],  1,  dep.,  hold  back,  delay, 
detain,  hinder. 

removeo,  -ere,  removi,  remo- 
tum,  [re-  -f-  moveo],  2,  a.,  move 
back  ;  remove,  take  away ;  with- 
draw, set  aside  ;  abolish,  deprive 
of.  remoto     Catillna,    with 

Catiline  out  of  the  way. 

renovo,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [re-  + 
novo],  I,  a.,  renew,  restore, 
revive. 

renuntio,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [re- 
+  nuntio],  I,  a.,  bring  back  word, 
report ;    give    notice,    announce, 


declare,  proclaim  ;  with  two 
ace,  declare  elected,  proclaim  as 
chosen. 

repello,  -ere,  reppull,  repulsum, 
[re-  +  pello],  3,  a.,  drive  backt 
thrust  back,  repel ;  keep  back, 
ward  off,  repulse,  reject. 

repente  [repens],  adv.,  suddenly, 
unexpectedly. 

repentinus,  -a,  -um,  [repens], 
adj.,  sudden,  unexpected,  unlooked 
for,  hasty. 

reperio,  -ire,  repperi,  repertum, 
4,  2i.,find  again,  find,  meet  with  ; 
find  out,  discover,  learn  ;  invent, 
devise. 

repeto,  -ere,  repetivi,  repetltum, 
[re-  +  pet5],  3,  a.,  seek  again;  at- 
tack anew,  fall  upon  again  ;  de- 
mand anew,  demand  back,  claim  ; 
repeat,  undertake  again,  renew ; 
recall,  recollect. 

reporto,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [re-  + 
porto],  I,  a.,  carry  back;  carry 
off,  obtain,  get,  gain. 

reprehends,  -ere,  reprehend!, 
reprehensum,  [re-+prehendo], 
3,  a.,  hold  back,  hold  fast,  seize  ; 
restrain,  check;  blame,  censure, 
rebuke,  reprove. 

reprimo,  -ere,  repress!,  repres- 
sum,  [re-  +  premo] ,  3,  a.,  press 
back ;  check,  restrain,  confine, 
curb,  repress. 

repudio,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [repu- 
dium,  casting  off],  I,  a.,  cast  off, 
put  away  ;  reject,  refuse,  repu- 
diate, scorn,  disdain: 

repugnans,  -antis,  [part,  of  re- 
pugno],  adj.,  inconsistent,  contra- 
dictory. 

repugnS,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [re-  -f 
pugno],  1,  n.,  oppose,  resist,  strug- 
gle, contend  against. 

requies,  -etis,  ace.  requietem  or 
requiem,  [re-+quies],  f.,  rest, 
pause ;  repose,  recreation ;  respite, 
relief. 


REQUIRO 


118 


REVOCO 


requiro,  -ere,  requisivl  or  -il, 
requisitum,    [re-  -f  quaero],  3, 

a.,  seek  again,  search  fori  ask, 
inquire,  demand ;  miss,  lack,  feel 
the  want  of. 

res,  rei,  f.,  thing,  object,  matter, 
affair  ;  occurrence,  event,  case ; 
condition,  circumstance ;  reality, 
fact ;  effects,  property,  possessions, 
estate  ;  profit,  advantage,  interest ; 
cause,  reason,  ground,  account ; 
business,  suit,  action  ;  battle,  cam- 
paign ;  state,  commonwealth,  gov- 
ernment, res  gestae,  exploits. 
res  secundae,  prosperity.  re- 
rum  potiri,  to  obtain  the  sove- 
reignty. 

rescrlbS,  -ere,  reseripsi,  rescrip- 
tum,  [re-  -f  scribo],  3,  a.,  write 
back,  reply  in  writing. 

reseco,  -are,  resecul,  resectum, 
[re-  +  seco],  I,  a.,  cut  off,  cut 
loose ;  check,  restrain,  stop. 

reservS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re-  + 
servo],  1,  a.,  keep  back,  save  up, 
reserve,  retain. 

resided,  -ere,  resedl, ,  [re-  + 

sedeo],  2,  n.  and  a.,  remain  sit- 
ting; remain,  stay,  reside;  remain 
behind,  be  left,  stay. 

resignS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re-  + 
slgno],  I,  a.,  unseal,  open;  an- 
nul, cancel,  destroy. 

resists,  -ere,  restiti, ,  [re-  + 

sisto],  3,  n.,  stand  back  ;  remain 
behind,  stay,  be  left)  withstand, 
oppose,  resist. 

respicio,  -ere,  respexi,  respec- 
tum,  [re-  -+-  specio,  look],  3,  n. 
and  a.,  look  back,  look  behind ; 
look  back  npon,  gaze  upon  ;  look 
out  for,  have  a  care  for,  be  mind- 
ful of,  consider. 

respondeo,  -ere,  respond!,  re- 
sponsum,  [re-+ spondeo],  2,  a. 
and  n.,  answer,  reply ;  give  an- 
swer, respond  ;  be  a  match  for ; 
accord,  agree. 


responsum,   -I,  [respondeo],  n., 

answer,  reply,  response. 

res  publica,  rei  publicae,  f.,  see 
publicus. 

respuo,  -ere,  respui, ,  [re-  + 

spuo],  3,  a.,  spit  back,  spit  out; 
reject,  repel,  spurn. 

restinguo,  -ere,  restlnxl,  restin- 
ctum,  [re--f  stinguo],  3,  a.,  put 
out,  extinguish,  quench ;  annihi- 
late, destroy. 

restituo,  -ere,  restitui,  restittU 
turn,  [re-+  statuo],  3,  a.,  replace, 
restore  ;  revive,  renew,  reinstate. 

resto,  restare,  restiti,  ,  [re- 

+  sto],  1,  11.,  withstand,  resist, 
oppose ;  be  left,  remain.  Impers., 
restat,  it  remains. 

retards,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re-  + 
tar  do,  impede],  \,  a.  and  n.,  keep 
back,  hinder,  impede;  delay,  tarry. 

reticeo,  -ere,  reticui,  ,  [re-  + 

taceo],  2,  n.  and  a.,  be  silent, 
keep  silent ;  keep  secret,  conceal. 

retineo,  -ere,  retinui,  retentums 
[re-  -f  teneo],  2,  a.,  hold  back, 
hold  fast ;  detain,  restrain,  check, 
repress  ;  keep,  ,  preserve,  main- 
tain. 

retorqueS,  -ere,  retorsi,  retor- 
tum,  [re-  +  torqueo],  2,  a.,  turn 
back,  throw  back. 

retundS,  -ere,  rettudi,  retusum 
or  retunsum,  [re-  +  tundo],  3, 
a.,  beat  back,  blunt,  dull ;  check, 
"  restrain. 

reus,  -1,  [res],  m.,  defendant  in  a 
legal  action,  the  accused,  prisoner. 

revertor,  reverti,  reversus  sum, 
[re--f  vertor],  3,  dep.,  turn  back, 
return,  go  back. 

revincS,  -ere,  revici,  revictum, 
[re-  + vinco],  3,  a.,  conquer;  con- 
vict, refute. 

revocS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [re-  + 
voco],  I,  a.,  call  back,  call  again, 
recall,  bring  back  ;  withdraw* 
turn  aside,  divert. 


REX 


119 


S.  D.   PLUR. 


res:,  regis,  [cf.  rego],  m.,  king, 
chief,  ruler,  monarch,  despot. 

Rhenus,  -I,  m.,  the  Rhine.  Mar. 
IX. 

Rhodius,  -a,  -um,  [Rhodus, 
lP65os],  adj.,  Rhodian,  of  Rhodes, 
an  important  island  near  the 
southwestern  coast  of  Asia  Mi- 
nor. As  subst,  Rhodii,  -orum, 
m.,  pi.,  people  of  Rhodes,  Rho- 
dians. 

ride 6,  -ere,  rial,  rlsum,  2,  n.  and 
a.,  laugh  ;  laugh  at,  ridicule,  de- 
ride. 

ridiculus,  -a,  -um,  [rideo],  adj., 
laughable,  amusing;  absurd,  ri- 
diculous, contemptible. 

robur,  -oris,  n.,  hard  wood ;  oak- 
tree,  oak ;  strength,  power,  vigor, 
force  ;  best  part,  pith,  kernel. 

robustus,  -a,  -um,  [robur],  adj., 
of  oak-wood  ;  strong,  hardy,  firm, 
robust. 

rogatus,  -us,  found  only  in  the 
abl.,  [rogo],  m.,  request,  en- 
treaty. 

rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a.,  ask, 
question,  inquire ;  request,  im- 
plore, beg  for ;  of  a  bill  or  reso- 
lution, bring  forward  for  ap- 
proval, propose,  introduce.  aen- 
tentiam  rogo,  ask  an  opinion, 
call  upon  to  vote. 

Roma,  -ae,  f.,  Rome. 

Romanus,  -a,  -um,  [Roma],  adj., 
of  Rome,  Roman,  Latin.  As 
subst.,  Romanus,  -1,  m.,  Roman. 

Romulus,  -1,  m.,  Romulus,  mythi- 
cal founder  and  first  king  of 
Rome;  said  to  have  been  the 
son  of  Mars  and  Rhea  Silvia. 

Roscius,  -1,  m.,  Q.  Roscius,  the 
most  famous  comic  actor  at 
Rome.  He  was  an  intimate 
friend  of  Cicero.  He  died  B.  c. 
62.    Arch.  viii. 

Rudimis,  -a,  -um,  [Rudiae],  adj., 
of  Rudiae,  a  town  in   Calabria, 


celebrated  as  the  birth-place  oi 
Ennius.    Arch.  x. 

rudis,  -e,  adj.,  unwrought,  wild, 
coarse;  rude,  uncultivated,  rough, 
unpolished ;  unskilled,  ignorant. 

Rufus,  -1,  [rufus,  red,  red-haired\, 
m.,  a  family  name  common  to 
several  gentes.  See  Caelius, 
Sulpicius,   Titius. 

ruina,  -ae,  [ruo],  f.,  a  tumbling 
down,  falling  down  ;  downfall, 
fall,  ruin,  destruction,  overthrow, 
calamity  ;  pi.,  ruins. 

rumor,  -oris,  m.,  report,  rumor, 
common  talk;  current  opinion, 
reputation. 

rumpo,  -ere,  rupi,  ruptum,  3,  a., 
break,  tear,  split;  break  open, 
burst,  break  through  ;  interrupt, 
cut  short ;  violate,  annul. 

ruo,  -ere,  rui,  rutum,  3,  n.  and 
a.,  fall  with  violence,  tumble 
down,  fall  in  ruins,  go  to  ruin  ; 
hasten,  hurry,  dash  along,  run. 

rursus  or  rursum,  [for  rever- 
sus,  reversum,  from  reverto], 
adv.,  on  the  contrary,  on  the  other 
hand,  in  turn  ;  again,  once  more, 
anezv. 

rustice  [rusticus],  adv.,  like  a  rus- 
tic ;  boorishly,  awkwardly,  rudely. 

rusticor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [rusti- 
cus], 1,  dep.,  sojourn  in  the  coun- 
try, stay  in  the  country,  rusticate. 

rusticus,  -a,  -um,  [rus,  country], 
adj.,  of  the  country,  rural,  rustic; 
rough,  coarse,  plain,  simple.  As 
subst.,  rusticus,  -I,  m.,  rustic, 
peasant,  countryman. 


s. 


S.  D.  =  salutem  dicit,  sends  greet- 
ing. 

S.  D.  PLUR.  =  salutem  dicit 
plurimam,  sends  heartiest  greet- 
ing. 


S.  T.  E.  Q.  V.  B.  E. 


120 


SAPIENTIA 


S.  T.  E.  Q.  V.  B.  E.  =  si  tu  ex- 

ercitusque  v'aletis,  bene  est. 

S.  V.  B.  E.  V.  =  si  vales,  bene 
est;   valeo. 

sacerdos,  -otis,  [sacer,  cf.  do], 
m.  and  f.,  priest,  priestess. 

sacrarium,  -I,  [sacrum],  n.,  shrine, 
sanctuary,  chapel. 

sacrosanctus,  -a,  -um,  [sacer -f 
sanctus],  adj.,  revered  as  sacred, 
inviolable. 

sacrum,  -1,  [sacer],  n.,  sacred 
thing,  sacred  place,  sanctuary ; 
act  of  worship,  sacred  rite,  rite, 
sacrifice,  worship. 

saeculum,  or,  by  syncope,  sae- 
clum,  -I,  n.,  race,  breed ;  gener- 
ation, lifetime,  age  ;  century,  hun- 
dred years. 

saepe,  comp.  saepius,  sup.  sae- 
pissime,  adv.,  often,  frequently, 
many  times.  iterum  et  sae- 
pius, over  and  over  again. 

saepio,  -ire,  saepsi,  saeptum, 
[saepes,  hedge],  4,  a.,  hedge  in, 
enclose,  surround ;  fortify,  pro- 
tect, guard. 

sagax,  -acis,  adj.,  of  acute  senses, 
keen  •  scented ;  sagacious^  keen, 
quick,  shrewd. 

SAL.,  see  salus. 

Salaminius,  -a,  -um,  [Salamls], 
adj ,  of  Salamis,  an  island 
southwest  of  Attica ;  also,  of 
the  city  Salamis  on  the  island 
of  Cyprus.  As  subst.,  Salaminii, 
-orum,  m.,  pi.,  people  of  Sala- 
mis. 

Sallustius,  -1,  m.,  Cn.  Sallustius, 
a  client  or  friend  of  Cicero's, 
and  a  man  of  some  literary  taste. 
Ep.  viii.,  XXIV. 

salto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq.  of 
salio],  1,  n.  and  a.,  dance. 

saltus,  -us,  m.,  woodland,  forest ; 
wooded  mountain  land,  forest  pas- 
ture;  mountain  valley,  glen,  thick- 
et ;  pass,  defile. 


salus,  -utis,  in  addresses  of  letters 
abbreviated  Sal.,  S.,  f.,  health, 
vigor  ;  welfare,  prosperity,  safety, 
deliverance  ;  greeting,  salutation. 

saluto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [salus], 
1,  a.,  greet,  salute,  hail ;  wish 
health  to,  visit,  call  upon. 

salvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  well,  sound, 
safe;  unharmed,  uninjured,  in 
good  condition,  in  good  health. 

Samos  or  Samus,  -1,  [Zdnos],  f., 
Samos,  an  island  in  the  Aegean 
sea,  near  Ephesus. 

Sampsiceramus,  -I,  m.,  Sampsi- 
ceramus, a  nickname  of  Pompey. 
See  n.  to  p.  181, 1. 11. 

sancio,  -ire,  sanxl,  sanctum,  4, 
a.,  make  sacred,  consecrate  ;  estab- 
lish, decree,  ordain,  enact;  ap- 
prove, ratify. 

sanctus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  sancio], 
adj.,  consecrated,  inviolable,  sa- 
cred ;  venerable,  holy,  divine  ; 
pure,  upright,  conscientious,  just. 

sane  [sanus],  adv.,  sensibly,  rea- 
sonably, discreetly ;  indeed,  by  all 
means,  truly,  very. 

sanguis,  -inis,  m.,  blood ;  by  met- 
onymy, bloodshed,  slaughter ; 
stock,  family  ;  vigor,  force. 

sanitas,  -atis,  [sanus],  f.,  sound- 
ness, health  ;  right  reason,  discre- 
tion, sanity. 

sand,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [sanus], 
1,  a.,  make  sound,  heal,  cure ;  re- 
store, repair,  allay. 

sanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  sound,  whole, 
healthy,  well ;  sensible,  discreet, 
sober,  sane. 

sapiens,  -entis,  [part,  of  sapio], 
adj.,  wise,  discreet,  sensible,  pru- 
dent. 

sapient er  [sapiens],  adv.,  wisely, 
discreetly,  prudently. 

sapientia,  -ae,  [sapiens],  f.,  good 
sense,  discernment,  discretion, 
prudence ;    wisdom,  philosophy; 


SAPIO 


121 


SCIPIO 


sapid,  sapere,  sapivi,  ,  3,  n. 

and  a.,  taste;  have  taste,  have 
discernment,  discern  ;  be  wise,  be 
discreet. 

Sardinia,  -ae,  f.,  Sardinia,  an 
island  west  of  Italy. 

sat,  see  satis. 

satelles,  -itis,  m.  and  f.,  attendant, 
follower;  assistant  in  crime,  ac- 
complice, abettor,  tool. 

satietas,  -atis,  [satis],  f.,  suffi- 
ciency, fulness,  satiety ;  weari- 
ness, loathing,  disgust. 

satio,  -areD  -avi,  -atum,  [satis],  1, 
a.,  satisfy,  sate,  satiate ;  appease, 
glut,  fill;  cloy,  disgust 

satis,  or  sat,  ad£,  indecl.  subst., 
and  adv. : 

(1)  As  adj.,  enough,  sufficient, 
ample. 

(2)  As    subst.,    enough,  suffi- 
ciency, plenty. 

(3)  As  adv.,  sufficiently,  enough, 
adequately,  amply. 

satis  facio,  facere,  feci,  factum, 
3,  n.,  satisfy,  give  satisfaction  ;  do 
enough  for,  do  one's  duty  by. 

Saturnalia,  -orum,  abl.  -ibus, 
[Saturnus,]  n.,  festival  of  Saturn, 
the  Saturnalia,  which  commenced 
on  the  17th  of  December,  and  at 
different  periods  lasted  three, 
four,  five,  or  seven  days. 

Saturninus,  -I,  m.,  L.  Appuleius 
Sdturninus,  a  leader  of  the  demo- 
cratic party,  tribune  for  the  sec- 
ond time  b.  c.  100.  Resorting  to 
violent  measures  in  order  to 
carry  out  his  plans,  he  was  de- 
clared a  public  enemy  by  the 
Senate,  and  was  slain  by  a  mob 
in  the  Curia  Hostilia.  Cat.  I. 
II.,  XII. ;   IV.  II. 

saucius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  wounded, 
hurt ;  injured,  weakened,  smitten. 

saxum,  -I,  n.,  large  stone,  rock* 

scaena,  -ae,  [otctji/#|,  f.,  stage, 
scene.       in  scaena,  on  the  stage. 


scaenicus,    -a,    -um,     [scaena], 

adj.,  scenic,  dramatic,  theatrical. 
scaenici  artifices,  actors. 

Scaevola,  -ae,  [scaeva,  left- 
handed],  m.,  P.  Mucins  Scaevola, 
one  of  the  most  eminent  of  the 
early  Roman  jurists,  consul  B.  C. 
133.     Ep.  XXXVIII. 

scelerate  [sceleratus],  adv.,  im- 
piously, wickedly,  scandalously. 

sceleratus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  sce- 
lero,  pollute],  adj.,  polluted,  de- 
filed, profaned ;  wicked,  impious, 
accursed ;  sacrilegious,  infamous, 
scandalous.  As  subst.,  scelera- 
tus, -I,  m.,  scoundrel,  rogue. 

scelus,  -eris,  n.,  wicked  deed, 
crime;  sin,  wickedness. 

sciens,  -entis,  [part,  of  scio],  adj., 
knowing,  intelligent,  skilled,  ex- 
pert, versed ;  often  used  where 
the  English  idiom  prefers  an 
adv.,  knowingly,  intentionally. 

scientia,  -ae,  [sciens],  f.,  knowl- 
edge, acquaintance,  science,  skill, 
art. 

scilicet  [=  scire  licet],  adv.,  you 
may  know,  certainly,  obvious- 
ly, of  course  ;  no  doubt,  forsooth, 
likely. 

scintilla,  -ae,  f.,  spark  ;  glimmer, 
trace. 

scio,  scire,  scivi,  scitum,  4,  a., 
know,  understand ;  perceive,  have 
knowledge  of,  be  assured. 

Scipio,  -onis,  [scipio,  staff],  m., 
Scipio,  name  of  a  celebrated  fam- 
ily of  the  Cornelian  gens ;  pi., 
Scipiones,  -um,  the  Scipios,  the 
Scipio  family .  Three  Scipios  are 
mentioned  in  this  book: 

( 1 )  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Africd- 
nus,  also  called  Maior  to  distin- 
guish him  from  (2),  born  about 
B.C.  234.  After  several  years  of 
successful  generalship  in  Spain, 
he  was  consul  B.C.  205.  In  the 
following  year  he  conveyed  an 


SCORTUM 


122 


SEDES 


army  to  Africa,  where  he  was 
uniformly  successful  against  the 
Carthaginians,  finally  defeating 
Hannibal  near  Zama,  B.C.  202. 
He  was  honored  with  a  triumph, 
B.  c.  201.  The  year  of  his  death 
is  uncertain.    Cat.  IV.  x.,  Arch. 

IX. 

(2)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  A emili-. 
dnus  Africdnus,  often  called 
Minor  to  distinguish  him  from 
(1),  born  about  B.C.  185.  He 
was  the  son  of  L.  Aemilius 
Paulus,  the  conqueror  of  Mace- 
donia (see  Paulus),  and  was 
adopted  by  Scipio  Africanus 
Maior.  He  was  elected  consul 
for  B.C.  147,  and  took  charge  of 
the  war  against  Carthage  then  in 
progress,  capturing  and  destroy- 
ing the  city  the  following  year. 
In  134  B.  c.  he  was  again  made 
consul,  and  took  command  of 
the  war  in  Spain.  He  captured 
and  razed  Numantia  in  133  B.  c. 
Returning  to  Rome,  he  violently 
opposed  the  measures  of  Ti. 
Gracchus.  He  died  B.  c.  129. 
Cat.  IV.  x.,  Arch,  vii.,  Imp.  P. 
xx. 

(3)  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Nasica 
Serdpio,  consul  B.  c.  138,  and 
pontifex  maximus.  He  also  op- 
posed Ti.  Gracchus,  and  was  the 
leader  of  the  mob  which  slew 
Gracchus.    Cat.  1. 1. 

scortum,  -1,  n.,  hide ;  harlot, 
prostitute. 

scr.  =  scripta,  i.  e.  scripta  est 
epistola. 

scriba,  -ae,  [scribo],  m.,  scribe, 
clerk,  secretary. 

scribo,  -ere,  scripsT,  scriptum, 
3,  a.,  scratch,  engrave  ;  write,  write 
out ;  compose. 

scriptio,  -onis,  [scrlb5],  f.,  a  writ- 
ing;  composing  in  writing,  com- 
position. 


scriptor,  -oris,  [scribo],  m.,  writ- 
er, scribe  ;  author,  composer,  re- 
porter, narrator.  rerum  scrip- 
tor,  writer  of  history,  historian. 

scriptura,  -ae,  [scribo],  f.,  writ- 
ing ;  composing,  composition  ;  tax 
on  public  pastures,  pasture  tax. 

scrupulus,  -1,  [dim.  of  scrupus, 
sharp  stone],  m.,  difficulty,  trouble; 
doubt,  scruple. 

scyphus,  -1,  [o-Ktyos],  m.,  cup, gob- 
let, wine-cup.  inter  scyphos, 
over  the  wine.  . 

se,  see  sui. 

se  or  sed,  old  prep,  with  abl., 
apart  from,  without;  used  espe- 
cially in  comp'osition. 

secedo,  -ere,  secessi,  secessum, 
[se  +  cedo],  3,  n.,  go  apart,  sep- 
arate ;  withdraw,  go  away. 

secemo,  -ere,  seerevi,  secretum, 
[se  +  cerno],  3,  a.,  separate,  part, 
sever,  divide  ;  set  apart. 

secundum  [secundus],  prep, 
with  ace,  follcnving,  after,  next 
to ;  according  to,  in  accordance 
with. 

secundus,  -a,  -urn,  [sequor],  adj., 
following,  next,  second ;  second- 
ary, inferior  ;  favorable,  fair, 
prosperous ;  fortunate,  propi- 
tious. 

securis,  -is,  abl.,  securi,  [seco], 
f.,  axe,  battle-axe. 

sed,  see  se. 

sed,  conj.,  but,  but  also,  on  the  con- 
trary ;  however,  yet.  non  so- 
lum —  sed  etiam,  not  only  — 
but  also.  sed  iam,  now  how- 
ever,       sed  vero,  but  actually. 

sedecula,  -ae,  [dim.  of  sedes],  f., 
little  seat,  low  seat. 

sedeo,  -ere,  sedl,  sessum,  2,  n., 
sit ;  sit  idle,  be  inactive  ;  be  set- 
tled, remain  fast. 

sedes,  -is,  [cf.  sedeo],  f.,  seat, 
chair  ;  abode,  dwelling-place,  habi' 
tation  ;  place,  site,  foundation. 


SEDITIO 


123 


SEQUOR 


seditid,  -onis,  [sed  -f  itio,  from 
eo],  f.,  dissension,  discord ;  in- 
surrection, mutiny,  sedition. 

sedo,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [cf.  se- 
deo],  i,  a.  and  n.,  bring  to  rest ; 
calm,  quiet,  check,  stop ;  allay, 
appease. 

sgdulitas,  -atis,  [sedulus],  f.,  as- 
siduity, persistency,  earnestness. 

sedulo  [sedulus],  adv.,  busily, 
diligently ;  eagerly,  zealously,  as- 
siduously. 

segrego,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [se, 
grex],  i,  a.,  lit.  separate  from  the 
flock  ;  separate,  set  apart,  remove. 

seiungo,  -ere,  seiunxl,  seiunc- 
tum,  [se  +  iungo],  3,  a.,  disjoin, 
disunite,  part,  separate ;  keep 
apart,  disconnect. 

Seius,  -1,  m.,  M.  Seius,  a  friend  of 
Atticus  and  of  Cicero.  He  was 
aedile  b.  c.  74,  died  b.  c.  45. 
Ep.  xvi. 

selectus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  seligo], 
adj.,  chosen,  selected,  select. 

sella,  -ae,  f.,  seat,  chair;  work- 
stool ;  official  chair. 

semel,  adv.,  once,  a  single  time ; 
once  for  all,  but  once  ;  finally. 

semen,  -mis,  [cf.  sero,  sow],  n., 
seed;  by  metonymy,  race ;  source, 
origin,  essence,  principle. 

seminarium,  -I,  [semen],  n.,  nur- 
sery, school ;  hot-bed. 

semper,  adv.,  always,  ever ;  at  all 
times,  perpetually ,  forever. 

sempiternus,  -a,  -um,  [semper], 
adj.,  everlasting,  eternal,  perpet- 
ual, imperishable. 

Sempronius,  -a,  name  of  a  Ro- 
man gens  with  both  patrician 
and  plebeian  branches.  See 
Gracchus.  As  adj.,  of  a  Sem- 
pronius, Sempronian. 

senator,  -oris,  [cf.  senex],  m.,  sen- 
ator, member  of  the  Senate. 

eenatorius,  -a,  -um,  [senator], 
adj.,  of  a  senator \  senatorial. 


senatus,  -us,  [senex],  m.,  council 
of  elders,  Senate.  senatus  con- 
sultum,  decree  of  the  senate. 

senectus,  -utis,  [senex],  f.,  old 
age,  advanced  years. 

senex,  senis,  comp.  senior,  adj., 
old,  aged.  As  subst,  senex,  -is, 
m.,  old  man  ;  senior,  -oris,  m., 
elder,  older  person. 

senior,  -oris,  see  senex. 

sensus,  -us,  [sentio],  m.,  percep- 
tion, sense,  consciousness  ;  sensa- 
tion, emotion,  feeling,  sentiment. 

sententia,  -ae,  [sentio],  f.,  opinion, 
judgment,  notion  ;  decision,  will; 
resolution,  determination,  sen- 
tence. 

sentina,  -ae,  f.,  bilge-water ;  off- 
scourings, dregs,  refuse. 

sentio,  -ire,  sensi,  sensum,  4,  a., 
feel,  hear,  see,  perceive ;  experi- 
ence, discern,  observe ;  think,  be- 
lieve, suppose,  judge  ;  decide,  de- 
clare. 

sepelio,  -Ire,  sepelivl  or  -ii,  se- 
pultum,  4,  a.,  bury,  inter ;  over- 
whelm, ruin,  destroy. 

septem  or  VII.,  num.  adj.,  indecl., 
seven. 

September,  -bris,  [septem],  adj., 
of  the  seventh ;  of  the  seventh 
month,  reckoning  March  as  the 
first  month  of  the  year,  of  Sep- 
tember. 

septemdecim,  or  XVII.,  [sep- 
tem -f  decern],  num.  adj.,  indecl., 
seventeen. 

Septimus,  -a,  -um,  or  VII.,  [sep- 
tem], adj.,  seventh. 

sepulchrum,  -1,  [cf.  sepelio],  n.f 
grave,  tomb,  sepulchre. 

sepultus,  see  sepelio. 

sequor,  sequi,  seeutus  sum,  3, 
dep.,  follow,  attend,  accompany  ; 
come  after,  come  next ;  seek,  be 
destined  for ;  chase,  pursue;  re- 
sult, ensue ;  conform  to,  comply 
with;  strive  after,  aim  at. 


SERAPIO 


124 


SEXAGINTA 


Serapio,  -onis,  m.,  Serapio,  a  na- 
tive of  Antioch  and  writer  on 
geography.  Cicero  found  his 
work  unintelligible.     Ep.  hi. 

serius,  see  sero. 

sermo,  -onis,  [sero,  weave,  com- 
pose], m.,  conversation,  talk,  dis- 
course, speech  ;  report,  rumor, 
common  talk. 

sero,  comp.  serius,  sup.  serissime, 
[serus],  adv.,  late,  at  a  late  hour, 
at  a  late  period.  Comp.,  serius, 
later,  often  too  late. 

serpo,  -ere,  serpsl,  serptum,  3, 
n.,  creep,  crawl,  glide;  come 
imperceptibly,  extend  gradually , 
spread  abroad  stealthily,  increase. 

serta,  -orum,  [sero,  entwine],  n., 
pi.,  garlands,  wreaths. 

Sertorianus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.,  of  Ser- 
torius,  Sertorian,  from  Sertorius, 
referring  to  Q.  Sertorius,  a  Ro- 
man general  of  the  party  of 
Marius.  He  carried  on  war  in 
Spain  for  ten  years  against  the 
party  of  Sulla  until  he  was  mur- 
dered, B.  c.  72. 

servllis,  -e,  [servus],  adj.,  slavish, 
servile,  of  a  slave. 

Servilius,  -a,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens,  at  first  patrician,  afterwards 
including  plebeian  families  also. 
The  following  Servilil  are  men- 
tioned in  this  book: 

( 1 )  M.  Servilius,  tribune  of  the 
people  b.  c.  43.    Ant.  IV.  vi. 

(2)  C.    Servilius    Ah&la,    cf. 
Maelius,  and  n.  to  p.  62,  1.  4. 

(3)  C.   Servilius    Glaucia,   see 
Glaucia. 

(4)  P.    Servilius     Vatia,    see 
Vatia. 

servio,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  [servus], 
4,  n.,  be  a  servant,  serve ;  be  de- 
voted to,  aim  at,  labor  for,  have 
regard  to  ;  gratify,  court. 

servitium,  -I,  [servus],  n.,  servi- 
tude, slavery  ;  body  of  slaves. 


servitus,  -utis,  [servus],  f.,  sla* 
very,  service,  serfdom. 

Servius,  -1,  m.,  Servius,  a  friend 
of  Cicero's,  to  whom  he  wrote  a 
letter  introducing  the  physician 
Asclapo.    Ep.  xxxii. 

servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a.,  save, 
preserve,  keep,  protect,  guard; 
store  away,  maintain  ;  give  heed, 
watch,  observe. 

servus,  -i,  m.,  slave t  servant. 

sese,  see  sui. 

sestertius,  -a,  -um,  [for  semis 
tertius,  three  less  one  half],  or 
H  S  [for  Il-f-  semis],  num.  adj., 
two  and  a  half.  As  subst.,  ses- 
tertius, -I,  gen.  pi.  sestertium, 
(originally  sc.  nummus),  m., 
sesterce,  a  small  silver  coin,  origi- 
nally 2\  asses,  =  about  4 ^  cents. 

Sestius,  -I,  m.,  P.  Sestius,  quaes- 
tor of  C.  Antonius,  Cicero's  col- 
league in  the  consulship  B.  C.  63. 
He  was  tribune  B.  C.  57,  and  was 
active  in  procuring  Cicero's  re- 
call from  banishment.  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  brought  to 
trial  for  the  use  of  violence,  and 
was  defended  by  Cicero  in  an 
oration  which  is  still  extant.  In 
the  Civil  War  he  at  first  joined 
the  side  of  Pompey,  but  after- 
wards went  over  to  Caesar. 
Cat.  I.  viii. 

seu,  see  sive. 

severe  [severus],  adv.,  gravely, 
seriously ;  with  severity,  severely. 

se Veritas,  -atis,  [severus],  f., 
gravity,  seriousness ;  sternness, 
severity. 

severus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  grave,  se- 
rious ;  stern,  strict,  severe,  rigid. 

Sex.,  see  Sextus. 

sex,  or  VI.,  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  six. 

sexagesimus,  -a,  -um,  [sexagin- 
ta],  num.,  adj.,  sixtieth. 

sexaginta,  or  LX.,  num.  adj., 
indecl.,  sixty. 


SEXT. 


125 


SIMPLICITER 


Sext.,  see  Sextllis. 

Sextllis,  -e,  in  dates  often  ab- 
breviated Sext.,  [sextus],  adj., 
sixth  ;  of  the  sixth  motith,  reckon- 
ing from  March,  of  August.  The 
name  of  the  month  Sextilis  was 
changed  to  Augustus  in  honor  of 
the  emperor,  B.  c.  8. 

sextus,  -a,  -um,  or  VI.,  [sex], 
num.  adj.,  sixth. 

Sextus,  -I,  abbreviated  Sex., 
[sextus],  m.,  Sextus,  a  Roman 
forename.     See  Aelius. 

si,  conj.,  if;  if  indeed,  inasmuch 
as,  since  ;  when  ;  even  if,  though, 
although ;  in  indir.  questions, 
whether ;  in  purpose  clauses,  to 
see  if,  to  try  whether.  si  qui- 
dem,  if  only,  if  indeed. 

Sibyllinus,  -a,  -um,  [Sibylla], 
adj.,  of  a  Sibyl,  Sibylline.  Cf.  N. 
to  p.  92, 1.  24. 

sic  [si  +  -ce],  adv.,  thus,  in  this 
way  ;  so,  in  such  a  manner  ;  just 
so,  in  the  same  zvay.  sic  —  ut, 
thus  —  so,  just  as  —  so.  ut  — 
sic,  while  —  yet,  though  — 
still. 

sic  a,  -ae,  f.,  dagger,  poniard. 

sicarius,  -1,  [slca],  m.,  assassin, 
murderer. 

Sicca,  -ae,  m.,  Sicca,  an  intimate 
friend  of  Cicero.  He  had  an 
estate  at  Vibo,  in  the  southwest- 
ern part  of  Italy,  where  Cicero 
took  refuge  from  his  enemies  for 
a  time  in  b.  c.  58,  and  again  in  44 
B.  c.     Ep.  VIII. 

Sicilia,  -ae,  [2iKe\ta],  £.,  Sicily. 

sicut,  or  sicuti,  [sic  +  ut],  adv., 
just  as,  so  as,  as  ;  as  indeed,  as  it 
were,  as  if. 

Sicyonius,  -a,  -um,  [Sicyon], 
adj.,  Sicyonian,  of  Sicyon,  a  city 
on  the  Asopus  river  near  the 
south  shore  of  the  Corinthian 
Gulf,  northwest  of  Corinth.  As 
>ubst.,  SicySnil,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 


people  of  Sicyon,  Sicyonians.  Ep. 
IV. 

Sigeum,  -I,  [Siyetov],  n.,  Sigeum, 
a  promontory  of  Troas,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Hellespont. 
Near  it  there  was  a  town  of  the 
same  name. 

significatio,  -onis,  [signifies],  £, 
expression,  indication,  sign,  token. 

signum,  -I,  n.,  sign,  mark,  token, 
indication  ;  ensign,  standard ; 
omen,  prognostication  ;  image,  fig- 
ure, statue;  of  a  letter,  seal, 
signet. 

Silaiius,  -I,  m.,  D.  Junius  Sildnus. 
He  distinguished  himself  by  the 
magnificent  games  which  he  gave 
in  his  aedileship,  about  70  B.  c. 
He  was  consul  B.  c.  62.  Cat. 
IV.  iv.,  vi. 

silentium,  -I,  [silens],  n.,  silence, 
quiet,  stillness. 

siled,  -ere,  -ul, ,  2,  n.  and  a., 

be  silent,  keep  silence,  be  still ; 
pass  over  in  silence,  suppress. 

SHius,  -I,  m.,  P.  Silius  Nerva,  a 
friend  of  Atticus,  propraetor  of 
Bithynia  and  Pontus  B.  C.  51. 
Ep.  xv.,  xli. 

silva,  -ae,  f.,  forest,  wood,  grove. 

Silvanus,  -I,  [silva],  m.,  M.  Plau- 
tius  Silvdnus,  tribune  of  the  peo- 
ple b.  c.  89,  at  the  same  time 
with  C.  Papirius  Carbo.  Arch, 
iv. 

silvestris,  -e,  [silva],  adj.,  of  a 
forest,  wooded,  woody. 

similis,  -e,  comp.  similior,  sup. 
simillimus,  adj.,  like,  similar, 
resembling.  Sup.,    very    like, 

closely  resembling. 

similiter,  comp.  similius,  sup. 
simillime,  [similis],  adv.,  in  like 
manner,  likewise,  similarly. 

similitudo,  -inis,  [similis],  f., 
likeness,  similarity,  resemblance. 

simpliciter  [simplex],  adv.,  rim 
j>ly*  plainly  ;  frankly,  artlessly. 


SIMUL 


126 


SOLLICITUS 


simul,  adv.,  at  the  same  time,  at 
once,  simultaneously,  together ; 
and    also.  simul   —   simul, 

partly  — partly,  not  only  —  but 
at  the  same  time.  simul  ac,  or 
simul  atque,  as  soon  as. 

simulacrum,  -I,  [simulo],  n.,  like- 
ness, image,  form,  figure  ;  appear- 
ance, semblance,  pretence. 

simulatio,  -onis,  [simulo],  f., 
feigning,  pretence,  simulation, 
deceit. 

simulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [simi- 
lis],  i,  a.,  make  like,  imitate,  copy, 
reproduce,  represent;  feign,  simu- 
late, pretend. 

simul t as,  -atis,  [simul],  f.,  hostile 
encounter ;  grudge,  jealousy,  en- 
mity, hatred,  animosity. 

sin  [si  +  ne],  conj.,  if  however, 
but  if 

sine,  prep,  with  abl.,  without. 

singularis,  -e,  [singuli],  adj.,  one 
by  one,  alone,  single,  solitary ; 
singular,  matchless,  extraordi- 
nary, unique,  remarkable. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  adj.,  pi.,  one  at  a 
time,  single,  individual ;  one  to 
each,  separate.  in  dies  singu- 
los,  each  successive  day,  day  by  day. 

sino,  -ere,  sivi,  situm,  3,  a.,  let 
down,  place,  situate ,  give  leave, 
permit,  allow,  suffer,  lei. 

Sinope,  -es,  [2,ivd>irrj],  f.,  Sinope, 
a  prosperous  commercial  Greek 
city  on  the  southern  shore  of  the 
Pontus  Euxinus,  about  half  way 
between  Trapezus  and  Heraclea ; 
originally  a  colony  from  Miletus. 

sinus,  -us,  m.,  fold,  curve,  hollow, 
coil ;  fold  of  a  garment ;  by  met- 
onymy, bosom,  lap ;  bay,  gulf; 
hollow,  valley. 

sitis,  -is,  ace.  -im,  pi.  wanting,  f., 
thirst ;  eager  desire,  eagerness. 

situs,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  sino],  adj., 
placed,  situated,  lying;  buried, 
laid  at  rest. 


sive,  or  seu,  [si  +  -ve],  conj.,  or 
if,  or.  sive  —  sive,  whether  — 
or,  be  it  that  —  or  that,  either 
—  or. 

Smyrnaei,  -orum,  [Smyrna],  m., 
pi.,  people  of  Smyrna. 

sobrius,  -a,  -um,  [se  -f  ebrius], 
adj.,  not  intoxicated,  sober ;  tem- 
perate, self-possessed,  moderate. 

societas,  -atis,  [socius],  {^fellow- 
ship, association,  union,  society  ; 
league,  alliance. 

socius,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  sequor],  adj., 
sharing,  partaking,  associated,  al- 
lied. As  subst.,  socius,  -I, 
m.,  fellow,  partner,  sharer ;  com- 
panion, associate,  friend ;  ally, 
helper. 

sodalis,  -is,  adj.,  companionable, 
sociable,  friendly.  As  subst.,  m. 
and  f.,  companion,  associate,  inti- 
mate friend,  comrade. 

sol,  solis,  m.,  sun  ;  by  metonymy, 
sunshine,  sun's  heat. 

solacium,  -1,  n.,  comfort,  solace, 
consolation. 

soleo,  -ere,  solitus  sum,  2,  semi- 
dep.,  be  accustomed,  be  wont,  be 
used. 

solitudo,  -inis,  [solus],  f,  being 
alone,  loneliness ;  lonely  place, 
solitude,  wilderness. 

sollicitatio,  -onis,  [sollicito],  f., 
vexing,  harassing,  vexation ;  in- 
citing, instigation,  solicitation. 

sollicito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [solli- 
citus],  I,  a.,  stir,  agitate,  move ; 
trouble,  harass;  urge,  incite,  in- 
stigate, tempt,  solicit. 

sollicitudo,  -inis,  [sollicitus], 
f.,  apprehension,  anxiety,  solici- 
tude. 

sollicitus,  -a,  -um,  [unused  sol- 
lus,  =  tot  us,  +  citus],  adj., 
agitated,  disturbed ;  troubled,  wor- 
ried, anxious,  alarmed ;  causing 
anxiety,  alarming,  distressing ; 
uneasy,  restless. 


SOLUM 


127 


STABILIS 


solum,  -I,  n.,  bottom,  base,  founda- 
tion ;  ground,  soil,  floor  ;  by  met- 
onymy, country,  region,  place. 

solum  [solus],  adv.,  only,  merely. 
non  solum,  not  only,  not  merely. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  solius,  dat. 
soli,  adj.,  alone,  only,  single ; 
lonely,  solitary,  deserted,  unfre- 
quented. 

solutio,  -onis,  [solvo],  f.,  loosing, 
relaxation  ;  payment. 

solutus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  solv5], 
adj.,  unbound,  free,  loose ;  lax, 
negligent,  careless,  remiss. 

solvo,  -ere,  solvi,  solutum,  [se  + 
luo],  3,  a.,  loose,  unbind,  release, 
disengage,  free ;  break  up,  dis- 
miss ;  relax,  overcome ;  annul, 
make  void,  end ;  perform,  keep, 
fulfil ;  pay,  pay  off. 

somnus,  -1,  m.,  sleep,  slumber. 

sono,  -are,  -ui,  -itum,  [sonus],  1, 
n.  and  a.,  sound,  resound ;  sing, 
celebrate  ;  speak,  utter,  express. 

sonus,  -I,  m.,  sound,  noise. 

soror,  -oris,  f.,  sister. 

sors,  sortis,  f.,  lot ;  casting  of  lots, 
drawing  of  lots  ;  destiny,  fortune, 
condition;  oracular  response, pro- 
phetic utterance,  prophecy. 

spargo,  -ere,  sparsi,  sparsum,  3, 
a.,  strew,  scatter  ;  cast,  hurl ; 
spread  abroad,  disperse,  dissemi- 
nate. 

Spartacus,  -I,  m.,  Spartacus.  He 
was  a  Thracian  by  birth,  but  ta- 
ken prisoner  and  trained  as  a 
gladiator  in  the  school  at  Capua. 
Making  his  escape  with  about  70 
followers  in  73  B.  c,  he  became 
the  leader  of  the  Servile  War, 
which  taxed  the  energies  of  Rome 
for  two  years.  He  fell  bravely 
fighting  B.  c.  71.  Mark  Antony  is 
called  a  Spartacus,  Ant.  IV.  VI. 

spatium,  -1,  n.,  space,  distance,  in- 
terval ;  room,  extent ;  path,  track  ; 
period,  time. 


species,  -el,  [specio],  f.,  aspect, 
sight,  appearance  ;  vision,  appari- 
tion ;  beauty,  splendor,  show. 

specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  specio,  look],  1,  a.,  look  on,  be- 
hold, observe;  gaze  at,  inspect ; 
face,  lie,  be  situated ;  try,  test, 
prove  ;  of  games,  attend. 

speculator,  -oris,  [speculor],  m., 
spy,  scout,  explorer. 

speculor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [spe- 
cula, watch-tower],  I,  dep.,  spy 
out,  watch,  examine,  explore. 

spero,  -are, -avi, -atum,  [spes],  1, 
a.,  hope,  hope  for,  look  for,  expect ; 
believe,  trust. 

spes,  spei,  f.,  hope,  expectation  ; 
trust,  promise ;  anticipation, 
prospect. 

spiritus,  -us,  [splro,  breathe],  m., 
breath,  breathing ;  by  metonymy, 
breeze,  air  ;  breath  of  a  god,  inspi- 
ration ;  breath  of  life,  life,  spirit ; 
courage,  haughtiness,  pride. 

splendor, -oris,  [cf.  splendeo],m., 
brightness,  brilliancy ;  splendor, 
dignity,  eminence,  honor. 

spolid,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [spo- 
lium],  1,  a.,  strip,  uncover ;  robt 
plunder,  despoil,  deprive. 

spolium,  -1,  n.,  skin,  hide;  by 
metonymy,  arms  stripped  from 
an  enemy,  spoils,  booty,  prey. 

spons,  found  only  in  the  abl. 
sponte,  [cf.  spondeo],  f.,  free 
will,  accord.  sua  sponte,  of 
one's  own  accord,  of  their  own 
accord,  freely,  voluntarily. 

Sp.,  see  Spurius. 

Spurius,  -I,  abbreviated  Sp., 
[spurius,  illegitimate],  m.,  Spu- 
rius, a  Roman  forename. 

stabilio,  -ire,  -Ivi,  -Itum,  [stabi- 
lis],  4,  a.,  make  firm,  stay,  sup- 
port ;  fix,  establish,  secure. 

stabilis,  -e,  [sto],  adj.,  firm,  stead- 
fast, stable,  fixed  ;  lasting,  endur- 
ing, secure. 


STABILITAS 


128 


SUBEO 


stabilitas,  -atis,  [stabilis],  t, 
steadfastness,  stability,  durability, 
security. 

Statilius,  -I,  m.,  L.  Slatilius,  a 
man  of  equestrian  rank  who 
joined  the  conspiracy  of  Cati- 
line. He  was  arrested  and  ex- 
ecuted along  with  the  other  con- 
spirators in  December,  B.C.  63. 
Cat.  III.  III.  et  sea. 

statim  [sto],  adv.,  steadily,  regu- 
larly ;  forthwith,  straightway,  in- 
stantly, immediately,  at  once. 

Stat  or,  -oris,  [cf.  sisto,  sto],  m., 
stay,  supporter,  protector ;  used 
as  an  epithet  of  Jupiter,  Iuppiter 
Stator.     Cf.  N.  to  p.  74,  32. 

statua,  -ae,  [sto],  f.,  image,  statue. 

statuo,  -ere,  statu!,  statutum, 
[status],  3,  a.,  set  up,  erect,  con- 
struct, make ;  establish,  fix  ;  re- 
solve, determine,  decide,  settle. 

status,  -us,  [sto],  m.,  standing, 
posture ;  position,  attitude ;  state, 
situation,  condition,  constitu- 
tion. 

stimulus,  -I,  m.,  goad,  prick ;  spur, 
incentive,  encouragement ;  tor- 
ment, pain. 

stlpendium,  -1,  [stips,  gift,  cf. 
pendo],  n.,  tax,  tribute  ;  income, 
pay,  bounty;  military  service, 
campaigning. 

stirps,  stirpis,  f.,  trunk,  stem, 
stalk ;  race,  family  ;  offspring, 
descendant;  source,  origin,  be- 
ginning. 

sto,  stare,  steti,  statum,  1,  n., 
stand ;  stand  up,  be  upright ; 
stand  firm,  abide,  endure,  con- 
tinue;  stand  still,  delay,  lin- 
ger; remain,  be  fixed,  be  deter- 
mined. 

strepitus,  -us,  [strepo],  m.,  noise, 
din,  clash,  crash,  murmur. 

studeo,  -ere,  -ui,  ,  2,  a.  and 

n.,  be  eager,  be  zealous,  be  devoted; 
strive  after,  desire,  wish. 


studiose  [studiosus],  adv.,  eagfr 
ly,  zealously,  devotedly -.  studiously^ 
carefully. 

studiosus,  -a,  -um,  [studium], 
adj.,  eager,  zealous,  assiduotcs,  de- 
voted, studious  ;  friendly,  favor- 
able. 

studium,  -1,  [studeo],  n.,  zeal, 
desire,  inclination,  enthusiasm, 
endeavor ;  pursuit,  inquiry,  study, 
research;  good-will,  devotion,  at- 
tachment. 

stultus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  foolish,  sim- 
ple ;  stupid,  dull,  silly. 

stuprum,  -1,  n.,  defilement,  dis- 
grace, outrage ;  debauchery,  lewd- 
ness. 

suadeo,  -ere,  suasi,  suasum,  2, 
n.  and  a.,  advise,  recommend ; 
exhort,  urge,  impel,  persuade. 

sua  vis,  -e,  adj.,  sweet,  agreeable, 
grateful,  pleasant. 

sub,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl., 
under : 

(1)  With  ace,  after  verbs  of 
motion,  under,  below,  near  to,  to, 
up  to,  towards,  down  into ;  until, 
about,  just  before;  following,  after, 

just  after. 

(2)  With  abl.,  of  place,  under, 
beneath,  below,  behind,  at  the  foot 
of,  by,  near ;  of  time,  during,  in, 
within,  at,  by,  in  the  time  of ;  of 
other  relations,  under,  in  the 
power  of,  subject  to  ;  by  reason  of, 
in  consequence  of. 

In  composition,  sub  is  often 
assimilated  before  m,  r,  Wid 
usually  before  c,  f,  g,  p.  It 
adds  the  force  of  under,  beneath  ; 
somewhat,  a  little  ;  secretly,  by 
stealth. 
subed,  -Ire,  -Ivi  or  -if,  -itum,  [sub 
+  eo],  irr.,  n.  and  a.,  go  under, 
enter ;  advance,  draw  near ;  come 
after,  succeed ;  come  up,  occur, 
suggest  itself ;  undergo,  submit  to, 
be  subject  to,  endure,  suffer. 


SUBICIO 


129 


SUM 


subicio,  -icere,  -iecl,  -iectum, 
[sub  +  iacio],  3,  a.,  throw  under, 
place  under ;  submit,  present,  give ; 
subordinate ;  subjoin^  append ; 
forge,  counterfeit. 

subiector,  -oris,  [subicio],  m., 
forger. 

subigo,  -ere,  subegl,  subaetum, 
[sub -f  ago],  3,  a.,  bring  under; 
subdue,  conquer,  subjugate,  reduce. 

subitd  [subitus],  adv.,  suddenly, 
unexpectedly. 

suboles,  -is,  f.,  sprout,  shoot ;  off- 
spring, posterity,  stock,  race. 

subsellium,  -I,  [sub,  sella],  n., 
low  bench,  seat,  form  ;  court,  tri- 
bunal. 

subsidium,  -1,  [sub,  sedeo],  n., 
reserve  force ;  aid,  help,  assist- 
ance, support,  protection. 

subsum,  -esse,  ,  ,  [sub 

-fsum],  irr.,  n.,  be  under;  be 
near  at  hand,  be  near ;  impend, 
approach;  be  concealed,  lurk  in, 
be  in  reserve. 

succedo,  -ere,  successl,  succes- 
sion, [sub  +  cedo],  3,  n.  and  a., 
come  under,  enter;  approach, 
draw  near,  come  to  ;  follow,  suc- 
ceed, take  the  place  of;  be  success- 
ful, prosper.  \ 

Suessa,  -ae,  f.,  Suessa,  a  town  in 
the  southern  part  of  Latium, 
near  the  border  of  Campania; 
sometimes  reckoned  a  city  of 
Campania.     Ant.  IV.  11. 

sufifero,  -ferre,  sustull,  sublatum, 
[sub  +  fero],  irr.,  a.,  undergo,  en- 
dure, suffer. 

suffragium,  -1,  [sub,  cf.  frango], 
n.,  lit.  fragment ;  voting-tablet, 
vote,  ballot,  suffrage;  right  of 
suffrage,  elective  franchise. 

sui,  sibi,  se  or  sese,  nom.  wanting, 
reflex,  pron.,  himself,  herself,  it- 
self, themselves ;  him,  her,  it,  etc. 
inter  se,  mutually,  reciprocally, 
one  another,  each  other. 


Sulla,  -ae,  m.,  Sulla,  name  of  a 
patrician  family  of  the  Cornelian 
gens.  Two  members  of  it  are 
mentioned  in  this  book: 

(1)  L.  Cornelius  Sulla,  the  dic- 
tator, born  B.  c.  138.  He  served 
with  distinction  under  Marius. 
first  in  the  Jugurthine  War,  af- 
terwards, b.  c.  104-101,  in  the 
campaigns  against  the  Teutones 
and  Cimbri.  He  became  a  leader 
of  the  aristocratic  party,  defeated 
his  enemies,  and  in  b.  c.  82  was 
made  dictator.  After  two  years 
of  absolute  government,  in  which 
he  introduced  many  reforms,  he 
retired  from  the  dictatorship,  and 
died  the  following  year,  B.C.  78. 
Cat.  II.  ix.  et  at. 

(2)  L.  Cornelius  Sulla  Faustus, 
son  of  the  dictator,  born  about 
b.  c.  89.  In  the  war  between 
Caesar  and  Pompey  he  took 
sides  with  the  latter,  but  was 
captured  by  Caesar  B.C.  46,  and 
lost  his  life  at  the  hands  of  Cae- 
sar's soldiers  in  a  tumult.  Ep. 
xii. 

Sulpicius,  -a,  name  of  a  Roman 
gens,  at  first  patrician,  afterwards 
including  plebeian  families  also. 
Three  of  the  name  are  mentioned 
in  this  book : 

(1)  Sulpicius,  with  whom  Ci- 
cero had  some  financial  transac- 
tion.    Ep.  xxxvi. 

(2)  C.  Sulpicius,  praetor  B.C. 
63.    Cat.  III.  in. 

(3)  P.  Sulpicius  Riifus,  born 
124  B.C.,  tribune  of  the  people 
B.C.  88.  At  first  he  supported 
the  aristocratic  party.  After- 
wards he  joined  Marius,  with 
whom  he  fled  on  the  approach 
of  Sulla,  but  was  captured  and 
murdered.     Cat.  III.  X. 

sum,  esse,  fui,  fut.  part,  futurus, 
irr., n., be, exist ;  stay ;  fall',  with 


SUMMA 


130 


SUSPICIO 


gen.,  belong  to,  be  the  part  or  duty 
of,  be  possessed  of,  be  valued  at, 
cost ;  with  dative,  be  for,  serve 
for,  belong  to,  possess,  have. 

summa,  -ae,  [properly  f.  of  sum- 
mus,  sc.  res],  f.,-  chief  place, 
highest  rank,  leadership ;  sum, 
aggregate,  whole ;  main  thing, 
chief  reason. 

summus,  a,  -um,  see  superus. 

sumo,  -ere,  siimpsi,  sumptum, 
[sub  -f-  emo],  3,  a.,  take,  lay  hold 
of V  assume,  take  on ;  consume, 
spend  ;  enter  upon,  begin  ;  exact ; 
obtain,  acquire  ;  select,  choose. 

sumptuose  [sumptuosus],  adv., 
expensively,  sumptuously. 

sumptuosus,  -a,  -um,  [sumptus], 
adj .,  expensive,  costly,  sumptuous  ; 
wasteful,  extravagant. 

sumptus,  -us,  [sumo],  m.,  ex- 
penditure, expense,  cost,  outlay 
sumptum  facere,  to  be  at  an  ex- 
pense, to  make  an  expenditure. 

superbe  [superbus],  adv.,  haugh- 
tily, proudly. 

superbus,  -a,  -um,  [super],  adj., 
haughty,  proud,  arrogant,  domi- 
neering. 

superior,  see  superus. 

supero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [supe- 
rus],!, n.  and  a.,  rise  above,  over- 
top, surmount,  transcend ;  exceed, 
be  abundant ;  surpass,  outstrip  ; 
overcome,  subdue,  defeat,  suppress, 
conquer. 

supersum,  -esse,  fui,  [super  -f 
sum],  irr.,  n.,  be  left,  remain  over 
or  from,  remain ;  live  after,  sur- 
vive, outlive,  be  still  alive. 

superus,  -a, -um,  comp.  superior, 
sup.  supremus  or  summus,  [su- 
per], adj.,  above,  upper,  higher. 
Sup  supremus,  -a,  -um,  high- 
est, loftiest,  topmost ;  last,  final ; 
extreme,  utmost,  outermost ; 
sup.  summus,  highest,  topmost; 
greatest,    best,    utmost,    extreme  ; 


often  used  of  a  part,  as  sum 
mus  mons,  the  top  of  the  moun- 
tain. Comp.  as  subst.,  supe- 
riores,  -um,  m.,  pi.,  men  of  the 
older  time,  elders. 

suppedito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum, 
[sub,  pes],  1,  a.  and  n.,  furnish, 
provide,  supply  freely  ;  abound,  be 
in  store,  be  at  hand. 

suppeto,  -ere,  -Ivi  or  -ii,  -Itum, 
[sub  +  peto],  3,  n.,  be  at  hand, 
be  in  store,  be  available  ;  be  suffi- 
cient for,  be  equal  to. 

supplex,  -icis,  [sub,  cf.  plico], 
adj.,  bending  the  knee,  begging, 
entreating;  submissive,  suppliant. 
As  subst.,  m.,  suppliant,  peti- 
tioner. 

supplicatio,  -onis,  [supplied],  f., 
public  supplication,  public  thanks- 
giving, day  of  prayer. 

supplicium,  -1,  [supplex],  n.,  en- 
treaty, supplication  ;  kneeling  for 
punishment,  punishment,  penalty, 
torture,  torment. 

supra  [for  supera,  abl.  f  of  supe- 
rus, properly  sc.  parte],  adv. 
and  prep.  ■ 

(1 )  As  adv.,  above,  on  top,  over. 

(2)  As  prep.,  with  ace.,  over, 
above,  beyond,  more  than. 

supremus,  see  superus. 

surgo,  -ere,  surrexi,  surrectum, 
[sub  -f-  rego],  3,  a.  and  n.,  rise, 
get  up,  stand  up. 

suscenseo,  -ere,  -uT,  ,  [suc- 

census,  from  succendo],  2,  n., 
be  angry,  be  provoked. 

suscipio,  -cipere,  -cepl,  suscep- 
tum,  [subs,  old  form  of  sub,  + 
capio],  3,  a.,  take  up  ;  undertake, 
begin,  enter  upon  ;  incur,  un- 
dergo, submit  to,  suffer,  bear. 

suspectus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of 
suspieio],  adj.,  mistrusted,  sus- 
pected, subject  to  suspicion. 

suspieio,  -5nis,  [suspieio],  f.,  mis- 
trust, suspicion,  distrust. 


SUSPICOR 


131 


TANGO 


suspicor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [sub, 
cf.  speeioj,  I,  dep.,  mistrust,  dis- 
trust, suspect ;  surmise,  suppose. 

sustento,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq. 
of  sustineo],  i,  a.,  hold  up,  sus- 
tain ;  hold  out,  endure,  suffer, 
bear  ;  ptit  off,  defer,  delay. 

sustineo,  -ere,  sustinui,  susten- 
tum,  [subs,  old  form  of  sub,  + 
teneo],  2,  a.,  hold  up,  bear  up, 
support,  sustain  ;  hold  in,  control, 
check ;  bear,  undergo,  endure, 
hold  out. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  sui],  poss. 
pron.  adj.,  his,  her,  its,  their,  his 
own,  their  own ;  own,  peculiar, 
just,  suitable,  favorable;  dear, 
beloved  ;  self-possessed,  composed. 
As  subst.,  sui,  -orum,  m.,  pi., 
one's  people,  friends,  relatives, 
party.  sua,  -orum,  n.,  pi.,  one's 
possessions,  one's  property. 

Syria,  -ae,  [Svpia],  (.,  Syria,  a 
country  lying  east  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea,  between  Cilicia  and 
Palestine  ;  organized  into  a  Ro- 
man province  B.  c.  64.     Ep.  XIX. 

Syrpiae,  see  n.  to  p.  179, 1.  5. 


T.,  see  Titus. 

tabella,  -ae,  [dim    of  tabula],  f., 

tablet ;  writing-tablet,  juror's  tab- 
let, vote  ;  pi.  often  writing,  letter, 
despatch. 

tabellarius,  -a,  -um,  [tabella], 
adj.,  of  a  tablet.  As  subst., 
tabellarius,  -1,  m.,  letter-carrier, 
messenger,  courier. 

Tabernae,  see  Tres. 

taberna,  -ae,  f.,  hut,  cabin  ;  booth, 
stall,  shop,  office  ;  inn,  tavern. 

tabesco,  -ere,  tabul, ,  [tabeo, 

waste  away],  3,  inch.,  melt,  decay, 
decompose  ;  pine  away,  languish, 
waste  away. 


tabula,  -ae,  f.,  board,  plank  ;  tablet^ 
writing-tablet ;  writing,  record, 
memorandum,  account;  picture, 
painting.  tabulae  publicae, 
public  records. 

tabularium,  -I,  [tabula],  n.,  depos- 
itory of  records,  archives. 

taceo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itum,  2,  n.  and 
a.,  be  silent,  keep  silence ;  pass 
over  in  silence,  leave  unsaid. 

tacite  [tacitus],  adv.,  silently,  in 
silence. 

taciturnitas,  -atis,  [taciturnus], 
f.,  keeping  silent,  silence. 

tacitus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  taceo], 
adj.,  silent,  passed  in  silence  ;  con- 
cealed, hidden,  secret ;  still,  mute, 
noiseless. 

taeter,  -tra,  -trum,  comp.  tae- 
trior,  sup.  taeterrimus,  adj., 
offensive,  loathsome,  foul ;  repul- 
sive, shameful,  abominable,  base. 

talaris,  -e,  [talus,  ankle],  adj., 
of  the  ankles,  reaching  to  the 
ankles. 

talis,  -e,  pron.  adj.,  such,  of  such  a 
kind ;  such  as  this,  as  follows ; 
of  so  especial  a  kind,  so  distin- 
guished, tabs  —  qualis,  such 
—  as. 

tain,  adv.,  so  much,  to  such  a  de- 
gree, so,  so  very.  tarn  —  quam, 
so  —  as,  as  much  —  as. 

tamen,  adv.,  nohvithstanding,  nev- 
ertheless, for  all  that ;  hozvever, 
yet,  still.  qui  tamen,  although 
he. 

tametsi  [for  tamen  etsi],  conj., 
although,  though,  notwithstand- 
ing that ;  and  yet. 

tamquam  [tarn  -f-  quam],  adv., 
just  as,  as  if;  as  it  were,  just  as 
if,  as  much  as. 

tandem  [tarn  -f  -dem],  adv.,  at 
length,  at  last,  finally  ;  in  ques- 
tions, pray  now,  now,  I  pray. 

tango,  -ere,  tetigl,  tactum,  3,  a., 
touch  ;  border  on,  adjoin  ;  arrive 


TANTO   OPERE 


132 


TENEO 


at,  come  to  ;  move,  affect,  impress  ; 
of  lightning,  strike. 

tanto  opere,  see  opus. 

taiitum  [tantus],  adv.,  so  much, 
so  greatly,  to  such  a  degree  ;  only 
so  much,  only,  merely. 

taiitum  modo,  adv.,  only,  merely. 

tantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  of  such  size, 
so  great,  such  ;  so  very  great,  so 
important ;  only  so  much,  so  triv- 
ial, so  small.  As  subst,  tan- 
tum,  -I,  n.,  so  much.  tanti, 
gen.  of  price,  of  such  a  price,  of 
so  great  value  ;  of  so  little  account, 
of  so  slight  importance.  tanto, 
abl.  of  degree  of  difference,  by 
so  much,  so  much.  tantus  — 
quantus,  so  much  —  as,  so  great 
—  as. 

tarde,  comp.  tardius,  sup.  tardis- 
sime,  [tardus],  adv.,  slowly,  late. 
Sup.,  latest,  very  late. 

tarditas,  -atis,  [tardus],  f.,  slow- 
ness, tardiness. 

tar  do,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [tardus], 
I,  a.  and  n.,  make  slow,  hinder, 
delay,  retard ;  linger,  tarry. 

Tarentlnus,  -a,  -um,  [Tarentum], 
adj.,  Tarentine,  of  Tarentum,  an 
important  Greek  city  on  the  Gulf 
of  Tarentum.  As  subst.,  Ta- 
rentini,  -orum,  m,  pi.,  people  of 
Tarentum. 

Tarquitius,  -I,  m.,  L.  Tarquitius, 
an  acquaintance  of  Cicero's.  Ep. 
xix. 

tectum,  -I,  [tego],  n.,  covered 
place,  shelter ;  house,  dwelling ; 
covering,  roof. 

tego,  -ere,  text,  tectum,  3,  a., 
cover  ;  hide,  conceal,  shelter  ; 
cloak,  veil ;  protect,  guard. 

telum,  -I,  n.,  missile,  spear,  dart, 
javelin,  arrow ;  by  metonymy, 
sword,  axe,  dagger,  weapon. 

temere,  adv.,  by  chance,  at  ran- 
dom, without  design  ;  rashly,  heed- 
lessly, thoughtlessly,  recklessly. 


te  merit  as,  -atis,  [temere],  f.f 
chance,  accident ;  rashness,  reck- 
lessness, indiscretion,  foolhardi- 
ness. 

temperantia,  -ae,  [temperans], 
f.,  moderation,  discretion,  self-con- 
trol, temperance. 

tempero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [tem- 
pus],  1,  n.  and  a.,  be  moderate, 
control  one's  self,  forbear,  be  tem- 
perate ;  control,  rule,  govern,  reg- 
ulate, restrain. 

tempest  as,  -atis,  [tempus],  f., 
period,  time,  season  ;  weather,  bad 
weather,  stor?n,  tempest ;  calam- 
ity, misfortune. 

tempestivus,  -a,  -um,  [tempes- 
tas],  adj.,  seasonable,  opportune, 
timely  ;  appropriate,  fitting,  suita- 
ble ;  in  good  season,  early. 

templum,  -1,  n.,  consecrated  place, 
sacred  enclosure,  sanctuary  ;  tem- 
ple, shrine,  fane. 

tempto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [inten- 
sive of  tendo],  1,  a.,  handle, 
touch,  feel ;  try,  attempt,  essay  ; 
attack,  assail. 

tempus,  -oris,  n.,  period  of  time, 
time,  season,  point  of  time  ;  right 
time,  opportunity,  occasion  ;  condi- 
tion, times,  circumstances  ;  time ' 
of  need,  exigency,  emergency. 
id  temporis,  at  that  time. 
ex  tempore,  off  hand,  without 
preparation. 

tendo,  -ere,  tetendi,  tentum  and 
tensum,  3,  a.  and  n.,  stretch  out^ 
stretch,  extend;  hold  a  course, 
direct  one's  course,  go,  proceed  ; 
aim  at,  strive,  endeavor. 

tenebrae,  -arum,  f.,  pi.,  darkness, 
gloom;  darkness  of  night,  night. 

Tenedos  or  Tenedus,  -1,  [TtW 
80s],  f.,  Tenedos,  an  island  in  the 
Aegean  Sea,  near  the  coast  of 
Troas.     Arch.  ix. 

teneo,  -ere,  -ui,  tentum,  2,  a. 
and  n.,  hold,  have,  keep ;  possess. 


TENUIS 


133 


TIGRANES 


be  master  of,  occupy;  grasp 
firmly,  hold  fast,  fetter,  bind ; 
restrain,  check,  guard,  preserve, 
defend. 

tenuis,  -e,  adj.,  thin,  fine ;  nar- 
row, slight,  insignificant ;  mean, 
poor,  weak. 

ter  [cf.  tres],  num.  adv.,  thrice, 
three  limes. 

Terentia,  -ae,  f.,  Terentia,  wife  of 
Cicero,  to  whom  she  was  mar- 
ried about  b.  c.  80.  She  was  a 
woman  of  strong  character,  and 
had  a  large  property.  Cicero 
divorced  her  B.  c.  46.  She  is 
said  to  have  married  again  and 
to  have  lived  to  be  over  a  hun- 
dred years  old.  Ep.  vin.,  ix., 
xxi.-xxvnr. 

termino,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [ter- 
minus], 1,  a.,  bound,  limit;  set 
limits  to,  circumscribe ;  close,  end, 
finish,  terminate. 

terminus,  -I,  m.,  boundary,  limit, 
end. 

terra,  -ae,  f.,  land,  as  opposed  to 
the  water ;  soil,  ground,  region, 
country ;  earth.  orbis  terrae 
or  ter r arum,  the  world,  the 
whole  world.  terra  marique, 
by  land  and  sea. 

terror,  -oris,  [cf.  terreo],  m., fright, 
alarm,  terror,  overwhelming  fear  ; 
by  metonymy,  cause  of  fright, 
dread ;   terrible  news. 

tertius,  -a,  -um,  or  III.,  [ter], 
num.  adj.,  third. 

Testa,  -ae,  m.,  C.  Trebdtius  Testa, 
an  eminent  jurist,  a  friend  of 
Cicero  and  of  Caesar.  He  wrote 
on  legal  subjects,  but  his  writings 
have  perished.  Ep.  xiii.,  xxi., 
xxxviii. 

testamentum,  -I,  [testor],  n.,  will, 
testament. 

testimonium,  -I,  [testis],  n.,  evi- 
dence, attestation,  testimony,  proof. 

testis,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  witness. 


testor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [testis],  i, 
cause  to  serve  as  a  witness,  call  It 
witness,  appeal  to,  invoke. 

Teuton!,  -drum,  or  Teutones, 
-um,  m.,  pi.,  Teutones,  Teutons, 
a  people  of  Germanic  origin,  that 
appeared  in  Gaul  about  113  B.  c, 
and  were  well-nigh  annihilated 
by  Gaius  Marius  at  Aquae  Sex- 
tiae  (Aix),  B.C.  102.  Imp.  P. 
xx. 

Themistocles,  -I  or  -is,  [©e/iioro- 
k\t)s],  m.,  Themistocles,  the  great 
leader  of  the  Athenians  and  of 
Greece  in  the  wars  with  Persia. 
Arch.  ix. 

Theophanes,  -is,  [0eo<f>d  j/t?s],  m., 
Cn.  Pompeius  Theophajies,  a 
learned  Greek,  native  of  Myti- 
lene.  He  became  an  intimate 
friend  of  Pompey,  whose  name 
he  took.  He  accompanied  Pom- 
pey, who  considered  his  advice 
of  much  weight,  in  a  number  of 
campaigns.  After  the  battle  of 
Pharsalia  he  returned  to  Italy, 
and  was  pardoned  by  Caesar. 
He  appears  to  have  outlived  both 
Caesar  and  Cicero.    Arch.  x. 

Thermus,  -I,  m.,  Q.  Minucius 
Thermits,  propraetor  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Asia  51-50  B.C.  His 
administration  was  praised  by 
Cicero.  In  the  Civil  War  he 
joined  the  party  of  Pompey. 
Ep.  xvi. 

Ti.,  see  Tiberius. 

Tiberinus,  -a,  -um,  [Tiberis],  adj. 
of  the  Tiber. 

Tiberis,  -is,  m.,  Tiber,  the  great 
river  of  western  Italy,  on  which 
Rome  is  situated;  now  Tevere. 

Tiberius,  -1,  abbreviated  Ti.,  m., 
Tiberius,  a  Roman  forename. 

Tigranes,  -is,  [Tiypdvys],  m.,  77- 
grdnes,  king  of  Armenia  and 
neighboring  regions,  and  son-in- 
law  of  Mithridates,  whom  he  as- 


TIMEO 


134 


TRANS 


sisted  in  the  wars  with  Rome. 
He  surrendered  to  Pompey  b.  c. 
66,  who  left  him  the  government 
of  Armenia  proper  and  the  title 
of  king.     Imp.  P.  n.  et  al. 

timed,  -ere,  -ul, ,  2,  a.  and  n., 

be  afraid,  be  fearful ;  be  apprehen- 
sive, be  anxious  ;  dread,  fear. 

timide  [timidus],  adv.,  fearfully, 
timidly. 

timidus,  -a,  -um,  [timeo],  adj., 
afraid,  fearful,  timid,  cowardly. 

timor,  -oris,  [cf.  timeo],  m.,  fear, 
dread,  apprehension,  alarm,  tim- 
idity;  awe,  reverence. 

Tiro,  -onis,  [tiro,  recruit],  m., 
Tiro,  at  first  a  slave  of  Cicero, 
then  set  free  and  given  the  name 
M.  Tullius  Tiro.  Being  a  man 
of  ability  and  culture,  he  became 
the  confidential  secretary  and 
literary  assistant  of  the  orator. 
He  also  wrote  works  of  his  own. 
He  is  said  to  have  collected  and 
published  Cicero's  letters.  A 
system  of  short-hand  was  credited 
to  him  as  inventor.    Ep.  xx.  etal. 

TTsamenus,  -1,  [riadfievos,  from 
riv<a,  requite],  m.,  Tisamenus,  a 
slave  of  Cicero's.     Ep.  xxxi. 

Titinius,  -I,  m.,  Q.  Titinius,  a 
money-lender.     Ep.  hi. 

Titius,  -1,  m.,  C.  Titius  Rufus,  city 
praetor  b.  c.  50.    Ep.  xvii. 

Titus,  -1,  abbreviated  T.,m.,  Titus, 
a  Roman  forename,  said  to  be  of 
Sabine  origin. 

toga,  -ae,  [tego],  f.,  toga,  gown, 
an  outer  robe  of  white  woolen 
stuff,  worn  by  Roman  citizens 
when  not  engaged  in  military 
pursuits;  hence, peace. 

togatus,  -a,  -um,  [toga],  adj., 
wearing  the  toga,  clad  in  the  toga  ; 
in  the  garb  of  peace,  in  civil  life, 
as  a  civilian. 

tolerabilis,  -e,  [tolero],  adj., 
bearable,  endurable,  tolerable. 


tolero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cf. 
tollo],  1,  a.,  bear,  endure,  sustain, 
suffer. 

tollo,  -ere,  sustuli,  sublatum,  3, 
a.,  lift,  lift  up,  raise,  elevate; 
bring  up,  educate ;  make  away 
with,  remove,  dispose  of;  ruin, 
destroy. 

Tongilius,  -1,  m.,  Tongilius,  a  dis- 
reputable youth,  a  favorite  of 
Catiline.    Cat.  II.  11. 

Torquatus,  -1,  [torquatus,  from 
torquis,  necklace],  m.,  T.  Mdnlius 
Torquatus  ;  see  Manlius  (2). 

torqueo,  -ere,  torsi,  tortum,  2, 
a.,  turn,  turn  about,  bend,  wind, 
twist ;  rack,  torture,  torment. 

tot,  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  so  many,  in 
such  numbers. 

totiens  [tot],  num.  adv.,  so  often, 
as  often,  so  many  times. 

totus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  totius,  adj., 
all,  the  whole,  total,  entire,  all ; 
used  where  the  English  idiom 
prefers  an  adv.,  altogether,  wholly, 
entirely,  fully. 

tracto,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq.  ot 
traho],  1,  a.,  draw,  pull ;  touch, 
handle  ;  manage,  practice,  conduct, 
control ;  treat. 

trado,  -ere,  tradidi,  traditum, 
[trans  +  do],  3,  a.,  deliver,  sur- 
render, hand  over ;  commit,  in- 
trust, confide  ;  give  over,  betray  ; 
transmit,  relate. 

traho,  -ere,  traxi,  tractum,  3,  a., 
draw,  drag ;  draw  in,  take  on, 
assume;  lead  on,  attract,  influ- 
ence;  get,  obtain,  derive;  pro- 
tract, extend. 

tranquillitas,  -atis,  [tranquillus], 
{.,  quietness,  stillness,  calmness; 
tranquillity,  serenity. 

tranquillus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  quiet, 
still,  calm,  tranquil ;  peaceful, 
tmdisturbed,  serene. 

trans,  prep,  with  ace,  across,  over, 
beyond.        In  composition  trans 


TRANSALPINUS 


135 


TULLIA 


stands  as  tran-,  rarely  trans-, 
before  s ;  trans-,  or  tra-,  before 
i,  d,  1,  m,  n ;  trans-,  rarely 
tra-,  before  f,  v;  and  remains 
unchanged  before  the  other  let- 
ters. 

Transalpmus,  -a,  -um,  [trans  + 
Alpinus],  adj.,  beyond  the  Alps, 
Transalpine.     Cf.  Gallia. 

transceiido,  -ere,  transcendl, 
transcensum,  [trans  -f-  scando], 
3,  a.  and  n.,  climb  over,  pass  over, 
surmount ;  overstep,  transgress. 

transfers,  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum, 
[trans  +  fero],  irr.,  a.,  bear  across, 
convey  over,  transport,  transfer, 
turn. 

transigS,  -ere,  transegi,  transac- 
tum,  [trans  -|-  ago],  3,  a.,  pierce 
through  ;  carry  through,  bring  to 
an  end,  conclude,  perfor?n,  accom- 
plish, transact ;  settle,  agree,  make 
a  settlement. 

transmarinus,  -a,  -um,  [trans  + 
marlnus],  adj.,  beyond  the  sea, 
transmarine. 

transmittS,  -ere,  transmisi, 
transmissum,  [trans  +  mitto], 
3,  a.  and  n.,  send  across,  carry 
over,  bring  across,  transmit ;  pass 
over,  cross  over,  traverse ;  hand 
over,  intrust,  commit,  devote. 

Trebatius,  -I,  see  Testa. 

tredecim,  or  XIII.,  [tres  +  de- 
cern], num.  adj.,  indecl.,  thirteen. 

tres,  tria,  gen.  trium,  num.  adj., 
three. 

Tres  Tabernae,  abl.  Tribus 
Tabernis,  f.,  pi.,  the  Three  Tav- 
erns, a  station  on  the  Appian 
Way,  31  miles  from  Rome.  Ep. 
iv.,  v. 

tribulis,  -is,  [tribus],  m.,  man  of 
the  same  tribe,  fellow  tribesman. 

tribunal,  -alis,  [tribunus],  n., 
judgment-seat,  tribunal,  a  raised 
platform  on  which  were  the  seats 
of  magistrates. 


tribunus,  -I,  [tribus],  m.,  repre- 
sentative of  a  tribe,  tribune.  tri- 
bunus plebis  or  plebei,  or  sim- 
ply tribunus,  tribune  of  the 
people,  i.  e.  of  the  common  peo- 
ple or  commons,  a  magistrate 
whose  duty  it  was  to  protect  the 
plebeians  against  the  patricians. 

tribuS,  -ere,  tribui,  tributum, 
[tribus],  3,  a.,  assign,  bestow, 
confer,  grant,  give ;  concede,  al- 
low; spend,  devote. 

triduum,  -1,  [tres  +  dies],  n.,  three 
days'  time,  space  of  three  days, 
three  days. 

triumphs,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [tri- 
umphus],  1,  n.  and  a.,  celebrate  a 
triumph,  triumph;  exult, greatly 
rejoice. 

triumphus,  -1,  m.,  triumphal  pro- 
cession, triumph,  the  ceremonial 
entrance  of  a  commander  into 
Rome  in  celebration  of  an  im- 
portant victory ;  celebration  of 
victory. 

tropaeum,  -I,  [rpSTratov],  n.,  me- 
morial of  victory,  trophy. 

trucldatio,  -onis,  [trucido],  f., 
slaughter,  massacre,  butchery. 

trucldo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [trux, 
caedo],  I,  a.,  slaughter,  massacre, 
butcher. 

tu,  tui,  pi.,  vos,  pers.  pron.,  thou, 
you. 

tuba,  -ae,  f.,  trumpet,  war-trumpet. 

tueor,  -erl,  tuitus  sum,  2,  dep., 
look  at,  gaze  upon,  consider ;  care 
for,  preserve,  guard,  uphold,  de- 
fend, keep,  maintain. 

Tullia,  -ae,  f.,  Tullia,  daughter  of 
Cicero  and  Terentia,  born  prob- 
ably 79  or  78  B.  c.  She  was 
married  in  63  B.C.  to  C.  Calpur- 
nius  Piso,  but  was  left  a  widow 
B.  c.  57.  The  following  year  she 
became  the  wife  of  Furius  Cras- 
sipes,  a  young  man  of  wealth 
and  high  position,  but  was  soon 


TULLIOLA 


136 


UBICUMQUE 


divorced.     In    B.  c.    50  she  was 
married   to    P.    Cornelius    Dola- 
bella.    She  died  45  b  c.    Though 
her  life  was  far  from  fortunate, 
she  appears   to   have  possessed 
a  lofty  nature,  and  was  the  idol 
of  her  father,  who  was   broken- 
hearted   over    her    death.     See 
Dolabella,  PIso.     Ep.  VIII.,  XIX., 
xxr.,  xxiv. 
Tulliola,  -ae,  [dim.  of  Tullia],  f., 
Tulliola,  Cicero's  pet  name  for 
his  daughter  Tullia.   Ep.  viii.,  ix. 
Tullius,   -a,   name    of    a    Roman 
gens,  to  which  the  Cicero  family 
belonged.     See  Cicero. 
Tullus,  -1,  m.,  L.  Volcdtius  Tullns, 
consul  b.  c.  66  with  M'.  Aemilius 
Lepidus.     Cat.  I.  vi. 
turn,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time;  there- 
upon, moreover.         cum  —  turn, 
often  both — and,  not  only  —  but 
also.         turn  vero,  then  indeed, 
just  then. 
tumultus,  -us,  [tumeo],  m.,  com- 
motion,  disturbance,  tumult,    up- 
roar ;  insurrection,  mutiny. 
tumulus,    1,  [tumeo],  m.,  mound, 
hillock,    hill ;   grave,    sepulchral 
mound. 
tunc,  adv.,  then,  at  that  time,  just 

then,  thereupon. 
tunica,  -ae,  f.,  under-garment,  tu- 
nic, shirt. 
turbulentus,    -a,    -urn,    [turba], 
adj.,  disturbed,  boisterous,  stormy  ; 
restless,  disordered,  troublesome. 
turma,  -ae,  f.,  throng,  crowd,  band, 
body  ;  of  calvary,  squadron,  com- 
pany, troop. 
turpis,  -e,  adj.,  ugly,  unsightly,  re- 
pulsive ,  shameful,  base,  disgrace- 
ful, dishonorable. 
turpiter,     comp.     turpius,     sup 
turpissime,    [turpis],    adv.,    in 
an  unsightly  manner,  repulsively  ; 
shamefully,   basely,   disgracefully, 
dishonorably . 


turpitudo,  -inis,  [turpis],  f.,  an- 

sightliness,  repulsiveness ;  shame- 
fulness,  baseness,  disgrace,  dis- 
honor. 

Tusculanus,  -a,  -um,  [Tuscu- 
lum],  adj.,  Tusculan,  of  Tuscu- 
lum,  a  town  on  a  spur  of  the 
Alban  mountains,  15  miles  south- 
east of  Rome.  As  subst.,  Tus- 
culanum,  -1,  n.,  estate  at  Tuscu- 
lum,  Tusculan  villa,  a  favorite 
villa  of  Cicero's. 

tuto,  sup.  tutissimo,  [tutus], 
adv.,  safely,  securely,  in  safety 
Sup.,  in  the  greatest  safety,  most 
safe. 

tutor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [tueor],  1, 
dep.,  watch,  guard,  defend,  pro- 
tect. 

tutus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  of  tueor], 
adj.,  guarded,  safe,  secure,  out  of 
danger  ;  watchful,  cautious. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  [tu],  poss.  pron. 
adj  ,  thy,  thine,  your,  yours  ,  your 
own.  As  subst.,  pi.,  tui,  -orum, 
m.,  your  kinsmen,  your  friends , 
tua,  -orum,  n.,  your  property, 
your  possessions. 

tyrannus,  -I,  [rvpawos],  m.,  ruler, 
monarch,  sovereign,  king;  despot, 
tyrant. 


u. 

uber,  -eris,  n.,  udder,  breast. 

iibertas,  -atis,  [uber],  f.,  richness, 
fertility,  fruitfulness,  productive- 
ness 

ubi  or  ubl,  adv.,  of  place,  where, 
wheresoever,  in  what  place ;  of 
time,  when,  whenever,  as  soon 
as  ;  used  in  place  of  a  relative 
pron.,  wherewith,  by  which,  with 
whom,  by  whom. 

ubicumque  or  ubicumque,  [ubi 
-f  -cumque],  adv.,  wherever, 
"wheresoever. 


UBINAM 


137 


UT 


ubinam,  [ubi  +  nam],  adv.,  inter., 
where  ?  where  on  earth  ? 

ubique  [ubl-f-que],  adv.,  any- 
where, in  any  place;  in  every 
place,  everywhere. 

ulciscor,  ulcisci,  ultus  sum,  3, 
dep.,  take  vengeance  on ,  punish  ; 
avenge,  requite. 

ullus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  iillius,  adj., 
any.  As  subst.,  iillus,  ullius, 
m.,  any  one,  anybody. 

ulterior,  -ius,  gen.  -oris,  sup. 
ultimus,  [cf.  ultra],  adj.  in  the 
comp.  degree,  farther,  beyond, 
more  distant,  more  remote.  Neut. 
ulterius,  often  as  adv.,  beyond, 
farther  on,  further,  more,  longer, 
to  a  greater  degree.  Sup.  ulti- 
mus, -a,  -um,  farthest,  most  dis- 
tant, uttermost,  extreme,  last. 

ultimus,  -a,  -um,  see  ulterior. 

ultro  [cf.  ultra],  adv.,  beyond, 
on  the  other  side ;  besides,  more- 
over ,  of  one's  own  accord,  volun- 
tarily. 

Umbrenus,  -I,  m.,  P.  Umbrenus, 
a  freedman,  one  of  the  Catilina- 
rian  conspirators.  Having  been 
engaged  in  the  business  of  money- 
lending  in  Gaul,  he  was  employed 
to  try  to  win  the  support  of  the 
Allobroges  to  the  conspiracy. 
Cat.  III.  vr. 

umquam,  adv.,  at  any  time,  ever. 

una  [unus],  adv.,  together,  at  once, 
at  the  same  time. 

unde,  adv.,  whence,  from  which 
place  ;  from  which,  from  whom. 

undecim,  or  XL,  [unus -f  decern], 
num.  adj.,  indecl.,  eleven. 

undecimus,  -a,  -um,  or  XL,  [un- 
decim], num.  adj.,  eleventh. 

undequinquagesimus,  -a,  -um, 
[undequinquaginta],  num.  adj., 
forty-ninth. 

undique  [unde  +  -que],  adv.,  from 
all  sides,  on  all  sides,  all  around, 
everywhere. 


unguentum,  -1,  [unguo],  n.,  oint- 
ment, perfume. 

unice  [unicus],  adv.,  singularly, 
uniquely,  above  all  others. 

iiniversus,  -a,  -um,  [unus  +  ver- 
sus], adj.,  all  together,  whole,  en- 
tire ;  general,  universal.  As 
subst.,  universi,  -orum,  m., 
pi.,  the  whole  body  of  men,  all 
men. 

unus,  -a,  -um,  gen.  unlus,  some- 
times in  poetry,  unius,  num.  adj., 
one,  one  only,  a  single  one  ;  alone, 
sole,  single  ;  one  and  the  same. 

URB,  see  urbanus. 

urbanus,  -a,  -um,  in  titles  some- 
times abbreviated  urb.,  [urbs], 
adj.,  of  the  city;  in  city  fashion, 
polite,  refined,  courteous.  As 
subst.,  urbana,  -orum,  n.,  pi., 
the  affairs  of  the  city. 

urbs,  urbis,  f.,  city ;  especially 
the  city,  Rome. 

urgueo,  -ere,  ursi, ,  2,  a.  and 

n.,  press,  press  on,  push,  impel, 
urge;  press  hard,  weigh  down, 
oppress;  urge  on,  drive. 

uspiam,  adv.,  at  any  place,  any- 
where, somewhere. 

usquam,  adv.,  anywhere,  at  any 
place,  in  any  place,  to  any  place. 

usque,  adv.,  even  to,  even,  as  far 
as  ;  all  the  way,  continuously,  as 
long  as. 

xisura,  -ae,  [utor],  f.,  use,  enjoy- 
ment: interest  on  money,  usury. 

usurpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [usus, 
cf.  rapio],  1,  a.,  lit.  seize  for  use  ; 
make  use  of,  use,  employ  ;  practice, 
adopt;  speak  of,  talk  of;  resort  to. 

usus,  -us,  [utor],  m.,  use,  employ- 
ment, enjoyment ;  practice,  expe- 
rience, skill ;  intercourse, familia- 
rity ;  benefit,  profit,  advantage, 
service,  need. 

ut  or  utl,  adv.,  of  place,  where  ; 
of  time,  as,  as  soon  as,  just  as; 
of  manner,   interrogative,  how? 


UT 


138 


VARIUS 


in  what  way  ?  in  what  manner  ? 
relative,  as,  as  for  instance,  see- 
ing that,  as  if,  on  the  supposition 
that.  ut  primum,  as  soon  as. 
ut  —  ita,  so  —  as,  while  —  still. 

ut  or  uti,  conj.  with  subj.,  of  re- 
sult, that,  so  that ;  of  purpose,  in 
order  that,  that ;  of  concession, 
though,  although. 

uter,  -tra,  -trum,  gen.  utrius, 
pron.  adj.,  which  of  two,  which- 
ever, either  of  two. 

uterque,  utraque,  utrumque, 
gen.  utriusque,  [uter  +  -que], 
adj.,  each,  either ;  one  and  the 
other,  both;  pi.  as  subst.,  each 
party,  each  side,  both. 

utilis,  -e,  [utor],  adj.,  useful, 
serviceable  ;  profitable,  expedient, 
advantageous  ;  fit,  suitable. 

utilitas,  -atis,  [utilis],  f.,  utility, 
use ;  profit,  benefit,  advantage,  ex- 
pediency. 

utinam  [uti  +  nam],  adv.,  oh 
that !  if  only  !  would  that ! 

utor,  uti,  usus  sum,  3,  dep.,  use, 
employ,  make  use  of;  exercise, 
practice,  perform  ;  serve  one's  self 
with,  enjoy,  indulge  in  ;  find  to 
be,  find. 

utrum  [uter],  adv.,  in  direct  ques- 
tions indicated  only  by  the  inflec- 
tion of  the  voice  in  translating ; 
in  indirect  questions,  whether. 
utrum  —  an,  whether  —  or. 

Utut,  adv.,  however,  in  whatever 
manner. 

uxor,  -oris,  f.,  wife. 


V. 

vacillS,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,   1,  n., 

sway  to  and  fro,  stagger,  totter ; 
waver,  hesitate,  vacillate. 
vaco,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  n.,  be 
empty,  be  vacant ;  be  without ;  be 
idle,  be  at  leisure,  have  time. 


vacuefacio,  -facere,  -feci,  -fac* 
turn,  [vacuus  +  facio],  3,  a., 
make  empty,  make  vacant,  clear, 
free. 

vacuus,  -a,  -um,  [vaco],  adj., 
empty,  void,  vacant,  free,  without; 
idle,  unemployed,  unengaged,  at 
leisure. 

vadimonium,  -1,  [vas,  bail],  n., 
guarantee  of  an  appearance  be- 
fore a  tribunal  at  a  given  time 
by  bail ;  bail-bond,  bail,  security. 
vadimonium  deserere,  to  for- 
feit one's  bail. 

vado,  -ere,  ,  ,  3,  n.,  go, 

especially  go  in  haste,  rush,  pro- 
ceed rapidly. 

vagina,  -ae,  f.,  scabbard,  sheath. 

vagor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  [vagus], 
1,  dep.,  stroll  about,  wander, 
roam,  rove ;  be  spread,  extend, 
spread  abroad,  diffuse  itself 

valde,  com  p.  valdius,  [for  valide 
from  validus],  adv.,  strongly,  ex- 
ceedingly ;  very  much,  very. 

valens,  -entis,  [part,  of  valeo], 
adj.,  strong,  vigorous,  powerful, 
mighty. 

valeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itum,  2,  n.,  be 
strong,  be  vigorous,  be  healthy ; 
have  power,  avail,  prevail,  suc- 
ceed; be  able,  be  capable.  Imp. 
vale,  as  a  greeting,  farewell, 
good-bye. 

Valerius,  see  Flaccus,  (2),  (3). 

valetudo,  -inis,  [valeo],  f.,  health, 
state  of  health  ;  til  health,  sick- 
ness, feebleness,  weakness. 

vallo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [vallum] 
I,  a.,  fortify  with  a  rampart ;  for- 
tify, protect,  defend. 

varietas,  -atis,  [varius],  f.,  diver- 
sity, variety  ;  difference,  disagree- 
ment, dissension  ;  change,  vicis- 
situde. 

varius,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  diversified, 
varying,  changeable,  various,  man- 
ifold ;  diverse,  different. 


VARRO 


139 


VERBER 


Varro,  -onis,  ra.,  M.  Terentius 
Varro,  "  the  most  learned  of  the 
Romans,"  born  116  B.C.  In  the 
Civil  War  he  held  a  command 
under  Pompey,  but  was  pardoned 
by  Caesar,  and  afterwards  de- 
voted himself  exclusively  to 
literary  pursuits.  He  wrote 
voluminously,  on  a  great  variety 
of  subjects.  He  was  an  intimate 
friend  of  Cicero.  He  died  b.  c. 
28.     Ep.  xliv. 

vastatio,  -onis,  [vasto],  f.,  laying 
waste,  devastating,  devastation. 

vastitas,  -atis,  [vastus],  f.,  waste, 
desert ,  desolation,  ruin,  destruc- 
tion. 

vasto,  -are,  -avl,  -atum,  [vastus], 
1,  a.,  make  desert,  lay  waste,  make 
desolate,  devastate,  destroy. 

vates,  -is,  m.  and  f.,  seer,  prophet, 
diviner,  soothsayer. 

Vatia,  -ae,  m.,  [vatius,  bow-legged], 
m.,  name  of  a  family  of  the  Ser- 
vilian  gens.  The  most  prominent 
member  was  P.  Servilius  Vatia, 
grandson  of  Q.  Metellus  Mace- 
donicus,  consul  b.  c.  79.  In 
B.  c.  78  he  was  proconsul  of  Cili- 
cia,  and  went  against  the  pirates 
that  infested  the  southern  roast 
of  Asia  Minor.  He  was  success- 
ful, receiving  the  honorary  sur- 
name Isauricus  for  the  reduction 
of  Jhe  Isauri.  He  was  honored 
with  a  triumph,  b.  c.  74.  He 
died  b.  c.  44.     Imp.  P.  xxm. 

-ve,  enclitic  conj.,  [vel],  or,  or  if 
you  please,  or  also  ;  after  a  nega- 
tive, and. 

vectigal,  -alis,  [veh5],  n.,  revenue 
of  the  state,  tax,  impost,  duty, 
tribute. 

vectigalis,  -is,  [vecfigal],  m., 
payer  of  tribute,  tributary. 

vehemens,  -entis,  adj.,  eager,  ar~ 
dent,  impetuous,  vehement;  strong, 
forcible,  vigorous,  effective. 


vehementer,  comp.  vehemeu- 
tius,  sup.  vehementissime, 
[vehemens],  adv.,  eagerly,  im- 
petuously, vehemently ;  strongly, 
exceedingly,  very  much,  extremely. 

vel  [old  imp.  of  volo],  conj.,  or,  or 
if  you  will,  or  even.  vel  —  vel, 
either  —  or,  whether  —  or. 

vel  [volo],  adv.,  or  even,  or  indeed, 
assuredly,  certainly ;  perhaps,  it 
may  be;  very,  utmost.  vel 
maxime,  in  the  very  highest  de- 
gree, most  of  all. 

velum,  -1,  n.,  sail ;  by  metonymy, 
awning,  curtain,  veil. 

vena,  -ae,  f.,  blood-vessel,  vein,  ar- 
tery ;  pi.  veins,  heart. 

vendo,  -ere,  vendidi,  venditum, 
[venum,  sale,  do],  3,  a.,  sell; 
sell  for  a  bribe,  give  for  pay, 
betray. 

veneficus,  -I,  [venenum,  cf.  fa- 
cio],  m.,  poisoner. 

venenum,  -I,  n.,  poison,  venom ; 
by  metonymy,  magical  potion, 
charm. 

veneo,  -ire,  -Ivi  or  -ii,  -ltum, 
[venum,  sale,  -f  eo],  irr.,  n.,  go 
to  sale,  be  sold. 

veneror,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  1,  dep., 
reverence,  worship,  adore ;  vene- 
rate, do  homage  to;  beseech. 

venia,  -ae,  f.,  indulgence,  favor, 
kindness  ;  permission  ,  pardon, 
forgiveness. 

venio,  -ire,  venl,  ventum,  4,  n., 
come;  come  into,  enter  ;  approach; 
spring;  result,  occur. 

venor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  1,  dep., 
hunt,  chase. 

ventus,  -I,  m.,  wind. 

venustas,  -atis,  [venus,  charm],  f, 
comeliness,  attractiveness,  beauty 7 
artistic  grace,  taste,  art. 

ver,  veris,  n.,  spring,  spring-time. 

verber,  -eris,  n.,  lash,  whip, 
scourge ;  by  metonymy,  blow, 
stroke,  scourging,  flogging. 


VERBUM 


140 


VICINUS 


verbum,  -I,  n.,  word.  verba 
facere,  to  speak. 

vere  [verus],  adv.,  really,  truly, 
in  fact ;  properly,  rightly. 

verecundia,  -ae,  [verecundus] , 
£.,  coyness,  shyness,  modesty,  sense 
of  shame,  bashfidness. 

vereor,  -eri,  -itus  sum,  2,  dep., 
reverence,  stand  in  awe  of,  revere  ; 
fear,  be  afraid,  dread,  apprehend. 

Veritas,  -atis,  [verus],  f.,  truth, 
truthfidness ;  sincerity,  straight- 
forwardness;  reality,  fact. 

vero  [verus],  adv.,  truly,  certainly, 
tn  truth ;  but  in  fact,  however, 
but.  immo  vero,  no  indeed, 
nay  rather. 

verso,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq.  of 
verto],  1,  a.,  turn  often,  keep 
turning,  turn  over,  turn ;  man- 
age, direct;  revolve,  consider. 
Pass.,  versor,  -ari,  -atus  sum, 
move  about,  dwell,  remain,  stay ; 
be  situated,  be  associated,  be;  be 
engaged  in,  be  busy,  be  employed. 

versus,  -us,  [verto],  m.,  line,  verse. 

verum,  -1,  [verus],  n.,  truth,  fact, 
reality. 

verum  [verus],  adv.,  truly  ;  but  in 
truth,  but  notwithstanding,  but, 
however,  still.  non  modo  — 
verum,  not  only  —  but.  non 
modo  —  verum  etiam,  not  only 
—  but  also. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  true,  real, 
genuine,  well  founded ;  proper, 
reasonable,  just  ;  truthful,  vera- 
cious. 

vesper,  -eri  or  -eris,  m.,  evening- 
star  ,  by  metonymy,  evening,  eve. 
Loc.  vesperi,  in  the  evening. 

vespera,  -ae,  f.,  evening. 

Vesta,  -ae,  [cf.  'Eorfa],  f.,  Vesta, 
a  Roman  divinity,  daughter  of 
Saturn  and  Ops;  in  her  service 
were  the  Vestal  Virgins,  who 
kept  a  fire  always  burning  on 
her  altar. 


Vestalis,  -e,  [Vesta],  adj.,  of 
Vesta,  Vestal.  virgo  Vestalis, 
Vestal  virgin. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  [vos],  poss. 
pron.  adj  ,  your,  yours. 

vgstlgium,  -1,  n.,  sole  of  the  foot ; 
by  metonymy,  foot,  step,  foot-print, 
track  ;  trace,  sign,  vestige. 

Vettius,  -I,  m.,  Vettius  Chrysippus, 
an  architect,  freedman  of  the 
architect  Cyrus.  This  is  prob- 
ably the  Vettius  referred  to  in 
Ep.  hi. 

vetus,  -eris,  sup.  veterrimus,  adj., 
old,  aged  ;  of  long  standing  ;  of  a 
former  time,  former,  earlier,  an- 
cient. 

vetustas,  -atis,  [vetus],  f.,  old  age, 
age ;  long  duration,  long  stand- 
ing; great  age,  antiquity,  ancient 
times. 

vexatio,  -onis,  [vexo],  f.,  disturb- 
ing, troubling,  harassing ;  dis- 
tress, hardship,  trouble. 

vexo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq.  of 
veho] ,  1 ,  a.,  shake,  jolt  ;  disturb, 
harass,  trouble,  waste. 

via,  -ae,  f.,  way,  road,  street ;  by 
metonymy,  passage,  march,  jour- 
ney;  mode,  manner. 

Vibo,  -onis,  f.,  Vibo,  a  city  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Italy,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Bruttium.  It  was 
originally  a  Greek  settlement 
with  the  name  Hipponium  ('lirirco- 
vlov),  but  it  received  a  Roman 
colony  B.C.  192.  In  Cicero's 
time  it  was  a  flourishing  munici- 
pal town.     Ep.  vn. 

vibro,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  I,  a.  and 
n.,  brandish,  shake,  hurl,  throw  ; 
quiver,  gleam,  flash. 

vicesimus,  -a,  -um,  [viginta], 
num.  adj.,  twentieth. 

vicinus,  -a,  -um,  [vicus,  street, 
quarter},  adj.,  of  the  neighborhood, 
neighboring,  near,  adjacent.  As 
subst.,  vicinus,  -i,  m.,  neighbor. 


VICTOR 


141 


VITO 


victor,  -oris,  [vinco],  m.,  con- 
queror, victor ;  often  in  apposi- 
tion with  the  force  of  an  adj., 
victorious,  conquering. 

victoria,  -ae,  [victor],  f.,  victory ; 
success,  triumph. 

vicus,  -I,  m.,  properly  abode; 
hence,  street,  quarter ;  of  a  city  ; 
village,  hamlet ;  country  -  seat, 
villa. 

videlicet  [for  videre  licet],  adv., 
it  is  evident,  clearly,  plainly,  ob- 
viously, evidently ,  of  course,  you 
see,  forsooth,  to  wit,  namely ;  often 
used  ironically. 

video,  -ere,  vidl,  visum,  2,  a., 
see,  discern,  perceive ;  look  at,  ob- 
serve ;  understand,  comprehend; 
see  to,  care  for,  provide.  Pass, 
videor,  viderl,  visus  sum,  be 
seen,  appear,  seem,  be  regarded , 
impers.,  videtur,  **/  seems  right, 
it  seems  best. 

vigeo,  -ere,  -ul, ,  2,  n.,  be  vig- 
orous, be  strong,  thrive,  flourish, 
bloom. 

vigilans,  -antis,  [part,  of  vigilo], 
adj.,  watchful,  vigilant,  anxious, 
careful. 

vigilia,  -ae,  [vigil],  f.,  watching, 
wakefulness ;  watch,  guard ; 
watchfulness,  vigilance ;  pi., 
watchmen,  sentinels. 

vigilo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [vigil], 
1,  n.  and  a.,  keep  awake,  be  wake- 
ful;  be  watchful,  keep  watch,  be 
vigilant,  watch. 

viginti,  or  XX.,  num.  adj.,  indecl., 
twenty. 

vilis,  -e,  adj.,  of  small  price,  of 
little  value,  cheap ;  poor,  mean, 
worthless,  base,  vile. 

vilitas,  -atis,  [vilis],  f.,  cheapness. 

villa,  -ae,  f.,  country-seat,  farm- 
dwelling,  villa,  farm. 

vincio,  -Ire,  vinxi,  vinctum,  4, 
a.,  bind,  fetter,  tie;  fasten,  re- 
strain, confine. 


vinco,  -ere,  vlcl,  victum,  3,  a 
and  n.,  conquer,  overcome,  defeat, 
subdue ;  be  superior,  excel,  sur- 
pass ;  convince,  get  the  better  of; 
demonstrate. 

vinculum,  or  in  shorter  form  vin- 
clum,  -I,  [vincio],  n.,  band,  fet- 
ter, rope,  cord ;  bond,  tie,  rela- 
tion. 

vindex,  -icis,  m.  and  i.,  defender, 
protector  ;  avenger,  punisher. 

vindico,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [vin- 
dex], 1,  a.,  lay  claim  to,  claim, 
assume ;  protect,  defend,  liberate, 
deliver ;  avenge,  punish,  take  ven- 
geance- 

vinum,  -1,  n.,  wine. 

violo,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [cf.  vis], 
1,  a.,  treat  with  violence,  injure, 
outrage  ;  profane,  desecrate. 

vir,  viri,  m.,  man  ,  husband ;  man 
of  courage,  hero. 

virgo,  -inis,  [cf.  vireo],  f.,  maid, 
maiden,  girl,  virgin. 

virtus,  -utis,  [vir],  f.,  manliness  ; 
courage,  fortitude,  bravery ;  moral 
worth,  goodness,  virtue,  merit. 
Personified,  Virtus,  -utis,  god- 
dess of  Valor,  Virtus. 

vis,  ace.  vim,  abl.  vl,  pi.  vires, 
-ium,  f.,  force,  strength,  energy, 
power ;  violence,  compulsion  ; 
quantity,  number ;  pi.  often  mil- 
itary forces,  forces,  troops. 

viscus,  -eris,  often  in  pi.,  viscera, 
-um,  n.,  internal  organs,  vitals, 
inwards,  viscera;  inmost  part, 
bowels,  centre,  heart. 

viso,  visere,  vlsl,  visum,  [freq.  of 
video],  3,  a.,  look  at  attentively, 
view,  behold ;  go  to  see,  visit. 

vita,  -ae,  [vivo],  f.,  life,  existence ; 
mode  of  life,  course  of  life; 
career. 

vitium,  -I,  n.,  fault,  blemish,  de- 
fect; failing,  offence,  vice,  crime. 

vit6,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  1,  a.  and 
n.,  shun,  avoid,  evade. 


VITUPERATIO 


142 


XENO 


vituperatio,   onis,  [vitupero],  f., 

blaming,  blame,  censure,  reproach, 
charge. 

vivo,  vivere,  vlxi,  victum,  3,  n., 
live,  be  alive; pass  the  time,  reside, 
dwell ;  support  life,  sustain  life ; 
live  at  ease  ;  last,  endure. 

vlvus,  -a,  -um,  [cf.  vivo],  adj., 
alive,  living,  having  life ;  green, 
vigorous.  As     subst,     vivi, 

-orum,  m.,  pi.,  the  living,  those 
who  are  alive. 

vix,  adv.,  hardly,  with  difficulty, 
scarcely,  barely. 

vixdum  [vix  +  dum],  adv.,  scarce- 
ly yet,  hardly,  but  just. 

voc5,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [vox],  1, 
a.  and  n.,  call,  summon,  invoke ; 
call  together,  convoke;  call  by 
name,  name,  designate. 

vocula,  -ae,  [dim.  of  vox],  f.,  weak 
voice,  small  voice. 

volito,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [freq.  of 
volo],  1,  n.,  flit  about,  fly  about, 
flutter  ;  hover  about,  wander. 

volo,  velle,  volul,  irr.,  a.,  will, 
wish,  desire;  intend,  purpose, 
meatt ;  claim,  assume,  assert. 

Volturcius,  -I,  m.,  T.  Volturcius, 
a  native  of  Croton,  one  of  the 
Catilinarian  conspirators.  After 
his  arrest  at  the  Mulvian  Bridge 
he  turned  state's  evidence,  was 
pardoned,  and  was  rewarded  for 
the  information  he  gave.  Cat. 
III.  11.  et  seq. 


voluntarius,  -a,  -um,  [voluntas], 

adj.,  of  one's  free  will,  willing ; 
wilful,  intentional,  voluntary. 

voluntas,  -atis,  [volo,  wish],  f., 
will,  wish,  inclination,  desire ; 
purpose,  aim  ;  good-will,  favor. 

voluptas,  -atis,  [cf.  volo],  {^plea- 
sure, delight,  enjoyment ;  gratifi- 
cation, satisfaction. 

vos,  see  tu. 

vosmet  [vos  +  -met],  strengthened 
form  of  vos. 

votum,  -1,  [voveo],  n.,  vow,  pledge; 
wish,  desire,  prayer. 

vox,  vocis,  [cf.  voco],  f.,  voice, 
sound ;  call,  cry,  speech,  word,  ut- 
terance, saying. 

vulgaris,  -e,  [vulgus],  adj.,  of  the 
multitude,  common;  commonplace, 
low,  mean,  vulgar. 

vulgo  [vulgus],  adv.,  generally, 
commonly,  publicly,  everywhere. 

vulnero,  -are,  -avi,  -atum,  [vul- 
nus],  1,  a.,  wound,  hurt,  injure, 
harm,  pain. 

vulnus,  -eris,  n.,  wound,  injury; 
blow,  stroke  ;  disaster,  misfortune, 
calamity. 

vultus,  -us,  m.,  look,  expression  ; 
features,  face,  countenance \  visage. 


Xeno,  -onis,  m.,  Xeno,  a.  native  of 
Apollonis;  in  Lydia,.    Ep.  xvi. 


LATIN 


A  Latin  Grammar 

By  Professor  Charles  E.  Bennett,  Cornell  University.    i2mo,  cloth, 
290  pages.     Price,  80  cents. 

IN  this  book  the  essential  facts  of  Latin  grammar  are  presented 
within  the  smallest  compass  consistent  with  scholarly  stand- 
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By  confining  himself  to  the  best  usage  the  author  has  found 
it  possible  to  treat  the  subject  with  entire  adequacy  in  the  com- 
pass of  250  pages,  exclusive  of  indexes.  In  the  German  schools 
books  of  this  scope  are  found  to  meet  fully  the  exacting  demands 
of  the  entire  gymnasial  course,  which  is  much  more  extended 
than  that  of  American  academies,  and  in  both  the  French  lyce'es 
and  the  English  schools  the  popular  Latin  grammars  are  of  the 
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Besides  its  compact  size,  the  grammar  has  the  merit  of  clear  and 
simple  statement  illustrated  by  brief  and  intelligible  examples. 

Pupils  find  it  easier  to  master  Latin  with  the  help  of  a  book, 
which  is  lucid  in  statement,  and  which  omits  the  mass  of  un- 
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The  fact  that  the  pupil  himself  sees  that  Bennett's  Grammar  can 
be  mastered  as  a  whole,  lends  a  directness  and  focus  to  the  study 
which  is  impossible  of  attainment  with  a  bulky  book. 

That  schools  demand  a  simple  and  concise  grammar  receives 
ample  proof  in  the  wide  success  of  Professor  Bennett's  work. 
To-day  it  is  used  by  more  of  the  Latin  pupils  in  the  United  States 
than  any  other. 

In  a  word,  the  appeal  of  Bennett's  Latin  Grammar  is  universal. 
The  schoolboy  likes  it  because  it  makes  easy  the  finding  of  the 
rules,  which  are  put  in  language  that  he  can  understand.  Ths 
teacher  welcomes  it  because  it  gives  him  just  the  body  of  syntax 
on  which  he  knows  the  pupil  should  be  drilled.  The  college 
professor  is  glad  to  have  a  book  which  contains  the  grammar 
that  he  may  justly  require  his  students  to  know,  and  beyond 
which  they  enter  the  realm  of  the  specialist. 


LATIN 


Preparatory  Latin  Writer 

By  Professor  Charles  E.  Bennett,  of  Cornell  University.     i6mos 
cloth,  202  pages.     Price,  80  cents. 

THE  Latin  Writer  has  been  prepared  with  the  conviction  that 
the  primary  function  of  Latin  Composition  in  high  schools 
is  to  extend  and  strengthen  the  pupil's  knowledge  of  Latin  Gram- 
mar. The  principles  of  syntax  are  arranged  in  the  systematic 
order  of  the  grammars  and  are  illustrated  by  disconnected  sen- 
tences. 

Each  lesson  contains  first  grammatical  principles,  with  refer- 
ences to  the  standard  grammars.  These  are  followed  by  simple 
illustrative  sentences,  a  vocabulary,  and  then  by  well  graded 
sentences  to  be  put  into  Latin.  No  effort  has  been  spared  to 
make  the  sentences  as  attractive  as  possible. 

The  book  combines  the  writing  of  continuous  discourse  with 
the  systematic  study  of  the  principles.  There  are  forty  exercises 
in  connected  composition. 

Other  features  are  frequent  foot-notes,  remarks,  and  sugges- 
tions, which  illuminate  the  exercises. 

The  words  are  all  taken  from  Caesar;  but  it  is  not  expected 
that  the  use  of  the  book  will  be  confined  to  classes  in  Caesar. 
Sufficient  material  is  provided  for  all  the  Latin  composition  ordi- 
narily given  in  a  high  school  course. 

Latin  Composition 

By  Professor  Charles  E.  Bennett,  of  Cornell  University.    i6mo, 
cloth,  172  pages.     Price,  80  cents. 

IN  scope  and  plan  the  Composition  is  the  same  as  the  Latin 
Writer ;  the  grammatical  principles  illustrated  are  identical ; 
and  the  book  can  be  used  in  alternate  years  with  the  other.  The 
difference  is  that  the  words  in  the  Latin  Composition  are  taken 
mainly  from  Cicero,  while  those  in  the  Latin  Writer  are  from 
Caesar. 

Like  the  Latin  Writer  the  Latin  Composition  contains  as  much 
material  as  is  ordinarily  given  in  a  high  school  course. 

23 


LATIN 


Caesars  Gallic  War 

Revised  Edition,  with  Indicated  Quantities,  Notes,  Vocabulary,  Illus- 
trations, and  Maps.  Edited  by  Professor  Francis  W.  Kelsey,  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan.     i2mo,  half  leather,  584  pages.     Price,  #1.25. 

THIS  is  without  question  the  handsomest  and  best  equipped 
edition  of  the  Gallic  War  now  on  the  market.     Among  its 
many  features  may  be  mentioned  :  — 

1.  The  colored  plates  illustrating  the  art  of  war  in  Caesar's 
time,  and  the  colored  maps  of  every  campaign. 

2.  The  text  with  its  large  type  and  marked  quantities. 

3.  The  tables  of  idioms  and  phrases,  and  of  the  English  pro- 
nunciation of  Latin  proper  names. 

4.  The  full  introduction,  describing  Caesar  as  Statesman, 
General,  and  Man  of  Letters,  and  explaining  the  art  of  war  in 
his  time. 

5.  The  notes,  which  aim  less  to  display  erudition  than  to  give 
the  young  pupil  assistance  at  the  difficult  passages.  Book  II  as 
well  as  Book  I  is  annotated  for  beginners. 

6.  The  mechanical  excellence  in  paper,  press-work,  and  bind- 
ing. 

References  are  to  the  latest  editions  of  all  the  standard  gram- 
mars. 

Two  editions  of  the  text  only  have  been  prepared,  one  with 
and  one  without  marked  quantities.  Either  of  these  is  furnished 
free  when  ordered  in  connection  with  the  complete  book. 

Fifty  Topics  in  Roman  Antiquities 

By  Professor  FRANCIS  W.  Kelsey,  University  of  Michigan.     i2mo, 
paper,  101  pages.     Price,  50  cents. 

THESE  Topics  with  References  are  for  convenience   in  as- 
signing work  in  Roman  Antiquities  to  university  students. 

Topical  Outline  of  Latin  Literature 

By  Professor  FRANCIS  W.  Kelsey,  University  of  Michigan.     i2mo, 
paper,  51  pages.     Price,  40  cents. 


LATIN 


Virgil's  JEneid:   Books  I- VI,  VIII,  IX,  and  portions  of 
the  remaining  Books 

With  Notes,  Vocabulary,  Map,  Illustrations.  Edited  by  David  Y. 
Comstock,  formerly  of  Phillips  Andover  Academy.  i2mo,  half 
leather,  569  pages.     Price,  $1.40. 

THE  striking  features  of  this  edition  are :  — 
1.   The  notes,  which  offer  full  suggestions  for  a  literary 
translation,  with  the  purpose  of  awakening  in  the  pupil  an  appre- 
ciation of  the  poetic  quality  of  the  yEneid. 

2.  The  text,  which  includes  Books  J— VI,  VIII,  IX,  and  selec- 
tions from  the  other  books,  giving  an  idea  of  the  story  of  the 
^neid  as  a  whole. 

3.  The  introduction,  which  has  a  short  outline  of  classical 
mythology,  the  principles  of  prosody,  suggestions  for  translation 
of  Latin  poetry,  and  explanation  and  illustration  of  grammatical 
and  rhetorical  figures. 

There  are  nine  full-page  illustrations,  reproduced  from  classic 
statuary,  and  a  double-page  colored  map  of  the  Wanderings  of 
ALneas. 

Sallust's  Catiline 

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i2mo,  cloth,  245  pages.     Price,  $1.00. 

THIS  edition  of  the  Bellum  Catilinae  contains  the  parallel  pas- 
sages from  Cicero  at  the  bottom  of  each  page.  In  the  notes 
and  vocabulary  these  passages  are  treated  as  the  text.  This 
feature  adds  to  the  book's  real  value,  as  well  as  interest,  for  it 
gives  the  pupil  opportunity  to  compare  the  two  authors  in  points 
of  style  and  syntax.  The  quantities  are  marked,  and  the  notes, 
vocabulary,  and  introductory  matter  are  clear,  comprehensive, 
and  helpful.    The  book  includes  a  collection  of  Sallust's  epigrams. 

Scipio's  Dream 

Edited,  with  Notes,  by  Rev.  Samuel  Hart.     Price,  20  cents. 
30 


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W.  Kelsey.     Illustrated.    i2mo,  half  leather,  453  pages.     Price,  $1.25. 

THIS  edition  contains  about  3000  lines.  In  Part  I  are  twenty- 
five  pages  of  selections  from  the  Amores,  Ars  Amatoria,  Fasti, 
Tristia,  Ibis,  and  Epistulae  ex  Ponto.  Part  II  has  eighty  pages 
of  selections  from  the  Metamorphoses,  including  many  of  the 
familiar  myths.  All  the  excerpts  are  such  as  can  be  read  in 
mixed  classes. 

The  Introduction  treats  of  Ovid  and  his  works,  and  contains  a 
complete  outline  of  Greek  and  Roman  mythology. 

Following  the  notes  are  lists  of  books  of  reference  which  are  a 
help  to  the  study  of  Ovid,  and  a  table  of  the  English  pronuncia- 
tion of  Latin  proper  names. 

There  are  ten  full-page  illustrations,  handsomely  reproduced 
from  classic  statuary. 

The  notes  have  been  made  especially  full,  for  the  assistance 
of  pupils  who  begin  the  reading  of  Latin  poetry  with  Ovid. 

The  Lives  of  Cornelius  Nepos 

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University  of  Pennsylvania.     l2mo,  cloth,  387  pages.     Price   $1.10. 

THIS  edition  contains  the  twenty-three  Lives  from  the  Liber  de 
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The  book  has  three  double-page  maps  showing  all  the  places 
mentioned  in  the  text. 

At  the  back  of  the  book  are  exercises  for  Latin  Composition 
based  on  the  text. 

The  long  quantities  are  marked  throughout. 

Selected  Fables  of  Phaedrus 

With  Indicated  Quantities.  Edited  for  reading" at  sight  by  Professor 
Joseph  H.  Drake,  University  of  Michigan.  i6mo,  paper,  68  pages. 
Price,  30  cents. 

31 


LATIN 


Latin  Composition 

By  Bernard  M.  Allen  and  John  L.  Phillips,  of  Phillips  Andover 
Academy.     i6mo,  cloth,  240  pages.     Price,  $1.00. 

THIS  manual  is  designed  to  combine  in  one  book  the  best 
features  of  Latin  compositions  based  on  the  text,  and  of 
those  which  aim  at  systematic  study  of  Latin  grammar. 

Those  constructions  are  emphasized  which  occur  most  often  in 
second  year  Latin.  To  determine  the'se,  the  authors  have  tabu- 
lated the  grammatical  points  found  in  Caesar's  Gallic  War. 

These  common  constructions  are  treated  twice  in  connection 
with  sentences  based  on  the  first  three  books  of  Caesar.  Sen- 
tences based  on  the  fourth  book  furnish  a  review. 

Less  frequent  constructions  are  taken  up  by  means  of  sentences 
based  on  Cicero.  These  are  treated  in  the  systematic  order  of 
the  grammars. 

The  authors  give  in  their  own  words  a  very  simple  statement 
of  syntactical  points,  and  also  refer  to  the  various  grammars. 

First  Latin  Reader 

Including  Principles  of  Syntax  and  Exercises  for  Translation.  By 
Jareu  W.  Scudder,  Latin  Master  in  the  Albany  Academy.  i6mo, 
cloth,  300  pages.     Price,  90  cents. 

THIS  is  a  beginning  Latin  book  in  which  the  points  of  syntax 
are  illustrated,  not  by  disconnected  sentences,  but  by  Latin 
stories.  The  aim  is  to  provide  the  incentive  of  enjoyable  read- 
ing, and  so  lighten  the  burden  of  grammatical  drill.  To  bring 
the  pupil  into  sympathy  with  Latin  literature  the  stories  are 
taken  from  early  Roman   mythology. 

Passages  for  sight  reading  are  included  in  every  lesson  after 
the  nineteenth.  There  are  questions  in  English,  reviewing  the 
important  points  of  each  lesson,  and  questions  in  Latin  on  the 
text.  The  necessary  principles  of  English  grammar  are  given 
in  the  body  of  the  book. 

27 


58 


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This  volume  preserved 
with  funding  from  the 
National  Endowment  for 
the  Humanities,  1990. 


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